2020版高考英语新设计一轮复习人教浙江专版讲义：循序写作



第一步从写对句子开始(用时2周)

写作中写对句子是最基本的要求，其中最重要的一点是句子结构要完整。所以，同学们在平时训练时一定要从掌握最基本的句子成分和基本句式做起，通过观摩、背诵、仿写，最终写出准确无误的句子。在高考中即使你的作文不能写得漂漂亮亮、洋气十足，也一定要写得像模像样，硬伤不多！所以学写作，要先从最基本的句子抓起。

第一周　万变不离其宗的5种基本句式
句子成分构成了英语中各种各样的句子，其实英语中最基本的句式只有五种，其他各种句式都是由这五种基本句式演变而来。

一、主语＋谓语(不及物动词)
该句式常用来表示主语的动作或状态。其特点为：这些不及物动词本身意义完整，不用宾语或补足语，但可被副词、介词短语、状语从句等修饰，用来说明动作的程度、时间、地点、状况等。
①(2018·浙江6月高考写作)“The_day starts at dawn on my farm，” he said.
他说：“这一天在我的农场里从黎明开始。”
②(2017·浙江6月高考写作)The_occasion will start on the next Sunday morning.
时间将定在下个周日的早上。
[即时演练]　补全句子
1．为了保持健康，我们应该定期锻炼。
In order to keep fit, we_should_exercise_regularly.
2．(2016·浙江10月高考写作)我将于8月20号到达那里，那天下午到达你处可能稍晚一些。
I will arrive_there on August 20th and get to your place late that afternoon.
3．明妮在桌子上的灯光下做针线活。
Minnie was_sewing_by_the_light_of a lamp on the table.

二、主语＋谓语(及物动词)＋宾语
该句式特点为：凡是及物动词其动作都有承受者，即动作的对象，因此后面需要有宾语(宾语可以由名词、代词、动名词、不定式等来充当)才能使其意义完整。除了必须有宾语外，还可以有修饰语。
①(2017·浙江6月高考写作)What's more, we can also hold a picnic party with the local people.
另外，我们还可以和当地人一起举办一个野餐派对。
②(2016·全国卷Ⅰ书面表达)I plan to find a part­time job in a foreign capital company.
我计划在一家外贸公司里找份兼职。
③(2017·浙江11月高考写作)I am sure that you'll have an unforgettable experience in your life.
我确信你会有一次终身难忘的经历。
④(2018·全国卷Ⅰ书面表达)Besides, you'd better bring some gifts.
另外，你最好带一些礼物。
[即时演练]　补全句子
1．(2016·浙江10月高考写作)我很高兴得知在接下来的几个月里我将和你的家人共同生活。
I'm happy to_know_that I'll be staying with your family in the next few months.
2．最近几年，我们已经互相培养了良好的友谊。
Over the recent years, we have_developed_a_good_friendship with each other.
3．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ书面表达)当你在吃饭时，你要避免发出声音。
When you are enjoying the meal, you need to avoid_making_noises.

三、主语＋系动词＋表语
该句式就是常说的主系表结构。此句式侧重说明主语是什么或怎么样，谓语动词需用be动词或连系动词(如feel, seem, become, get, turn, remain, look, grow等)，表语多为形容词，也可以是名词、介词短语、不定式及分词等。
①(2018·浙江6月高考写作)My_spoken_English became fluent by working part­time.
通过做兼职工作，我的英语口语变得很流利。
②(2017·全国卷Ⅰ书面表达)I am delighted to know you are interested in Tang poems.
我很高兴得知你对唐诗感兴趣。
[即时演练]　补全句子
1．(2017·北京高考书面表达)我很高兴收到了你的来信，并获悉你要来中国。
I'm_happy_to_receive your letter and know you're coming to China.
2．总而言之，乡村生活比城市生活对健康更有利。
In conclusion, country_life_is_more_beneficial to health than city life.
3．另外，欢迎你们所有人都来参加。
What's more, everyone_of_you_will_be_welcome to take part in it.

四、主语＋谓语(及物动词)＋间接宾语＋直接宾语
该句式中的谓语动词必须跟两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。一个是表示人的间接宾语；一个是表示物的直接宾语。一般间接宾语在前面，直接宾语在后面。
①(2016·天津高考书面表达)Now, on behalf of my schoolmates, I wish you a safe return.
现在，我代表全校同学，祝你们安全回国。
②(2017·浙江11月高考写作)We'll offer you some traditional activities.
我们会给你提供一些传统的活动。
[即时演练]　补全句子
1．格林先生将就如何学好英语给我们作一场报告。
Mr._Green_will_give_us_a_speech on how to learn English well.
2．幸运的是，她答应再给我一次面试的机会。
Fortunately, she promised_me_another_chance to interview.
3．我父亲给妹妹买了一条红围巾。
My father bought_my_sister_a_red_scarf.

五、主语＋谓语(及物动词)＋宾语＋宾语补足语
该句式中的谓语虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来说明宾语，才能使意思完整。宾语补足语是用来补充说明宾语的情况的，直接跟在宾语之后。
①(2014·辽宁高考书面表达)Your_contribution will certainly make the event a huge success.
你的贡献将会使得这次活动获得巨大成功。
②In fact, he inspires me to major in English in college.
事实上，他鼓励我在大学主修英语。
[即时演练]　补全句子
1．作为一名中学生，我认为英语是一门非常重要的科目。
As a high school student, I_consider_English_a_very_important_subject.
2．从古代起，人们就把早起视为好习惯。
People have_regarded_getting_up_early_as_a_good_habit since ancient times.
3．这个坏消息使得这个老妇人发疯了。
The bad news drove_the_old_woman_crazy.
[综合演练提能]
Ⅰ.写出下列句子所属的类型
1．My uncle became a miner last year.
主语＋系动词＋表语
2．This morning our teacher told us something about the Hope Project in class.
主语＋谓语(及物动词)＋间接宾语＋直接宾语
3．A blind man was walking slowly and carefully with a stick in his hand.
主语＋谓语(不及物动词)
4．Should we sacrifice our children's future for our own interests?
主语＋谓语(及物动词)＋宾语
5．Friends made my life full of excitement, imagination and romance.
主语＋谓语(及物动词)＋宾语＋宾语补足语
Ⅱ.按要求补全句子
1．现在在中学里课外活动正变得越来越普及。(主语＋系动词＋表语)
Nowadays after­class activities are_becoming_more_and_more_popular in high schools.
2．我们尚未决定什么时候再讨论这个问题。(主语＋谓语＋宾语)
We haven't decided when_to_discuss_the_problem_again.
3．奶奶昨晚给我讲了一个有趣的故事。(主语＋谓语＋间接宾语＋直接宾语)
Granny told_me_a_very_interesting_story last night.
4．每天早上我们都能听到他大声朗读英语。(主语＋谓语＋宾语＋宾语补足语)
Every morning we hear him read_English_aloud.
5.早睡早起是个好习惯。(主语＋系动词＋表语，动名词作主语)
Going_to_bed_early_and_getting_up_early is a good habit.
6．最近10年，我的家乡发生了巨大变化。(主语＋谓语)
Great_changes_have_taken_place in my hometown in the past ten years.
7．你会发现英语是通往如此丰富知识的桥梁。(主语＋谓语＋宾语＋宾语补足语)
You will find English_a_bridge to so much knowledge.
8．我真的很感谢你过来帮我补习数学。(主语＋谓语＋宾语，动名词复合结构作宾语)
I really appreciate_your_coming_over to help me with my math.
Ⅲ.按要求完成下列题目
(Ⅰ)用简单句翻译下列各句，并标出所属的基本句式
1. 我将要告诉你有关我的家乡嘉兴的一些事情。
I'll_tell_you_something_about_my_hometown_Jiaxing.(主语＋谓语＋间接宾语＋直接宾语)
2．这座城市位于浙江省东北部。
The_city_lies_in_the_northeast_of_Zhejiang_Province.(主语＋谓语)
3．它是一个供人们居住的美丽的地方。
It_is_a_beautiful_place_for_people_to_live_in.(主语＋系动词＋表语)
4．近十年来它的经济一直在迅猛发展。
Its_economy_has_been_developing_rapidly_in_the_past_ten_years.(主语＋谓语)
5．像污染一样的新问题正变得越来越严重。
_New_problems,_such_as_pollution,_are_becoming_more_and_more_serious.(主语＋系动词＋表语)
6．嘉兴应该科学地发展经济。
Jiaxing_should_develop_its_economy_scientifically._(主语＋谓语＋宾语)
7．这种发展应该使得人们越来越幸福。
The_development_should_make_people_happier_and_happier.(主语＋谓语＋宾语＋宾语补足语)
(Ⅱ)适当添加细节用5个简单句将(Ⅰ)中的句子合并成一篇短文
Now_I'll_tell_you_something_about_my_hometown_Jiaxing._The_city_lies_in_the_northeast_of_Zhejiang_Province,_a_beautiful_place_for_people_to_live_in._Its_economy_has_been_developing_rapidly_in_the_past_ten_years._However,_new_problems,_such_as_pollution,_are_becoming_more_and_more_serious._Jiaxing_should_develop_its_economy_scientifically_so_as_to_make_people_happier_and_happier.
第二周　考场作文常见的3类错误及防范措施
一、考场作文常见的3类错误
考场作文常见的错误主要分为三类：词汇类错误、语法类错误和汉语式英语。
(一)词汇类错误
考试时，我们很容易出现单词拼写错误和词形变化错误；而词性不清和词汇用法方面的错误主要还是受汉语的影响。其应对措施是在备考时要多注意容易拼错或容易出现词形变化的单词，特别是考前一定要熟记一些不规则词汇的变化，真正用心去体会英语词汇的词性和运用，对一些固定习语更不能想当然地改动。
1．单词拼写错误
误：Our English teacher is friendly but very strick with us students.
正：Our English teacher is friendly but very strict with us students.
2．词形变化错误
误：People throwed cans, paper, bags and so on into the river water.
正：People threw cans, paper, bags and so on into the river water.
3．词性不清错误
误：Doing a part­time job always effects study.
正：Doing a part­time job always affects study.
4．词汇用法错误
误：He opened the light after he entered the room.
正：He turned on the light after he entered the room.
5．擅自改动习语
误：We lost the game, but we didn't lose our heart.
正：We lost the game, but we didn't lose heart.
[即时演练]　改正下列句子中的错误
1．We must try our best to prevent the enviroment from being polluted.
enviroment→environment
2．There is no doubt that keeping an English diary helps you a lot with writen English.writen→written
3．During my summer vacation, I spent half a month in the country and played very happy.happy→happily
4．We must notice our pronunciation when we speak English.notice→pay_attention_to
5．Just in the front of our house stands a tall tree with a history of 1,000 years.in_the_front_of→in_front_of_
(二)语法类错误
一个正确的句子除了用词得当外，语法也应该准确无误。如果语法不正确，再好的构思也难以正确地表达，语法错误的多少会直接影响作文的档次。英语写作中语法类错误主要表现在：时态、语态错误、非谓语动词使用错误、主谓一致错误、比较级使用错误、多余的词以及平行错误等。
1．时态、语态错误
误：Children who raise in poor families can generally deal with problems more effectively in their adult years.
正：Children who are raised in poor families can generally deal with problems more effectively in their adult years.
2．非谓语动词使用错误
误：Comparing with other countries, the country pays little attention to pollution.
正：Compared with other countries, the country pays little attention to pollution.
3．主谓一致错误
误：My hobby is widespread, which include drawing, collecting stamps and so on.
正：My hobby is widespread, which includes drawing, collecting stamps and so on.
4．比较级使用错误
误：With the development of transportation, the world seems to be getting more and more smaller.
正：With the development of transportation, the world seems to be getting smaller and smaller.
5．多余的词
误：On one day, he went to the cinema.
正：One day, he went to the cinema.
6．平行错误
误：Then I put my book under my desk, opening it and started looking for the answer.
正：Then I put my book under my desk, opened it and started looking for the answer.
7．词性误用
误：Students are asked to read English aloud everyday.
正：Students are asked to read English aloud every day.
8．单词拼写错误
误：I heared little Mary crying in the next room.
正：I heard little Mary crying in the next room.
[即时演练]　改正下列句子中的错误
1．In the morning, we had bicycled to the suburbs to plant trees.去掉had
2．Not only Tom but also I are tired of one examination after another.are→am
3．They think students should have their own time to study and it is more quieter at home._more→much或去掉more__
4．There have been more and more road accidents happened in recent years.
happened→happening
5．More and more people entered into the hall, so it became crowded.去掉into
6．Mr. Smith returned back from his office earlier this afternoon.去掉back
(三)汉语式英语
一般来说，英汉两种语言既有许多相似之处，又有许多不同之处。在写作时如果想当然地去写，会出现许多汉语式英语，其中主要包括：纯汉语式思维和汉语式语序、句子成分残缺、句子粘连以及搭配不当等。
1．纯汉语式思维和汉语式语序
误：At this school studying, I really very happy.
正：Studying at this school, I am really very happy.
2．句子成分残缺
误：There are many students don't support the project.
正：There are many students who don't support the project.
3．句子粘连
误：On the other hand, dogs are our best friends, bring us a lot of fun.
正：On the other hand, dogs are our best friends, which/and bring us a lot of fun.
4．搭配不当
误：We walked a far way before planting trees.
正：We walked a long way before planting trees.
误：Under the help of the teacher, I have made great progress in my English.
正：With the help of the teacher, I have made great progress in my English.
[即时演练]　改正下列句子中的错误
1．We are impossible to finish the work in such a short time.We are impossible→It is impossible for us
2．It's known that the cost in big cities is very expensive.expensive→high
3．He has greatly improved his spoken English by this way.by→in或way→means
4．I haven't heard from your letter for a long time and I miss you very much.your_letter→you
5．He has three sons, all of them work in Beijing.all前加and或them→whom

二、防范出现错误的2个措施
写对句子是作文得高分的关键和保证，考场上要避免上述低级错误，可采取以下两个措施。
(一)确定主语
英语句子无论多长都有自己的主语(祈使句省略了主语you)。动手写句子首先要确定主语，其次要特别注意汉语与英语的区别。例如：
①杭州六月多雨。
误：Hangzhou rains much in June.
正：It rains much in Hangzhou in June.
②写得很匆忙，我发现作文里面满是错误。
误：Written in a hurry, I found the composition full of mistakes.
正：Written in a hurry, the composition was found full of mistakes (by me)．
(二)确定谓语动词
英语中没有动词就构不成句子，但动词千变万化，稍不注意就会写错句子。在写句子时应特别注意以下几个方面：
1．注意及物与不及物动词的正确运用。
误：The living standard of the people has raised in the past twenty years.
正：The living standard of the people has risen/has been raised in the past twenty years.
2．注意延续性与非延续性动词的正确运用。
误：He has left his hometown for twenty years.
正：He has been away from his hometown for twenty years.
3．注意一些不可用于被动语态的动词。
误：Many stars are appeared in the sky at night.
正：Many stars appear in the sky at night.
[综合演练提能]
Ⅰ.以下句子含有考生常犯的错误，请改正
1．Dr. Smith, together with his wife, are to arrive on the evening flight.are→is
2．The car hitted the old man and drived away.hitted→hit;_drived→drove
3．It is high time we do something to reduce traffic accidents.do→did或在do前加should
4．There are many students are planting trees on the hill.去掉第二个are或在students后加who
5．Eat at school is very convenient for students.
句子改为：It_is_very_convenient_for_students_to_eat_at_school.
6．It was Sunday, they all went for a picnic in the woods.they前加so或was→being
7．Would you please meet my uncle at the airport because this is the first time visit to the US？去掉time
8．While having our dinner, the doorbell rang.
在having_前加we_are或the_doorbell_rang→we_heard_the_doorbell_ringing
9．Recently our village has taken place great changes.
句子改为：Recently_great_changes_have_taken_place_in_our_village.
10．Fishing is his favorite hobby, and he also likes collecting coins.
he_also_likes_collecting_coins→collecting_coins_also_gives_him_pleasure
Ⅱ.下面的考生作文中含有10处错误，请改正
(2019·宁波重点中学一模)生活中，同学间难免会发生冲突和误会。假如你是李华，Henry是你班级里最要好的交换生朋友，你们约好昨晚6点半在电影院门口见面，由于某种原因你失约了。请给Henry写一封道歉信以化解误会。
内容包括：
1．表示歉意；
2．解释失约的原因；
3．请求原谅。
注意：1.词数80左右；
2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
[求诊病文]
Dear Henry，
①I am really sorry that I can not meet you at 6：30 last night.②I do hope you didn't wait too long outside the cinema.
③On yesterday afternoon, I had to look after my younger sister until my mother returned back home.④She was ill and stayed at the doctor's so that she arrived at home very late.⑤I ran all the way to the bus stop, only finding the last bus had already left.⑥I had to call a taxi, but it was already half an hour later.⑦I was going to call up you, but I had forgotten my mobile phone at home.⑧Finally, I had no choice but to go back home, disappointing and sad.
⑨I sincere hope that you will forgive me and we can be best friends as usual.⑩I won't let things like that happen again.
Yours，
Li Hua
[诊断结果]
第①句：can→could
第③句：On_yesterday→Yesterday;_去掉back或returned→came
第④句：去掉arrived后面的at
第⑤句：finding→to_find
第⑥句：later→late
第⑦句：call_up_you→call_you_up;_forgotten→left
第⑧句：disappointing→disappointed
第⑨句：sincere→sincerely

第二步用高级表达增分(用时10周)
阅卷时，一篇高考作文往往在1分钟内就被判定生死，大众化的词汇、平庸的表达已使长时间工作的阅卷老师产生了视觉疲劳。在词汇方面：如果一篇作文中突然出现几个与众不同、让人眼前一亮的词汇，阅卷老师的给分也绝不会吝啬；在句式方面：如果考生多运用一些并列句和复合句等高级句式，并注意句式的灵活多变，使文章读起来抑扬顿挫，让考生深厚的语言功底得以体现，阅卷老师一定会毫不犹豫地将你的作文定位于五档线。

第三周　不落俗套的亮点词汇
写作最基本的要求是考查考生遣词造句的能力，遣词的原则是表达准确、地道自然、生动形象。如果考生在掌握了最基本词汇的基础上，能够将一些常用词汇进行升华，就将成为高考作文获得高分的亮点之一。

一、使用亮点词汇的4种方法
1．“语”众不同，避免人云亦云
写作时，恰当得体地使用别人可能想不到的词汇或表达，会给阅卷老师耳目一新的感觉。
①(2018·浙江6月高考读后续写)We had no idea where we were and it got dark. Tired and hungry, I wondered if we could find our way back.
→We had no idea where we were and it got dark. Exhausted and hungry, I wondered if we could find our way back.
②(2016·全国卷Ⅰ书面表达)So I have to bother you to correct my mistakes in the material I attach to the letter.
→Therefore, I have no choice but to put you to trouble by correcting my mistakes in the material I attach to the letter.
③(2015·重庆高考写作)Of the two, I think the latter is the better.
→Of the two, the latter wins my favor.
2．更新换代，避免重复
写作时应尽量避免重复使用相同的词语，要用贴切多样的词语来展示自己的水平。用词不同、表达方式迥异，也是高级用法。
①(2016·浙江10月高考读后续写) It was day break when Jane woke up. She was weak, but she struggled to her feet, continuing searching for assistance.
→It was day break when Jane woke up. Weak as she was, she struggled to her feet, continuing searching for assistance.
②We may have different opinions in organizing class activities. We may have different ways to deal with such a situation.
→(2015·浙江高考书面表达)We may have different opinions in organizing class activities. We may have various ways to deal with such a situation.
3．单词与短语巧妙互用
一般情况下短语优先，应多使用短语、习语来代替一些单词，以增加文采。但有时单词比短语更生动，可以“一词传神”。
①I suddenly realized that traditional culture was attractive and valuable.
→(2018·北京高考书面表达)It suddenly hit me that traditional culture was attractive and valuable.
②We can look at this problem in many ways.
→We can view this problem in many ways.(view比look at更有“内涵”)
③We all live on one and the same planet.
→We all share one and the same planet.(share比live on更有“味感”)
④We should try to improve ourselves through learning and prepare for the future.
→(2015·福建高考书面表达)We should take pains to improve ourselves through learning and get prepared for the future.
4．用高年级学到的词汇代替低年级学到的词汇
为了表现自己的语言功底，吸引阅卷老师的眼球，应避免反复使用初中或小学阶段学过的词汇，尽量用高中阶段学到的词汇来代替。
①So long as we hold fast to our ideals and never give up, we are sure to achieve success.
→(2014·山东高考写作)So long as we hold fast to our ideals and never give up, we are bound to achieve success.
②We offer hot water 24 hours every day in our hotel and the swimming pool is free to use any time you want.
→Hot water is available 24 hours every day in our hotel and you can have free access to the swimming pool any time you want.

