2020版高考英语新设计一轮复习人教浙江专版讲义：语法贯通



[编写说明]　语法知识零碎、规则多、变化繁，怎样复习才高效？在同步学习小语法的基础上，一轮复习应高屋建瓴巧整合，明规则、总规律，让考生知其然更知其所以然；应该明考点、知考向，针对努力攻重点。本书以专题为编排单位、以考点为突破口，采用讲练结合的方式，做到点点突破、省时高效。

语法奠基课一　学会划分句子成分是学好语法的必备技能
目前的英语教学往往存在对句子成分不够重视的问题，以至于不少考生在这方面比较薄弱。殊不知正确分析句子成分和判断句子结构是学好英语的必备基础，这不仅对语法填空的解答有直接的影响，而且对写好作文、理解完形填空和阅读理解中出现的长难句有重要意义。

众所周知，句子有若干个组成部分，分别承担着不同的作用，这些组成部分叫作句子成分。英语中的句子成分分为主语(subject)、谓语(predicate)、宾语(object)、表语(predicative)、定语(attribute)、状语(adverbial)、补语(complement)和同位语(appositive)八种，它们就像佛教中的八大护法金刚，各司其职，共同呵护着英语这个“极乐世界”。

一、主语——习惯于发号施令，偶尔也会被赶下台
在句子中，主语是谓语所表示动作或状态的执行者。主语一般位于句子开头，且不能省略。但在某些特定的句式里，如：疑问句、倒装句、祈使句、感叹句等，句子主语也可以位于谓语动词之后或省略。能够充当主语的主要有名词(短语)、代词、数词、动名词(短语)、动词不定式(短语)和从句等。
[例1]　(2017·浙江11月高考语法填空)．..and the best part of the process is that there's enough room for improvement, ________ means you'll just keep getting better and better.
[分析]　which　空格处所填词引导非限制性定语从句并在从句中充当主语，且指代前面整个主句的内容，故应填关系代词which。
[练1]　(2018·浙江6月高考语法填空) Many westerners ________ come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap it can be to eat out.
解析： who/that　分析句子结构可知，空格处引导定语从句，修饰先行词“Many westerners”，且在从句中作主语， 所以应用who或that 引导该定语从句。
二、谓语——坚决服从主语“领导”，执行命令雷厉风行
谓语描述主语的行为动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：
1．简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。
Her father works in Nanjing.
2．复合谓语：(1)由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成；(2)由系动词加表语构成。
They must have finished their tasks.
[例2]　(2017·全国卷Ⅱ语法填空)Later, engineers ________ (manage) to construct railways in a system of deep tunnels (隧道), which became known as the Tube.
[分析]　managed　空格处在句中充当主句的谓语动词，根据时间状语later和定语从句的谓语动词became可知此处应用动词的一般过去时，且engineers与manage之间为主动关系，故填managed。
[练2]　(2018·浙江11月高考语法填空)You probably have used caffeine since childhood. Caffeine ________ (be) in your first Coke.
解析：was　本空在句中充当谓语动词，为主系表结构；主语是“Caffeine”，为不可数名词，再结合语境可知时态应为一般过去时，所以应填was。

三、宾语——一直受到压制，有时“翻身农奴把歌唱”
宾语表示谓语动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词的后面，受到主语的限制和制约。宾语一般由名词、宾格代词、动名词、动词不定式或从句充当，根据需要也可用it作形式宾语。在被动结构中才会“翻身农奴把歌唱”。
1．双宾语(间接宾语＋直接宾语)
Mr. Smith gave him a lot of valuable advice on how to improve his writing.(him为间接宾语；advice为直接宾语)
2．复合宾语(宾语＋宾语补足语)
Doctors often advise us to pay more attention to our diets and mental health and to take regular examinations.(us为宾语；“to pay more attention ... regular examinations”为宾语补足语)
[例3]　(2017·全国卷Ⅲ语法填空)But Sarah, who has taken part in shows along with top models, wants ________(prove) that she has brains as well as beauty.
[分析]　to prove　根据句子结构可知，此处应该使用不定式作动词want的宾语。
[练3]　(2018·浙江11月高考语法填空) One cup of coffee in the late afternoon or evening will cause ________ (they) to stay awake almost all night.
解析：them　分析句子结构可知，空格处在从句中作cause的宾语，故用其宾格形式them。

四、表语——最会察言观色，就看“主子”脸色
表语一般位于系动词(如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等)之后，用以说明主语这个“主子”的身份、特征或状态等，一般由名词、名词性代词、形容词、分词、数词、动词不定式、动名词(短语)、介词短语、副词及表语从句等充当。
[例4]　(2017·全国卷Ⅰ语法填空)However, be_____________ (care) not to go to extremes.
[分析]　careful　句意：小心不要走极端。系动词be后应用形容词careful作表语。
[练4]　(2018·浙江6月高考语法填空)The obvious one is money; eating out once or twice a week may be ______ (afford) but doing this most days adds up.
解析：affordable　每周在外面吃一两顿饭可以支付的起，但经常在外面吃钱就会增加，空处作表语，故填affordable。

五、定语——鞍前马后搞服务，全心全意勤务兵
修饰或限定名词或代词的词、短语或从句被称为定语。定语服务于它所修饰或限定的名词或代词，可由形容词、数词、形容词性物主代词、介词短语、非谓语动词或定语从句等充当。定语有前置和后置两种情况，如短语结构、从句等作定语时，常置于被修饰词之后。
[例5]　(2017·浙江6月高考语法填空)But something made her look closer, and she noticed a __________(shine) object.
[分析]　shiny/shining　分析句子结构可知，空格处在句中作定语修饰名词object，故应用形容词形式。shiny“发光的”，shining“发光的，发亮的”。
[练5]　(2016·四川高考语法填空)For 25 days, she never left her baby, not even to find something ________ (eat)!
解析：to eat　此处表示找吃的东西，动作尚未进行，故填to eat。

六、状语——行踪飘忽不定，却对动词“情有独钟”
修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分叫作状语。一般表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、原因、条件、让步、方式、程度等意义。状语可由副词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词、状语从句等充当。
状语在句子中的位置很灵活，所以说它“行踪飘忽不定”。常见情况为：通常在句子基本结构后，强调时放在句首；修饰形容词或副词时，通常位于被修饰词之前；表示时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头，强调时放在句首，地点状语一般放在时间状语之前；一些表示频度的副词(如often, almost等)作状语通常位于be动词、助动词、情态动词之后、实义动词之前。
高考中一般考查副词修饰动词的用法，所以说它对动词“情有独钟”。
[例6]　(2017·浙江6月高考语法填空)You need to ________ (real) read at least one good book a week, preferably a classic.
[分析]　really　此处修饰动词read，用副词really作状语。


[练6]　(2018·浙江11月高考语法填空) ________ (recent), caffeine has found its way into orange, apple, and other flavored drinks.
解析：Recently　此处作状语，修饰整个句子，应用副词，故应用recent的副词形式recently。

七、补语——始终寄人篱下，永远成不了“主人”
补语也叫补足语，主要起补充说明的作用，最常见的是宾语补足语和主语补足语，所以说它寄人篱下，成不了“主人”。宾语补足语可由名词、形容词、副词、动词不定式、分词、介词短语或从句充当。
[例7]　(2017·全国卷Ⅱ改编)When summer comes, they will invite their students ________ (pick) the fresh vegetables!
[分析]　to pick　本句为含时间状语从句的主从复合句，主句谓语动词为invite, “their students”是宾语，“pick the fresh vegetables”是宾语补足语，根据invite的固定用法“invite sb. to do sth.”可知，此处应填to pick。
[练7]　(2015·浙江高考改编)Listening to music at home is one thing, going to hear it _______(perform) live is quite another.
解析：being performed　句意：在家听音乐是一回事，去现场听正在被演奏的音乐完全是另一回事。空格处为hear的宾语补足语，宾语it与perform之间为被动关系，且动作正在进行，故填being performed。

八、同位语——总是玩失踪，特殊场合还是显露原形
一个名词(或其他形式)对另一个名词或代词进行解释或说明作用，这个名词(或其他形式)就是同位语。英语句子表达中一般情况下是没有同位语的，所以说它“爱玩失踪”。如果要对前面的名词的具体内容作进一步的说明，这时候就需要同位语，可谓“显露原形”。
[例8]　(2017·全国卷Ⅱ改编)Mr. and Mrs. Zhang ________ work in our school.
[分析]　both　空处在句中充当主语Mr.and Mrs. Zhang的同位语，因为主语是两个人，故同位语应用both。
[练8]　(2019·山东济宁一模)Mr. Johnson cares for us ________ (student) very much.
解析：students　名词student在句中作us的同位语成分，故根据us的意义可知，student需要用复数形式。



[专题过关训练]
Ⅰ.单句语法填空(从句子成分角度分析)
1．(2017·浙江11月高考语法填空)Another nice thing is that you learn both new words and ________ (they) use unconsciously ...
[答案]　their
[分析]　这里的use为名词，应该用形容词性物主代词来修饰，作定语。
2．(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)Instead, he hopes that his business will grow ________ (steady)．
[答案]　steadily
[分析]　grow在此句中为实义动词，故应用副词形式修饰。
3．(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)My uncle tells me that the key to his success is ________ (honest)．
[答案]　honesty
[分析]　从句中的主语是“the_key”，与表语构成同位关系，所以此处应用名词作表语。
4．(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)We can choose between staying at home and ________ (take) a trip.
[答案]　taking
[分析]　between_..._and是固定结构，and前后连接的是并列成分，因此and后需用动名词作宾语，和staying并列。
5．(2015·浙江高考改编)The position of the classroom with its view made me ________ (feel) like I was dreaming.
[答案]　feel
[分析]　make后常用不带to的不定式作宾语补足语。
Ⅱ.运用句子成分知识，将下列句子补充完整
1．(2018·浙江11月高考写作) 6月23号我乘坐从北京至伦敦的FL753班机时，我还随身携带着钱包。
I had my wallet with me when_I_boarded_FL753 from Beijing to London on June 23.
2．(2018·浙江11月高考概要写作)上网浏览学院的招生展会也会帮助你作出正确的决定。
Visiting_the_online_college_fairs can also help you make_the_right_decision.
3．(2017·浙江6月高考写作)所有这些活动都会帮助你放松自己。
All_these_activities_will_help you relax yourself.
4．(2017·浙江6月高考写作)我很荣幸能与你前去那里，一起享受这美好的日子。
I will_be_honored to have you there with us, enjoying_the_colorful_days.
5．(2017·浙江11月高考写作)很可能我们家全体成员都会在场，包括我祖父母、父母、叔叔、婶婶以及他们的孩子。
Chances are that_all_the_family_members_will_be_there,_including my grandparents, parents, uncles and aunts with their kids.
6．(2017·浙江11月高考写作)然后，我祖父母会给我们讲述一些民间故事，这些故事可以追溯到古时的中国。
Then my grandparents will tell us some folk tales, dating_back_to_ancient_China.
7．(2017·浙江11月高考写作)听说今年春节你不回去了，我很荣幸能邀请你和我的家人一起过春节。
Hearing_that_you_won't_go_back_this_Spring_Festival,_I'm more than honored to invite you to spend it with my family.
8．(2017·浙江11月高考写作)首先，我们会上一些中国的饭菜，像水饺和面条。
First, we'll have some_Chinese_cuisine,_like dumplings and noodles.

