2020版一轮复习英语新课改·人教版学案：专题八定语从句

专题八定语从句

Each graduate standing on the playground, who was accompanied by a parent, would be awarded a diploma by the headmaster.

每个毕业生都由父亲或母亲陪伴着站在操场上，等待校长给他们颁发毕业文凭。

My daughter, whose job requires her to do a lot of travelling, is always away from home.

我的女儿总不在家，她的工作需要经常出差。

1．关系代词that与which的用法

(1)限制性定语从句中只用that不用which的情况：

①先行词是不定代词或者先行词被不定代词所修饰时，关系代词通常只用that。

Do you have anything that you want to say for yourself?

你有什么要为自己说的吗？

②先行词被序数词，形容词最高级，the only, the very, the last等修饰时，关系代词通常只用that，不用which。

This is one of the most exciting football games that I have ever seen.这是我见过的最激动人心的足球比赛之一。

This is the only thing that we can do now.

这是我们现在唯一能做的事情。

③先行词既有人又有物时，关系代词只用that，不用which。

The scientist and his achievements that you told me about are admired by us all.

我们所有人都钦佩你告诉我的那位科学家和他所取得的成就。

④定语从句出现在which或who的特殊疑问句中时用that。

Which is the bike that you lost?

哪辆是你丢的自行车？

Who is the boy that won the gold medal?

赢得金牌的那个男孩是谁？

⑤有两个定语从句时，其中一个关系代词宜用which，另外一个宜用that。

They secretly built up a small factory, which produced things that could cause pollution.

他们偷偷地建了一家小工厂，这家工厂生产可能会造成污染的东西。

⑥当先行词在主句中作表语，而关系代词在从句中作表语时。

Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be.

上海不再是过去的那座城市了。

⑦主句是there be句型且关系词在从句中作主语时，用that不用which引导。

There is a seat in the corner that is still available.

在那个角落还有一个座位可用。

(2)只用which不用that的情况：

①引导非限制性定语从句。

Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others, which, of course, made the others envy him.

海伦对她最小的儿子比对其他的儿子好得多，这当然让其他的儿子很嫉妒她的小儿子。

②关系代词充当介词的宾语，且介词位于关系代词之前。

This is the house in which Lu Xun once lived.

这是鲁迅曾住过的房子。

③引导的定语从句修饰前面的整个主句，代替主句所表示的整体或部分概念。

The result was not the same as they had expected, which was rather disappointing.

结果与当初预料的不一样，这让人觉得很失望。

2．which与as引导非限制性定语从句的区别

She was late for school again, which was unexpected.

她上学又迟到了，这是始料不及的。

She was late for school again, as we expected.

正如我们预料的那样，她上学又迟到了。

[名师指津]　as引导限制性定语从句常用于下列句式：such＋名词＋as (像……一样的，像……之类的)；such (pron.)＋as (像……一样的，像……之类的)；the same＋名词＋as (和……同样的)。

We have found such materials as are used in their factory.

我们已经找到了像他们工厂里用的那种材料。

I have the same book as he has.

我和他有同样的书。

[命题点感悟]                          

单句语法填空

①(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 ________ showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes.

解析：that/which　分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，并在定语从句中作主语，修饰先行词study，故填that/which。

②(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005 — when the government started a soil­testing program________ gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers — and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.

解析：that/which　空处引导定语从句，并在从句中作主语，修饰“a soil­testing program”，先行词表示物，故用that或者which。

③(2017 ·浙江11月高考)The best part of the process is that there's enough room for improvement, ________ means you'll just keep getting better and better.

解析：which　空处引导非限制性定语从句并在从句中作主语，故填which。

④(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)But Sarah，________ has taken part in shows along with top models, wants to prove that she has brains as well as beauty.

解析：who　分析句子结构可知，此处应是一个非限制性定语从句，先行词是Sarah，故用关系代词who。

⑤(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)In their spare time, they are interested in planting vegetables in their garden, ________ is on the rooftop of their house.

解析：which　空处引导非限制性定语从句并在从句中作主语，故填which。

⑥(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)Around me in the picture are the things ________ were very important in my life at that time: car magazines and musical instruments.

解析：that/which　分析句子结构可知，things作其后定语从句的先行词，并在从句中作主语，故关系代词用that或which。

Sing! China has set up a big stage for young people with a talent for music, where some have stood out among them.

《中国新歌声》为有音乐天赋的年轻人建立了一个大舞台，在这个舞台上一些人从中脱颖而出。

The reason why he failed in the exam was that he didn't study hard.

他考试失败的原因是他学习不努力。

I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing.

我还记得第一次来北京的那一天。

[名师指津]　当先行词为situation, case, stage, point等表示抽象意义的词，且关系词在定语从句中作状语时，用关系副词where。

They have reached the point where they have to separate with each other.他们已经到了必须分手的地步。

[命题点感悟]                          

单句语法填空

①(2017·浙江6月高考)Pahlsson and her husband now think the ring probably got swept into a pile of kitchen rubbish and was spread over the garden，________ it remained until the carrot's leafy top accidentally sprouted (生长) through it. For Pahlsson, its return was a wonder.

解析：where　根据句子结构可知，此处为非限制性定语从句，先行词为“the garden”，在从句中作地点状语，故要用关系副词where引导。

②(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid­1980s，________ I was the first Western TV reporter permitted to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.

解析：when　先行词是表示时间的“the mid­1980s”，且从句中缺少时间状语，故填关系副词when。

③(2015·广东高考)When harvest came around，he was already selling herbs，vegetables and cotton in the market ________ people from the towns met regularly.