二、使用亮点词汇的2点注意
1．注意增加亮词的“出镜率”，变消极词汇为积极词汇
阅读中能认识但写作中不会用的词汇属于消极词汇，写作中能运用自如的词汇为积极词汇，也就是平常所说的“第一反应词”。积极词汇量的多少直接决定着英语作文表达水平的高低。现在很多考生的困难是，头脑中的很多词汇介于积极词汇与消极词汇之间；另外，很多背到的消极词汇如果较长时间不接触就会变成陌生词汇。因此在备考过程中，我们要做的事情就是迅速扩大消极词汇量并且保持接触的频度，力争使其变成积极词汇。
很多考生作文驻足不前的一个重要原因是反复用初中学过的简单词汇，背了大量的亮词妙语而不用。这是一种懒惰的表现。建议大家在想到一个表达时，务必要想一想还有没有更好的表达方式，这就是我们平时常讲的“头脑风暴法”。例如想表达“美丽的”这个含义，大家首先想到的是“beautiful”，那么在下笔时，要想一想还有没有更出彩的表达，如“attractive”或“charming”等。再如表达“困难的”时，大家常用“difficult”，那是不是用“tough”或“challenging”更与众不同呢？
2．注意亮点词汇使用的场合
写作时，在用词上不可随心所欲，决不能为追求“高级”而使用复杂但毫无把握的词语，也不能满篇堆积所谓的“高级”词汇，否则给人过分炫耀之嫌，得不偿失。一般来说，一篇文章能用好三五个高级词汇就可以了。另外，为能更好地“完成规定的写作任务”，减少错误，特提醒同学们在使用“高级词汇”时，一定要注意遵循“准确、恰当”的原则，并且要注意使用的场合，难词和生僻词汇并不一定就是高级词汇。例如：
一大早我们买了些圣诞礼物。
Early in the morning we purchased some Christmas presents. (purchased太过于书面化，改为bought更地道)


三、高分必备的24个亮点词汇

名词
普通词汇
高级词汇
普通词汇
高级词汇
chance
opportunity
choice
alternative
idea
opinion
people
individuals
result
consequence
effect
influence
动词
have
possess
replace
substitute
bear
put up with
understand
make sense of
develop
promote
consider
take into account
形容词
enough
adequate
rich
abundant
proper
appropriate
important
vital/significant
interesting
absorbing/
appealing
difficult
challenging
副词
finally
eventually
hardly
barely
immediately
in a flash
nowadays
currently
连词
so
therefore
and
as well as

①That's why I think the trip along the Yangtze will be a better choice.
→(2017·北京高考写作)That's why I think the trip along the Yangtze will be a better alternative.
那就是为什么我认为长江之行将是一个更好的选择。
②I can no longer bear the way he speaks to us.
→I can no longer put up with the way he speaks to us.
我再也无法忍受他跟我们讲话的方式。
[综合演练提能]
Ⅰ.请用高级词汇替换下列句子中的加黑部分
1．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ书面表达)The craftsmen will show visitors how to cut paper into different shapes on the spot.various/a_range_of
2．More and more visitors have been attracted to this place.An_increasing_number_of
3．The teacher directed the gifted students towards the more difficult courses.challenging
4．We'll try our best to develop the traditional friendship between us.promote
5．Would you please help me to turn down the radio？do_me_a_favor
6．He has decided to be a teacher when he grows up.determined/made_up_his_mind
7．Developing very quickly, the Internet causes the breakdown of face­to­face communication.gives_rise_to
8．When you are bored with the people sometimes, you'd better find a quiet place, listening to some classical music.fed_up_with
9．Suddenly I thought of an idea that someone had broken into my house.an_idea_occurred_to_me
10．As soon as he arrived, he began his research.On/Upon_his_arrival
Ⅱ.请用高级词汇提升下面的考生作文
(2019·丽水高三一模)假如你是中学生李明，家住温州。你的英国笔友Jason来信谈到了他的故乡London，并希望了解你家乡温州的情况。请你用英文写一封回信。
回信必须包括以下内容：
1．自然情况：地理位置优越、气候风景宜人等；
2．发展成就：经济发展迅速、城市高楼林立等；
3．存在问题：交通拥堵现象、空气污染问题等；
4．对温州发展的看法：内容由考生自己拟定。
注意：1.可以适当加入细节，使内容充实、行文连贯；
2．词数80左右；书信格式已给出，不计入总词数。
参考词汇：高层建筑 high­rise building
Dear Jason，


Yours，
Li Ming
[考生作文]
Dear Jason，
I'm ①very happy to hear from you and know about your beautiful home city London. Now I'd like to tell you something about my hometown Wenzhou.
Wenzhou is a beautiful place for people to live in. Its economy has been developing ②fast during the past ten years. New bridges and roads have been ③built, high­rise buildings standing in many parts of the city. ④More and more schools and hospitals are ⑤useful for the native people. It is developing into a modern and ⑥beautiful city. ⑦But there are still some problems, such as heavy traffic in rush hours and ⑧serious air pollution, which have a bad ⑨effect on people's daily life. ⑩I think Wenzhou should develop healthily and scientifically, so that we could have a better hometown in future.
Yours，
Li Ming
[升格作文]
Dear Jason，
I'm ①more_than happy to hear from you and know about your beautiful home city London. Now I'd like to tell you something about my hometown Wenzhou.
Wenzhou is a beautiful place for people to live in. Its economy has been developing ②rapidly during the past ten years. New bridges and roads have been ③set_up,_high­rise buildings standing in many parts of the city. ④An_increasing_number_of schools and hospitals are ⑤available for the native people. It is developing into a modern and ⑥attractive/charming city. ⑦However,_there are still some problems, such as heavy traffic in rush hours and ⑧severe air pollution, which have a bad ⑨influence/impact on people's daily life. ⑩In my opinion/As far as I am concerned, Wenzhou should develop healthily and scientifically, so that we could have a better hometown in future.
Yours，
Li Ming
第四周　整齐和谐的并列句
并列句是用连词把两个或两个以上的简单句连接起来，在这一句型中需要注意连接并列主语时，有些句型采取“就近原则”。

一、常见并列句的类型及并列连词
类型
连词
并列关系(递进关系)
and, both ... and ..., not only ... but also ..., neither ... nor ...
转折关系
but, yet, whereas
选择关系
or, otherwise, or else, either ... or ..., not ... but ...
因果关系
for, so, therefore, thus
对比关系
while

①(2018·上海高考写作)Dedicated teachers are most popular among students not only because of their outstanding professional knowledge but also because of their devotion to the career of teaching.
敬业的老师们受欢迎不仅仅是因为他们出色的专业水平，还因为他们对教育事业的奉献。
②(2017·全国卷Ⅲ书面表达)The team will hold a range of activities, and some world­famous players will be invited to give lessons.
球队将举行一系列活动，一些世界著名的球员会被邀请来上课。
③(2016·全国卷Ⅱ书面表达)I know you take good pictures and you've always wanted to do something for environmental protection.
我知道你拍照好，并且总是想着为环境保护做些事情。
[即时演练]　用适当的并列连词填空
1．(2017·浙江高考读后续写)Mac jumped off the bike and slid into the car without delay.
2．(2017·北京高考书面表达)You can learn a lot about the history of China and Chinese people.
3．(2016·江苏高考作文)It is beneficial to some people, while it puts others into a dilemma over whether to vote or not.

二、并列句的常用句型
1．both ...and ...既……又……
When exposed to stress, in whatever form, all of us react both mentally and physically.
当面临压力时，不管以什么形式，我们所有的人都会从精神和身体上作出反应。
2．either ...or ...或者……或者……；不是……就是……
(2017·全国卷Ⅲ书面表达)If you're interested in it, you may either send an email to 12345@sina.com or sign up in person.
如果你感兴趣，可以发送电子邮件至12345@sina.com或亲自报名。
3．neither ...nor ...既不……也不……
In autumn, it's neither too hot nor too cold.
秋天，天气既不太热也不太冷。
4．not only ...but (also) ...不仅……而且……
(2018·浙江6月高考写作)Firstly, not only can I speak fluent English, but also I have little difficulty communicating with foreigners.
首先，我不仅能说一口流利的英语，而且和外国人交流也毫无困难。
5．not ...but ...不是……，而是……
It is not how much we do but how much love we put into what we do that benefits our work most.
对我们的工作最有益的，不是我们做了多少，而是我们把多少爱投入进我们所做的工作中去。
6．...while/whereas ……而，……却
Some people believe smoking is harmful to health while others consider it is helpful to reduce working pressure.
有些人认为吸烟有害健康，而另一些人则认为它有助于减轻工作压力。
7．祈使句/名词词组＋and/or/otherwise＋陈述句
(1)祈使句＋and＋陈述句(祈使句相当于一个条件状语从句，and后面的句子相当于一个表示结果的主句)
Work hard and you will succeed.(＝ If you work hard, you will succeed.)
努力学习，你就会成功。
(2)名词词组＋and＋陈述句(名词词组相当于一个条件状语从句，其中常含有more, another等词)
Another try, and you'll achieve success.
再试一次，你就会取得成功。
(3)祈使句＋or/otherwise＋陈述句
Seize the chance, or you'll regret.
抓住这次机会，否则你会后悔的。
(4)名词词组＋or/otherwise＋陈述句
More healthy food, or you'll break down sooner or later.
多吃健康食品，不然你的身体迟早会垮掉。
8．...when ...……这时……
(1)sb. was doing sth. when ...某人正在做某事，这时……
(2016·北京高考)Jack was working in the lab when the power cut occurred.
杰克正在实验室里工作，这时突然停电了。
(2)sb. was about to do sth. when ...某人正要做某事，这时……
Lily was about to study when someone knocked at the door.
莉莉正要学习，这时有人敲门。
(3)sb. had just done sth. when ...某人刚做完某事，这时……
I had just finished sweeping the floor when the telephone rang.
我刚刚拖完地，这时电话铃响了。
[即时演练]　用并列句补全句子
1．他刚要走这时突然有人敲门。
He was on the point of leaving when_someone_knocked_at_the_door.
2．正像我们所知道的，生气不仅有害健康，而且还严重影响人们之间的关系。
As we know, getting angry not_only does harm to one's health but_(also) has a bad effect on the relationship between people.
3．是你所说的话而不是你所做的事使你的同学感到生气。
It is not_what_you_had_done_but what you had said that annoyed your classmates.
[综合演练提能]
Ⅰ.用适当的并列连词填空
1.(2018·北京高考书面表达)First I would like to express my warmest welcome to you and I am sure you will have the most unforgettable experience during your college in Beijing.
2．(2018·天津高考书面表达)I know you once participated in the Robotics Competition and won the award, so you must have accumulated much experience in it.
3．I worked hard at English and devoted all my spare time to practicing it, but I failed to pass the mid­term examination.
4．About 9：00 last night, I was busy preparing for my tomorrow's test when loud noises came into my room.
5．Half of the girls choose film and TV stars as their idols, while 48% of the boys favor sports stars.
6．Not_only can students improve their writing ability in this way but_(also) they can strengthen their self­confidence.
Ⅱ.用并列句补全句子
1．首先，作为一名学生，最重要的是学习，因此，你们所有人都有必要在学习中建立一个有效的方法。
Firstly, as a student, the most important thing is to study, so_it_is_necessary for all of you to build an effective method in your study.
2．我们正打算动身，突然天下起雨来了。
We were_about_to_set_off_when it began to rain.
3．找方法经常表扬你的孩子，你就会发现他们会向你敞开心扉。
Find_ways_to_praise_your_children_often,and you'll find they will open their hearts to you.
4．它不仅给了我们接近大自然的机会，而且能让我们在学习之余得到放松。
It not_only_gave_us_a_chance_to_get_close_to_nature,_but also gave us relaxation from our study.
5．因此，从现在起，让我们不要在一些不重要的事情上浪费时间，而要经常与我们的父母进行推心置腹的谈话。
So, from now on, let's not_waste_our_time_on_unimportant_things_but have a heart­to­heart chat with our parents once in a while.
Ⅲ.请按以下内容要点写一封电子邮件，尽可能多地使用并列句。
假设你是新华中学的学生李华，你的美国朋友Tom一周前给你发电子邮件，询问你暑假里的打算，但你因准备期末考试未能及时回复。现在请根据以下要点给他回一封80词左右的电子邮件：
1．未及时回复的原因；
2．你暑假里的打算。
参考范文：
Dear Tom，
I've been preparing for the final exams these days, so I forgot to write back. In your letter, you asked me for my plans on summer vacation. Now, I am writing to tell you some specific details.
To start with, doing a part­time job is my dream and I intend to work as a salesman. Not only can I earn money by myself, but also it will broaden my horizons. In addition, it is a fabulous choice to visit some famous scenic spots in order to enjoy appealing scenery and make more friends. What is more, doing voluntary work, I think, will help me make a great contribution to the society, and enrich my life.
By the way, what's your plan to spend your summer vacation? I am looking forward to your reply.
Yours，
Li Hua
第五周　富有文采的状语从句
状语从句主要包括时间、地点、条件、原因、让步、比较、方式、目的和结果九类从句。
一、常见状语从句的类型及连词
状语从句
连词
时间
when, whenever, as, while, (ever) since, before, after, till, until, as soon as, hardly ... when ..., no sooner ... than ..., scarcely ... when ..., each time, every time, the first time, the last time, the moment, the minute, the second, the day, immediately
地点
where, wherever
条件
if, unless, providing/provided (that), supposing/suppose (that), given (that), as long as, so long as, on condition (that), in case, only if
原因
because, as, since, now that, seeing that, considering that, in that
让步
though, although, even if, even though, as, while, whatever, whoever, whenever, wherever, however, no matter＋疑问词， whether ... or ..., whether ... or not
比较
as, than, the same as, not so ... as ..., as ... as ...
方式
as if, as though, as
目的
that, in order that, so that, in case, for fear (that), lest
结果
so that, so ... that ..., such ... that ..., that

①(2018·浙江6月高考写作)I'm writing to apply to join it since I think I'm well qualified for the job.
我写信申请加入，因为我认为我非常适合这项工作。
②(2017·浙江11月高考写作)If it is convenient to you, come to join us on the night of February 6th, one day before the new year.
如果方便的话，你就在2月6号新年的前一天晚上来吧。
③(2017·天津高考书面表达)While it has been more than a year since you taught us English, I've missed you a lot.
尽管你教我们英语才一年多，我真得很想念您。
④(2016·北京高考书面表达)We did so well that we were invited to share our idea and experience with all the students of our school.
我们做得那么好以至于被邀请与全校同学分享观点和经验。
[即时演练]　用状语从句补全句子
1．(2017·全国卷Ⅰ书面表达)由于天气越来越热，在室内学习是个好主意。
As_the_weather_is_getting_hotter_and_hotter,_it is a good idea to study indoors.
2．(2016·全国卷Ⅱ书面表达)我记得上次你参观我们学校时给我展示了那个主题的一些照片。
I remember you showed me some photos on that theme the_last_time you visited our school.
3．他们走了约30英里才看见一个村庄。
They walked about 30 miles before_they_saw_a_village.
4．尽管因特网有很大帮助，但我认为在上面花太多的时间不是好主意。
Although/Though_the_Internet_is_of_great_help,_I don't think it's a good idea to spend too much time on it.
5．只要你坚持下去，就一定会成功。
As_long_as_you_keep_on_trying,_you will surely succeed.