语法奠基课二　依据句子成分，学会分析长难句

一些复杂的长难句一方面是制约考生快速理解文意、准确解题的“拦路虎”，另一方面又是彰显考生写作功底的“走秀台”，在某种程度上来说，对长难句的分析与掌握已成为区分考生成绩优劣的“分水岭”。其实，长难句并不可怕，在正确划分句子成分的基础上，运用一定的“拆分”技巧，化繁为简、化长为短，其意立马显现。所以，无论是从学语法的角度，还是从英语综合素养的角度，都有必要给考生补上这欠缺的一课。

一、长难句的常见形式
1．复合句
这些句子往往较长，一个从句套着另一个从句，环环相扣，使得考生搞不清楚整个句子结构。其实，不管句子有多长、多复杂，它只由两部分构成，即主干和修饰成分。主干是整个句子的骨架，主要指主谓宾结构(如：I want a ticket.)或主系表结构(如：The man is a teacher.)。而修饰成分在句中只起修饰或补充主干的作用，它既可以是单词，也可以是短语，更常见的则是从句，尤其是定语从句和状语从句。
一般来说，复合句中的从句都是很常见的，考生比较熟悉的，但很多时候不少考生分不清单词、短语和从句之间的相互关系，这样会导致整个句子分析混乱。这时，考生应通过仔细分析，将每个修饰成分划出来，找出句子的主干，这样整个句子结构就清晰了。
[例1]　What Winter knows of the 19­year­old who saved his life is only that he died in a car accident and that his family was willing to honor his wishes and donate his organs for transplantation (移植)．
[分析]　此句的主语为“What Winter knows of the 19­year­old who saved his life”，是一个主语从句，其中主语从句里面又包含了一个由who引导的定语从句；is为主干句的系动词，后面的that引导两个并列的表语从句。

[名师指津]　分析长难句时找出主干句的谓语是至关重要的一步。
[例2]　Pasteur discovered that heating the wine gently for a few minutes after it had fermented (发酵) would kill off the yeast (酵母菌) that was left in the wine, with the result that the wine would remain fresh for much longer.
[分析]　此句的主语为Pasteur，谓语是discovered，第一个that引导的是宾语从句。在宾语从句中after引导状语从句，第二个that引导定语从句。第三个that引导同位语从句。
[名师指津]　that在长难句里面用得非常多，所以正确理解that引导的不同从句非常重要。
2．分隔结构
为了调整语气和增加补充信息，更主要的是为了平衡句子结构，避免头重脚轻，使语意严密，结构紧凑，可将语法关系密切的两个句子成分用其他语法成分分隔开来，这就是所谓的分隔结构。高考试题中出现较多的是插入语、用破折号插入的新话题或补充信息。此外，还有一些句子成分(一般是定语)过长而出现后置，也可以看作是插入现象，只不过它只是句子原有成分位置的调整，没有新增信息。
[例3]　The idea of returning to the basics in the classroom — a notion (概念，观点) which, incidentally (顺便说一下), has been quietly supported for years by many respected teachers — is finally gaining some currency (流行) with school administrators (管理者)．
[分析]　两个破折号中间的内容是对前面的补充说明。
[名师指津]　分析长难句时务必注意这些非限制性修饰成分，它们打断了原来的行文逻辑，插入补充了一些额外的信息。
3．成分省略
在英语句子中，用词简洁是一条重要的修辞原则。省略主要是为了避免重复，突出关键词并使上下文紧密连接。成分省略一般和从句相结合，一正一反，使句子富于变化，增强表现力。例如在以than, as引导的比较状语从句中，一些成分往往被省略，而这会给理解带来一定的影响，而且这类句子出现频率较高，考生需要熟记。
[例4]　I look forward to seeing these views taken further, and to their being challenged by the other participants.
[分析]　and后省略了重复成分look forward，读题时应将被省去的部分补全理解。
[名师指津]　补充完整省略成分，才能正确理解语境。
4．改变语序
改变语序主要针对倒装句式。这种打破相对固定的常规语序的做法，或是为了强调句子表达的重心，或是强调一种表达语气，如虚拟语气、否定语气等。这些句子往往和一些副词、连词相关，有明显的标志。
[例5]　The professor marched into the lecture hall, placed upon his desk a large jar (罐子) filled with dried beans (豆), and invited the students to guess how many beans the jar contained.
[分析]　此句正常语序为： ...placed a large jar filled with dried beans upon his desk ...
[名师指津]　还原为正常语序是理解语境的关键所在。

二、长难句的突破策略
1．结构分析法
所谓结构分析法，就是通过语法分析，迅速弄清句子的结构，把握住句子的基本框架。基本步骤是：首先，判断该句是简单句、并列句还是复合句；然后，找出句子的核心成分，分清主语和谓语，再分清句子的附属成分。
方法一：较复杂单句的处理方法
——找主谓语，即找主干成分
较复杂单句在高考试卷中经常出现，所以应引起同学们的足够重视。
①However, many scientists who specialize in ageing are doubtful about it and say the human body is just not designed to last past about 120 years.
[分析]　此句的主语为“many scientists”，主语后跟一个由who引导的定语从句。主句有两个谓语，即are doubtful和say, say后面又接了一个宾语从句。
②Some companies have made the manufacturing of clean and safe products their main selling point and emphasize it in their advertising.
[分析]　此句的主语为“Some companies”，句中有两个谓语，即have made和emphasize。
③At the press of a button, a microcomputer locks all other floors chute (道) doors and sets the recycling container turning until the right box comes under the chute.
[分析]　此句的主语为“a microcomputer”，也有两个谓语，即locks 和sets。
方法二：并列复合句的处理方法——找并列连词
①The hot sun had caused the dough (面团) to double in size and fermenting yeast made the surface shake and sigh as though it was breathing.
②Miss Germaine's mother looked anxious through the wedding and Mr. Cordell's parents are reported to be less than delighted.
[分析]　第①句中的and和第②句中的and都是并列连词，各自连接两个并列单句。
方法三：主从复合句的处理方法——找从属连词
Whereas a woman's closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage, it wasn't unusual to hear a man say he didn't know his friend's marriage was in serious trouble until he appeared one night asking if he could sleep on the sofa.
[分析]　Whereas引导了一个从句，即“a woman's closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage”， 而“it wasn't unusual to hear a man say”为主句，其中it为形式主语，真正的主语为不定式。 “he didn't know his friend's marriage was in serious trouble until he appeared one night asking if he could sleep on the sofa”为省略从属连词that 的宾语从句，从句中又含有not ... until引导的时间状语从句，时间状语从句所在的主、从句中又各含有一个宾语从句：“his friend's marriage was in serious trouble” (省略连接词that)；与“if he could sleep on the sofa” (从属连词if)。
方法四：并列和主从复合句并存的处理方法
——先读懂并列复合句，再看主从复合句
If you ask people to name one person who had the greatest effect on the English language, you will get answers like “Shakespeare” “Samuel Johnson”， and “Webster”， but none of these men had any effect at all compared to a man who didn't even speak English — William, the Conqueror.
[分析]　首先找到并列连词but，推知：If you ask ... “Webster”为but连接的第一分句，“none of these men ... the Conqueror”为第二分句；第一分句中含if引导的条件状语从句，从句中又含有who引导的定语从句；第二分句中含who引导的定语从句。
2．意群阅读法
一个句子可根据意思和语法结构分成若干小段，每一小段称之为一个意群。意群可以是一个词，一个词组或短语，也可以是一个并列句的分句或复合句的主句、从句等。此方法有助于提高阅读速度和理解的准确性。例如：
①When two cars travelling at 30 mh hit each other，②an unbelted driver would meet the windshield (挡风玻璃) ③with a force equal to diving headfirst (头向前地) into the ground from a height of 10 meters.
[分析]　①是状语从句，②是主句，③是with引导的介词短语作状语。这样，把整个句子划为3个意群，可以大大提高阅读速度。
[专题过关训练]
运用长难句分析技巧分析下列长难句，并翻译成汉语
1. (2018·浙江11月高考阅读理解A)The most welcome sight on a cold, wet winter night in London is the familiar shape of a London taxi cab approaching with its yellow “for hire” sign shining brightly.
[分析]　 on a cold, wet winter night作时间状语；in London作地点状语；of a London taxi ... shining brightly作shape的定语；approaching with its yellow “for hire” sign shining brightly是现在分词短语作后置定语，修饰taxi cab。

