2020版高考英语新增分大一轮译林（江苏）版语法专题讲义：专题十四

专题十四　名词

名词的核心考点
1.可数名词的数
这里主要讲其不规则变化。
(1)单、复数同形。如：means，aircraft，deer，fish，Chinese，Japanese，sheep，works(工厂)，cattle。
(2)合成名词的复数。如：boy-friend→boy-friends，go-between→go-betweens(中间人)，grown-up→grown-ups。
(3)有些名词通常只用作复数。如：glasses眼镜，clothes衣服，goods货物，trousers裤子，belongings所有物，wages工资，riches财富，surroundings环境，ashes灰尘，compasses圆规，cattle家畜，congratulations祝贺，have words with sb. 同某人吵架，in high spirits以很高热情地，give one’s regards to sb. 向某人问候，in rags衣衫破烂，It is good manners to do sth. 有礼貌做某事。
(4)集体名词的数。有些集体名词通常只用作复数，如：people，cattle，police；有些名词只用作单数，如：machinery，furniture，mankind，jewellery；有些名词既可用作单数又可用作复数，单数看作整体，复数看作集体的各个成员。如：The crew is large.船员人数很多(指整体)。The crew are all tired.船员们都累坏了(指个体)。
2.不可数名词的数
(1)一般说来抽象名词为不可数名词，但当抽象名词表示具体的东西时，可用作可数名词且词义发生变化，主要类型如下：
①抽象名词表示具有某种特性、状态、感情情绪的人或事。
抽象名词(不可数)
具体化(个体名词，可数名词)
in surprise惊讶地
a surprise一件令人惊讶的事
win success获得成功
a success一个(件)成功的人(事)
win honour赢得荣誉
an honour引起尊敬的人(事)
failure失败
a failure失败者
by experience靠经验
an experience一次经历
with pleasure乐意
a pleasure乐事

②抽象名词与a(an)连用，淡化了抽象概念，转化为似乎可以体验到的动作、行为或类别。
A knowledge of English is a must in international trade.
Would you like to have a walk (swim，bath，talk) with me?
It is a waste of time reading such a novel.
She made an apology to her mother for her wrong doings.
(2)物质名词是不可数名词，但表示数量或种类之多时，可以用作可数名词。
物质名词有形或数的相应物体时，有单、复数。如：some coffee一些咖啡，a coffee一杯咖啡，three coffees三杯咖啡，some drink一些饮料，a drink一杯饮料，three drinks三杯饮料，his hair他的头发，a few grey hairs几根白发，glass玻璃，a glass一只玻璃杯。
3.名词所有格
“’s”所有格的特殊表示形式有：
(1)用于表示时间、距离、价格、重量等的名词后，如：today’s newspaper，five minutes’ walk(drive)，five pounds’ weight，ten dollars’ worth of coffee。
(2)用于表示国家、世界、城市等地方的名词后。如：the world’s population，China’s industry，New York’s parks。
4.名词作定语
英语中有些名词没有其对应的同根形容词，这些名词可以直接用来作定语修饰另一个名词。
(1)分类意义。
air pollution 空气污染　　 boy friend男朋友
coffee cup咖啡杯 body language身体语言
road accident交通事故 the Nobel Prize诺贝尔奖
(2)时间、地点、称呼等。
Doctor Jack杰克医生　　　 Professor Li李教授
evening school夜校 winter sleep冬眠
(3)表目的、手段、来源、所属意义。
reception desk接待台 sports field田径场
stone table石桌 color TV彩电
5.几组常考名词辨析
(1)cause，reason，excuse
cause是造成某种客观事实或现象的原因，后接介词of；reason是说明一种看法或行为的理由，后接介词for；excuse是“借口、辩解”的意思。
Carelessness is the cause of the accident.
The reason for her coming late was that her car broke down on the way.
Late again! What’s your excuse of this time?
(2)sight，view，scene，scenery
①sight指“景色”时为可数名词，往往指眼见的景色，如供人游览的“美景”或“名胜”，尤指人工制成的景色。
Come and see the sights of London.
②view通常指自然景色，或指从远处或高处看到的景观、景物。
We can get a very good view of the sea from the top of the tower.
③scene所表达的景色常是scenery的一部分，常指自然景色，也可指舞台的场景、现实生活中的场景、场面、情景。
The sunrise is a beautiful scene.