二、状语从句的常用句型
在英语写作中，状语从句是经常使用的从句之一，因此必须学会并熟练运用这些相关句型。
1．as soon as/the moment/the instant/immediately/directly/instantly 一……就……
As soon as I entered the classroom, my teacher asked me why I was so late.
我一进入教室，老师就问我为什么来这么晚。
2．each/every time 每次，每当……
Every time I pass the school, I think of my first English teacher.
每当我经过那所学校，我就想起我的第一个英语老师。
3．the first time 第一次
I thought Susan nice and friendly the first time I met her.
我第一次见到苏珊就觉得她善良、友好。
4．before在……之前，还没来得及就……
It was some time before I realized the truth.
过了一段时间我才悟出真相。
5．ever since 自从……
Ever since my friend Xiao Hua entered high school two years ago, his mother has been pushing him hard in his studies.
自从我的朋友小华两年前进入中学以来，他的妈妈一直在学习上给他施加很大的压力。
6．by the time 到……为止，不迟于……
He will have learned English for ten years by the time he graduates from the university next year.
到明年大学毕业为止，他已经学了10年英语了。
7．as/so long as 只要
(2015·全国卷Ⅰ书面表达)You can write anything relevant so long as it's interesting and informative.
只要有趣味性和知识性，你可以写任何相关的东西。
8．providing/provided/suppose/supposing(that) ... 如果，假如……
Suppose he doesn't agree to help us, who should we turn to for help?
假如他不同意帮助我们，我们该向谁求助？
9．on condition that ... 在……条件下；如果……
We'll let you use the room on condition that you keep it clean and tidy.
只要你能保持干净、整洁，我们可以让你使用这个房间。
10．considering that ... 鉴于；考虑到……
They have made remarkable progress, considering that they only started last week.
考虑到他们是上周才开始的，他们已经取得了相当大的进步。
11．not that ... but that ... 不是因为……，而是因为……
I didn't accept the job, not that I am unwilling to do it, but that I am unable to.
我没接受这份工作，不是因为我不愿意做，而是因为我不能做。
12．even if/even though 即使；尽管
Even if flying is more expensive than land and sea travel, I went there by air to save time.
尽管坐飞机比坐车和乘船都贵，但是为了节省时间我还是坐飞机去了那里。
13．though/although/while 虽然；尽管
(2017·全国卷Ⅲ书面表达)Although table tennis is very small, it is challenging to play it well.
尽管乒乓球很小，但是打好它却具有挑战性。
14．no matter wh­ .../wh­ever无论……
(2018·江苏高考书面表达)I tend to consult consumption ratings whatever I purchase.
无论我买什么，都会去查阅消费排名。
15．whether ... or (not) ... 是……还是……；不管，不论……
I have decided to take the job offer, whether it is good or bad.
不管好坏，我已经决定接受这份工作邀请。
16．so that 以便，目的是；因此
(2018·上海高考写作)They may sacrifice their family time to keep you company so that you can smooth your emotional problem caused by your own family.
他们会用本来陪家人的时间来陪你，让你可以从你的家庭问题中平复下来。
17．in order that 为了……
In order that he can have a chance to receive university education, he works hard every day.
为了能有机会接受大学教育，他每天努力学习。
18．so/such ... that ... 如此……以至于……
(2015·北京高考书面表达)The dough figurine he made was so beautiful that we couldn't wait to have a try ourselves.
他做的面人如此漂亮，以至于我们迫不及待地想亲自试一试。
[即时演练]　用状语从句补全句子
1．(2016·全国卷Ⅰ书面表达)另外，我会告诉他你长得什么样，以便你们可以容易地找到对方。
Besides, I will tell him what you look like so_that_you_can_find_each_other_easily.
2．每当见到有人需要帮助，我就会尽力去帮助他。
Whenever_I_see_someone_in_need_of_help,_I will spare no effort to help him.
3．尽管每个人都打得不错，我们还是输了。
We lost the game, although/though_everyone_played_well.
4．一切都发生得这么快，我都来不及去思考。
Everything happened so_quickly_that I had no time to think.
5．只要有善良和美德，世界将变得更加美丽。
As_long_as_there_is_kindness_and_virtue,_the world will become more beautiful.
[综合演练提能]
Ⅰ.用状语从句翻译句子
1．既然你找到了一份工作，你应该学会独立不依靠父母。
Now_that_you_have_got_a_job,_you_should_learn_to_be_independent_of_your_parents.
2．只要我们有强大的信念，就能够克服任何困难。
As_long_as_we_have_a_strong_will,_we'll_be_able_to_get_over_any_difficulty.
3．如果我们继续污染环境，地球将不再适合我们居住。
If_we_go_on_polluting_the_environment,_the_earth_won't_be_fit_for_us_to_live_in.
4．无论我做什么，我都会尽全力做好。
No_matter_what_I_do,_I_will_try_my_best_to_do_it_well.
5．他努力学习功课，结果考试取得了好成绩。
He_worked_hard_at_his_lessons,_so_that_he_got_high_grades_in_the_exams.
Ⅱ.(2017·北京高考书面表达)假设你是红星中学高三学生李华。请根据以下四幅图的先后顺序，写一篇英文周记，记录毕业前夕你们制作以“感恩母校”为主题的毕业纪念视频的全过程。
注意：词数不少于60。
提示词：视频video

参考范文：
Graduation finally came.My classmates and I decided to do something.After we had a heated discussion, we agreed on making a video to record our experiences at school.
Material collecting took us a whole week, during which we interviewed our teachers and took pictures of every aspect of school life.The editing part after that was tough.We debated over what to put into the video.Some compromises were unavoidable, but the video turned out perfect.Several days later, when the video was played on the graduation ceremony, it was well received.The students and teachers shared a great time.That surely gave us a great sense of achievement.
第六周　吸引眼球的定语从句
定语从句的正确使用能够反映出考生对于语言具有较高的掌握能力，所以建议考生一定要在写作中至少使用一个恰到好处的定语从句。
一、定语从句的类型
1．关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词who, whom, whose, that, which, as引导的定语从句是写作的一大重点，尤其是which和as引导的非限制性定语从句在高考范文中更是屡见不鲜。
①(2018·江苏高考书面表达)As we all know, most of the ratings are based on others judgment on the product or service concerned.
我们大家都知道，大多数排名都是基于别人对于产品或相关服务的评价。
②(2017·全国卷Ⅱ书面表达)Paper­cutting is a traditional art form in China, which has a history of more than 1,500 years.剪纸是中国的一门传统的艺术形式，它已有1 500多年的历史了。
③Only those who spare no effort to confront problems can achieve what they long for.只有那些面对困难不遗余力的人才能取得他们渴望的成就。
2．关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词引导的定语从句是指when, where, why引导的定语从句。
(2018·北京高考书面表达)Its Chinese Literature major is perfect for you where you can be completely soaked in Chinese profound history and rich culture.
它的中国文学专业对你来说是适合的，在那儿你可以完全沉浸在中国深厚的历史和丰富的文化中。
3．“介词＋which/whom”引导的定语从句
(2018·全国卷Ⅲ书面表达)Moreover, with the stadium set up, a wide range of sports events are able to be held, of which ping­pong, football as well as running competitions enjoy great popularity.
另外，随着场馆的建设，很多运动项目就可以开展，其中，乒乓球、足球和跑步比赛广受欢迎。
[即时演练]　用适当的关系词或“介词＋关系词”填空
1．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ书面表达)In addition, there are famous artists who will perform how to cut paper on the spot.
2．(2017·天津高考作文)We thought about those happy moments when we stayed with you.
3．(2016·浙江高考)Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears, none of which has been proved.
4．(2016·天津高考)We will put off the picnic in the park until next week, when the weather may be better.
5．Most importantly, living with your friends will improve your team spirit, which will be beneficial to your future career.

二、定语从句的写法
定语从句是比较难掌握而又是考生在写作中喜欢尝试的复杂句，在写作时可采用“三步法”：

[示例]
第一步：写出两个简单句。
①The foreigner is from Canada.
②He visited our class yesterday.
第二步：在句①中找出一个要修饰的词汇：the foreigner。
第三步：用句②充当定语从句，the foreigner为先行词指人，句②中的代词he指代the foreigner且在句子中作主语，故用who或that作关系词。
The foreigner who/that visited our class yesterday is from Canada.
[即时演练]　用定语从句将下列每组简单句合并为一个复合句
1．I've always longed for the days. I will be able to be independent then.
→I've_always_longed_for_the_days_when_I_will_be_able_to_be_independent.
2．I have a friend. Her father is an engineer.
→I_have_a_friend_whose_father_is_an_engineer.
3．This is the best method. It can be used against pollution.
→This_is_the_best_method_that_can_be_used_against_pollution.
4．You know, my uncle Li Ming is going to the city to attend an international meeting. You live there.
→You_know,_my_uncle_Li_Ming_is_going_to_the_city_where_you_live_to_attend_an_international_meeting.
5．We all like our English teacher. We have learned a lot from her.
→We_all_like_our_English_teacher_from_whom_we_have_learned_a_lot.

三、定语从句的常用句型
1．As we all know .../As is known to all ... 众所周知……
As we all know, Chinese knots are very popular with Chinese people. 众所周知，中国结非常受中国人的喜欢。
2．As sb. puts it ... 按照某人所说的……
As he often puts it, university education determines one's future.按照他常说的，大学教育决定一个人的未来。
3．such ... as ... 像……这样的；诸如此类的……
Believe it or not, we have found such materials as are used in that factory.
信不信由你，我们已经找到了像那家厂子里用的材料。
4．the same ... as .../the same as ... 像……一样的
Her manner and attitudes towards him were quite the same as they had always been.
她对他的方式和态度与他们以前完全一样。
5．one of the＋复数名词＋定语从句……中的一个
As far as I know, your sister is one of the students who have passed the exam.
据我所知，你妹妹是通过考试的学生之一。
6．the only one of the＋复数名词＋定语从句……中唯一的一个
Mr. Green was the only one of the workers that was invited to Beijing.格林先生是这些工人中唯一一个被邀请去北京的人。
[即时演练]　补全句子
1．(2015·福建高考书面表达)我们大家都知道，这幅画讲述的是古代中国的一个故事。
As_we_all_know,_the picture tells a story of ancient China.
2．她就是这样一个总是乐于助人的女孩。
She is such_a_girl_as is always ready to help others.
3．长城是吸引大批游客的世界著名的建筑之一。
The Great Wall is one_of_the_world­famous_buildings_that_attract lots of visitors.

四、定语从句写作时需避免的几种情况
1．误用关系词
误：I live in Beijing, where is the capital of China.
正：I live in Beijing, which is the capital of China.
误：I have a friend, who's name is Liu Mei.
正：I have a friend, whose name is Liu Mei.
2．句子成分残缺
误：There were many students took part in the English competition.
正：There were many students who took part in the English competition.
误：Those who in favor of the proposal, please raise your hands.
正：Those who are in favor of the proposal, please raise your hands.
3．有多余的代词或副词
误：The film I saw it last night was really very good.
正：The film I saw last night was really very good.
误：Last week, I returned to the village where I grew up there in my childhood.
正：Last week, I returned to the village where I grew up in my childhood.
4．混淆定语从句与并列句
误：In fact, smoking is a bad habit, it does great harm to people's health.
正：In fact, smoking is a bad habit, which/and it does great harm to people's health.
误：His parents told him many times not to play beside the river, it didn't help.
正：His parents told him many times not to play beside the river, which/but it didn't help.
[即时演练]　单句语法填空
1．Those who have work experience can find a job easily.
2．As is often the case, the more haste, the less speed.
3．She has been a teacher for 30 years in the place which/that used to be a poor area.
4．As a child, Jack studied in a village school, which is named after his grandfather.
[综合演练提能]
Ⅰ.用定语从句补全句子
1．(2018·浙江6月高考写作)我想申请这个职位的原因是我想提高我的英语口语水平，并且帮助外国中学生更好地了解中国文化。
The_reason_why_I_want_to_apply_for_the_position_is_that I want to improve my spoken English and help foreign students have a better understanding of Chinese culture.
2．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ书面表达)我们都知道，《一起成长》这部优秀的英文短片看起来很有趣。
As_we_all_know,_the outstanding English short film, Growing Together, is interesting to watch.
3．我最大的爱好是读书看报，这已经成为我日常生活中不可或缺的一部分。
My favorite hobby is reading books and newspapers, which has become　a　necessary　part　of my daily life.
4．这是一份很困难而且很有压力的工作，但却是一份能真正帮助别人的工作。
This is a difficult and stressful job but one where_you_can_really_help_people.
5．没经历过暴风雨的水手永远不会成为一名优秀的水手。
A sailor who_has_experienced_no_storm will never become an excellent sailor.
Ⅱ.请按以下要点写一封申请信，尽可能多地使用定语从句。
假设你是李华，你校广播站正在招收英文编辑。请你根据以下提示，向负责此事的外教Mr.Mark申请这一职位。要点包括：
职位要求
1.有很强的英语表达能力；
2.关心时事。
个人优势
1.有做记者的经历，沟通能力强；
2.父亲是一位专职编辑，深受其影响；
3.……

注意：1.词数80左右；
2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
参考范文：
Dear Mr. Mark,
I'm writing to apply to be an English editor of the broadcasting station of our school, which I am wild about all the time.
I'm qualified for the position that/which is based on the following reasons.First, I meet your requirements for the position well.I have a good command of English communication skills.Besides, I am concerned a lot about current affairs and take great interest in journalism.Second, I was a part­time reporter when I was in junior middle school, which developed my communication and interpersonal skills.In addition, my father is a professional editor, by whom I was deeply influenced from an early age and from whom I learned a lot.Therefore, I am eager to get the position and I really hope I will be given the honor to be one of you.
Looking forward to hearing from you.Thank you!
Yours sincerely，
Li Hua
第七周　灵活好用的名词性从句
名词性从句是高中阶段重要的语法项目之一，也是写作中常用的高级表达。它包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。

一、名词性从句的连接词
1．从属连词引导的名词性从句
名词性从句的从属连词在从句中只起连接作用，不作成分，主要包括that, whether/if。
①(2018·浙江6月高考读后续写)I wondered if we could find the original track.
我不知道我们能否找到原来的路。
②(2017·全国卷Ⅱ书面表达)I wish that you could grasp this opportunity to learn traditional Chinese culture further.
我希望你能抓住这次机会进一步地学习传统中国文化。
2．连接代词引导的名词性从句
名词性从句的连接代词在从句中起连接作用，并在从句中充当主语、表语、宾语、定语，主要包括what, which, who, whom, whose, whatever, whoever, whomever, whichever。
①(2017·全国卷Ⅰ书面表达)To start with, what I intend to stress is that we are about to start our next lesson in Classroom 8 of the Teaching Building at 10：00 a．m.next Friday.首先，我想强调的是下周五上午十点钟我们将在教学楼的8号教室开始我们的下节课。
②Whoever is interested in making small inventions can join in it. 对小发明感兴趣的任何人都可以参加。
3．连接副词引导的名词性从句
名词性从句的连接副词在从句中起连接作用，并在从句中充当状语，主要包括how, when, why, where, however, whenever, wherever。
①(2018·全国卷Ⅰ书面表达)When you are enjoying the meal, keep your voice low and pleasant，which is where you should pay attention.当你享受这顿饭的时候，保持声音低且愉快，这是你应该注意的地方。
②(2018·北京高考书面表达)Then I showed them how to make tea.
然后我展示给他们怎样泡茶。
[即时演练]　用适当的连接词填空
1．(2017·天津高考满分作文)By the way, it's my sincere hope that you can spare some time for a visit to Tianjin again.
2．(2016·浙江10月高考满分作文)I wonder if you could give me some advice.
3．(2015·安徽高考书面表达)If I could interview him, I would ask him what made him an astronaut and how he was trained.
4．(2015·四川高考满分作文)Listening and speaking is where my weakness lies when it comes to English.
5．(2014·浙江高考书面表达)What we need most are popular science books.

二、名词性从句的写法
在写作中，如果我们能够把两个简单句合并为一个含有名词性从句的复合句，或者把一个简单句扩展成为含有名词性从句的复合句，对写作都是一种质的升华。
名词性从句在写作时可采用“三步法”：

[示例]
第一步：写出两个简单句。
①He said a lot at the meeting.
②His words were very reasonable.
第二步：让句①作主语从句，可转换为“他在会上所说的话”，即what he said at the meeting。
第三步：把句①转换的主语从句和句②连在一起。
What he said at the meeting was very reasonable.
[即时演练]　用名词性从句将下列每组简单句合并为一个复合句
1．When did you enter the room？The police want to know it.
The_police_want_to_know_when_you_entered_the_room.
2．This is my decision. All of us are to start at 6 o'clock tomorrow morning.
My_decision_is_that_all_of_us_are_to_start_at_6_o'clock_tomorrow_morning.
3．Shall we go picnicking tomorrow? It depends on the weather.
Whether_we_shall_go_picnicking_tomorrow_depends_on_the_weather.
4．Our women volleyball team had won the championship.The news encouraged us all greatly.
The_news_that_our_women_volleyball_team_had_won_the_championship_encouraged_us_all_greatly.

三、名词性从句的常用句型
1．A is to B what C is to D　A对B而言正如C对D一样
A book is to the mind what food is to the body.
书籍对于心灵而言正如食物对于身体一样。
2．What impresses/surprises/shocks ... sb. most is that ...最令某人印象深刻/吃惊/震惊的是……
In addition, what may interest you most is that I am really nervous and upset when taking the exam.
另外，可能最使你感兴趣的是，考试时我真的既紧张又烦躁。
3．It is＋important/necessary/strange ... that ...重要的/必要的/奇怪的是……
However, it is important that we never lose the enthusiasm to keep on trying.
然而，重要的是，我们从来没有丧失过继续努力的热情。
4．I wonder whether/if ... 我想知道是否……
I am wondering if you could tell me more about this activity.我想知道你是否能告诉我有关此活动的更多的信息。
5．The chances are (that) ... 很可能……
If you go into a school or university everywhere, the chances are (that) you will see students in Li Ning tracksuits with the familiar logo.
如果你走进任何一个地方的中学或大学校园，都有可能看到穿着印有李宁那个熟悉标志运动服的学生们。
6．That/This/It is why/because ... 那/这就是为什么/因为……
I read about your reform of the school English newspaper, and that's why I'm writing to voice my opinion.
我获悉了你对英语校报的改革方案，那就是为什么我写信发表观点的原因。
7．The reason why ... is that ... ……的原因是……
The reason why he wasn't admitted into a key university was that his grades were too low.
他没有被重点大学录取的原因是他的分数太低了。
8．Sb. holds the belief/view that ... 某人(坚定地)持有某种观点……
Most people hold the belief that education can change one's fate.多数人(坚定地)持有这样的观点，教育能改变人的命运。
9．No one can deny the fact that ... 谁也不可否认的事实是……
(2018·江苏高考书面表达)No one can deny the fact that such ratings do bring convenience to consumers.谁也不可否认的事实是，这样的排名确实能给消费者带来方便。
10．It is/was no surprise/wonder that ... ……不足为怪
She is warm­hearted, so it is no surprise/wonder that she always helps those who are in trouble.
她是一个热心肠的人，因此她经常帮助那些处于困境中的人们就不足为怪了。
11．An advantage of ... is that ...……的优点是……
An advantage of using the solar energy is that it won't create/produce any pollution.
使用太阳能的优点是它不会制造任何污染。
[即时演练]　补全句子
1．谁也不可否认的事实是，自信可以在黑暗中给你光明。
No_one_can_deny_the_fact_that self­confidence gives you light when you are in the dark.
2．我想知道学校是否能够放置更多的垃圾箱并制定特殊规则来制止这种行为。
I_wonder_if/whether the school could place more dustbins and set up special rules against such behaviour.
3．使我最惊奇的是，这个瘦弱的女孩竟然获得了三枚金牌。
What_surprised_me_most_was_that the thin girl should have won three gold medals.