[翻译]　_在伦敦寒冷的雨夜，最令人欣喜的景象莫过于出租车那熟悉的车影，它向你驶来，顶灯闪耀着黄色的“空车”字样。
2．(2018·浙江11月高考阅读理解B)In the 1840s, however, educational reformers like Horace Mann moved to combine the two calendars out of concern that rural schooling was not enough and that overusing of young minds could lead to nervous disorders.
[分析]　out of concern作原因状语，that rural schooling was not enough和that overusing of young minds could lead to nervous disorders作concern的同位语。
[翻译]　然而，在19世纪40年代，像霍勒斯·曼恩这样的教育改革家提议将两种历法结合起来，因为他们担心农村教育不够，又担心青少年过度用脑可能会导致精神紊乱。
3．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ阅读理解D)The damage is usually more serious on the first plant, but the neighbors, relatively speaking, stay safer because they heard the alarm and knew what to do.
[分析]　but连接两个并列分句。第二分句中，“relatively speaking”是插入语，“because they heard the alarm and knew what to do”是原因状语从句。
[翻译]　通常对第一株植物的伤害更严重，但是相对来说，邻居们会更安全，因为它们听到了警报并知道做什么。
4．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ阅读七选五)If someone knocks and it's not an important matter, excuse yourself and let the person know you're busy so they can get the hint (暗示) that when the door is closed, you're not to be disturbed.
[分析]　“If someone knocks and it's not an important matter”是if引导的条件状语从句。so后面表示结果，在此部分中“that when the door is closed, you're not to be disturbed”是“the hint”的同位语从句，该从句中又含有when引导的时间状语从句。
[翻译]　如果有人敲门且不是什么重要的事情，就给自己找个借口，并让那个人知道你很忙，这样他们就能得到暗示，那就是当门关着时，你不想被打扰。
5．(2017·浙江6月高考阅读理解C)The Moldovan has lived here seven years as a caregiver to Italian kids and the elderly, but in order to stay she's had to prove her language skills by taking a test which requires her to write a postcard to an imaginary friend and answer a fictional job ad.
[分析]　根据but可知，本句是表示转折关系的并列句，但but前后又都包含较复杂的成分。前一部分的主要成分是The Moldovan has lived here seven years；后一部分主要成分是she's had to prove her language skills。同时第二部分中又包含定语从句which requires her to write a postcard to an imaginary friend and answer a fictional job ad，修饰先行词 a_test。
[翻译]　这个摩尔多瓦妇女已经在意大利7年了，她的工作是照顾意大利的小孩和老人，但为了能够继续留在意大利，她将不得不参加一个语言测试，以此来证明自己的语言能力，这个测试要求她给一个虚构的朋友写一张明信片，同时回复一则虚构的招聘广告。







专题一名词与冠词

名词的单复数
1．规则名词的6种复数变化形式
变化规则
例词
一般情况下
在词尾直接加­s
mouth→mouths house→houses
以­s，­x，­ch，
­sh结尾的名词
在词尾加­es
glass→glasses match→matches
以辅音字母＋­y结尾的名词
变y为i，再加­es
country→countries factory→factories
以元音字母＋­y结尾的名词
在词尾直接＋­s
holiday→holidays monkey→monkeys
以­o结尾的名词
一般在词尾加­s
piano→pianos photo→photos
有些在词尾加­es
hero→heroes potato→potatoes
以­f, ­fe结尾的名词
一般要变f或fe为v＋­es
self→selves
wolf→wolves
少数直接加­s
roof→roofs belief→beliefs

①下列以­f结尾的名词既可以变f为v后再加­es，也可以直接在f后加­s：
handkerchief→handkerchiefs/handkerchieves, scarf→scarfs/scarves
②巧记变­f或­fe为v＋­es的名词：
[巧学助记]　为了自己(self)活命(life)，小偷(thief)和他的妻子(wife)手里拿着刀子(knife)和一片树叶(leaf)站在架子(shelf)上，把狼(wolf)劈成两半(half)。
2．不规则名词的3种复数变化形式
变化规则
例词
单复数同形
deer, sheep, means, series, works, Chinese, Swiss, aircraft, spacecraft
变内部元音
foot→feet, tooth→teeth, goose→geese man→men, woman→women, mouse→mice
外来名词
medium→media
phenomenon→phenomena
analysis→analyses
[名师指津]　①fish表示不同种类的鱼时，其复数形式为fishes，而表示同一种鱼时，其单复数形式相同；②people指“人们”时单复数同形，指“民族”时，其复数为peoples。
3．合成名词的2种复数形式
(1)若有主体名词，则把主体名词变成复数；若无主体名词，则把最后一部分变成复数。
passer­by→passers­by, sister­in­law→sisters­in­law, grown­up→grown­ups, housewife→housewives
(2)“man/woman＋n.”变复数时，作定语的man/woman和主体名词都要变复数：women engineers。
[命题点感悟]
单句语法填空
① (2018·浙江11月高考)One study showed that ________ (woman) who drank a lot of coffee, like eight or more cups per day, while they were pregnant were more likely to have children with birth defects.
解析：women　根据该句后半部分的they可知，空格处应该用复数形式，故填women。
②(2018·浙江6月高考) Making Chinese ________ (dish) is seen as especially troublesome.
解析：dishes　此处表示“中国的饭菜”，当然不止一种，因此该名词应该用复数形式，故填dishes。
③(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 that showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all ________ (cause)．
解析：causes　此处的cause是可数名词，表示“原因”。根据其前的all可知，应该使用复数形式，故填causes。
④(2017·浙江11月高考)You wouldn't think that a few ________ (month) of exercise in your teens would be enough ...
解析：months　空格前面有a few作限定词且表示肯定，因此后面的名词应该用复数形式，所以使用months。
⑤(2017·浙江6月高考)Last October, while tending her garden in Mora, Sweden, Lena Pahlsson pulled out a handful of small _________(carrot) and was about to throw them away.
解析：carrots　根据空格前面的“a handful of”可知，此处要用名词的复数形式。
⑥(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)This trend, which was started by the medical community (医学界) as a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side________ (effect) such as overweight and heart disease — the very thing the medical community was trying to fight.
解析：effects　此处根据空格前面的some以及空格后面列举的两个例子“overweight and heart disease”可知，应用effect的复数形式。
⑦(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)In 1863 the first underground passenger railway in the world opened in London. It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible__________ (crowd) on the roads above as they travelled to and from work.
解析：crowds　根据空格前面的形容词terrible可知此处填名词，crowd表示“人群”，是可数名词，前面没有不定冠词a，所以用名词的复数形式。
⑧(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)The instructor kept repeating the ________ (word)，“Speed up！”“Slow down！”“Turn left！”
解析：words　根据后面的举例可知，此处应用word的复数形式。
⑨(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)The nursery team switches him every few ________ (day) with his sister so that while one is being bottle­fed, the other is with mum — she never suspects.
解析：days　every few days表示“每隔几天”，此处应该使用名词的复数形式days。
⑩(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)Recent __________(study) show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks regularly.
解析：studies　Recent是形容词，修饰名词，“Recent _______”在句中作主语，根据谓语动词show可知，主语需要用复数形式。

不可数名词

1．常见的不可数名词
一般来说，物质名词和抽象名词是不可数的，因此没有复数形式，一般也不能用a或an修饰。
通常只用作不可数的名词有：milk, music, homework, housework, weather, news, butter, information, bread, advice, progress, orange (橙汁), equipment, meat, fun, luggage, luck, work (工作), traffic, furniture, wealth, word (消息), room (空间), man (人类)等。
[名师指津]　word意为“消息”，room意为“空间”，man意为“人类”时通常不带任何修饰词。
2．抽象名词的具体化
(1)具有某种特性、状态、情感的抽象名词在表示具体的概念时，可以与不定冠词连用，常考的有：
单词
抽象名词意义
具体化名词意义
success
成功
成功的人或事物
pleasure
乐趣
令人感到高兴的人或事物
attraction
吸引
有吸引力的人或事物
beauty
美；美丽
美丽的人或事物
comfort
安慰；慰藉
令人感到安慰的人或事物
danger
危险
令人感到危险的人或事物
delight
高兴
令人感到高兴的事
failure
失败
失败的人或事物
surprise
惊奇
令人感到惊奇的人或事物
shock
震惊
令人感到震惊的人或事物
pride
骄傲
令人感到骄傲的人或事物

I'm disappointed that the experiment turned out to be a complete failure again.
我很失望，这次试验证明又是一次完全的失败。
(2)抽象名词与a/an连用，淡化了抽象概念，转化为似乎可以体验到的动作、行为或类别。
①Being able to afford a drink would be a comfort in those tough times.
在那些艰难的时期，能够买得起一杯饮料都会是一件令人感到欣慰的事。
②—A serious fire broke out in the village.
—Yes, news came as a shock to me.
——那个村庄发生了一起严重的大火。
——是的，这对我来说是一件令人震惊的事情。



名词所有格

1．有生命名词的3种所有格
情况
构成
示例
不以­s结尾的名词
加­'s
Mary's e­mail children's books
以­s结尾的复数名词
加­'
the girls' dormitory the teachers' reading room
以­s结尾的单数名词或专有名词
加­'s或­'
our boss' office Engels's works

2．无生命名词的2种所有格
(1)通常用of所有格表示
The capital of Peru is Lima, which is in the west on the coast.秘鲁的首都是利马，位于西部沿海地区。
(2)表示时间、距离、国家、城市、机构、节日等的名词通常用­'s所有格表示。
Beijing's parks北京的公园
the factory's output工厂的产量
3．双重所有格
双重所有格的构成形式为：名词＋of＋名词的所有格/名词＋of＋名词性物主代词。
He is a friend of my father's.他是我父亲的一个朋友。
[名师指津]　名词所有格作定语主要表示事物间的关系(如所属关系、主谓关系、动宾关系等)，而名词作定语则主要表示被修饰名词的特征、性别、用途、功能、内容等。