解析：where　根据句子结构可以判断，在这里应填关系词来引导一个定语从句，修饰表地点的先行词“the market”，且从句中少地点状语，故填关系副词where。

1.“介词＋关系词”引导的定语从句

Recently, I bought an ancient vase, the price of which was very reasonable.

最近，我买了一个古代花瓶，它的价格很合理。

He has ten cousins, the youngest of whom is very clever.

他有十个表兄弟，最小的那个很聪明。

Lily might possibly come, in which case I'll ask her.

莉莉可能会来，要是那样的话我就去问她。

There is a big window in my room, from where I can see the railway station.

我的房间有一个大窗户，透过它我可以看到火车站。

2．“介词＋关系词”引导的定语从句的2个考查点

(1)考查该结构中关系代词的选用

若介词放在关系代词之前，关系代词指人时常用whom，指物时常用which。

(2)考查该结构中介词的选用

一般来说，确定关系代词前的介词，可以从以下三方面入手：先行词和介词的搭配习惯；从句中动词或形容词与介词的搭配习惯；句子意思表达的需要。

[专题过关训练]                                                              

Ⅰ.单句语法填空

1．Get yourself familiar with local laws and customs of the countries to which_you are travelling.

2．At that time I was in Texas and I had a friend whose family business was running hotels.

3．To the Egyptians, green was a color which/that represented the hope and joy of spring, while for Muslims, it means heaven.

4．This woman has set a good example to her son, who is a really lucky guy.

5．The watch, which_was a gift from his father, was very important to him and he was determined to find it.

6．The settlement is home to nearly 1,000 people, many of whom left their village homes for a better life in the city.

7．He wrote some of his most popular waltzes, among which_was the well­known favourite The Blue Danube.

8．Everywhere there are new freeways, tunnels and bridges which/that_carry the ever increasing traffic under or over the river.

9．Reading has a lot of advantages, one of which is that it helps you develop reading skills.

10．From this experience I have learnt that questioning can serve as a bridge that/which helps us to seek the truth.

11．My house is about three kilometers far away from Xi'an Muslim Street which/that is full of local foods.

12．At the same time, another student, who saw everything, went up to help.

13．My father was easily cheated, which surprised me.

14．Actually, it is important for us to communicate with our parents because they are the dearest people in our life, who care for us all the time.

15．Take part in activities at school, through which you can make more friends.

Ⅱ.运用语法写靓句

1．正如人们所发现的那样，许多语言学习是在生命的第一年进行的，所以在那个时期父母应该多跟孩子说话。(language learning, be discovered, happen, talk much)

A_lot_of_language_learning,_as_has_been_discovered,_is_happening_in_the_first_year_of_life,_so_parents_should_talk_much_to_their_children_during_that_period.

2．我发现一个老人躺在地上，我乘出租车立即把他送到了医院，这就是那天上午我迟到的原因。(find sb. doing, take ... to)

I_found_an_old_man_lying_on_the_ground_and_I_took_him_to_the_hospital_in_a_taxi_immediately,_which_was_why_I_was_late_that_morning.

3．我们学校里的老师，大多数都是三十多岁，把他们一切都奉献给了我们。(in one's thirties, devote oneself to)

The_teachers_of_our_school,_most_of_whom_are_in_their_thirties,_have_devoted_themselves_to_us.

4．经常听些英语歌曲或看些英语电影，这有助于提高你的听力和口语技能。(listen to)

Often_listen_to_English_songs_or_watch_English_movies,_which_can_help_improve_your_listening_and_speaking_skills.

5．他是那些学生中唯一一个连续三次获得一等奖的。(the only one, win the first prize, in a row)

He_is_the_only_one_of_the_students_who_has_won_the_first_prize_(for)_three_times_in_a_row.

6．参观西湖是一次难忘的经历，一次我将永远珍惜的经历。(visit, value for the rest of my life)

Visiting_the_West_Lake_is_an_unforgettable_experience,_one_I__will_value_for_the_rest_of_my_life.

Ⅲ.语法填空

(2019·河北衡水中学模拟)Have you ever had a case __1__ a mistake helped you understand an idea or a skill? For me, it was sailing. I took a sailing class when I was in high school. No matter how many times I read the __2__ (explain), I could not understand the difference between a “tack” and a “jibe” — two methods of turning a boat — one much __3__ (safe) than the other. Later, one day, when I was sailing, a heavy wind blew up. We needed to head back, __4__ I mistook the “tack” for the “jibe” and pushed the boat in the wrong direction. Before I realized __5__ (I) mistake, it was late. Luckily, no one __6__ (hurt). Only after this experience did I __7__ (clear) understand the sailing phrase “turning on the wind” that I ___8__ (read) so many times in the textbook. I never confused a “jibe” with “tack” again! Now I often share this story __9__ my students after they have made mistakes. I hope they can learn something from their mistakes and correct them instead of __10__ (regret) all day.

语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章叙述了作者通过一次航海经历才领悟到“tack”与“jibe”的区别。

1．where　先行词是case，定语从句中关系词作地点状语，故用关系副词where。

2．explanation(s)　由空格前的定冠词the可知此处需用名词形式。explanation是可数名词，再根据“how many times”可知应用其复数形式。

3．safer　根据句中的“than”可知此处应用比较级形式。

4．but　前后两个分句之间为转折关系，故填but。

5．my　修饰名词mistake应用形容词性物主代词作定语。

6．was hurt　此处叙述的是过去发生的事，且“no one”与hurt之间为被动关系，故用一般过去时的被动语态。

7．clearly　修饰动词understand应用副词形式。

8．had read　从句动作发生在主句谓语动作之前，因此表示“过去的过去”，应用过去完成时。

9．with　share sth. with sb.“与某人分享某物”。

10．regretting　介词of后应用动名词形式。