四、名词性从句写作时的注意事项
1．that还是what?
What we need is more time.
我们需要的是更多的时间。(what引导主语从句且在从句中作宾语)
That we need more time is very clear.
我们需要更多的时间是很明显的。(that引导主语从句且在从句中不作成分)
2．that还是whether?
That we are invited to the concert this evening is good news to us.
我们被邀请参加今晚的音乐会，这对我们来说是个好消息。
Whether we are invited to the concert this evening is still unknown.
我们是否被邀请参加今晚的音乐会尚不得而知。
3．wh­还是wh­ever?
Whoever breaks the traffic rules should be punished.
无论是谁违反了交通规则都应该受到惩罚。
Who broke the window last night is still unknown.
昨晚谁打坏了窗子仍不得而知。
[即时演练]　单句语法填空
1．That he failed in the exam made his parents puzzled.
2．Whether the sports meeting will be held on time depends on the weather.
3．I will give this dictionary to whoever wins the first prize in the English contest.
[综合演练提能]
Ⅰ.用名词性从句补全句子
1．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ书面表达)相信这是一个你不容错过的好机会。
It_is_believed_that_it_is_an_excellent_opportunity that you mustn't miss.
2．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ书面表达)然后消息传来我们学校将放映一部英文短片，它是一部关于我们学校历史的纪录片。
Then came the news that_an_English_short_film_will_be_shown_in_our_school,_which is a documentary on the history of our school.
3．(2018·北京高考书面表达)这就是为什么我建议你申请北京大学，中国最好的大学之一。
That_is_why_I_suggest_you_apply_for Peking University, one of the best universities in China.
4．使我印象最深的是，他们都经过了专业培训。
What_impressed_me_most was that they all had received professional training.
5．我想知道你能否给我提供一些如何交友的建议。
I_wonder_if/whether you can give me some advice on how to make friends.
Ⅱ.请按以下内容要点写一篇有关Jenny的英语短文，尽可能多地使用名词性从句。
1．大家都知道Jenny是位有名的作家，但没有人知道她来自何处，而且她是否出生于1961年仍然是个谜。
2．大家对她的了解是穷人都喜欢她，因为她总是帮助那些急需钱的人。
3．Jenny很慷慨而且乐于助人，但有些人认为她想出名。
4．Jenny说她不明白为什么他们那么心胸狭窄，但别人怎么想对她无所谓，她只是想做自己认为正确的事。
5．我认为那就是生命意义之所在。
参考范文：
Everyone knew that Jenny was a famous writer, but no one knew where she came from and whether she was born in 1961 was still a mystery. What they did know was that she was loved by poor people because she always helped whoever was in need of money. Jenny was generous and helpful, but some people thought she was chasing fame. Jenny said she didn't understand why they were so narrow­minded, but it didn't matter what others would think of her. She just wanted to do what she thought was right.
I think that is where the meaning of life lies.
第八周　避免头重脚轻的it句式
it除了用作人称代词外，还常用作形式主语或形式宾语，有时也可以用在一些固定句型中。灵活地运用it句式可使文章更高级，结构更紧凑。

一、it作形式主语的常用句型
在英语中，为了避免头重脚轻，经常运用it作形式主语，而把真正的主语后置，作真正主语的常为不定式或从句，有时也可用动名词。
1．It takes (sb.) some time/energy/effort ... to do sth.
It took them about half an hour to work out the difficult maths problem.
他们花了大约半个小时的时间才解出这道数学难题。
2．It is/was＋形容词＋(of/for sb.) to do sth.
(2018·江苏高考书面表达)In that case, it is both convenient and economical to buy books according to the ratings.
在那种情况下，按排名购买图书既方便又经济。
3．It is/was＋形容词＋that ...
It is true that smartphone plays an important role in our daily life.确实，智能手机在我们日常生活中扮演重要的角色。
4．It is/was＋名词＋(of/for sb.) to do sth.
It is everyone's responsibility to obey the rules to keep the society in order and people's lives safe.
遵守规则让社会发展平稳、人民生活安定是每个人的责任。
5．It is/was＋名词＋that ...
(2017·全国卷Ⅰ书面表达)It's really a good idea that we should spend some time taking a brief look at the history of the Tang Dynasty.
我们应该花点时间简要了解唐朝的历史，这的确是个好主意。
6．It is/was＋过去分词＋that ...
(2018·全国卷Ⅱ书面表达)It is believed that the English short film will be not only meaningful but also interesting.
相信这部英文短片不仅有意义，而且很有趣。
7．It seems/appears/happens＋that ...
It happened that he was a doctor, so the sick man was saved.
碰巧他是个医生，因此病人得救了。
8．It hits/strikes/occurs to sb. that ...
Did it ever occur to you that you would end up in prison if you continued behaving like that?
你就没想到如果继续这样做最终会被关进监狱吗？
9．It is/was (about/high) time that ...
It's high time that we students should work/worked harder at our lessons as the College Entrance Examination is approaching.
随着高考的临近，该是我们学生更加努力学习功课的时候了。
10．It matters＋that/wh­/if/whether从句
It doesn't matter whether it is expensive or not.
它是否昂贵并不重要。
11．It is/was one's turn to do sth.轮到某人做某事
It is your turn to pick up the kids from school this afternoon.今天下午轮到你去学校接孩子了。
12．It is/was time for sb. to do sth.某人该做某事了
I know it is time for me to set out to do my homework, but I just can't resist playing computer games.我知道是开始做作业的时候了，但我就是忍不住要玩电脑游戏。
13．It is/was no good/use/useless/pleasure doing sth.做某事没有好处/用处/乐趣
It is no use trying to solve the problem by force. Peace talks are the only solution.
试图用武力解决问题是没用的，和谈才是唯一的办法。
14．It is/was no surprise/wonder that ...……不足为怪/难怪……
This book is so well written. It is no wonder that it's so popular worldwide.
这本书写得如此好，难怪它在全世界那么受欢迎。
15．It goes without saying that ... 不用说……
Therefore, it goes without saying that it is this motto that brings me motivation and encouragement.
因此，不用说是这句箴言给我带来了动力和鼓励。
[即时演练]　补全句子
1．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ书面表达)这真的是体验中国文化非常好的一个机会。
It_is_really_a_good_opportunity_to_experience Chinese culture.
2．显而易见，iPad对我们的学习有很大帮助，尤其是对我们的英语听力。
It_is_obvious_that iPad is of great help to our study, especially to our English listening.
3．不用说，现代科技给我们的生活带来了方便和舒适。
It_goes_without_saying_that modern technology brings us convenience and comfort in life.
4．据报道，这次事故源于司机的粗心驾驶。
It_was_reported_that the accident resulted from the driver's careless driving.
5．众所周知，学好英语对我们大家都大有益处。
It_is_universally_acknowledged/It_is_well_known_that learning English well will be of great benefit to us all.

二、it作形式宾语及其他的常用句型
it除了可以作形式主语外，还可作形式宾语，作形式宾语和在一些常见句型中的应用都可以提升文章的档次，使文章更高级。
1．动词＋it＋形容词/名词＋to do/doing/that从句(常见的动词有：find, feel, think, consider, make, believe, guess, suppose, assume)
①She found it easy to retell the story when she looked at the pictures.她发现看着图画复述这个故事很容易。
②In a word, wild release makes it much more convenient for us to choose what books we like.
总之，自由分享使得我们选择所喜欢的书籍方便得多。
2．I'd appreciate it if ...如果……我将感激不尽
I'd appreciate it if you don't tell anybody about this.
这件事你不说出去的话，我会感激不尽。
3．Sb. would prefer it if ... 如果……某人将会非常喜欢
Mary would prefer it if you attend the party on the summer vacation.
如果暑假你来参加那个聚会，玛丽将会非常喜欢。
4．Sb. likes/loves/hates/dislikes it when ... 某人喜欢/不喜欢……
I dislike it when a Chinese host keeps serving me the food I don't like.我不喜欢中国主人不停地给我夹我不喜欢的菜。
5．When it comes to ... 当谈到……
(2016·四川高考书面表达)When it comes to the season I like best, spring will always occur to me in no time.
当谈到我最喜欢的季节，我会立刻想到春天。
6．It is the first/second ... time that ... 这是第一/二……次……
It is the first time that he has won the Nobel Prize for Literature.
这是他第一次获得诺贝尔文学奖。
7．It is/has been＋一段时间＋since ...自从……多长时间了
It is already three years since he worked in this company, and now he can't still find a job.
自从他离开这家公司以来已有三年了，现在还没有找到一份工作。
8．It＋be＋一段时间＋before ...多久之后就/才……
Don't be upset. It will be half a year before we meet again.
不要伤心了，半年之后我们还会再见面。
[即时演练]　补全句子
1．我认为我们每天喝大量的开水是必要的。
I think_it_necessary_that we take plenty of boiled water every day.
2．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ书面表达)我认为采纳我的建议对你有很大帮助。
I consider_it_of_great_help to you to take my suggestions.
3．当谈及选择时，我宁愿去旅游。
When_it_comes_to a choice, I prefer to go traveling.
4．我们高中毕业已经十年了。
It_is/has_been_ten_years_since we graduated from high school.
[综合演练提能]
Ⅰ.用it句式补全句子
1．(2018·北京高考书面表达)我突然想到，像茶文化这样的传统文化具有极大的魅力和巨大的价值。
It_suddenly_hit_me_that traditional culture like tea culture was of great charm and huge value.
2．(2018·江苏高考书面表达)毫无疑问，完全依赖消费排名是不明智的。
There is no doubt that it_is_unwise_to_depend_completely_on the ratings in consumption.
3．如果你能教我如何用电脑，我将不胜感激。
I'd_appreciate_it_if you could teach me how to use the computer.
4．当谈及我的班级时，我必须说我不能忍受一些同学的自私。
When_it_comes_to my class, I have to say that I can't stand some classmates' selfishness.
5．不久之后，通往停车场有两个入口，使得现在我们进去更加容易。
Soon after, there are two entrances to the parking places, making_it_easier_for_us_to_enter it now.
6．你穿什么并不重要，只要你看上去干净整洁就行。
It_doesn't_matter_what you wear, so long as you look neat and tidy.
Ⅱ.请按以下内容要点写一篇有关Lucy的英语短文，尽可能多地使用it句式。
1．露西没有通过汉语口语考试，这是很令人惊奇的，而且她不相信是真的。但是真的很遗憾，她没有通过考试。
2．为什么？这是因为她的懒惰。
3．这时她意识到了勤奋多练的重要性，此后更加努力学习。
4．现在，她发现练习汉语口语是非常有趣的，而且她非常享受说一口流利的汉语。
参考范文：
It was very surprising that Lucy didn't pass her oral Chinese test, and she couldn't believe it. However, it was really a pity that she failed in the test. Why? It was because of her laziness. Then she realized that it was important for her to work hard and practice more, so she has been working harder since then. Now she finds it interesting to practice speaking Chinese and she enjoys it when she can speak fluent Chinese.
第九周　言简意明的非谓语动词
众所周知，作文中出现过多的简单句会让人觉得单调乏味，句子与句子之间的关系显得松散；而文章中过多地出现复合句又显得累赘，读起来费劲。而恰当地运用非谓语动词对简单句和复合句进行转换，不仅显得句式多样，句子活泼，而且读起来结构紧凑，言简意明。

一、运用非谓语动词转换简单句
写作时，我们可以利用非谓语动词对两个简单句进行转换，使其成为较高级的表达方式。转换时可采用“三步法”：

[示例]
第一步：写出两个简单句。
①In the newspaper of our school there is a column called “Foreign Culture”．
②It aims to introduce American customs and the life of high school students.
第二步：让句①作主句，用非谓语动词改写句②。
第三步：让句②作定语，由于其动词aim与主语it之间为主谓关系，故用现在分词短语作定语。
(2015·全国卷Ⅰ书面表达)In the newspaper of our school there is a column called “Foreign Culture”， aiming to introduce American customs and the life of high school students.
其他几个转换的例子如下：
①(2018·北京高考书面表达)The foreign students were absorbed in every move of mine. They were once again amazed by this unique culture.
→Absorbed in every move of mine, the foreign students were once again amazed by this unique culture.
②(2017·6月浙江高考写作)I will be honored to have you there with us.We will enjoy the colorful days.
→I will be honored to have you there with us, enjoying the colorful days.
③(2015·全国卷Ⅰ书面表达)It carries articles about the cultures of their home countries. They are written by foreign friends.
→It carries articles written by foreign friends about the cultures of their home countries.
[即时演练]　用非谓语动词进行句型转换
1．All the people here like the novel. It is written by Tom.
→All_the_people_here_like_the_novel_written_by_Tom. (用过去分词作定语)
2．The boy came to school late again. This made the teacher very angry.
→The_boy's_coming_to_school_late_again_made_the_teacher_very_angry. (用动名词作主语)
3．The boys were making the most of time. They wanted to finish the work earlier.
→The_boys_were_making_the_most_of_time_so_as_to_finish_the_work_earlier. (用不定式作目的状语)

二、运用非谓语动词转换复合句
用非谓语动词转换复合句比转换简单句要容易一些，因为需转换的一般是从句部分，这时只需要判断用何种非谓语动词，再把握好时态和语态即可，所以只需两步。
[示例]
第一步：写出复合句。
Since you have realized that your time is limited, you'll have to study for your goals without anger or hesitation.
第二步：把since引导的原因状语从句转换为非谓语动词，realize与you之间为主谓关系，且表示完成，故用现在分词的完成式作状语。
Having realized that your time is limited, you'll have to study for your goals without anger or hesitation.
其他几个转换的例子如下：
①We held the tea cups in our hands and took a picture to memorize the unforgettable day.
→(2018·北京高考书面表达)Holding the tea cups in our hands, we took a picture to memorize the unforgettable day.
②If it is carried out continuously, it will benefit all of us greatly and we are sure to make obvious progress.
→Carried out continuously, it will benefit all of us greatly and we are sure to make obvious progress.
[即时演练]　用非谓语动词进行句型转换
1．(2016·浙江10月高考读后续写)She felt refreshed, so she continued to walk along the stream to find the way out.
→Feeling_refreshed,_she_continued_to_walk_along_the_stream_to_find_the_way_out.
2．When I saw a car running towards her, I reached my hand out and pulled her back.
→Seeing_a_car_running_towards_her,_I_reached_my_hand_out_and_pulled_her_back.
3．After we had practiced playing basketball for almost two months, we strongly desired to be the winner.
→Having_practiced_playing_basketball_for_almost_two_months,_we_strongly_desired_to_be_the_winner.
4．When we are faced with difficulties, we need friends to give us comfort and help.
→Faced_with_difficulties,_we_need_friends_to_give_us_comfort_and_help.
三、非谓语动词的常用句型
1．remain to be done 有待于被……
Many questions have to be settled and much remains to be done in our educational work.
我们的教育工作中还有许多问题要解决，还有许多事情要去做。
2．疑问词＋to do
To all of you, fresh students, how to adapt yourself to the new environment is the first thing that you have to face.
对你们所有新同学来说，如何使自己适应新的环境是必须要面对的首要事情。
3．连词when/while/once/unless/although ...＋doing/done
When searching for some information, we can operate by touching the screen.
当查找一些信息时，我们可以通过触摸屏幕来操作。
4．easy/difficult ...to do ...
Some bad habits such as smoking and drinking aren't easy to get rid of.
像吸烟、酗酒等一些坏习惯不容易改掉。
5．prefer to do ... rather than do .../would rather do ... than do .../would do ... rather than do ... 宁愿做……，而不愿做……
Nowadays some teenagers prefer to chat with strangers online rather than talk with their parents face to face.
如今，一些青少年宁愿在网上与陌生人闲谈也不愿与父母面对面谈话。
6．having done ...已经……
Having spent nearly all our money, we couldn't afford to stay at a hotel.
几乎把所有的钱都花完了，我们没有钱住宾馆了。
7．by doing ... 通过做……
(2016·全国卷Ⅰ书面表达)Moreover, by doing the part­time job, I can get some precious experience so that I can better adapt to the development and changes of society.
而且，通过做兼职工作，我可以获得一些宝贵的经验以至于能更好地适应社会的发展和变化。
8．only to do/to be done 结果却(被)……
If he continues like this, he will end up lifting a stone only to have it drop on his own foot, just as the old saying goes.
如果他继续这样的话，正如谚语所说，他最终会搬起石头砸了自己的脚。
9．judging by/from ... 根据……判断
Judging from the expression on her face, she must have news of great excitement to tell us.
从她脸上的表情看，她一定有非常令人兴奋的消息要告诉我们。
10．compared with/to ... 与……比较
There is clear evidence that children who take music lessons develop a better memory compared with children who have no musical training.
有明显的证据表明，与那些没受过音乐训练的孩子相比，上音乐课的孩子有更好的记忆力。
11．be said/reported/considered ...to do ... 据说/报道/认为……
A bus full of passengers was reported to have gone out of control on a highway south of the city.
据报道，一辆满载乘客的公共汽车在市南的一条公路上失去了控制。
12．with＋宾语＋补足语
In the picture, a boy in worn clothes sits beside a wooden table with a pile of bamboo books on it.
在画中，一个穿着破旧衣服的男孩坐在木桌旁边，桌上有一堆书简。
[即时演练]　用非谓语动词补全句子
1．人们可以一边吃月饼一边赏月，月饼是这个节日的特殊食品。
People can enjoy the moon while_eating_mooncakes,_which are the special food for this festival.
2．随着太空技术的快速发展，我们一定会在将来某一天奔赴月球。
With_space_technology_developing_so_rapidly,_we are sure to make a visit to the moon some day.
3．有些人宁愿骑自行车也不愿坐公交车，因为骑自行车没有乘坐公交车的麻烦。
Some people prefer_to_ride_bikes_rather_than_take_buses/would_rather_ride_bikes_than_take_buses/would_ride_bikes_rather_than_take_buses as riding bikes has none of the troubles of taking buses.
[综合演练提能]
Ⅰ.用非谓语动词进行句型转换
1．We were touched by the teacher's words. We decided to work hard.
→Touched_by_the_teacher's_words,_we_decided_to_work_hard.
2．I feel quite sorry for that. I begin to think about what to do to help.
→Feeling_quite_sorry_for_that,_I_begin_to_think_about_what_to_do_to_help.
3．On hearing the bad news, all the people present at the meeting puzzled about what they should do.
→On_hearing_the_bad_news,_all_the_people_present_at_the_meeting_puzzled_about_what_to_do.
4．Because I have paid a visit to the place, I will go somewhere else this year to spend my summer vacation.
→Having_paid_a_visit_to_the_place,_I_will_go_somewhere_else_this_year_to_spend_my_summer_vacation.
5．As the society develops rapidly, it's necessary for us to have a good knowledge of English and computer.
→With_the_society_developing_rapidly,_it's_necessary_for_us_to_have_a_good_knowledge_of_English_and_computer.
Ⅱ.请按以下内容要点写一篇英语短文，尽可能多地使用非谓语动词。
1．在阴历1月1日庆贺中国的阴历(lunar)年，也被称作春节，受到了全世界所有中国人的喜爱。
2．像世界上许多其他人一样，中国人喜欢庆贺他们传统的节日和春天的到来。
3．在春节，大部分中国人更愿意待在家里，吃大餐、与家人聊天；其他一些人可能会去走访朋友或者度长假。
4．另外，人们会在新年到来之际说“新年快乐”以表达良好的祝愿。
5．这也是孩子们的节日，他们会打扮得漂漂亮亮地，然后和父母一块去亲戚家里，还会得到压岁钱。
参考范文：
Observed/Celebrated on January 1st, Chinese Lunar New Year's Day, also called the Spring Festival, is popular with all the Chinese people all over the world. Like many other people in the world, Chinese enjoy celebrating their traditional festival and the coming of spring. At the Spring Festival, most people prefer to stay at home, having big meals and chatting with family members while others may take a trip to visit their friends or to spend their long holiday. Besides, people will say “Happy New Year” to express good wishes for the coming New Year. It is also a children's festival, when they can dress up and go to their relatives' with their parents to get lucky money.
第十周　彰显水平的强调句型、倒装句型和There be句型
特殊句式是英语中的高级表达，其中，强调和倒装句型是最为常见的特殊句式，它们的准确使用能够彰显考生的英语水平，提高写作档次。另外there be句型在写作中也是一种常见的高级表达。