不定冠词的用法及固定搭配

1．不定冠词的基本用法
(1)表示类指，或指某类中的“任何一个”。
A virus is a very small living thing that causes disease.
病毒是一种引发疾病的微生物。
(2)表示泛指。当说话人第一次提及某人或某物时通常用不定冠词，因此由不定冠词构成的名词词组往往带有不确定的含义，相当于“a certain”。
The story happened in a small town in Victoria.
故事发生在维多利亚的一个小镇上。
(3)表示量指。不定冠词表示“一”这个数量，但数的概念没有one强烈。
I watch TV for six or seven hours a day.
我一天要看六七个小时的电视。
(4)表示“每一”，相当于per，用在表示价格、速度、频率等的短语中。
Prices start at ￡13.95 a yard for printed cotton.
印花棉布以每码13.95英镑的价格起售。
(5)表示“同一，相同”，相当于“the same”。
They happen to be of an age and wear clothes of a color.
他们碰巧同龄而且穿着同样颜色的衣服。
2．不定冠词用于固定搭配中
as a result因此，结果　　　　 as a rule通常
as a whole大体上 as a matter of fact事实上
at a loss不知所措 in a hurry匆忙
in a word总之 in a sense在某种意义上
in a way在某种程度上 in a short while不久
keep an eye on照看，留意 pay a visit to拜访
put an end to结束 once in a while偶尔
once upon a time从前 all of a sudden突然
be on a diet节食 have a gift for在某方面有天赋
have/catch a cold感冒 make a living谋生
have/take a rest休息 give sb. a lift让某人搭便车

[命题点感悟]
单句语法填空
① (2017·浙江11月高考)Like many things in life, it's ________ ongoing process, and the best part of the process is that there's enough room for improvement.
解析：an　process为可数名词，表示“过程”，此处为泛指，又因空格处后面有一个限定词ongoing，其发音以元音音素开头，故应填不定冠词an。
②(2017·浙江6月高考)For Pahlsson, its return was _______wonder.
解析：a　wonder为可数名词，表示“奇迹，奇事”，此处为泛指，故要用不定冠词a。
③(2017·全国卷Ⅰ) When fat and salt are removed from food, the food tastes as if it is missing something. As _________ result, people will eat more food to try to make up for that something missing.
解析：a　as a result为固定搭配，意为“结果”。
④(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)Instead, she is earning ￡6,500 a day as ________ model in New York.
解析：a　此处意为“作为纽约的一名模特”，在单数可数名词model前应该使用不定冠词a，表示“一，一名”。
⑤(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)They live far from the school, and it takes them about ________ hour and a half to go to work every day.
解析：an　hour的读音以元音音素开头，且是可数名词，所以填an。
⑥(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)Give your body and brain a rest by stepping outside for _______ while, exercising, or doing something you enjoy.
解析：a　for a while为固定搭配，意为“一会儿”。
⑦(2015·浙江高考)On the right side of the class was the road.I was always interested to see the drivers in ________ hurry in the morning.
解析：a　in a hurry“匆匆忙忙”，为固定短语。

定冠词the的用法及固定搭配

1．定冠词the的用法
(1)表示特指的人或物，或者双方都知道的或心中都明白的人或物，或者指上文已经提到过的人或事物。
Do you know the man standing at the gate of the door?
你认识那个站在门口的人吗？
(2)用在世界上独一无二的名词前。
The earth goes around the sun.
地球围绕太阳转。
(3)用于序数词、形容词的最高级前。
Is this the first time you have visited Qingdao?
这是你第一次游览青岛吗？
China is one of the richest countries in natural resources in the world.在自然资源方面，中国是世界上最富有的国家之一。
(4)用在表示姓氏的复数名词之前，表示一家人或夫妻俩；或用于形容词/分词前，表示一类人或物。
the wounded 伤员　the rich 富人
(5)用在逢十的年代前，表示“在某世纪几十年代”。
in the 1990's在20世纪90年代
(6)用在“by＋the＋单位计量词”中。
I hired the car by the hour.
我按小时租车。
(7)用在表示身体部位的名词前，表示“打、抓住某人身体的某个部位”。
The police caught the thief by the arm.
警察抓住了小偷的胳膊。
(8)与形容词或副词的比较级连用，一般用于以下两种情况：
①用于“the＋比较级．..，the＋比较级．..”结构中，表示“越……越……”之意。
The more we do for the people, the happier we'll be.
我们为人民做得越多就越幸福。
②用在“the＋比较级＋of the two”结构中，表示“两个中较……的一个”。
She is the taller of the two girls.
她是两个女孩子中个子较高的那一个。
2．定冠词the用于固定搭配中
make the most/best of充分利用　 in the end最后
by the way顺便说一下 in the distance在远处
in the way挡道 on the whole总的来说
at the same time同时 on the other hand另一方面
to tell the truth说实话 for the time being暂时
on the spot在现场 not in the least一点也不
the other day前几天 take the place of代替
at the moment此刻，目前 to the point中肯，切题
in the middle of在……中间 all the best一切顺利

[命题点感悟]
单句语法填空
①(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)Corn production has jumped nearly 125 percent over ________ past 25 years, while rice has increased only 7 percent.
解析：the　此处特指过去的25年，故用the。
②(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)Unexpectedly, I'm face­to­face with the gorilla, who begins screaming at ________ top of her lungs.
解析：the　at the top of one's lungs为固定搭配，意为“尽量大声地，声嘶力竭地”。
③(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)I still remember how hard ________ first day was.
解析：the/my　表示第几天，序数词前要加定冠词the或者用限定词进行修饰。
④(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)This included digging up the road, laying the track and then building a strong roof over _______ top.
解析：the　top是名词，前面要用冠词，此处特指在(地铁的)顶部建造一个结实的顶，所以用定冠词the。
⑤(2016·浙江高考)Every time he arrived home at ________ end of the day, we'd greet him at the door.
解析：the　at the end of“在……结束时”，为固定搭配。
⑥(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)The nursery team switches him every few days with his sister so that while one is being bottle­fed, ________ other is with mum — she never suspects.
解析：the　此处表示双胞胎大熊猫中的另一只，两者之间的“另一个”应该使用the other。
⑦(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)But in that case, we will learn little about ________ world.
解析：the　此处特指我们所生活的这个世界。
⑧(2015·全国卷Ⅱ)The adobe dwellings (土坯房) built by the Pueblo Indians of the American Southwest are admired by even________ most modern of architects and engineers.
解析：the　在形容词最高级的前面用定冠词the。



零冠词的用法及固定搭配

1．零冠词的用法
(1)专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词、人名、地名等名词前，一般不加冠词。
He is living in Canada now.
他现在住在加拿大。
(2)季节、月份、星期、节日、假日、一日三餐前一般不加冠词。
We usually have breakfast at 7 o'clock.
我们通常7点吃早饭。
(3)在学科名称、球类运动、棋类游戏等名词前不用冠词。
I'm interested in English.我对英语很感兴趣。
He is fond of playing chess.他喜欢下棋。
(4)表示头衔和职务的名词作表语、同位语或宾语补足语时，其前通常不用冠词。
Dr. Peter Spence, headmaster of the school, told us, “A fifth of pupils here go on to study at Oxford and Cambridge.”
这所学校的校长彼得·斯彭思博士告诉我们说：“这里五分之一的学生都会到牛津大学或者剑桥大学继续学习。”
(5)用于与by连用的表示交通工具、通信工程的名词前。
Are you going there by plane or by ship?
你是乘飞机还是乘船去那里？
(6)系动词turn(变成)后跟单数名词作表语时不用冠词。
His brother has turned writer.
他弟弟已成为一名作家。
(7)在as/though引导的部分倒装句中，“零冠词＋单数名词＋as/though＋主语＋谓语”意为“尽管……但是……”。
Hero as he is, he has some shortcomings.
尽管他是个英雄，但是他也有一些缺点。
(8)用在“名词＋介词短语”的独立主格结构中。
The teacher came in, book in hand.
老师手里拿着一本书走进来。
2．零冠词用于固定搭配中
at present目前 　　　　　 take part in参加
in peace平静 by chance/accident碰巧
on purpose故意 on second thoughts再一想
ahead of time提前 in advance提前
by law根据法律 by mistake由于差错
under repair处于维修中 lose heart灰心
day and night整日整夜 from morning till night从早到晚
out of control失控 out of work失业
in danger处于危险之中 at risk有危险

[专题过关训练]
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．And it evaluates how well you combine your listening, reading, speaking and writing skills (skill) to perform academic tasks.
2．Many of these had benefited from the government's special new policies encouraging people to start their own businesses (business)．
3．My immediate excitement gave in to excuses (excuse) as the weeks passed.
4．The British have many traditions_(tradition) but there is nothing more quintessential (典型的) than taking afternoon tea.
5．Some people are so rude. Who sends an e­mail or a text message that just says “Thank you”？
6．The teacher decided to teach us a very important lesson.
7．We also visited the Three Gorges Dam, a symbol of Chinese pride and power.
8．No one will ever know what mix of talent, ambition, energy and luck made Dickens such a distinguished writer.
9．Personally, I think teachers and parents should take measures (measure) to limit their children's Internet time.
10．This isn't the first time technology has changed our manners (manner)．
11．Antarctica, the coldest place on Earth, is the fifth largest continent in the world.
12．When my father bought me a computer as a birthday present last year, I felt very excited.
13．The camp is at the bottom of a mountain close to a beautiful river.
14．It is a great honour for me to take part in the volunteer work, and I learn the significance of helping others.
Ⅱ.运用语法写靓句
1．被邀请来参加这次聚会我深感荣幸。(consider, honor)
I_consider_it_a_great_honor_to_be_invited_to_this_party.
2．如果您能帮我，我将感激不尽。(appreciate, hand)
I_would_appreciate_it_if_you_could_give_me_a_hand.
3．作为一名英语方面的专家，您能否就如何提升英语写作技能给我一些建议？(expert, give sb. some advice on)
As_an_expert_in_English,_can_you_give_me_some_advice_on_how_to_improve_my_writing_skills?
4．都说老师们过着简朴的生活，但我认为当老师很有意义。(be said to, live, meaningful)
Teachers_are_said_to_live_a_simple_life,_but_I_think_being_a_teacher_is_meaningful.
5．张华，我们班的班长，昨天被选为我们学校的学生会主席。(monitor, elect, the Students' Union)
Zhang_Hua,_monitor_of_our_class,_was_elected_chairman_of_the_Students'_Union_of_our_school_yesterday.
6．我写信是想让您帮我个忙。(favor)
I_am_writing_to_ask_you_to_do_me_a_favor.
Ⅲ.语法填空
(2019·浙江“七彩阳光”五校联考)The tea culture of China is __1__ (amaze) and has a long history.Tea drinking was widespread in China for about one thousand years before __2__ (appear) in Europe.
Tea drinking in China enjoys wide popularity.Many people nowadays go to expensively decorated teahouses __3__ (talk) business.However, tea drinking is very complex.Many factors contribute to __4__ enjoyable experience.It starts with the surroundings.In the past, tea drinking took place in a setting __5__ “spring water runs oil marble”．At present, in order to create such atmosphere, teahouses __6___ (decorate) with traditional paintings and furniture.Besides, there is always a __7__ (perform) of a traditional Chinese musical instrument, such as the guzheng, pipa and erhu.
Black tea, together __8__ green tea, oolong tea and pu'er tea __9__ (rank) the top four favourites.The first three types of tea are processed using similar methods but pu'er tea uses a __10__ (total) different method.