I was touched by the happy scene.
④scenery指某地总的自然风景或景色，尤指美丽的乡间景色，是不可数名词。
The best part of the trip was the scenery.It was fantastic.
(3)award，reward
两者既可作名词也可作动词。award用作名词时，意为“奖品”、“奖金”，用作动词时，常用于award sth. to sb. 中；reward作名词时，意为“报酬”、“奖励”、“报答”，用作动词时，常用于reward sb. for sth. 。
He won the first award in the singing contest.
He received a reward of  $ 900 from the police for catching the criminal.
(4)habit，custom，customs
habit指个人在长时间内逐渐养成的、一时不易改变的行为和习惯；custom则强调社会、民族经过一个较长时间过程而形成的“风俗”、“习惯”；customs为复数名词，意思是“关税”、“进口税”，当首字母大写并与the连用时表示“海关”的意思。
题组训练
选词填空

1.“Tommy，run! Be quick! The house is on fire！” the mother shouted，with clearly panic in her voice.
2.There’s a tradition in our office that when it’s somebody’s birthday，they bring in a cake for us all to share.
3.What’s the point，in your opinion，of helping him if he doesn’t make an effort to help himself?
4.The lack of eco-friendly habits among the public is thought to be a major cause of global climate change.
5.The cat jumped away，out of his reach.
6.We have a fine view of the lake from our hotel window.
7.How can I reward you for your help?
8.Social customs vary greatly from country to country.

1.Try to understand what’s actually happening instead of acting on the          you’ve made.
(2018·江苏，32)
A.assignment B.association
C.acquisition D.assumption
答案　D
解析　句意为：努力弄明白实际正在发生的事情，而不是按照你做出的假设去行动。D项assumption意为“假设”，符合语境。you’ve made是定语从句，修饰assumption，make an assumption意为“做出假设”。assignment任务，作业；association联系；acquisition获得，得到。
2.The          that there is life on other planets in the universe has always inspired scientists to explore the outer space.(2018·天津，6)
A.advice B.order
C.possibility D.invitation
答案　C
解析　句意为：在宇宙的其他星球上存在着生命，这一可能性一直鼓舞着科学家们探索外太空。possibility意为“可能性”，符合语境，故选C。advice建议；order命令，秩序；invitation邀请，请柬。
3.—Can you tell us your          for happiness and a long life?
—Living every day to the full，definitely.(2016·江苏，24)
A.recipe B.record
C.range D.receipt
答案　A
解析　考查名词词义辨析。句意为：——您能告诉我们您幸福与长寿的秘诀吗？——确切地说，是充实地过好每一天。根据答语可知，此处问的是幸福与长寿的秘诀。recipe秘诀，诀窍，符合句意。record记录；range范围；receipt收据，均不符合题意。
4.The weather forecast says it will be cloudy with a slight          of rain later tonight.
(2016·天津，10)
A.effect B.sense
C.change D.chance
答案　D
解析　考查名词词义辨析。句意为：天气预报说多云，今天夜间下雨的可能性不大。chance意为“可能性”，符合语境。effect结果，效应；sense感觉，理解力；change变化，改变。

5.—Go and say sorry to your Mom，Dave.
—I’d like to，but I’m afraid she won’t be happy with my         .(2015·江苏，35)
A.requests B.excuses
C.apologies D.regrets
答案　C
解析　句意为：——去向你妈妈道歉，戴夫。——我想去，但我担心她对我的道歉不满意。request要求，请求；excuse理由，借口；apology道歉，致歉；regret懊悔，遗憾。根据前面的“say sorry”可知选C项。
6.One of the most effective ways to reduce          is to talk about feelings with someone you trust.
(2015·浙江，15)
A.production B.stress
C.energy D.power
答案　B
解析　考查名词辨析。句意为：减少压力最有效的方法之一就是与你信任的人谈谈你的感受。stress压力，紧张，符合语境。production生产，制作，产品；energy精力，活力，干劲；power权力，势力，影响力。
7.When he was running after his brother，the boy lost his          and had a bad fall.(2015·湖北，21)
A.balance B.chance
C.memory D.place
答案　A
解析　句意为：当这个男孩追赶哥哥的时候，他失去了平衡，狠狠地摔了一跤。根据句中的had a bad fall可知，这个男孩之所以摔倒是因为失去了平衡，lose one’s balance意为“失去平衡”。chance机会；memory记忆；place地方。
8.There is no need to tell me your answer now.Give it some        and then let me know.