一、重点突出的强调句型
强调句型可强调除谓语动词和表语外的其他任何成分，如主语、宾语、状语等。强调句型的灵活运用不仅有助于增强表达效果，突出要强调的重点，更能彰显考生对英语表达的把握能力。其基本结构为：It is/was＋被强调部分＋that＋其他。
(2016·天津高考书面表达)It is not only your enthusiasm but also your teamwork and good spirits that impress us.
不仅是你的热情，而且团队合作和良好的精神状态给我们留下了深刻的印象。
在写作中，我们可以通过强调句型将句子提高到一个新的档次，写作时可采用“四步法”：

[示例]

1．It is/was＋被强调部分＋that＋其他．
(2017·浙江高考应用文写作)It is because it's a good chance for you to learn the natural knowledge of China and make new friends that we really wish you can join us.
正是因为这是你学习中国的自然知识和结交新朋友的好机会，我们真的希望你能加入我们。
2．Is/Was it＋被强调部分＋that＋其他？
Was it in that park that the children saw the strange green objects?
正是在那个公园里孩子们看见了那些奇怪的绿色物体吗？
3．特殊疑问词＋is/was it＋被强调部分＋that＋其他？
When was it that you made up your mind to work as a volunteer teacher?
是什么时候你下定决心要当一名志愿者老师的？
4．It is/was not until ... that ...
It was not until all the fish in the river died out that the villagers realized how serious the pollution is.直到河里所有的鱼都死光了，村民们才意识到污染是多么严重。
5．强调谓语时，借助于do/does/did＋动词原形
(2018·北京高考书面表达)We do hope there will be more meaningful activities in the coming future.
我们确实希望今后有更多有意义的活动。
[即时演练]　用强调句型进行句型转换
1．The teacher's praise contributes to my success.
→It_is_the_teacher's_praise_that_contributes_to_my_success.
2．I realized the importance of English when I entered senior high school.
→It_was_when_I_entered_senior_high_school_that_I_realized_the_importance_of_English.

二、平衡句子的倒装句型
在写作中，倒装句型应用比较广泛，涉及的句型主要包括部分倒装和全部倒装。我们可以通过倒装让句子更高级。
①We can help to construct an energy­saving society only with joint efforts.
→Only with joint efforts can we help to construct an energy­saving society.
②He not only made a promise， but also he kept it.
→Not only did he make a promise， but also he kept it.
1．“only＋状语”置于句首时，句子用部分倒装。
(2018·全国卷Ⅰ书面表达)Only when you come to China can you experience Chinese food cultures.
只有来到中国，你才能体验中国的饮食文化。
2．none, neither, nor, not, never, hardly, little, seldom等否定词，以及由no构成的否定短语如at no time, by no means, no sooner等置于句首时，句子用部分倒装。
No sooner/Hardly had he finished his talk than/when he was surrounded by the excited workers.
他刚一结束讲话就被兴奋的工人们围了起来。
3．在so/such ... that ...结构中，当so/such ...位于句首时，其后的句子用部分倒装。
(2018·天津高考书面表达)So interested in the competition are some of my classmates and I that we have formed a group to take part in it.
我和我的一些同学对比赛非常感兴趣，以至于我们组织了一个小组来参加比赛。
4．as/though尽管……
Child as/though he is, he knows a lot about astronomy.
虽然他是个孩子，但他知道很多天文学知识。
5．were/should/had ... 如果……
Were I two years younger, I would accept the job.
如果我年轻两岁，我会接受这份工作。
Looking back, I feel I wouldn't be able to ride a bike had I lost heart.
回顾以往，我感觉如果我失去了信心就学不会骑自行车。
6．here, there, now, then, out, in, up, down, on the wall, in the room等表示地点、时间或方位的副词或介词短语置于句首，且主语是名词而不是代词时，句子用全部倒装。
In that picture, around the table with three books on it sit three students.
在图画中，三个学生围坐在桌子周围，桌子上有三本书。
For a moment nothing happened. Then came voices all shouting together.
有一段时间什么也没发生，然后传来了大家一起喊叫的声音。
[即时演练]　用倒装句型进行句型转换
1．He understands his parents' intentions when a child only grows up.
→Only when a child grows up does he understand his parents' intentions.
2．We don't know its value until we lose health.
→Not_until_we_lose_health_do_we_know_its_value.
3．A group of young men rushed out, still discussing the performance with great interest.
→Out_rushed_a_group_of_young_men,_still_discussing_the_performance_with_great_interest.

三、常用不衰的There be句型
there be句型有很多变式，恰当地运用there be句型及其变式对提升写作大有帮助。
1．There be ...(be可用各种时态)
If there is anything else I can do for you, please contact me as soon as possible.
如果还有什么我可以为你做的事情，请尽快与我联系。
2．There＋情态动词＋be ...
There are too many cars on the road. I think there should be tight restrictions on car numbers.
路上的车太多了，我认为应该对车的数量进行严格的限制。
3．There be sb./sth. doing sth.(doing sth.为现在分词作后置定语)
(2017·浙江6月高考写作)At eight on the morning of October 1, we are to gather at the gate of Orient Hotel, and there will be a minibus waiting for us.十月一日上午八点，我们将在东方宾馆门口集合，将有一辆小型公共汽车等着我们。
4．There be sth. to do/to be done
There is still much to discuss/to be discussed. We shall, therefore, return to this item at our next meeting.
还有许多事情要讨论，因此，我们将在下次会议上再次讨论这项内容。
5．There stands/lies/exists/remains/lives/comes/goes ...
There remains some doubt among the public as to whether the policy will work.公众依旧怀疑这项政策是否会有效。
6．There seems/appears/happens/used to be ...
There happened to be a lot of people by the road. They helped us pull the car out of the big hole.路边恰好有很多人，他们帮助我们把车从那个大坑里拉了出来。
7．There is no denying that ... 不可否认的是……
There is no denying that more and more plastics will come into use in our daily life.不可否认的是，越来越多的塑料将用于我们的日常生活中。
8．There is no doubt that ... 毫无疑问……
(2018·北京高考书面表达)There is no doubt that you should learn some basic Chinese in advance.
毫无疑问，你应当提前学习一些基本的汉语。
9．There is no need to do ... 没有必要做……
There is no need to worry about it as the government is now making every effort to provide more jobs.
没必要为此担心，因为现在政府正在尽一切努力提供更多的工作岗位。
10．There is no sense/point in doing ... 做……是没有意义的/道理的
There is no sense in leaving important decisions to inexperienced people.把重要决定留给没有经验的人是没有道理的。
[即时演练]　用There be句型补全句子
1．从那时起，我们的国家发生了许多巨大的变化。
There_have_been great changes in our country since then.
2．机场外有很多粉丝正等着见那位著名的歌手。
There_are_many_fans_waiting to see the famous singer outside the airport.
3．毫无疑问，写英语日记对你的书面英语很有帮助。
There_is_no_doubt_that keeping an English diary helps you a lot with written English.
[综合演练提能]
Ⅰ.用强调句型、倒装句型或There be句型补全句子
1．(2017·浙江6月高考写作)正是由于他们的帮助，才避免了一场灾难。
It_was_because_of_their_help_that a disaster was avoided.
2．(2015·四川高考书面表达)只有通过练习你才能发现这种语言的魅力。
Only_through_practice_can_you_find the beauty of this language.
3．刚好在我们房子的前面有一棵1 000年树龄的大树，现在它已经被政府保护起来了。
Just in_front_of_our_house_stands a tall tree with a history of 1,000 years, which is protected by the government now.
4．不可否认，一定要特别重视水资源短缺问题。
There_is_no_denying_that special attention must be paid to the problem of water shortage.
5．(2015·广东高考写作)毫无疑问，它能增强人们的健康意识，但更有可能引起过度焦虑。
There_is_no_doubt_that it can enhance people's consciousness of health, but it is more likely to result in over­anxiety.
Ⅱ.请按以下内容要点写一篇英语短文，尽可能多地使用强调句型、倒装句型和There be句型。
1．我的家乡过去有一条小河，鱼儿在河中快乐地游着。
2．每当我看见这条小河，我禁不住会想到我快乐的童年。
3．现在不仅河中没有了鱼，而且发出难闻的气味。
4．据说是附近的一家化工厂使得河水受到了严重的污染。
5．我认为确实到了政府该采取措施制止污染的时候了。
6．只有拥有蓝天、白云、绿水我们才能过上幸福的生活。
参考范文：
There used to be a river in my hometown, in which fish were swimming happily. Whenever I saw it, I couldn't help thinking of my happy childhood. But now not only are there no fish left but also it gives off a terrible smell. It is said that it was a chemical works nearby that made the river so seriously polluted. I think it's high time that the government took measures to stop it from being polluted. Only when we have blue sky, white clouds and clean water can we live a happy life.

第十一周　用途各异的被动语态、虚拟语气、倍数和比较句型
被动语态、虚拟语气、倍数和比较等句型在写作中都属于高级句式，它们的合理运用都能给文章增色添彩。

一、用英文思维的被动语态
英文中被动语态的使用比汉语要多，要普遍。一般说来，当强调动作承受者、不必说出动作执行者或执行者含糊不清时，多用被动语态。被动语态因为更突出客观事实而被广泛使用。所以同学们在写作时也应该注意多用被动语态，以赢得更高的分数。
1．主动语态变被动语态
①To enlarge vocabulary, we should read more native materials.
→To enlarge vocabulary, more native materials should be read.
②They carried out a survey among 260 students.
→A survey was carried out among 260 students.
2．写作中常见的被动语态
(1)be＋过去分词(be可使用各种时态)
①(2017·全国卷Ⅱ书面表达)The exhibition will be held from 9 am to 5 pm the day after tomorrow in Folk Custom Museum.
展览将于后天上午9时至下午5时在民俗博物馆举行。
②Luckily, she was not badly injured and we sent her to the nearest hospital.
幸运的是，她受伤不严重，并且我们把她送到了最近的医院。
(2)情态动词＋be＋过去分词
①To improve the air quality, the use of private cars should be reduced.
为了提高空气质量，应该减少使用私家车。
②As can be seen from the chart, more and more people own smartphones in China now.
正如从表中所看到的，如今在中国拥有智能手机的人越来越多。
(3)get＋过去分词
①The entrance to the parking place was too small and often got blocked.
通往停车场的入口太小了，经常堵车。
②I'm feeling very sorry to tell you that I have to change our plan to visit Yunnan in July, because one of my feet got injured.
我很抱歉地告诉你我不得不改变我们七月份去云南旅游的计划，因为我的一只脚受伤了。
[即时演练]　句型转换(主动语态变被动语态)
1．Above all, we must do something to stop pollution.
→Above_all,_something_must_be_done_to_stop_pollution.
2．We encourage all the employees to work on line at home.
→All_the_employees_are_encouraged_to_work_on_line_at_home.
3．I suggest that you (should) make friends with people having different characteristics or backgrounds.
→It_is_suggested_that_you_(should)_make_friends_with_people_having_different_characteristics_or_backgrounds.

二、委婉动听的虚拟语气
虚拟语气是高中阶段较难掌握的句型之一，在运用时要注意表达的准确性。在高考作文中，常不需要表达不可能实现的非真实条件，而一般表达要求、愿望或者强调论述观点的客观性。
1．陈述语气变虚拟语气
①I didn't take his advice, so I failed in the exam.
→If I had taken his advice, I wouldn't have failed in the exam.
②It's time for us to take measures to protect endangered animals.
→It's time that we took/should take measures to protect endangered animals.
2．写作中常见的虚拟语气
(1)if型虚拟语气，“如果……，就……”
Secondly, if I were you, I would take a walk in the evening with my friends.
第二，如果我是你，我会在傍晚和朋友一起散步。
(2)wish型虚拟语气，“希望……”
Besides, I wish there wouldn't be too many students in a class.
另外，我希望一个班不会有太多的学生。
(3)as if/though型虚拟语气，“好像……”
Everything in my childhood crowded upon my mind as if/though they had just happened.
童年的一切一下子涌入我的大脑，仿佛刚刚发生似的。
(4)if only型虚拟语气，“要是……就好了；但愿……”
If only I could go back and reset my goals.
要是我能够回到过去重订目标该有多好。
(5)It's (high/about) time (that) ...型虚拟语气，“是……的时候了”
It is high time that both children and parents took/should take action to make changes.
确实到了孩子和父母行动起来做出改变的时候了。
(6)(should) do型虚拟语气，“应该……”
To master Mandarin, I strongly suggest you (should) practice with Chinese people.
为了掌握普通话，我强烈建议你和中国人进行练习。
(7)without/but for/but that含蓄型虚拟语气，“没有……，要不是……”
Without your help, I couldn't have won first place in the English Speaking Competition.
要是没有你的帮助，我不可能在英语演讲比赛中获得第一名。
[即时演练]　 用虚拟语气补全句子
1．建议每个人都应多吃水果和蔬菜。
It is suggested that everyone_(should)_eat more fruit and vegetables.
2．没有你的帮助，我们不可能提前完成这项工作。
Without your help, we wouldn't_have_finished the work ahead of time.
3．看我现在所处的糟糕境地！要是我听了你的建议就好了！
Look at the terrible situation I am in! If only I_had_taken your advice!
4．是我们该下定决心努力学习的时候了。
It's high time that we_made/should_make_up_our_minds to study hard.

三、不比不知道的倍数和比较句型
表示倍数和比较的句型相对较多，在写作中灵活运用这些句型有利于提高表达的准确性，提升文章的档次。
1．倍数＋as＋形容词/副词原级＋(名词)＋as
After the new technique was introduced, the production of cars this year is twice as much as that of last year.
引进新技术后，今年汽车的产量是去年的两倍。
2．the＋比较级 ...，the＋比较级 ...越……，就越……
The less the teacher does, the more the students do and the more they will learn.
老师做得越少，学生就做得越多，他们学会的就越多。
3．比较级＋than＋any (other)＋名词单数 ...比任何其他的都……
Mike is more hardworking than any other student in the class.
迈克比班里其他的任何一个同学都勤奋。
4．prefer ... to ...喜欢……胜过……
As for wild release and controlled release, I prefer the latter one to the former one.
对于自由分享和定向分享，我喜欢后者胜过前者。
5．be senior/junior to 比……年长/年龄小；(地位或级别等)比……高/低
Mr. Liu is three years senior to me, but he is junior to me in our company.
刘先生长我3岁，但在公司里级别比我低。
[即时演练]　用倍数和比较句型补全句子
1．我们的城市已经扩展成了一个大城市，是原来的4倍大。
Our city has developed into a big one, which is four_times_as_big as it used to be.
2．学生被鼓励得越多，他学习就会越努力。
The_more a student is encouraged, the_harder he will work at his lessons.
[综合演练提能]

Ⅰ.根据要求补全句子
1．作为一名学生，我认为应该采取一些措施保护我们的环境。(被动语态)
As a student, I think some_measures_should_be_taken to protect our environment.
2．应该鼓励学生养成良好的习惯以及表现得更得体。(被动语态)
Students should_be_encouraged to develop good habits and behave themselves better.
3．如果当时你努力的话，你就能轻松地通过期末考试。(虚拟语气)
If you had_worked_hard,_you would_have_easily_passed the final exam.
4．我建议你应该保持学习和娱乐之间的平衡，像运动、听音乐等。(虚拟语气)
I_suggest_you_(should)_keep_the_balance between your study and entertainment, such as sports, listening to music and so on.
5．是我们该采取措施与经济领域的犯罪作斗争的时候了。(虚拟语气)
It's_high_time_that_we_took/should_take_measures to fight against crimes in economic field.
6．如今，一些青少年宁愿在家玩电脑游戏也不愿意出去做运动。(比较句型)
Nowadays some teenagers prefer_to_play_computer_games_at_home_rather_than_go_out to do exercise.
Ⅱ.请按以下内容要点写一篇英语短文，尽可能多地使用被动语态、虚拟语气、倍数和比较句型。
1．我的家乡发生了巨大的变化，建起了很多新房，人们的生活水平有了很大提高。
2．一般来说，我们越富裕就会感觉越幸福。
3．如果你处在一个严重污染的环境中，你的心情不会好。
4．要是我们永远有一个干净整洁的环境就好了。
5．我强烈建议采取措施制止污染。
参考范文：
Great changes have taken place in my hometown, where a lot of new houses have been built. People's living standard has been raised greatly.
Generally speaking, the richer we are, the happier we feel. But if you were in a badly­polluted environment, you wouldn't be in a good mood. If only we always had a very clean and tidy environment! I strongly suggest that measures (should) be taken to stop pollution.