1．amazing　应用形容词形式作表语，amazing“令人吃惊的”。
2．appearing　介词before后应用动名词形式。
3．talking/to talk　此处表示伴随或目的，故用现在分词或动词不定式。
4．an　experience此处作“经历”讲，为可数名词，用不定冠词表示泛指；又因enjoyable的读音是以元音音素开头的单词，故用an。
5．where　先行词为setting，在定语从句中关系词作地点状语，故用where。
6．are decorated　主语teahouses与decorate之间为被动关系，根据时间状语“At present”可知应用一般现在时的被动语态。
7．performance　不定冠词后应用名词形式。
8．with　together with为固定搭配，意为“与……一起”。
9．ranks　together with连接名词作主语时，谓语动词与第一个名词保持一致，故此处的动词用第三人称单数。
10．totally　修饰形容词different应用副词形式。
专题二代__词

人称代词、物主代词与反身代词

类别
功能
第一人称
第二人称
第三人称
主格
作主语、表语
I
we
you
you
he
she
it
they
宾格
作宾语、同位语、表语
me
us
you
you
him
her
it
them
形容词性物主代词
作定语
my
our
your
your
his
her
its
their
名词性物主代词
作主语、表语或宾语
mine
ours
yours
yours
his
hers
its
theirs
反身代词
作宾语、表语或同位语
myself
ourselves
yourself
yourselves
himself
herself
itself
themselves

1．人称代词
(1)人称代词作主语用主格，作宾语、表语用宾格，但应注意以下两种情况：
①作主语的人称代词如果孤立地使用于无谓语动词的句子中，或在这种句子中与动词不定式连用，常用宾格。
—Susan, go and join your sister cleaning the yard.
—Why me？John is sitting there doing nothing.
——苏珊，去和你姐姐一起打扫院子。
——为什么我去？约翰坐在那里什么也没做。
②含比较级的句子中than, as后用主格、宾格都可以。
He is taller than me (I)．
他比我高。
但在下列句子中有区别：
I like Jack as much as her.＝ I like both Jack and her.
我喜欢杰克，也喜欢她。
I like Jack as much as she.＝I like Jack and she likes him, too.　
我喜欢杰克，她也喜欢他。
(2)两个以上的人称代词并列，其次序排列原则：
在并列主语中，“I”总是放在最后，排列顺序为：二 三 一(人称)。宾格me也一样。
You, she and I will be in charge of the case.
我、你和她三人将负责这个案件。
2．物主代词
(1)形容词性物主代词相当于形容词。置于名词之前，作定语。
(2)名词性物主代词相当于名词，在句中作主语、表语、宾语或与of连用作定语。
I am an admirer of yours.
我是你的粉丝。
3．反身代词
　含有反身代词的习惯用语
devote oneself to　　　　　　　 致力于
dress oneself 自己穿衣
enjoy oneself 玩得高兴
help oneself to 随便吃，随便用
hide oneself 把自己藏起来
make oneself at home 不受拘束
say to oneself 心里想
seat oneself 坐下
teach oneself 自学
come to oneself 恢复知觉
behave oneself 表现得体，有礼貌
apply oneself to 致力于
by oneself 独自地
of oneself 自动地　　　

[命题点感悟]
单句语法填空
①(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)When the gorillas and I frightened each other, I was just glad to find________ (they) alive.
解析：them　空格前面是动词find，空格处作宾语应用宾格，故填them，指代上文的gorillas。
②(2017·浙江6月高考)“She thought I had hurt ________(I)，” says Pahlsson.
解析：myself　句意：Pahlsson说：“她以为我伤到了自己”。根据前面的主语I可知，此处要用反身代词作宾语。
③(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)About one month after this photo was taken, I entered my second year of high school ...This picture often brings back to me many happy memories of ________ (I) high school days.
解析：my　此处意为“这张照片常常让我想起我高中时的许多快乐的记忆”，故应该填形容词性物主代词my。
④(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)On my recent visit, I held a lively three­month­old twin that had been rejected by _______ (it) mother.
解析：its　句意：在最近的一次参观中，我抱着一对可爱的、三个月大的双胞胎大熊猫中的一只，这只大熊猫被它的妈妈遗弃了。此处应该使用形容词性物主代词its作定语。
⑤(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)If we go on a trip abroad, we can broaden ________ (we) view and gain knowledge we cannot get from books.
解析：our　根据前面的主语we可知，此处要用our，表示“能够开阔我们的视野”。
⑥(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)At first, I thought I knew everything and could make decisions by ________ (I).
解析：myself　根据语境可知，此处指“我自己做决定”，故应用myself。
⑦(2016·四川高考)When he came back, I found a bunch of flowers in ________ (he) hand.
解析：his　由前面的“When he came back”可知，这束花是在“他的(his)”手里。
⑧(2015·全国卷Ⅱ)Five minutes later, Tony saw ________ (he) parents.
解析：his　根据语境及英语表达习惯，应当在parents前用与主语Tony相一致的物主代词his。



it的用法

1．指天气、时间、距离、环境等。
It often rains here in summer.(表示天气)
这里夏天时常下雨。
It is twenty miles from here to the village.(表示距离)
从这里到那个村庄有20英里路。
2．代替前面提过的事物。
—What's in the picture？图画里是什么？
—It is a cat.是一只猫。
3．当说话者不清楚或没必要知道说话对象的性别时，可用it来表示。
Is it a boy or a girl？是男孩还是女孩？
4．用作形式主语或形式宾语，代替不定式、动名词或从句。常用于下列句型：
(1)it作形式主语的常用句型：
①It＋be＋adj./n.＋(for/of sb.)＋不定式
②It is no good/no use/useless/of no use doing sth.
③It's (well) worth doing sth.
④It＋be＋名词短语(a pity/a fact/no wonder/...)/adj.＋that从句
⑤It＋特殊动词(seems/appears/turned out/occurred to sb./...)＋that从句
⑥It＋be＋过去分词＋that从句
⑦It＋takes＋(sb.) some time/some money to do sth.
(2)it作形式宾语的常用句型：
①主语＋think/believe/suppose/consider/feel/make/keep/find/...＋it＋adj./n. (for/of sb.) to do/从句
②主语＋think/believe/suppose/consider/feel/make/keep/find/...＋it＋useless/worth/worthwhile/no use/no good/a waste of time (money/energy ...)＋doing ...
③主语＋think/believe/suppose/consider/feel/make/keep/find/...＋it＋important/necessary/natural/essential/clear＋that ... (should) ...
It is the teachers' duty to teach the students.
教学生是老师的职责。
I have made it clear that nobody is allowed to smoke here.
我已经讲得很清楚，任何人不准在这儿吸烟。
5．用于like, enjoy, hate, love, appreciate等表示喜欢、情感的动词以及depend on/upon, see to等动词短语后，再接when, if, that等引导的从句。
I'd appreciate it if you could attend our party.
如果你能参加我们的聚会，我将不胜感激。
[命题点感悟]
单句语法填空
①(2018·浙江6月高考)Many westerners who come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap ________ can be to eat out.
解析：it　此处应用it作形式主语，动词不定式短语to eat out为真正的主语。
②(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)If you are time poor, you need run for only half the time to get the same benefits as other sports, so perhaps we should all give______ a try.
解析：it/running　根据句意可知，此处表示“我们都应该尝试着跑跑步”，故填代词it，指代上文的running，此处也可直接填名词running。
③(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)However, the railway quickly proved to be a great success and within six months, more than 25,000 people were using ________every day.
解析：it　此处用it指代上文的“the railway”。
④(2015·浙江高考)Close to the school there was a beautiful park with many trees around ________.
解析：it　a beautiful park为单数，故应用it指代。

不定代词

1．both, all, either, any, neither, none的用法
　 词义
指代　　　　　　　
都
任何
都不
两个人或物
both
either
neither
三个或三个以上的人或物；不可数名词
all
any
none
I've bought two books; you can have either.
我买了两本书，你要哪本都行。
I'm sorry I can't lend you any (money)．
对不起，我不能借给你(钱)。
None of this money is mine.
这笔钱没有一点是我的。
[名师指津]　any 表示“一些”，多用于否定句、疑问句和条件句中；用于肯定句中，表示“任何的或任何一个”。
Any child can do that.任何一个孩子都能做到。
2．one, another, the other, some, others, the others的用法