(2015·安徽，30)
A.thought B.support
C.protection D.authority
答案　A
解析　考查名词辨析。句意为：现在没有必要告诉我你的答案。思考一下，然后让我知道。 thought思想，思考；support支持，维持，支援，供养；protection保护，防卫；authority权威，权力，当局。
9.The failure was a big          to him，but he wasn’t discouraged and soon got as enthusiastic as ever.(2015·福建，24)
A.blow B.issue C.excuse D.factor
答案　A　
解析　句意为：这次失败对他来说是一次不小的冲击，但是他没有气馁，很快就变得和以往一样有热情了。blow打击，痛击，符合语境。issue问题；excuse借口；factor因素。
10.Her          for writing was a desire for women to get the right to higher education.
(2014·湖北，21)
A.motivation B.qualification
C.talent D.technique
答案　A
解析　考查名词词义辨析。句意为：她写作的动机是希望女性获得接受高等教育的权利。motivation动机，目的，符合句意。qualification资格，资历；talent天才，天赋；technique技能，技巧。
11.We most prefer to say yes to the          of someone we know and like.(2014·浙江，6)
A.attempts B.requests
C.doubts D.promises
答案　B
解析　考查名词词义辨析。句意为：我们大都更愿意答应我们所了解和喜欢的人的请求。request请求，要求，符合句意。attempt尝试；doubt怀疑；promise保证，承诺。
12.—Could you tell me the          of making such tasty cakes?
—Well，I just follow the directions in the cookbook.(2014·福建，26)
A.feature B.plan
C.cost D.trick
答案　D
解析　句意为：——你能告诉我制作如此美味的蛋糕的诀窍吗？——哦，我只是按照烹饪书上的说明来做的。feature特征，特点；plan计划；cost费用；trick技巧。
13.—Why not buy a second-hand car first if you don’t have enough money for a new one?
—That’s a good        .(2014·安徽，29)
A.saying B.question
C.suggestion D.account
答案　C
解析　考查名词词义辨析。句意为：——如果你的钱不够买辆新车，你为什么不先买辆二手车呢？——那是个好建议。suggestion建议，提议，符合句意。saying谚语，格言；question问题；account陈述，报告，账户。
14.Carbon dioxide，which makes a        between us and the sun，prevents heat from getting out of the atmosphere easily，so the earth is becoming warmer.(2013·湖北，22)
A.difference B.comparison
C.connection D.barrier
答案　D
解析　句意为：二氧化碳，在我们与太阳之间设置了一道屏障，阻止热量轻易地散发到大气层中，因此地球正变得更暖和。difference意为“区别，不同”；comparison意为“对比，比较”；connection意为“联系”；barrier意为“障碍，屏障”，故选D项。
15.With inspiration from other food cultures，American food culture can take a        for the better.
(2013·江苏，33)
A.share B.chance C.turn D.lead
答案　C　
解析　句意为：受到了其他饮食文化的启发，美国的饮食文化可以变得更好。take a share分担……，为……出力；take a chance冒险；take a turn(情况、形势等)转变；转弯；take a lead领先，带头。
16.While she was in Paris，she developed a         for fine art.(2013·天津，7)
A.way B.relation
C.taste D.habit
答案　C
解析　考查名词辨析。develop a taste for fine art意为“培养对美术的兴趣”。way意为“方法”；relation意为“关系”；taste意为“口味；兴趣”；habit意为“习惯”。
17.—Can I help you with it?
—I appreciate your        ， but I can manage it myself.(2012·江苏，21)
A.advice B.question C.offer D.idea
答案　C
解析　句意为：——我可以帮你吗？——我感激你主动提供帮助，但我自己能完成。offer出价，(主动提供)帮助，符合题意。advice建议，劝告；question问题；idea想法，主意。
18.You’d better write down the phone number of that restaurant for future        .(2012·江西，29)
A.purpose B.reference
C.progress D.memory
答案　B
解析　记下电话号码是以备日后参考，for future reference是字典中的典型表达。
19.He will come to understand your efforts sooner or later.It’s just a matter of         .