第十二周　词顺意畅的衔接
衔接与过渡性词语的使用是语言连贯性得以实现的最常用手段。没有这些词语则文章显得松散，语义无法有效地衔接。因此，为了使行文流畅，上下文语义连贯，在句与句之间，段与段之间恰当地使用一些承上启下的连接(过渡)性词语是非常必要的。

一、表示起始关系的过渡性词语
above all， to begin/start with， today， now， nowadays， at present， currently， recently， generally speaking， according to， with the development of ...等。
①Now, I'd like to share my experience with you.
现在，我想与你们分享一下我的经验。
②To start with, I have been learning and speaking Mandarin for about 17 years.
首先，我学说普通话已经大约17年了。
[即时演练]　补全句子
1．随着因特网的发展，计算机在人们的生活中起着重要作用。
With_the_development_of the Internet, computers play an important role in people's life.
2．总的来说，你练习得越多，用英语写作就越熟练。
Generally_speaking,_the more you practise, the more skillfully you can write in English.


二、表示时间顺序的过渡性词语
firstly， first of all， to begin/start with， then， later， in the end， finally， at last， after that， afterwards， since then， immediately， suddenly， meanwhile等。
①(2018·浙江6月高考写作)Finally, I came out of the English Speech Contest as the first prize winner.
最终，在英语演讲比赛中，我取得了第一名的好成绩。
②(2018·全国卷Ⅰ书面表达)First of all, bear in mind that you had better arrive punctually or some time earlier than the appointed time.
首先，记住，你最好准时到达，或者比约定时间早一点到达。
[即时演练]　完成片段
首先，我把所有的书籍、报纸和其他的散落在屋子里的东西收集起来放好，然后我扫去所有家具上的灰尘，之后我扫地、拖地。
Firstly,_I collected all the books, newspapers and other things scattered in the rooms and put them in place. Then I wiped the dust off all the furniture. After_that,_I swept and mopped the floors.

三、表示并列关系的过渡性词语
and， or， also， as well as， neither ... nor ...， not only ... but also ...， either ... or ...， not ... but ...等。
①She finally earned respect of them, who eventually became confident as well as well­behaved.她最后赢得了他们的尊重，他们最终变得自信，表现也不错。
②I think we will have a good time there and I will send you photos taken there.
我想我们会在那里玩得很愉快，而且我将会把在那里拍的照片寄给你。
[即时演练]　补全句子
1．观光最好要么乘坐游览巴士，要么骑自行车。
Sightseeing is best done either_by_tour_buses_or_by_bicycles.
2．游泳不但对身体有好处，而且有助于我们拥有坚强的意志。
Swimming not_only benefits our health, but_also helps us have a strong will.

四、表示转折关系的过渡性词语
but， yet， however， while， otherwise， on the contrary， though， although， even if/though， despite， in spite of， regardless of等。
(2017·江苏高考书面表达)However, the film market may witness a slowdown in the near future.
然而，电影市场可能在不久的将来会放缓。
[即时演练]　补全句子
1．然而，使你最惊讶的是下述新的功能。
However,_what amazes you most is the following new function.
2．尽管不断被冤枉，他看上去对和他打招呼的人依然友好。
In_spite_of repeated wrongs done to him, he looks friendly to people greeting him.

五、表示因果关系的过渡性词语
because， as， since， for， thanks to， due to， as a result of， so， therefore， as a result/consequence等。
(2017·全国卷Ⅰ书面表达)Therefore, please spend some time taking a brief look at the history of Tang Dynasty.
因此，请花些时间简单地看看唐朝的历史。
[即时演练]　补全句子
1．由于他的粗心大意，整个工程被迫推迟至少一个月。
As_a_result_of his carelessness, the whole project had to be put off at least one month.
2．多亏医生的及时治疗，他获救了。
Thanks_to the doctor's timely treatment, he was saved.

六、表示递进关系的过渡性词语
what's more， furthermore， moreover， besides， what's worse， still less， to make matters worse， worse still， on the one hand ... on the other hand ...， for one thing ... for another (thing) ...等。
What's more, I'm outgoing and warm­hearted.
另外，我性格外向且待人热心。
[即时演练]　补全句子
1．一方面，周末他们需要好好休息；另一方面，他们需要尽一切努力复习功课。
On_(the)_one_hand,_they should have a good rest on weekends. On_the_other_hand,_they should make every effort to review what they have learned.
2．更糟的是，如果我们在电话上花费过多的时间，我们会失去将来需要的交际技能。
Worse_still/To_make_matters_worse,_if we spend too much time on phones, we will lose the communication skills we need in the future.

七、表示列举事实的过渡性词语
such as， for example/instance， take ... for example， that is to say， as follows， in other words等。
The plan for the day is as follows: Firstly, it's a custom to have dumplings on that day, so we'll make delicious dumplings with our own hands rather than buy some for them.
这天的计划如下：首先，在那天吃饺子是一项风俗，因此我们会亲手为他们做美味的饺子而不是去买一些。
[即时演练]　补全句子
1．我们有很多学科，例如语文、数学、英语、音乐、艺术等。
We have many subjects, such_as Chinese, math, English, music, art and so on.
2．也就是说，如果你想成功，必须相信自己。
That_is_to_say,_if you want to succeed, you have to believe in yourself.

八、表示观点的过渡性词语
in my opinion， in my view， from my point of view， as far as I am concerned， as for me， personally等。
①Personally, I used to try effective methods to achieve my academic goals.
就个人而言，我过去经常尝试有效的方法以便达到我的学业目标。
②As far as I am concerned, only by studying hard at ordinary times can you succeed eventually.
在我看来，你只有在平时努力学习才能最终成功。
[即时演练]　补全句子
1．按照我的观点，我们能够互相共享信息，以便更好地相互理解。
In_my_opinion,_we can share information with each other to make a better understanding.
2．对我来说，我曾经收到的最珍贵的礼物是一本相册。
As_for_me,_the most valuable gift I've ever received is a photo album.
九、表示总结的过渡性词语
in short， in brief， in conclusion， in a/one word， to sum up， all in all， on the whole， in general等。
①(2017·全国卷Ⅰ书面表达)In a word, you will surely benefit a lot from your careful preparation.
总之，你一定会从精心准备中受益匪浅。
②All in all, traveling is the best choice to recharge ourselves and get ready for the new challenges. 总的来说，旅游是充实自己、准备迎接新的挑战的最好的选择。
[即时演练]　补全句子
1．总之，一个好市民应该遵守交通规则。
In_a_word/In_conclusion/In_short/In_brief/To_sum_up,_a good citizen should observe traffic regulations.
2．总的来说，我发现自行车比摩托车更令人喜欢。
On_the_whole/In_general,_I find a bike more enjoyable than a motorcycle.
[综合演练提能]
Ⅰ.用过渡词汇补全句子
1．First_of_all/To_begin_with (首先), you should determine what you do next.
2．Besides/In_addition/What's_more/Moreover (况且), listening to some soft music does relax your mood and give you a new start.
3．I lost my way in the forest and to_make_matters_worse/worse_still (更糟的是), it got dark.
4．Therefore_(因此), I suggest we be given more time for sports and sleep.
5．In_a_word/In_conclusion/In_short/In_brief (总之), we should take effective measures to protect our environment.
Ⅱ.阅读下面短文，选择适当的过渡性词语填空
above all， besides， meanwhile， for one thing， for another thing， personally， in a word， recently
①Recently,_it has been a great public concern that the students lack self­protection awareness.
There is a lack of social experience among students and therefore learning how to protect ourselves is of great significance to us all. ②For one thing, security comes first. Without security, we can achieve nothing and cannot live up to parents' expectations. ③For another thing, protecting ourselves contributes to the healthy development of the students, which is associated with the happiness of every family. ④Meanwhile,_it also helps to build a more harmonious society.
⑤Personally,_in order to protect us students, ⑥above_all,_we should strengthen our security awareness. ⑦Besides,_when accidents occur, we should calm down and turn to teachers or parents for help. The government also plays a leading role in protecting students. ⑧In_a_word,_only by the combined efforts of every side involved can we live and study in harmony.
第三步为形体规范立纲(用时3周)

写作历来是高考试卷的一个重要组成部分。随着高考改革的不断推进，浙江省的英语高考写作分为两个题型，一是应用文写作，要求根据提示写一篇80词左右的英语短文，分值为15分。二是读后续写或概要写作，读后续写要求考生对已给出的一篇350词左右的故事进行150词左右的续写，概要写作要求根据文章写出60词左右的文章摘要，这两种形式分值都是25分。根据高考《考试说明》，读后续写和概要写作会在不同考次不定期交替使用，考生应对两者都给予高度重视。

第十三周　应用文写作
应用文是日常生活中一种实用性极强的文体，多以书信(电子邮件)、发言(演讲)稿、报道、通知、日记、海报、便条、启事、简历等形式命题。内容常涉及语言学习、校园活动、假期安排、社会实践、情感励志、社会热点、人际关系、宣扬美德等与学生的学习和生活密切相关的话题，这些话题往往又对其世界观、价值观和人生观有积极正面的导向作用。
[写作技法指导]
一、题型特点
应用文的写作无论是哪一种写作形式，题目要求都通常包括写作背景、写作要点和注意事项三部分。写作背景一般点明写作人的姓名和身份、写作缘由或事件以及写作的总要求。写作要点部分则给出2至4条简明扼要的文字说明或提示。注意事项部分则提示考生所写短文的词数和行文、书写等方面的要求。
应用文中的书信(电子邮件)、通知、日记和便条等都有严格的写作格式，比如称呼、署名、标题、日期等。其中，书信(电子邮件)的格式在高考中多数都会给出，通知、日记和便条往往要求考生自己写出正确的格式。
二、写作步骤
考生在进行应用文写作时，从审题到成文可以遵循以下步骤。
第一步：仔细审题
审题时，一是要注意题目要求中要求考生写的写作体裁是书信、发言稿还是报道等。二是要注意写作背景部分所提示的有用信息(写作时要写的信息)。三是要注意要点提示中总共要求写出几点。四是要弄清注意事项中对词数、行文、书写等方面的具体要求。五是要确定文章的主体时态和人称。
第二步：精心谋篇
谋篇时，一是要根据写作体裁合理安排写作要点的逻辑顺序，确定好先写什么，后写什么。二是要根据写作体裁确定短文的合理分段及详略，确定哪段该简写，哪段该详写。三是注意不要遗漏要点。
第三步：初写成文
按照审题和谋篇时的思路进行初次写作。考生一定要严格按照事先规划好的要点写作顺序边想边写。初写时，如果遇到表述困难，要及时更换用词或句式，尽可能地减少语言错误。
第四步：润色升级
初写成文后，为突显文章的亮点，要对文章的词汇和句式进行升级，用高级词汇代替普通词汇，用高级句式代替一般句式。
第五步：复查定稿
1．查内容信息是否完整。
2．查句子结构是否完整。如英文句子一定要有主语和谓语，且在人称和数方面要注意主谓一致；两个分句之间一定要有连词。
3．查是否有单词拼写错误、时态错误等。
4．看整个语篇是否连贯。
[经典案例示法]
(2019·嘉兴高三测试)你校学生会需招聘一名留学生志愿者做英语学习顾问(English Study Advisor)，请你以短文形式写一则招聘启事。主要内容包括：
1．母语是英语，汉语流利者优先；
2．解答英语学习问题；
3．每周工作四小时；
4．联系人：李华(Tel. 13011223344)
注意：1.词数80左右；
2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。






[写作步骤]
第一步：仔细审题
1．定体裁：应用文(招聘启事)。
2．定时态：以一般现在时为主。
3．定人称：以第三人称为主。
第二步：精心谋篇
本文的写作背景是校学生会要招聘一名留学生志愿者做英语学习顾问。考生可结合所提示的四个要点重新组织顺序展开写作。根据所列要点的逻辑关系，写作时应先写明启事的缘由，再写启事的具体要求，最后写发启事的人或单位的期望或联系方式。同时，还要注意启示的格式：正文前居中写标题，正文后右下角写落款(署名)。具体写作要点安排如下：
1．写作缘由。
2．招聘对象。
3．招聘要求。
4．注意事项。
第三步：初写成文
1．标题：招聘英语学习顾问
English Study Advisor Wanted
2．校学生会要招聘一名留学生志愿者在下个学期做英语学习顾问。
The Students' Union of our school decides to want an_international_volunteer_student to be an English Study Advisor next term.
3．顾问的主要职责包括帮助学生练习口语并回答他们有关英语学习方面的问题。
The main tasks of the advisor include helping_students_to_practise_their_oral_English and answering_their_questions about English learning.
4．申请者的母语应是英语，汉语流利者优先。
The applicant should be a_native_speaker of English. Whoever is fluent in Chinese is preferred.
5．顾问每周要工作四个小时。
The advisor should work_4_hours_per/a_week.
6．感兴趣者可以拨打13011223344找李华进行面试。
If you are interested, please call Li Hua at 13011223344 for_an_interview.
第四步：润色升级
1．对要点2中的want和to be进行词汇升级。
①want→invite　②to be→to_work_as
2．把要点3中的tasks替换成“职责；责任”。
tasks→responsibilities
3．把要点4中的第二句升级为含定语从句的复合句。
Anyone_who_is_fluent_in_Chinese is preferred.
4．把要点5中的should进行词汇升级。
should→is_expected_to
第五步：复查定稿
English_Study_Advisor_Wanted
The_Students'_Union_of_our_school_decides_to_invite_an_international_volunteer_student_to_work_as_an_English_Study_Advisor_next_term._
The_main_responsibilities_of_the_advisor_include_helping_students_to_practise_their_oral_English_and_answering_their_questions_about_English_learning._The_applicant_should_be_a_native_speaker_of_English._Anyone__who_is_fluent_in_Chinese_is_preferred._The_advisor_is_expected_to_work_4_hours_per_week.
If_you_are_interested,_please_call_Li_Hua_at_13011223344_for_an_interview._
Students'_Union
[综合演练提能]
假定你是李华，你的美国朋友Peter最近在某电视台举办的汉语演讲比赛中获得第一名，他给了你重要的人生启迪。请写信向他表示祝贺与感谢。
注意：1.词数80左右；
2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。






参考范文：
Dear Peter，
Congratulations to you on your winning first place in the Chinese Speech Competition held recently.You deserve the honor.The past years have seen your devotion, persistence and hard efforts, eventually your rapid progress in Chinese learning.
To be honest, what I admire most is your diligence and determination.It's from you that I have learned a valuable lesson; that is, “No pains, no gains.” Therefore, I would like to express my sincere thanks to you for what you have taught me.
Wish you greater achievements in your study!
Yours，
Li Hua