一个/一些
另外一个/一些
剩余的一个/一些
单数
one
another
the other
复数
some
others
the others
I don't like this hat. Please show me another one.
我不喜欢这顶帽子。请让我看看另外一顶。
I have two books: one is English, and the other is French.我有两本书，一本是英语的，另一本是法语的。
Some are Chinese; others are Americans.
一些是中国人，另外一些是美国人。
There are many books on the table. Some are English, and the others are Chinese.
桌子上有许多书。一些是英语的，其余的是汉语的。
3．none, nobody/no one, nothing的用法

指代
用来回答
相当于
none
人或物
how many/ much
not a/an/any＋名词或“no＋名词”
nobody/no one
人
who
not anyone/ not anybody
nothing
物
what
not anything
—How much money do you have？你有多少钱？
—None.一点也没有。
I wished someone could help me, but there was no one at the moment.我希望当时有人能帮我，但当时没有人。
—Who is in the room？谁在屋里？
—No one/Nobody.没有人。
—What are you doing now？你现在在做什么？
—Nothing.什么也没做。
[名师指津]　none后面可跟of短语，而something/anything/everything/nothing和someone/anyone/everyone/no one却不能。
None of them knew about the plan because it was kept a secret.
他们中没有人知道那项计划，因为那还是个秘密。
4．many, much, few, little, a few, a little的用法


不同点
相同点
many/much
many修饰或替代可数名词复数；much修饰或替代不可数名词
两者都表示“许多”
few/little
few修饰或替代可数名词复数；little修饰或替代不可数名词
用于否定句，表示“几乎没有”
a few/a little
a few修饰或替代可数名词复数；a little修饰或替代不可数名词
用于肯定句，表示“一些”
He can speak a little French, but he knows little English.
他能说点法语，但几乎不懂英语。
5．不定代词用于固定搭配中
nothing but　　　　　　 仅仅，只是
anything but 决不
something of 有几分，略微
or something 诸如此类的人或物
all but 几乎，差不多
every other day 每隔一天
each other (两者)互相
one another (三者或三者以上)互相

[命题点感悟]
单句语法填空
①(2015·陕西高考)My soccer coach retired last week. I wanted to do ________ special for him at his retirement party.
解析：something　在肯定句中一般用something，表示“一些事”。
②(2015·四川高考)We've been spending a lot of time singing in karaoke bars. It's been three Saturdays now and it really costs me ________.
解析：much　此处指的是花费很多钱，代指不可数名词，故填much。
[专题过关训练]
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．They had to chase the overprotective mother away first, so that they could get close enough to rescue the baby.
2．When tea and coffee were first introduced to Europe in the 18th century, people had different ideas about their (they) use.
3．It is important to think about the people of a destination country and how tourism affects them.
4．Yesterday evening, just before dusk, I spotted a pigeon badly tied up with a sharp string, hitting the wall and the tree branches, to free himself (he) from the kite string.
5．Many singles say the regular dating scene has just led them from one bad experience to_another and are ready to try something else.
6．Nobody likes to talk about death, but the reality is — everyone is going to die at one point, but none of us know the day, or the hour.
7．All of us have read thrilling stories. In many of them (they) the hero had only a limited and specified time to live.
8．Both teams were in hard training; neither was willing to lose the game.
9．Some great people can see possibilities where_others see only problems.
10．When we look at someone, maybe even ourselves (us), we see the external clay.
11．My parents took me to see our doctor, who told me it was a good idea to eat only a little.
12．It is a very precious present from my (I) Canadian teacher, which I treasure very much.
13．My father is the man I respect most. Strict as he may be, he never fails to show his (he) care and consideration.
14．About 36% of them are fond of surfing the Internet, which helps them (they) know about the latest news and current affairs in the world.
15．Yesterday, one of my favorite stamps was lost, which made me really upset. I looked for it everywhere and asked everybody in the room, but still couldn't find it.
Ⅱ.运用语法写靓句
1．我打算本周六上午去拜访您，不知您那时是否有时间。(wonder)
I_am_visiting_you_this_Saturday_morning._I_wonder_whether/if_you_will_be_available_then.
2．(2017·天津高考书面表达)我写信告诉你最近我生活和学习的一些事。(recent)
I'm_writing_to_tell_you_something_about_my_life_and_study_in_recent_days.
3．一些人支持这个观点，然而，其他人强烈反对它。(in favor of, strongly against)
Some_are_in_favor_of_the_idea;_however,_others_are_strongly_against_it.
4．在我看来，我们学生应当遵守学校制度，做学校让我们做的事情。(in one's opinion, obey, whatever)
In_my_opinion,_we_students_should_obey_the_regulations_of_our_school,_and_do_whatever_our_school_asks_us_to_do.
5．你告诉我你是否方便好吗？(convenient)
Would_you_tell_me_if_it's_convenient_for_you?
6．张老师是一位非常受人尊重的老师，一位我们永远都不会忘记的老师。(most, respected)
Mr._Zhang_is_a_most_respected_teacher,_one_we'll_never_forget.
Ⅲ.语法填空
(2019·杭州模拟)Flying cars may soon become a __1__ (real)．The rideshare service Uber has asked __2__ expert from NASA, the American space agency, __3__ (help) the company develop cars that can fly.
Uber plans to use flying vehicles __4__ the future to avoid traffic in and around cities.The company wants to use small, totally electric aircraft, __5__ could take off and land like a helicopter on top of parking garages.Uber said its flying vehicles would be much __6__ (quiet), cost less to operate and produce less pollution than helicopters.
One person in San Francisco __7__ (write) on Twitter, “I used to think that the flying car was a ridiculous idea. __8__ I changed my mind this morning when I sat in heavy traffic.”Another person added from Mumbai, India：“I'm reading about Uber __9__ (hire) a NASA engineer to build flying cars, while I'm stuck in traffic.There is hope.”
The expert predicts there will be several early models of cars that can't fly __10__ (they) but with human pilots within one to three years.

1．reality　冠词后面应用名词，此处表示“飞行汽车将成为现实”。
2．an　此处指来自NASA的一名专家。expert为可数名词，且在此为单数，expert的读音以元音音素开头，此处为泛指，所以填an。
3．to help　Uber公司要求来自NASA的一位专家去帮助公司开发能飞行的汽车，故用to help。ask sb. to do sth.“请求某人做某事”。
4．in　固定短语in the future意为“在将来”。
5．which　先行词为aircraft，非限制性定语从句的关系词代指物，应用which，不能用that。
6．quieter　根据下文的“than”可知，此处为比较级。
7．wrote　一位在旧金山的人在Twitter网站上写文章。事情发生在过去，所以用一般过去时。
8．But　used to do意为“过去常常”，含有“现在不这样”的意思，故此处表示转折。过去认为(研制)飞行汽车是个荒谬的主意，但是今天早上当我被困在拥堵的交通中时，我改变了想法。
9．hiring　hire与其逻辑主语Uber之间是主动关系，且与句子谓语之间没有连词，故用现在分词hiring。
10．themselves　此处指“several early models of cars”，故用反身代词，表示“汽车模型自己飞行”。

专题三形容词与副词


形容词和副词的原级
1．用法
(1)表示双方在程度、性质、特征等某方面相等时，用“as＋形容词/副词的原级＋as” “as＋形容词＋a(n)＋单数名词＋as”“as＋many/much＋复数名词/不可数名词＋as”的结构；
Henry is a worker as good as Peter (is)．＝Henry is as good a worker as Peter (is)．
亨利和彼得一样都是好工人。
It is generally believed that teaching is as much an art as it is a science.
人们普遍认为，教学是一门科学，同时也是一门艺术。
(2)表示双方不相等时，用“not so/as＋形容词/副词的原级＋as”的结构；
Henry does not have so/as many books as I have.
亨利的书不如我的多。
[名师指津]　as＋形容词＋as＋数量词＝数量词＋形容词
The building is as tall as 100 meters.＝The building is 100 meters tall.
这幢楼有100米高。
2．as ...as结构前可用almost, exactly, half, just, nearly, quite等修饰，表示程度。
Let's walk. It's just as quick as taking the bus.
咱们走路去吧，这和坐公共汽车去一样快。

形容词和副词的比较级与最高级

1．比较级与最高级的构成
(1)规则变化：












词形分类及变化构成
原级
比较级
最高级
单音节词和少数双音节词
一般加­er或­est
tall strong
taller stronger
tallest strongest
以不发音的e结尾的，只加­r或­st
nice late
nicer later
nicest latest
以重读闭音节结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母的，先双写该辅音字母再加­er或­est
big hot thin fat
bigger hotter thinner fatter
biggest hottest thinnest fattest
以“辅音字母＋y”结尾的，先变y为i再加­er或­est
happy easy early
happier easier earlier
happiest easiest earliest
其他双音节词和多音节词
在前面加more或most
difficult beautiful
more difficult，more beautiful
most difficult，most beautiful

[名师指津]　有些形容词和副词没有程度可分或形容词和副词本身就是某种程度，因此没有比较级和最高级。如right, wrong, excellent, extreme, perfect, possible, empty, greatly, very等。
(2)不规则变化：
原级
比较级
最高级
good/well
better
best
bad (badly)/ill
worse
worst
many/much
more
most
little
less
least
far
farther/further
farthest/furthest
old
older/elder
oldest/eldest

[名师指津]　①farther和farthest分别指时间或空间上“较远”“最远”。②elder不能与than连用，只能用作定语修饰名词，且仅用于同辈之间的排行。elder sister姐姐；elder brother哥哥。
2．比较级的用法
(1)比较级的常见结构
①表示一方不及另一方时，用“less＋原级＋than”结构。
This computer is less expensive than mine.
这部电脑没有我的贵。
②表示一方程度随另一方程度平行变化时，用“the＋比较级．.., the＋比较级．..”，意为“越……就越……”。
The busier he is, the happier he feels.
他越忙就越感到高兴。
③不与其他事物相比较，表示本身程度的改变时，用“比较级＋and＋比较级”结构，意为“越来越……”。
Our school is becoming more and more beautiful.
我们学校变得越来越漂亮了。
④表示“和……一样不……”时，用“no＋比较级＋than”结构。
You are no taller than I．你和我一样矮。
⑤“the＋比较级＋of the two＋名词”表示“两个中较……的那个”。
The taller of the two boys is my brother.
那两个男孩中较高的那个是我的哥哥。
(2)比较级形式表示最高级意义的表达方式