(2012·四川，15)
A.luck B.value
C.time D.fact
答案　C
解析　考查名词辨析。句意为：他迟早会理解你付出的努力的。这只是时间问题。根据句意可知应选C项。
20.Giving up my job to go back to full-time education was a big         ，but now I know it was the best decision I ever made.(2011·湖北，22)
A.project B.commitment
C.competition D.ambition
答案　B
解析　句意为：放弃我的工作并重新接受全日制教育是一个重大的决定，但现在我知道这是我做过的最好决定。project项目；commitment承诺；投入；花费；competition比赛；ambition志向。根据句意可知应选B项。

1.When the first scientists came to the deserted region two years ago，they found little evidence of human          there.
A.investigation B.consumption
C.experience D.occupation
答案　D
解析　句意为：当第一批科学家两年前来到这个荒无人烟的地方时，他们发现那里几乎没有人类居住过的痕迹。occupation居住，占用，符合语境。investigation调查；consumption消费，消耗；experience经历，体验。
2.To better our cultural moral character，we students might as well increase our          for reading.
A.qualification B.tendency
C.appetite D.application
答案　C
解析　句意为：为了提高我们的文化道德品质，我们学生不妨增强我们的阅读欲望。qualification资格；tendency趋势；appetite强烈欲望，食欲；application申请。根据句意可知选C项。
3.Elizabeth shows great          in her choice of friends，so she has a lot of trustworthy companions.(2018·扬州、泰州等七市三调，21)
A.comprehension B.discrimination
C.determination D.consideration
答案　B
解析　句意为：伊丽莎白在选择朋友的时候展现出了巨大的辨别力，所以她有很多值得信任的伙伴。comprehension理解力；discrimination鉴别力，辨别力；determination决心；consideration考虑，体谅。根据句意可知，应选B项。
4.—Shall I wear a hat to attend our daughter’s graduation ceremony?
—It doesn’t make any difference，all depending on your own         .
(2018·江苏四星级学校联考，28)
A.character B.preference
C.convenience D.privilege
答案　B
解析　句意为：——我要戴一顶帽子去参加我们女儿的毕业典礼吗？——戴不戴都不会有影响，一切取决于你自己的偏好。character性格；preference偏爱，爱好；convenience方便，便利；privilege特权，优惠待遇。
5.In our country quite a few young ladies are trying extreme calorie          for a good figure by skipping supper.
A.reservation B.restriction
C.consumption D.allocation
答案　B
解析　句意为：在我们国家不少年轻女士为了保持好身材正在通过不吃晚餐的方式来尝试极端的卡路里(摄入)限制。restriction限制，约束，符合语境。reservation保留，预订；consumption消耗；allocation分配。
6.Due to the          of this medical technology，some diseases can be treated at the early stage.
(2018·泰州中学高三上期中，22)
A.appreciation B.application
C.appointment D.approach
答案　B
解析　句意为：由于这种医疗技术的应用，一些疾病可以在早期得到治疗。appreciation感谢，欣赏；application应用，申请；appointment约会；approach方法，接近。
7.Sinclair’s next computer，the ZX81，was an even bigger hit，and his company’s          grew by 600% over the previous year.(2018·如东中学高三上期中，31)
A.allowance B.receipts
C.finance D.salary
答案　B
解析　句意为：辛克莱的下一台电脑the ZX81更加热销，他公司的收入比前一年增加了600%。allowance 津贴；receipts收款，收入；finance金融；salary薪水。根据句意可知答案为B。
8.Every great accomplishment rests on the          of what came before it；when you trace it back，you’ll see one small step that started it all.(2018·苏锡常镇一调，21)
A.reputation B.expectation
C.recreation D.foundation
答案　D
解析　reputation名声；expectation期望；recreation娱乐；foundation基础。根据句意可知，此处表达的是“每一项伟大的成就都依赖于之前所有的根基”。故选D。
9.For the final          of our journey，we decided to take the coach.(2017·南京三模，22)
A.leg B.round
C.distance D.path
答案　A
解析　句意为：对于我们旅行的最后一段路程，我们决定乘坐长途客车。leg腿，一段路程，the final leg最后一段路程，符合语境。round轮，局，场；distance距离；path小路，都不符合语境。故选A项。
10.Many people tend to assume that          just means creating something new，but actually it’s more than that—it’s an attitude of doing things.(2017·南京、盐城一模，21)
A.imitation B.imagination
C.innovation D.inspiration
答案　C
解析　句意为：很多人往往认为创新仅仅意味着创造新的东西，但事实上创新不止于此——创新是一种做事的态度。innovation革新，创新，符合句意。imitation模仿，仿效；imagination想象，想象力；inspiration激励，鼓励，灵感，启发。
11.—Excuse me.I’d like to know more details on how the course is arranged.