第十四周　读后续写
读后续写是浙江新高考首次使用的题型。续写，顾名思义，就是在前文的基础上续写后文，使之与前文构成一个完整的故事。读后续写是读和写的统一，是对阅读能力、概括能力、思维转化能力、语言领悟能力和语言组织能力的全面考查。
[写作技法指导]
一、题型特点
1．总体特征
读后续写的阅读材料一般为350词左右的记叙文。考生要在此文的后面接着续写约150词左右的文字与前文构成一个完整的故事。一般来说，记叙文浅显易懂，但故事情节多曲折动人，故事线索的逻辑性也较强。阅读材料虽然是一篇不完整的文章，但是它易懂，内容能延伸。要求考生续写的部分多是故事发展的高潮或结局。
2．主要类别
续写一般分为两类：半开放性续写和完全开放性续写。半开放性续写要求考生务必根据文章的逻辑推理续写。完全开放性续写则要求考生依据文章的思路自由发挥。
3．具体要求
写作的具体要求：一是要注意词数限制在150词左右，且分两段，这两段中各段的词数多少没有限定。二是原文中给出约10处下划线的关键词，考生务必至少使用5处。这一要求可使考生在不知道如何表达时，模仿阅读材料中的语言表达，使续写部分与原材料的语言风格接近，内容连贯。三是要注意续写时使用的时态要与原阅读材料中的时态一致。
二、写作步骤
第一步：仔细审题
速读阅读材料和写作要求，了解文章大意，明确写作任务。
第二步：细读全文
阅读材料一般为记叙文，阅读时要迅速抓住故事的几个关键要素：时间、地点、人物、事件。前三个要素考生易于获取，至于事件，考生必须理清事件的起因和事件的发展过程。具体地讲，可以采用以下步骤。一是要用笔在原文中标记能描述事件发展过程或者表明作者态度和观点的关键词(主要是名词、动词、形容词和副词)，以备高效快捷地梳理故事线索。二是注意原文中标有下划线的单词或短语，它们也是理解原文较为关键的地方。
第三步：精心谋篇
先仔细阅读续写部分所给出的两段段首文字，再构思这两段要写的段落大意。根据确定好的段落大意，选出每一段可能要用到的原文中带下划线的关键词。结合这些关键词，确定每一段的写作要点。这两段加起来要能写出10到15个左右的句子，以满足续写词数的要求。
第四步：初写成文
按照第三步谋篇时确定好的写作要点进行初次写作。写作时要注意所用的人称和时态要与原材料一致。另外，还要注意尽可能地减少表达上的语法错误。如果遇到语言上的表述困难，可多参考原阅读材料中的有关语句。
第五步：润色升级
初写成文后，要对文章进行升级提升，用亮点词汇代替一般词汇，用高级句式代替一般句式。
第六步：复查定稿
完成续写后，考生要根据以下几点做好修改润色。
1．续写部分与所给短文及段落开头语的衔接程度。
2．内容的丰富性和对所标出关键词语的使用情况。
3．应用语法结构和词汇的丰富性和准确性。
4．续写部分与原阅读材料在内容上的连贯性与一致性。
[经典案例示法]
(一)
(2019·宁波十校联考)阅读下面短文，根据所给情节进行续写，使之构成一个完整的故事。
A young man was getting ready to graduate from college. For many months he had admired a beautiful sports_car in a dealer's showroom, and knowing his_father could well afford it, he told him that was all he wanted.
As Graduation Day approached, the young man awaited signs that his father had purchased the car. Finally, on the morning of his_graduation,_his father called him into his private study. His father told him how proud he was to have such a fine son, and told him how much he loved him. He handed his son a beautiful wrapped gift box. Curious, but somewhat disappointed, the young man opened the box and found a lovely, leather­bound Bible, with the young man's name embossed in gold.
Angrily, he raised his voice to his father and said, “With all your money you give me a Bible？” He then stormed out of the house, leaving the_Bible.
Many years passed and the young man was very successful in business. He had a beautiful home and a wonderful family, but realizing his father was very old, he thought perhaps he should go to see him. He had not seen him since that graduation day. Before he could make the arrangements, he received a telegram telling him his father had passed away, and willed all of his possessions to his son. He needed to come home immediately and take care of things.
When he arrived at his father's house, sudden sadness and regret filled his heart. He began to search through his father's important papers and saw the still new Bible, just as he had left it years ago.
注意：1.所续写短文的词数应为150左右；
2．至少使用5个短文中标有下划线的关键词语；
3．续写部分分两段，每段的开头语已为你写好；
4．续写完成后，请用下划线标出你所使用的关键词语。
Paragraph 1：
With tears, he opened the Bible and began to turn the pages. __________________________
Paragraph 2：
How many times do we miss blessings because they are not packaged as we expected？________________________________________________________________________
[写作步骤]
第一步：仔细审题
1．本文的写作任务是读后续写。
2．本文是关于发生在作者和父亲之间的故事。
3．本文要求续写故事的结局和故事所引发的道理。
第二步：细读全文
1．Time: Before the author's Graduation_Day.
2．Place: Father's private_study.
3．People: Father and the author.
4．Event: The author wanted his father to buy him a sports_car,_but his father sent him a Bible. The author left home angrily and didn't visit his father until he got the news that his father had passed_away.
第三步：精心谋篇
1．续写第一段：作者在父亲给自己的一本圣经书里发现了父亲给作者买的汽车的钥匙及感受。
(1)备用关键词：the_Bible,_dealer's,_sports_car,_his_graduation,_his_father。
(2)构思要点句：翻读圣经时，车钥匙滑落；发现钥匙附带的标签上的汽车经销商的名字、他的毕业日期和附言“已全额付款”；后悔当初没意识到包装起来的父爱。
2．续写第二段：作者经历的故事所引发的道理。
(1)备用关键词：regret,_realize。
(2)构思要点句：不要等到意识到自己做错了才后悔；不要因期望得到你没有的而毁了你所拥有的；要记住你现在所拥有的就在你曾经渴望得到的东西当中；有时候，我们意识不到我们拥有的好运或者是本可能拥有的，这是因为我们所期待的“包装”不同；也许表面上的霉运实际上会是等着你去打开的一扇门。
第四步：初写成文
Paragraph 1：
1．翻读圣经时，钥匙从书的后面滑落。
As he was reading, a car key dropped_from the back of the Bible.
2．钥匙上有一个附带汽车经销商的名字的标签，就是销售他曾渴望得到的跑车的同一个经销商。
It had a tag with the_dealer's_name,_the same dealer who sold the sports car he had desired.
3．标签上有他的毕业日期和附言“已全额付款”。
There was the_date_of_his_graduation on the tag, and the words “PAID IN FULL”．
4．一位父亲给了他儿子伟大的爱，但是当他感到那种被包装起来的父爱时为时已晚。
A father gave great love to his son, but it_was_too_late_for_him_to_feel that packaged love from his father.
Paragraph 2：
5．不要等到意识到自己做错了才后悔。
Do_not_regret_until_you_realize what you did is wrong.
6．不要因期望得到你没有的而毁了你所拥有的。
Do not spoil what_you_have by hoping what you have not.
7．要记住你现在所拥有的就在你曾经渴望得到的东西当中。
Remember that what_you_now_have was once among the things you only hoped for.
8．有时候，我们意识不到我们拥有的好运或者是本可能拥有的，这是因为我们所期待的“包装”不同。
Sometimes we don't_realize_the_good_fortune we have or we could have because we expect “the packaging” to be different.
9．也许表面上的霉运实际上会是等着你去打开的一扇门。
Maybe the bad fortune in fact is the door that_is_just_waiting_to_be_opened.
第五步：润色升级
1．把要点3中的前半句改为倒装句。
On_the_tag_was_the_date_of_his_graduation,_and the words “PAID IN FULL”．
2．把要点4中的前半句改为感叹句。
How_great_the_love_a_father_gave_to_his_son! But it was too late for him to feel that packaged love from his father.
3．把要点6中的hoping改为高级词汇。
hoping→desiring
4．把要点9中的主语部分改成名词性从句。
What_may_appear/seem_as_bad_fortune may in fact be the door that is just waiting to be opened.
第六步：复查定稿
Paragraph 1：
With tears, he opened the Bible and began to turn the pages. As he was reading, a car key dropped from the back of the_Bible. It had a tag with the dealer's name, the same dealer who sold the sports_car he had desired. On the tag was the date of his_graduation,_and the words “PAID IN FULL”. How great the love a father gave to his son! But it was too late for him to feel that packaged love from his_father.
Paragraph 2：
How many times do we miss blessings because they are not packaged as we expected? Do not regret until you realize what you did is wrong. Do not spoil what you have by desiring what you have not, but remember that what you now have was once among the things you only hoped for. Sometimes we don't realize the good fortune we have or we could have because we expect “the packaging” to be different. What may appear as bad fortune may in fact be the door that is just waiting to be opened.
(二)
阅读下面短文，根据所给情节进行续写，使之构成一个完整的故事。
John_Blanchard_stood up, straightened his army uniform(制服), and studied the crowd making their way through the station.He looked for the_girl whose heart he knew, but whose face he didn't, the girl with a rose.
His interest in her began thirteen months ago in a library.Taking a book off the shelf, he found himself fascinated, not with the words of the book,_but with the notes penciled in the margin (页边的空白)．The soft handwriting showed a thoughtful soul and brilliant mind.In the front of the book, he discovered the owner's name, Miss_Hollis_Maynell.With time and effort he found her address.She lived in New York City.He wrote her a letter introducing himself and inviting her to correspond (通信)．The next day he was shipped overseas for military service.
During the next year and one month, the two begun to know each other by mail.Each_letter was a seed falling on both hearts.A romance was budding.Blanchard asked for a photograph, but she refused.She felt that if he really cared, it wouldn't matter what she looked like.
When the day finally came for him to return from Europe, they scheduled their first meeting — 7 pm at the Grand_Central_Station in New York.“You'll recognize me，” she wrote.“By the red_rose I'll wear my dress.” So at 7：00 he was in the station looking for a girl whose heart he loved, but whose face he'd never seen.
A young lady was coming toward him.Her figure was long and slim; her blonde hair lay back from her ears; her eyes were blue as flowers; her lips and chin had a gentle firmness, and_in_her_pale_green_suit she was like springtime coming alive.He went toward her, entirely forgetting to notice that she was not wearing a rose.As he moved, a middle­aged woman_whispered, “Going my way, Sir？”
注意：1.所续写短文的词数应为150左右；
2．至少使用5个短文中标有下划线的关键词语；
3．续写部分分为两段，每段的开头语已为你写好；
4．续写完成后，请用下划线标出你所使用的关键词语。
Paragraph 1：
Almost uncontrollably he made his way to the woman, and then he noticed that she was wearing a rose.　

Paragraph 2：
The woman's face broadened into a big smile.　

[写作思路与分析]
(一)仔细阅读，做好写作准备
此题要求根据短文的情节、所提供的关键词语以及所续写段落的提示句来进行续写。
首先，可以将原文所给的关键词语进行分类。
★人物：John Blanchard; Miss Hollis Maynell; the girl; woman　
★地点：library; Grand Central Station
★其他：book; letter; red rose; in her pale green suit
接着，应通读短文，准确理解所给短文的大意。即：文章讲述了一个温暖的爱情故事。十三个月前在一个图书馆里，男主人公John Blanchard从书架上取下了一本书，他被这本书页边空白处的字迹所深深吸引。男主人公知道了这本书之前的主人名叫Hollis Maynell, 于是他费了很大的力气找到这个女孩的地址，开始通信。不久，男主人公John就去海外服兵役去了。在一年又一个月的通信中，他们之间的爱情慢慢发芽，当男主人公服役结束从欧洲回来的那天，他们约定晚上七点在纽约中央车站见面。女主人公说她会穿着自己的裙子拿着玫瑰出现在那里。然而，一位妙龄女子吸引了男主人公John的注意，他完全没有注意到这个妙龄女子手中并没有拿着玫瑰……
最后，根据文章的故事情节，我们可以提出以下问题：
★Why did John Blanchard study the crowd in the station?
★Why did John Blanchard go toward the young lady?
经过阅读思考，我们可以得出以下答案：
★He was eager to find Hollis Maynell.
★He thought the young lady might be the person he was waiting for.
(二)根据提示，展开合理想象
首先，根据续写部分的首句提示，我们可以提出以下问题：
★Who might be the middle­aged woman?
★Why didn't John Blanchard want to make his way to the woman?
★Why did the woman make a big smile?
继而，根据故事情节展开联想。联想的内容可以通过相应的心理、动作、语言等细节和叙述等表达方式表现出来。
第一段：当作者不情愿地向那个中年女士走过去后发现，她确实带着一朵玫瑰。John意识到这位中年女士才是她要等的人。那么，这里男主人公应该是什么样的心情呢？他是否感到失望？ 他会怎么做呢？ 是直接离开还是礼貌地和这位女士交谈呢？ 沿以上思路我们可以这样展开联想：John Blanchard明白了这个中年女士正是她所等的人，尽管他很想跟着那个年轻女子，但理智战胜了他的想法。因此，他走上前，礼貌地和中年女士打了招呼然后拿出了那本在图书馆找到的书。寒暄之后，他邀请女士一起吃晚餐。
第二段：这个中年女士的脸上展现出了一个大大的笑容。那么，她的笑意味着什么呢？或许她对于男主人公经得起这样的考验而感到欣慰。接下来这位女士会做些什么呢？她是不是Hollis Maynell呢？ 真正的Hollis Maynell又在哪里呢？ 沿着以上思路我们可以这样展开联想：中年女士说道：“我并不知道这一切是怎么回事。刚才走过的那个绿衣女孩恳求我把这朵玫瑰戴在身上。她说如果你邀请我一起吃晚餐的话，我就告诉你她在马路对面的餐厅等你。这是一场测试。”
(三)根据联想，编辑成文
在续写的过程中要注意续写段落与所给短文及首句提示之间的衔接。思路要清晰，情节要合理、完整，同时要注意语法、句型及所用连接词的准确性。
[范例展示]
Paragraph 1：
Almost uncontrollably he made his way to the woman, and then he noticed that she was wearing a rose.John_Blanchard was disappointed to see the woman, who was over 40.Exactly, she was the_girl he was waiting for.Though he would like to follow the lady, he stopped and walked toward the woman, greeted her and held out the book he found in the library.“I'm John Blanchard, and you must be_Miss_Hollis_Maynell. I am so glad you could meet me; may I take you to dinner？”
Paragraph 2：
The woman's face broadened into a big smile. “I don't know what this is about，” she answered, “but the young lady in_her_pale_green_suit_who just went by begged me to wear the red_rose on my coat.And she said if you were going to ask me out to dinner, I should tell you that the young lady is waiting for you in the big restaurant across the street.She said it was a test！”
(三)
阅读下面短文，根据所给情节进行续写，使之构成一个完整的故事。
Just the other day, I was walking around in a Big Bazaar store doing some shopping when I saw a cashier talking to a boy who couldn't have been more than 5 or 6 years old.The cashier said, “I'm sorry, but you don't have enough_money to buy this doll.” Then the little boy turned to me, almost with tears in his eyes.
I bent down and counted_his cash, saying, “You know that you don't have enough money for the doll, my dear.” However, the boy was still holding the doll in his hands very firmly (牢牢地)．It was clear that he wanted it very much.Finally, I asked him who he wished to give this doll to.“It's the doll that my_little_sister loved most and wanted so much.I want to buy it for her.I have to give the doll to my mommy so that she can give it to my sister when she goes there.” His eyes were again so_sad while telling me this.
“My sister has gone to be with God.Daddy says that Mommy is going to see God very soon too, so I think she can take the doll with her to give it to my sister.” My heart nearly stopped.The little boy looked up at me and said, “I told my dad to ask Mommy not to go yet.I need her to wait until I come back from the mall.” Then he showed me a very nice photo of him.He said, “I want Mommy to take my picture with her so that my sister won't forget me.I love my mommy and I wish she won't leave me, but Dad says she has to go to see my little sister.”
注意：1.所续写短文的词数应为150左右；
2．至少使用5个短文中标有下划线的关键词语；
3．续写部分分为两段，每段的开头语已为你写好；
4．续写完成后，请用下划线标出你所使用的关键词语。
Paragraph 1：
Then the little boy looked again at the doll very quietly.　



Paragraph 2：
The little boy smiled and said,


[写作思路与分析]
(一)仔细阅读，做好写作准备
此题要求根据短文的情节，所提供的关键词语以及所续写段落的提示句来进行续写。
首先，应通读短文，准确理解所给短文的大意：听说妈妈将要去看已经去世的妹妹，小男孩想让妈妈给妹妹带去她最喜欢的玩偶；可是由于带的钱不够，小男孩买不到玩偶，又不想离开。
其次，对原文所提供的下划线词语进行分类。
★人物：little sister; Mommy; God
★事件：enough money; doll; photo
★动作与心理描写：count; sad; wait; forget
最后，根据故事情节的发展线索，我们可以提出以下问题：
★Why did the little boy turn to the author?
★Why did the author say his heart nearly stopped?
经过阅读思考，我们可以得出以下答案：
★The little boy might want to get some help from the author.
★The author was moved by the boy's story.
(二)根据提示，展开合理想象
1．阅读续写部分所给段落的提示句，推断故事发展的结果。续写部分第一段首句提示小男孩静静地看着玩偶；第二段首句提示小男孩笑了，并且说了一些话。由此推断，小男孩终于得到了玩偶；得到玩偶后，小男孩会说些什么呢？
2．根据故事结果，结合原文中的划线词语，展开联想，串联成文。联想的内容可以通过相应的心理、动作、语言等细节描写和叙述等表达方式表现出来。
第一段可以从这些角度展开：小男孩看着玩偶，会怎么办呢？ “我”听了小男孩的故事会有什么反应呢？ “我”会径直离开还是帮助小男孩呢？如果选择帮助他，又该怎么样帮助他呢？
沿以上思路我们可以这样展开联想：“我”会急忙从自己的钱包里拿出一些钱，然后提议和小男孩一起再数数钱；“我”悄悄将自己的钱加了进来(动作描写)，结果发现有足够的钱来买玩偶。
沿以上思路我们还可以这样展开联想：听完小男孩的故事，“我”一时不知所措(心理描写)；突然间“我”想出了一个好主意。于是“我”和小男孩说自己学过魔法，看看这个方法是否奏效。然后“我”在他没有注意的时候给了他一些钱。我们一起数了数钱，发现不仅可以买到玩偶，甚至还有多余的钱。
第二段可以从这些角度展开：小男孩得到足够的钱后会有什么反应呢？ 也许，他以为上帝听到了自己的祷告；也许，他知道是“我”给了他钱，那他会怎么做呢？
沿以上思路我们可以这样展开联想：小男孩以为上帝听到了他的祷告，因此感谢上帝，然后向“我”解释了自己这样做的原因。原来就在前一天晚上，小男孩向上帝祈祷，希望他能给妹妹买到这个玩偶；而且，他还想给妈妈买一支白玫瑰，但是不敢奢望更多。不过，上帝还是听到了。(语言描写)
沿以上思路我们还可以这样展开联想：小男孩知道是“我”悄悄给了他钱，所以他对“我”说：“叔叔，谢谢你。现在我有足够的钱来买玩偶了。你就是一个天使！”然后，他抬起头补充道：“上帝一定是听到了我的祷告，才把这位好心的叔叔送到我的面前。现在不仅可以给妹妹买玩偶，还可以用多余的钱为妈妈买一支她最爱的白玫瑰。”(语言描写)
(三)根据联想，编辑成文
在续写的过程中要注意续写段落与所给短文及首句提示之间的衔接。思路要清晰，情节要合理、完整，同时要注意语法、句型及所用连接词的准确性。
[范例展示1]
Paragraph 1：
Then the little boy looked again at the doll very quietly. I quickly reached for my wallet and said to the boy, “Suppose we check again, just in case you do have enough_money for the doll.” He said, “OK, I hope I do have enough.” I added some of my money to his, without him seeing and we started to_count.There was enough for the doll and even some spare money.
Paragraph 2：
The little boy smiled and said, “Thank you God for giving me enough money！” Then he looked at me and added, “I begged God last night before I went to sleep to make sure I can afford the doll so that Mommy can bring it to my_little_sister.He heard me! I also wanted to have extra money to buy a white rose for my mommy, but I didn't dare to ask God for too much.But he gave me enough.My mommy loves white roses.”
[范例展示2]
Paragraph 1：
Then the little boy looked again at the doll very quietly.I was at a loss at that moment, not knowing what to do.Suddenly, a good idea occurred to me.I turned to the boy and said, “I once learnt magic.Now, let's see if this can be of some help.” He said, “OK, I hope it will do.” I added some of my money to his without being noticed and we started to_count.There was enough for the doll and even some spare money.
Paragraph 2：
The little boy smiled and said, “Thank you uncle for giving me money, and now I have enough_money for the doll.You are an angel！” Then he looked up and said, “God,_you must have heard my prayers.Thank you for sending this kindhearted uncle right before me.Now I can buy my little_sister the doll she dreamed of.Best of all, I have extra money, with which I can also buy my_Mommy a white rose — her favourite.Thank you again for giving me so much.”
[综合演练提能]
(2019·杭州二中模拟)阅读下面短文，根据所给情节进行续写，使之构成一个完整的故事。
We have all heard the expression：“Remember to stop and smell the roses.” But, how often do we really take time out of our busy fast­paced lives to notice the world around us? I have reflected back on one situation many times since it happened and have learned several powerful lessons from it.
I am as guilty as anyone of ignoring the world around in this manner, especially when I am driving on California's overcrowded streets. A short time ago, however, I witnessed an event that showed me how being wrapped up in my own little world has kept me from being fully aware of the bigger world picture around me.
I was driving to a business appointment and, as usual, I was planning in my mind what I was going to say. I came to a very busy crossroads where the stoplight had just turned red. “All right，” I thought to myself, “I can beat the next light if I race ahead of the pack.” My mind and car were in autopilot, ready to go when suddenly my absent­minded state was broken by an unforgettable sight.
A young_couple,_both blind,_was walking arm­in­arm across this busy crossroads with cars whizzing by in every direction. The man was holding the hand of a little boy, while the woman was holding something tightly in her hands that sling to her chest, obviously carrying a child. Each of them had a white walking_stick extended, searching for clues to navigate them across the crossroads.
Initially I was moved. They were overcoming what I felt was one of the most feared handicaps — blindness. “Wouldn't it be terrible to be blind？” I thought. Without realizing the danger they were in, they were walking right the path of oncoming cars. I was frightened for them because I didn't know if the other_drivers understood what was happening.
However, as I watched from the front line of traffic, I saw a miracle unfold before my eyes.
注意：1.所续写短文的词数应为150左右；
2．至少使用5个短文中标有下划线的关键词语；
3．续写部分分为两段，每段的开头语已为你写好；
4．续写完成后，请用下划线标出你所使用的关键词语。
Paragraph 1：
Every car in every direction did the same thing.　