I have never spent a more worrying day.
这是我度过的最令人焦虑的一天。
I can't agree more.我完全同意。
He is better at English than anything else.
他最擅长英语。
Every morning he arrives earlier than any other student in the class.
＝Every morning he arrives earlier than all the other students in the class.
＝Every morning he arrives earlier than anyone else in the class.
＝Every morning he arrives earlier than any of the other students in the class.
＝Every morning he arrives earlier than the rest of students in the class.
每天早上他都是班里来得最早的。
(3)修饰比较级的常用词和短语有rather, much, still, even, far, a lot, a little, a great deal, (by) far, a bit等。
The students study even harder than before.
学生们比以前学习更努力了。
3．最高级的用法
(1)形容词最高级(＋名词)＋表示范围的状语
She is the most active student in our class.
她是我们班最活跃的学生。
(2)one of＋形容词最高级＋名词复数
Shanghai is one of the biggest cities in our country.
＝Shanghai is among the biggest cities in our country.
上海是我国最大的城市之一。
(3)序数词＋形容词最高级＋名词
Africa is the second largest continent in the world.
非洲是世界上第二大洲。
(4)常用的最高级的修饰语有by far, nearly, almost, by no means, not really以及序数词等。
I'd like to buy the second most expensive camera.
我想买便宜一点的照相机。
[名师指津]　by far通常用来修饰最高级，但也可修饰比较级，修饰比较级时，一般放在比较级后面，若在前面，应在两者之间加the。
The book is better by far than that one.
这本书要比那本书好得多。
He is by far the taller of the two brothers.
他是两兄弟中较高的那一个。

[命题点感悟]
单句语法填空
①(2018·浙江6月高考)There could be an even ________ (high) cost on your health.
解析：higher　此处表示这么做可能还会让你付出更高的健康代价。根据even可判断，此处要用形容词的比较级。
②(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)According to a review of evidence in a medical journal, runners live three years ________ (long) than non­runners.
解析：longer　根据空后的than和语境可知，此处应该使用副词比较级形式，故填longer。
③(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)He screams the ________ (loud) of all.
解析：loudest　根据空前的the以及空后的of all可知此处应用最高级。
④(2017·浙江11月高考)One of the ________ (effect) ways to build vocabulary is to read good books.
解析：effective/most effective　空格处作ways的定语故用形容词形式，effective意为“有效的”。此处也可用最高级，表示“最有效的方式之一”。
⑤(2017·浙江6月高考)Sixteen years __________(early), Pahlsson had removed the diamond ring to cook a meal.
解析：earlier　固定表达sixteen years earlier表示“早在16年前”。此时的earlier相当于before，一般直接跟在时间名词的后面。
⑥(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)As a result, people will eat more food to try to make up for that something missing. Even_______ (bad), the amount of fast food that people eat goes up.
解析：worse　根据语境可知，此处表示程度的加深，所以用比较级形式，even worse表示“更糟糕的是”。
⑦(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)If you feel stressed by responsibilities at work, you should take a step back and identify (识别) those of ________(great) and less importance.
解析：greater　根据后面的“and less”可知，此处也要用比较级形式。
⑧(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)They were also the best and ________ (bad) years in my life.
解析：worst　由并列连词and前面的“the best”可知，此处应用形容词的最高级形式。

倍数表达法

常用的倍数表达法：

Our classroom is three times as large as theirs.
＝Our classroom is three times larger than theirs.
＝Our classroom is three times the size of theirs.
我们的教室是他们教室的三倍大。
The length of road is four times what it was three years ago.
这条路的长度是三年前的四倍。

常见的易混词

beside在旁边(或附近)
besides 此外，而且
late迟的，晚的
later后来，以后
latest 最近的，最新的
ago以前(以现在为起点)
before以前(以过去为起点)
somewhere某处
everywhere到处
high 在高处；高
highly 高度地；很；非常
wide广阔地；充分地
widely广泛地；普遍地
deep深深地
deeply深刻地；深沉地
free免费地
freely自由地；畅通地
close接近；紧挨着
closely仔细地；紧密地
hard努力地
hardly几乎不
near在附近
nearly几乎，差不多
[命题点感悟]
单句语法填空
①(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)A few minutes ________ (late), the instructor asked me to stop the car.
解析：later　“一段时间＋late”表示“迟到多长时间”；“一段时间＋later”表示“多长时间之后”。此处表示“几分钟后，教练让我把车停下来”，故填later。
②(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)________ (beside), they often get some useful information from the Internet.
解析：Besides　句意：此外，他们还经常从网上获取一些有用的信息。besides“此外”，是副词。
③(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)I enjoyed studying different kinds of cars and planes, playing pop music, and collecting the ________ (late) music albums.
解析：latest　根据语境可知，“the latest music albums”表示“最新的音乐专辑”，故应用latest。
④(2014·全国卷Ⅰ)Nearly five years ________， and with the help of our father, my sister and I planted some cherry tomatoes (圣女果) in our back garden.
解析：ago　此处表示在说话时之前，故应填ago。
[专题过关训练]
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．Indeed, travelling around this country will truly (true) give you an amazing experience because of its interesting things offered to all types of tourists.
2．Films, books, magazines, etc. give us daily (day) amusement.
3．In some_crowded (crowd) cities, the car has polluted the air so badly that people get sick just from breathing it.
4．For example, it is thought that many physical problems and other conditions are made worse (bad) by an increased level of stress.
5．Most computer applications are in English, so you will understand them better (good)．
6．The better we get into good eating habits, the_happier (happy) our life will become.
7．How much more_beautiful (beautiful) she looked without her glasses!
8．Dr.Barone was my doctor when I was a kid, and even though I was probably just another patient to her, to me she was more (much) than just my doctor.
9．However, just several days later (late), I began to feel tired and couldn't concentrate in class.
10．The more I learn English, the easier (easy) it becomes.
11．Since his family was richer (rich) than mine, he had more toys than I did.
12．I am awfully tired (tire), but I know I'll never fall asleep.
13．E­hongbao is actually (actual) a kind of lucky money from and to relatives and friends during festivals or on special occasions.
14．It is important to have a clearly (clear) defined set of roles and responsibilities for each member.
Ⅱ.运用语法写靓句
1．终于，我们到家了，又累又饿。(arrive, tired)
At_last,_we_arrived_home,_tired_and_hungry.
2．我听说你上周病了。你现在好一点了吗？(ill, better)
I_hear_that_you_were_ill_last_week._Are_you_any_better_now?
3．我认为英语要比数学容易得多、有趣得多。(使用much修饰比较级)
I_think_English_is_much_easier_and_much_more_interesting_than_math.
4．说着容易做着难。(carry out)
It's_easier_said_than_carried_out._
5．现在，学好英语是你最重要的事情。(moment, by far)
At_the_moment,_learning_English_well_is_by_far_the_most_important_thing_for_you._
6．因特网在人们日常生活中起着重要作用。(play)
The Internet is playing an important part in people's daily life.
Ⅲ.语法填空
(2019·金华十校联考)High in thick bamboo forests in the misty, __1__ (rain) mountains of southwestern China __2__ (live) one of the world's rarest mammals: the giant panda, also called the panda. Only about 1,000 of these black­and­white __3__ (relative) of bears survive in the wild.
Pandas eat almost nothing __4__ bamboo shoots and leaves. __5__ (occasion) they eat other plants, fish, or small animals, but bamboo accounts __6__ 99 percent of their diets. Pandas eat fast; they eat a lot, and they spend about 12 hours a day __7__ (do) it. The reason is that they digest only about a __8__ (five) of what they eat. Overall, bamboo is not very nutritious. To stay healthy, they have to eat a lot — up to 15 percent of their body weight in 12 hours — so they eat fast.
Pandas' molars (臼齿) are very broad and flat. The shape of these teeth helps the animals crush the bamboo shoots, leaves, and stems they eat. __9__ (get) the bamboo to their mouths, they hold the stems with their front claws, which have enlarged wrist bones that act as thumbs for grasping things. A panda should have at least two bamboo species where it lives, or it will starve. Pandas are shy; they never leave areas __10__ they live. This restricts pandas to very limited areas.

1．rainy　此处与misty并列修饰名词mountains，故应用形容词形式。
2．lives　句子的主语为“one of the world's rarest mammals”，故谓语动词应用第三人称单数形式。
3．relatives　relative为可数名词，且此处被these修饰，因此用复数形式。
4．but　nothing but意为“除了……外什么也不”。
5．Occasionally　此处作状语应用副词形式。
6．for　account for为固定搭配，意为“占(比例)”。
7．doing　spend time (in) doing sth.为固定搭配，意为“花费时间做某事”。
8．fifth　此处指五分之一，分母用序数词表示。
9．To get　作目的状语应用动词不定式。
10．where　先行词为areas，定语从句中关系词作地点状语，故用关系副词where。
专题四介词与介词短语

介　词
(一)方位介词
1．图解常见的方位介词

2．along, through, across, over
介词
用法
例句
along
表示“沿着”某一路径行进
I saw them running together along the road yesterday.
昨天我看见他们沿着马路一起跑。
through
意为“穿过”，表示从内部空间通过
The Great Wall winds its way from west to east, across deserts, over mountains, through valleys, till at last it reaches the sea.
长城从西向东蜿蜒而行，横穿沙漠，越过高山，穿过峡谷，最后抵达大海。
across
表示“横穿”，强调从某一物体的表面通过
over
意为“越过”，表示从……上方过去

3．at, on, to, in
介词
用法
例句
at
其后一般接较小的地点。接地名时，常将此地视为空间的一点
My elder sister lives at 105 Beijing Road.
我姐姐住在北京路105号。
on
表示两地接壤
Guangdong is on the southeast of Guangxi; Fujian lies to the south of Jiangsu and all of them are in China.
广东在广西的东南方向，福建在江苏南边，它们都位于中国。
to
表示两地不接壤
in
其后一般接大地方或表示在某个范围之内