—Well，the course is made up of 36 two-hour         ，which will mainly be given in the evenings or on weekends.(2018·江苏高考压轴，25)
A.sessions B.curricula
C.terms D.criteria
答案　A
解析　句意为：——打扰一下，我想了解更多这个课程的安排。——好的，这个课程是由36个时长两小时的课时组成的，主要在晚上或周末上课。session学期，(进行某活动连续的)一段时间；curricula为curriculum的复数形式，意为“课程”；term学期；criteria为criterion的复数形式，意为“标准”。根据语境可知选A。
12.As more and more companies extend their global         ，it is easy to understand why new opportunities birth in various locations.(2018·南京三模，29)
A.concern B.appeal
C.reach D.consensus
答案　C
解析　根据句意“越来越多的公司在拓展他们的国际影响力”，reach作名词和动词表“影响”较常考查到，平时注意积累复习即可。


13.In the Name of People，a popular TV drama，shows a deep          on the fight against corruption.
A.argument B.theme
C.reflection D.impression
答案　C
解析　句意为：深受欢迎的电视剧《人民的名义》深刻地反映了反腐的情况。argument争论；theme主题；reflection反映；impression印象。根据句意可知，选C。
14.It’s said that a clean          is a soft pillow，with which we can have sweet dreams.
(2018·扬州高三上期末，32)
A.conscience B.criterion
C.consciousness D.commitment
答案　A
解析　句意为：据说问心无愧是一个柔软的枕头，用它我们可以做好梦。conscience良心；criterion标准，尺度；consciousness意识，知觉；commitment承诺，保证。故选A。
15.The quiet life of the country has never had          to me in that I have always regarded the country as something you look at through a train window.(2017·苏锡常镇四市一模，21)
A.appeal B.appetite
C.affection D.application
答案　A
解析　句意为：宁静的乡村生活对于我来说从来都没有吸引力，因为我一直认为乡村只是人们透过火车窗户看的风景而已。appeal吸引力，魅力；appetite胃口，欲望；affection喜爱，钟爱；application申请，运用。根据句意知选A项。
16.Is it common practice that salesmen receive a          of 10 percent on all sales made？
(2017·南京、盐城二模，23)
A.deposit B.receipt
C.pension D.commission
答案　D
解析　句意为：推销人员得到所有销售额百分之十的佣金是惯例吗？deposit储蓄，存款；receipt收条，收据；pension退休金，养老金；commission佣金。故选D项。
17.Many people choose to buy new apartments near schools and supermarkets for they want to have the          of living and studying.
A.privilege B.requirement
C.convenience D.achievement
答案　C
解析　句意为：许多人选择在学校和超市附近买新房，因为他们想要拥有学习和生活上的便利。根据句意可知，convenience方便，便利，符合语境。privilege特权，特殊待遇；requirement要求；achievement成就，成绩。
18.I will keep you informed of my          so that you can know how I am going along.
A.predictions B.ambitions
C.updates D.concerns
答案　C
解析　句意为：我会不断给你提供我的最新消息以便于你可以了解我的近况。根据句意可知，update最新消息，符合语境。prediction预测，预言；ambition夙愿，理想；concern担忧。
19.Everyone thinks that the government’s          that all the citizens should value our country’s traditional culture is very reasonable.
A.appeal B.promise
C.command D.responsibility
答案　A
解析　句意为：大家都认为政府呼吁所有公民应该重视我国的传统文化是非常合理的。根据句意可知，appeal呼吁，吁请，符合语境。此外，设空后的that在句中引导的是同位语从句，解释说明appeal的具体内容。promise承诺，许诺；command命令；responsibility责任。
20.Yunnan is one of the origin centres of tea plants and has a wide          of wild tea plants.
A.allocation B.circulation
C.evaluation D.distribution
答案　D
解析　句意为：云南是茶树的起源中心地之一，那里野生茶树(资源)分布广泛。根据句意可知，distribution分配，分布，符合语境。allocation配给，分配；circulation流通，循环；evaluation评价，评估。