Paragraph 2：
Never noticing something different, the couple adjusted their route as they followed the coaching.　



参考范文：
Paragraph 1：
Every car in every direction did the same thing.They stopped at the same time. Everything seemed to freeze. Amazed, I looked at the cars around me, and noticed that everyone's attention was fixed on the blind couple while no one got mad and none was shouting and yelling.
Paragraph 2：
Never noticing something different, the couple adjusted their route as they followed the coaching. Trusting their white walking_stick,_they finally made it. As they went across the road, one thing struck me — they were still arm­in­arm. I was surprised at the emotionless expressions on their faces and judged that they had no idea what was really going on around them. Yet I immediately sensed the sighs of relief of all the other_drivers at that busy crossroads.So, taking a moment to see what is going on around you right now may award you something wonderful.
第十五周　概要写作
概要写作实际上就是对所读过的文章简要而概括地写出文章的中心大意。写概要时，考生要把文章的具体信息用一些具有概括功能的词和句表述出来，而不是抄袭文章的句子。写概要也不是把细节性的信息作为中心，而是要通过对文章中的单词、短语和句子进行合理转换，重新组织文章的信息，再用合适的语言进行表述。这种写作形式能考查考生的阅读理解能力和对文章的大意进行归纳概括、重新构造、创新输出的能力。
[写作技法指导]
一、题型特点
要求考生进行概要写作的阅读材料原文词数一般为300词左右。文章体裁可以是记叙文、说明文或者议论文。写作要求考生在对原文阅读后根据其内容写出一篇约60词的内容概要。概要所用语句既要用词准确，结构合理，语义连贯，不得抄写原文，又要能完全概括出文章的中心大意。
二、注意事项
1．词数要限制在60词左右，上下限不得超过10个单词。
2．要根据文章的体裁特点进行概要写作。
3．人称和时态要与所给文章中的人称和时态保持一致，但必要时也可变换成第三人称。
4．写作时尽可能地使用复合句，必要时可转换词性，不得完全照搬照抄原文。
三、写作步骤
第一步：仔细审题
速读文章，确定文章的体裁和题材、人称和时态以及写作要求等。
第二步：细读全文
阅读语篇时，根据文章不同的文体可采取以下方法：
记叙文
圈出记叙文的六要素(who, when, where, what, how, why)，如果是夹叙夹议文，还要写出故事给读者带来的启示或寓意
说明文
找出文章要说明的对象、观点或建议
议论文
提取议论文的三要素(论点、论据、结论)

第三步：初写成文
初写概要时，根据文章不同的文体可采取以下方法：
记叙文
先用一两句话串联人、时、地、事等要素，再用三到五个句子简要描述事情的经过和结果
说明文
找出要说明对象的现象、原因等或解决问题的措施、建议等
议论文
把议论文的三个要素(论点、论据、结论)进行合理地排序、整合和概括，使之语义上具有逻辑性和连贯性

第四步：润色升级
初写成文后，要对概要进行润色升级，使用高级词汇和高级句式代替平庸词汇和一般句式，使之锦上添花。
第五步：复查定稿
写好概要后，要从语法和语义角度进行通读。对语法错误和语义不连贯处进行修改润色。最后规范誊写在答题卷的指定位置。
[经典案例示法]
(一)
(2019·浙江效实中学模拟)阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Many years ago, when I was fresh out of school, I was driving to my parents' home in Missouri for Christmas.I stopped at a gas station about 50 miles from Oklahoma City. While I was standing in line at the cash register (收款台), I said hello to an older couple who were also paying for gas.
I took off, but had gone only a few miles when black smoke poured from the back of my car. I stopped and wondered what I should do.A car pulled up behind me.It was the couple. They said they would take me.We chatted and when I got out of the car, the husband gave me his business card.I wrote them a thank­you note.Soon afterward, I received a Christmas present from them.Their note that came with it said that helping me had made their holidays meaningful.
Years later, I drove to a meeting in the morning.In late afternoon I found that I'd left the lights on all day, and the battery was dead.Then I noticed that the Friendly Ford dealership was right next door.I walked over and found two salesmen in the showroom.
“Just how friendly is Friendly Ford？” I asked and explained my trouble.They quickly drove a pickup truck to my car and started it.They would accept no payment, so later, I wrote them a note to say thanks.I received a letter back from one of the salesmen.No one had ever written him and say thank you, and it meant a lot, he said.
“Thank you” — two powerful words.They're easy to say and mean so much.
[写作步骤]
第一步：仔细审题
1．定体裁：记叙文。
2．定人称：第一、三人称。
3．定时态：以一般过去时为主。
第二步：细读全文
who
I,_an_older_couple,_two_salesmen
when
many years ago, years later
where
a_gas_station,_on the way to a meeting
what
the author accepted others' help and wrote thank­you notes to them
why
the author's car broke_down and had to ask others for help
how
the author learned a lot from sending thank­you_notes to others

第三步：初写成文
①In this passage, the author told us his two experiences of being helped by the strangers. ②And during the two experiences, the author wrote thank­you notes to the strangers.③They had given him a hand when there was something wrong with his car. ④Through the two experiences, he realized that saying “thank you” was easy and meant so much.
第四步：润色升级
对初写成文进行润色升级如下：
1．把初写成文中第①句中的told us替换成“描述”。
told us→described
2．把初写成文中第①句中的of being helped by the strangers升级成定语从句。
In this passage, the author told us his two experiences where he was helped　by　the　strangers.
3．把初写成文中的第②③句合为一个定语从句。
And during the two experiences, the author wrote thank­you notes to the strangers who_had_given_him_a_hand when there was something wrong with his car.
第五步：复查定稿
In　this　passage　, he author described his two experiences where he was helped by the strangers (要点1)And during the two experiences, the author wrote thank­you notes to the strangers who had given him a hand when there was something wrong with his car. (要点2)Through the two experiences, he realized that　saying　“thank　you”　was　easy and meant so much.(要点3)
(二)
阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
The guest speaker is a person who is asked to speak at an event.The person is usually not deeply connected with the event.Instead the guest speaker may support the event by sharing knowledge, offering support, or entertaining others.Speakers may give a special speech at the beginning, praising the efforts of community workers, or interesting children or college students in an educational or informative way.In each case, they are defined (给……下定义) by the fact that they will speak or otherwise communicate, and they have been invited to do so.
Even in the smallest events, the guest speaker can be well worth hearing.Coming from outside of the shared opinion of those organizing or attending an event, they often bring something new to it and provide great fodder (草料) for future conversations.Typically, their success depends upon how well they can give a speech.
Clearly the successful guest speaker must be able to make a speech that will be enjoyed and well received by the audience (听众)．Some preparation is necessary, and some speakers fully write speeches or memorize them.It helps very much if the guest speaker is given information on how long he or she should speak, and perhaps what topics would be of most interest to the audience.
Almost equal in importance is an introduction to the guest speaker, which should also be well prepared.Especially in large event settings, the person making the introduction should give a little information about the background of the speaker, name some of his or her achievements, and then perhaps suggest why the speaker is present.One of the reasons that these introductions can fail sometimes is that the person doing the introduction doesn't really know who the speaker is, which is why introductions take some preparation.It may be necessary to do a little reading on the history or background of the speaker to make certain that the introduction is flattering (讨人欢喜的) and provides exact information.
[写作思路与分析]
此题要求根据所给短文进行概要写作。 概要写作需按一定的步骤进行，合理的步骤能确保顺利完成写作任务。本文可按如下步骤展开：
步骤一：浏览全文，了解短文大意
首先，应通读短文，理解短文大意，掌握短文的基本结构。本文是说明文，分为4个段落，主要向读者说明了应邀发言者的概念及相关的一些情况。
步骤二：细读文章，找出关键信息
找准文章关键信息是概要写作最重要的前提和依据。罗列关键信息可避免遗漏重要内容。
guest speaker
步骤三：陈列概写要点，整合要点成句
这个环节要求把每个段落的关键信息形成合理的句子。关键信息形成合理的句子后才能整合成篇章。合理的语言结构和句型能够帮助浓缩语言内容。具体如下：
(一)要点陈列：
1．The guest speaker is a person asked to speak at an event.　
2．The guest speaker usually has little to do with the event.　
3．The guest speaker may contribute to the event in many ways.
4．The guest speaker can be well worth hearing even in the least important events.
5．They add new views to the event.
6．Their success depends upon how well they can give a speech.
7．The successful guest speaker must be able to make a speech that pleases the audience.
8．Some preparation work is necessary.
9．An introduction to the guest speaker is of equal importance.
10．Those who introduce the guest speaker should make some preparations.
(二)整合成句：
要点1为主题句，保留。
使用让步状语从句，将要点2－3整合为：
Though usually having little to do with the event, the guest speaker may contribute to the event in many ways.
使用“so”连接句子，将要点4－5整合为：
Guest speakers usually add new views to the event, so they can be well worth hearing even in the least important events.
使用非谓语动词和连词“because”连接句子，将要点6－8整合为：
To make a speech that pleases the audience, guest speakers should do some preparation work, because their success depends upon how well they can give a speech.
使用动词的非谓语形式，将要点9－10整合为：
Considering the equal importance of an introduction to the guest speaker, those who introduce the guest speaker should make some preparations.
步骤四：连句成篇，初步成文
把句子整合成篇章，应按行文逻辑进行写作，可以打破段落主旨的前后关系，尽量把多个句子的信息合理整合在一个句子当中。整合过程中应使用多种语言结构和句型，避免照抄原文。形成概要初稿如下：
The guest speaker is a person asked to speak at an event.Though usually having little to do with the event, the guest speaker may contribute to the event in many ways.Guest speakers usually add new views to the event, so they can be well worth hearing even in the least important events.To make a speech that pleases the audience, guest speakers should do some preparation work, because their success depends upon how well they can give a speech.Considering the equal importance of an introduction to the guest speaker, those who introduce the guest speaker should make some preparations.
步骤五：适当修饰，完善写作
可以从词汇应用和语法结构的丰富性和准确性以及上下文的连贯性等几个角度考虑，同时注意词数要求，形成概要终稿如下：
The guest speaker is a person asked to speak at an event.(要点1)Though usually having little to do with it, they may contribute to the event.(要点2)Guest speakers usually add new perspectives, so they can be well worth hearing however small the events may be.(要点3)To make a speech that caters to the audience, they should do some preparation work for the purpose of being successful.(要点4)Considering the equal importance of an introduction to the guest speaker, those who introduce them should make some preparations.(要点5)
(三)
阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Your hunger doesn't necessarily mean you are really hungry.It is an important sign of what is happening in your body — physically, emotionally and mentally.Sounds strange? It is true and here in this article we shall discuss certain things that your hunger is trying to tell you.
When you feel hungry, try to figure out if you are really hungry.Sometimes when you think that you are hungry, you might be thirsty.It is possible that you have been dehydrated (脱水) for a long time and your body is sending a signal through your hunger.So instead of eating, go for water and quench your thirst at the earliest.
If you feel hungry all the time, it could mean that you are depriving (剥夺) yourself of certain foods and hence the body is craving for these.If you are on a strict diet, then go for foods and legumes rich in protein along with complex carbohydrates (碳水化合物) like quinoa and brown rice that will take you a long time to digest and will keep you full for a long period of time.
You might get hungry for a certain kind of food only at times.This is because you become emotional about certain foods.For example, if you are happy and celebrating your anniversary, you might end up having a desire for the cake that you brought to celebrate the special occasion. This is called emotional eating.
Sometimes your hunger might mean that you need to take a break.When you end up working at a stretch, and you do not realize that your body needs rest, you can end up feeling hungry as it is a way your body is telling you to break free from work.
Sometimes when you are bored or stressed out, you might feel hungry.It is the body's way of telling you that you need a change of scene.Go out, take a walk, talk to your dearest friend or simply take some deep breaths.Even after this, if you feel hungry, do eat.
[写作思路与分析]
此题要求根据所给短文进行概要写作。概要写作需按一定的步骤进行，合理的步骤能确保顺利完成写作任务。本文可按如下步骤展开：
步骤一：浏览全文，了解短文大意
首先，应通读短文，理解短文大意，理清短文的基本结构。本文是一篇说明文，共分为6个段落。文章主要介绍了饥饿的五个信号。这些信号产生的时候我们不一定是真的饿了，可能是你的身体有别的需求。
在阅读的过程中，注意把握短文的逻辑关系，注意一些重要的提示词。比如第一段最后一句，暗示下文将给出饥饿可能给你哪些信号。第二至六段向我们具体介绍了饥饿感给出的5种不同的信号，即：口渴；缺乏某种食物；情感需求；休息的需求；无聊或压力。
注意一些关键的词语或类似的句型结构，有助于快速理清文章结构，又可以避免遗漏关键信息。例如文中第2～6段分别用了If you feel hungry ..., You might ..., Sometimes ..., Sometimes when ..., you might ...这些类似的句型表明这五段内容呈并列关系。
步骤二：细读文章，找出关键信息
理清文章结构后再次细读，找到每段的关键词或主要信息是概要写作的重要步骤。清晰的结构有助于保证概要写作的完整性，避免遗漏重要内容。
(一)文章结构：

(二)整合信息：
细读段落，找出每个段落的主旨句和关键词，区别段落中哪些是main ideas，哪些是supporting ideas, examples 和additional information。正确的关键词和关键句是概要写作最重要内容和依据。
如第一段：
...here in this article we shall discuss certain things that your hunger is trying to tell you.(main idea)
如第二段：
Sometimes when you think that you are hungry, you might be thirsty.(supporting idea)
如第三段：
If you are on a strict diet, then go for foods and legumes rich in protein along with complex carbohydrates like quinoa and brown rice ...(example)
如第四段：
You might get hungry for a certain kind of food only at times.This is because you become emotional about certain foods.(supporting idea)
For example if you are happy and celebrating your anniversary, you might end up having a desire for the cake that you brought to celebrate the special occasion.(example)
如第五、六段：
Sometimes your hunger might mean that you need to take a break.
Sometimes when you are bored or stressed out, you might feel hungry.(supporting ideas )
步骤三：陈列概写要点，整合要点成句
这个环节要求把每个段落的关键词组成合理的句子。关键词形成合理的句子后才能整合成篇章。合理的语言结构和句型能够帮助浓缩语言内容。具体如下：
(一)要点陈列：
1．Your hunger doesn't necessarily mean you are really hungry.
2．We shall discuss certain things that your hunger is trying to tell you.
3．Sometimes when you think that you are hungry, you might be thirsty.
4．If you feel hungry all the time, it could mean that you are depriving yourself of certain foods and hence the body is craving for these.
5．You might get hungry for a certain kind of food only at times.
6．This is called emotional eating.
7．Your hunger might mean that you need to take a break.
8．Sometimes when you are bored or stressed out, you might feel hungry.It is the body's way of telling you that you need a change of scene.
(二)整合成句：
要点1和2整合成一句：用连接副词和代词
Your hunger doesn't necessarily mean you are really hungry.However, it is trying to tell you other things.
要点3和4整合成一句：使用v.­ing作主语和名词性从句
Being thirsty for a long time or having a desire for certain foods may make you feel hungry.
要点5和6整合成一句：使用定语从句
Sometimes, you might get hungry for a certain kind of food, which is called emotional eating.
要点7和8整合成一句：使用such as及and
Other factors, such as lack of rest or being bored and stressed out make you feel hungry.
步骤四：连句成篇，初步成文
把句子整合成篇章，应按行文逻辑进行写作，可以打破段落主旨的前后关系，尽量把多个句子的信息合理整合在一个句子当中。整合过程中应使用多种语言结构和句型，避免照抄原文。形成概要初稿如下：
Your hunger doesn't necessarily mean you are really hungry.However, it is trying to tell you other things.For example, being thirsty for a long time or having a desire for certain foods may make you feel hungry.Sometimes, you might get hungry for a certain kind of food, which is called emotional eating.Besides, other factors, such as lack of rest or being bored and stressed out, might make you feel hungry.
步骤五：适当修饰，完善写作
可以从词汇应用和语法结构的丰富性和准确性以及上下文的连贯性等几个角度考虑，同时注意词数要求，形成概要终稿如下：
Many factors can explain why your hunger doesn't necessarily mean you are really hungry.(要点1)First, when you are thirsty and having a desire for a certain food, you will feel hungry.(要点2)Besides, you might be hungry when you become emotional about certain foods on some special occasions.(要点3)Moreover, lack of rest or feeling stressed out can also lead to your hunger.(要点4)
[综合演练提能]
(2019·浙江五校联考)阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Many seniors feel pressured to go straight from high school to college — but Camden Olson, who graduated from Latin School of Chicago in the US last year, didn't give in. She decided to spend a gap year raising a guide dog for Guiding Eyes for the Blind in Maine.
The non­profit provides trained guide dogs to blind and visually impaired people.
“I can say I'm living the dream，” Olson said.“This is something I've always wanted to do.”
Taking a year off before college, commonly known as a gap year, is becoming more and more popular among American teenagers. According to a survey by the American Gap Association, enrollment in these programs grew 27 percent between 2012 and 2013. Some students use the year off to figure out what they want to do, travel around the world, or save money for college.
Olson is using her time to pursue a passion she's had since 7th grade. For years, she kept an eye on guide dog services until she came across the opportunity at Guiding Eyes. With support from her friends, family and teachers, Olson went for it.
Olson's volunteer work centers around Derby, a 1­year­old black dog.“My job is to raise him to be well­mannered and socialized，” she said.“Guide dogs have to ignore any distractions. They go everywhere with their visually impaired handler. They give a blind person a lot of independence and emotional support, too.”
Of course, there's an end in sight for Derby and Olson's close bond. When Derby celebrates his own graduation, Olson will have to say goodbye to him.
While some look at gap years in a negative light, Olson said she's seen major success. In fact, she'll be attending Princeton University this fall and is thinking about majoring in ecology and biology.
“I think I'm already much more mature than I was and aware of what really matters，” she said.“So many kids do come back from gap years a lot more focused and prepared.”
　





参考范文：
Unlike many other high school graduates, Olson was determined to take advantage of her gap year to train a guide dog, which was what she longed to do for a long time.(要点1)Not only did Olson accomplish the task of training Derby to be capable of its work — to help people with visual disabilities, (要点2) but also she herself benefited much from this experience.(要点3)