4．between, among
(1)between在……之间(指两者)，常和and连用。
The building stands between the park and the small river.
那栋楼位于公园和小河之间。
(2)among在……之间(指三者或三者以上)。
We'll visit a town among the mountains.
我们将要参观一个被群山环绕的小镇。
[名师指津]　如果指三个及三个以上的人或物中的每两个之间，仍然要用between。
Switzerland lies between France, Italy, Austria and Germany.
瑞士位于法国、意大利、奥地利和德国之间。
(二)时间介词
1．in, after
in表时间，常表示“在……之内”，有时in还有“在……之后”的意思，但表示此意时，必须具备两个条件：(1)所在句子的谓语动词必须表将来；(2)后面必须是一段时间。这两个条件缺一不可，否则用after或later。
My father will be back in three days.
我父亲将在三天以后回来。
My father will be back after three o'clock.
我父亲将在3点后回来。
My father came back after three days/three days later.
我父亲是三天后回来的。
2．for, from, since

介词
用法
for
接时间段，表示行为或状态持续了多久
from
接时间点，表示行为或状态的起始点，而不涉及其持续时间的长短
since
接时间点，不仅表示行为或状态的起始点，而且还强调该行为或状态从起始点一直持续到说话的时刻，因而常与延续性动词的完成时连用
Mr. Brown enjoyed the country life and lived there for almost fifteen years after his retirement.
布朗先生喜欢乡村生活，退休后他在那里生活了差不多15年。
My younger sister began to learn dance from the age of five.
我的妹妹从5岁开始学习舞蹈。
Tom has been doing his homework since seven o'clock.
汤姆从7点开始就一直做他的家庭作业。
3．during, through, over
(1)during指某个动作或状态在某个时间段里或整个过程中断断续续地发生过多次，或在整个时间段里的某一点发生过，起止时间比较明显。
He often falls asleep during the class.
课堂上他常常打瞌睡。
(2)through：在……期间；从……开头到结尾(所指时间包括在内，此时与throughout相同)。
Tom bore up well under the strain of supporting his family through his father's illness.
在他父亲生病期间，汤姆坚强地撑起了养家的压力。
(3)over：在(做)……期间；此外， over还有“贯穿(一时间段)”的意思，相当于during。
We had a pleasant chat over a cup of tea.
我们一边喝茶一边愉快地聊天。
(三)表示工具、手段、方式的介词
1．by, in, on
三个词都可以表示旅行的方式。
(1)不涉及交通工具的名词前用by，名词前不带冠词。如：by sea, by water, by land, by air等。
(2)涉及交通工具的名词前用by，名词需用单数，其前面不加冠词和任何修饰语。如：by bike, by taxi, by plane, by ship/boat, by train, by spaceship等。
(3)当旅行方式涉及特指的交通工具时，用on或in，名词前应有冠词、物主代词、指示代词等修饰语。如：travel to New York on this plane, go to school on my bike等。
[名师指津]　步行、骑马、骑骆驼均用on。如：on foot, on horseback/on a horse, on a camel等。
2．with, in
(1)with用于有形的工具或身体某些器官之前，其后的名词多被冠词、物主代词等修饰。
We see with our eyes, hear with our ears, and walk with our legs.我们用眼睛看，用耳朵听，用腿走路。
(2)in
Please answer me in English.请用英语回答我。
The artist wrote in ink/pencil(＝with a pen/a pencil)．
那个艺术家用钢笔/铅笔写字。
(3)注意以下固定短语：
on/over the telephone/radio通过电话/广播
用这/那种方式
(四)表示原因的介词

介词
用法
with
多用于表示情绪的形容词或身体动作或状态的动词之后，表示某种心理或心理状态的原因
for
多与表示感情的抽象名词或动名词及reason, famous等词连用
from
常接抽象名词，表示自然或间接原因
of
用于某些形容词后，后接与感情相关的人或事
over
常用于带有感情色彩的动词如：cry, quarrel, laugh, sigh等词之后，叙述所发生事情的原因

Her face went red with anger.她气得脸都红了。
The West Lake is famous for its scenery.
西湖以它的景色而闻名。





(五)其他常考的介词
1．except, except for, but, besides, apart from
介词
意义
用法
except
除……外
指整体里面排除部分，其宾语为前面的整体概念词的同类语(一类人或物)
except for
除了……
表示除去整体中的一部分，指对非同类事物的排除，它所叙述的事实或细节部分地修正了句子的主要意思
but
除……之外
常与nobody, none, no one, nothing, anything, all, who等连用，此时可与except换用。后接名词、代词或不定式
besides
除……外
(尚)有
句中常有other, others, also, else等词，相当于in addition to
apart from
除……(别无)，
除……外(尚)有
可用来替换besides, except, except for等

He answered all the questions except the last one.
除最后一个问题没有回答外，其余所有问题他都回答了。
The composition is good except for a few spelling mistakes.这篇作文写得很好，只是有些拼写错误。
No one but Karl went there.
除卡尔外，没有人去那里。
2．against的用法
含义
例句
反对；违背；
与……相反
Are you for or against the plan?
你是赞成还是反对该计划？
触；碰；撞；紧靠；倚靠
Tired, Jim was fast asleep with his back against a big tree.吉姆累了，背靠着一棵大树很快便睡着了。
与……竞争
We will be competing against the best companies in Europe.
我们将会和欧洲的顶级公司竞争。
防备，抵御
They took measures against the fire.
他们采取了防火措施。
以……为背景，衬托
The hill looks more beautiful against the blue sky.
在蓝天的映衬下，山峰更显美丽。



3．beyond的用法
含义
例句
超出；(指可能性、理解力、能力等)非……可及
The whole problem was quite beyond him.
整个问题他根本无法理解。
(在空间上)在……的那一边，远于
The airport is 20 miles beyond the town.
机场在离城镇二十英里外的地方。
(时间)晚于；迟于
The disco went on until beyond midnight.
迪斯科舞会一直持续到午夜以后。

4．by的用法
含义
例句
(时间)不迟于，在……之前
The documents need to be ready by next Friday.文件需要在下周五前准备好。
(位置)靠近，在……旁边/附近
On a cold evening it is pleasant to sit by the fire.
在寒冷的夜晚，坐在炉火旁边很舒服。
表示“(标准、度量、数量)根据，按照，以……计算”，常用于结构“by＋the＋单数可数名词”
Parcel post is charged by weight and mileage, without reference to contents.
包裹邮递按重量和路程收费，不管所装何物。
(表示程度、数量)相差
The price of oil fell by a further 2 dollars a barrel.油价每桶又下降了两美元。
经过，经由
He walked right by me without even saying hello.他径直从我身边走过，甚至连招呼都不打。
靠，用，通过(某种方式、手段)
You can reserve the tickets by phone.
你可以通过电话订票。
5．with的用法
含义
例句
和……一起，和，同，跟
Put this bag with the others.
把这个包和其他的包放在一起。
(表示同时或同一方向)随着
Temperatures vary with the time of the year.温度随时节而变化。
具有，带有
The waiter arrived with a cup of coffee.
服务员端着一杯咖啡来了。
由于，因为
Seeing the dog, he trembled with fear.
看到这只狗，他吓得发抖。
(表示方式)用
What will you do with the tool?
你会用这件工具做什么？

[命题点感悟]
单句语法填空
①(2018·浙江6月高考)If you are not going to suffer this problem, then I suggest that the next time you go to your mum's home ________ dinner, get a few cooking tips from her.
解析：for　此处应使用介词for 表示目的。
②(2017·浙江11月高考)You wouldn't think that a few months of exercise in your teens would be enough ________ the rest of your life.
解析：for　表示“适合于……需要(或目的)，对于”，用介词for。
③(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)After school she plans to take a year off to model full­time before going to university to get a degree ________ engineering or architecture.
解析：in　名词degree意为“学位”，后面应该跟介词in，表示“在……方面”。a degree in engineering or architecture意为“工程学或建筑学学位”。
④(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)When I look at this picture ________ myself, I realize how fast time flies.
解析：of　this picture of myself“我自己的照片”，of表示所属关系。
⑤(2016·浙江10月高考)Drinking my iced coffee I ran my fingers along the streets ________ the hotel to the opera hall.
解析：from　from ... to ...“从……到……”属于一个固定搭配。
⑥(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)Chopsticks are not used everywhere in Asia. In India, for example, most people traditionally eat ________ their hands.
解析：with　with one's hands “用某人的手”。介词with意为“用”。
⑦(2016·四川高考)The mother continued to care for the young panda ________ more than two years.
解析：for　 句意：熊猫妈妈对小熊猫的照顾会持续两年多。“for＋时间段”表示持续一段时间。
⑧(2015·全国卷Ⅰ)Unfortunately, ________ the development of industrialization, the environment has been polluted.
解析：with　with the development of为固定短语，意为“随着……的发展”。





常见介词的搭配
(一)介词与动词构成的搭配
take advantage of　　　　　 利用
thank sb. for sth. 为某事感谢某人
have an effect on 对……有影响
separate ...from 把……与……分开
make a list of 列出一张……的单子
play with 同……一起玩；玩弄
say goodbye to 对……说再见
contribute to 贡献；有助于；促成
provide sb. with sth. 提供某人某物
hold up 举起
rely on 依靠
refer to 提及；参考；查阅
pass by 经过
care about 关心；介意
feel like 想要
call for 需要
pay for 为……付款
apply for 申请
begin with 以……开始
(二)介词与名词构成的搭配
1．at＋n.表示状态
at a loss 不知所措　　　　 at peace 处于和平状态
at war 在战争中 at work 在工作
2．其他以at开头的介词短语
at the beginning of 在……的开始
at the cost of 以……的代价
at the risk of 冒……的危险
at the mercy of 在……支配下；任由……摆布
3．on＋n.表示状态
on exhibition/show 在展出
on fire 着火
on sale 出售，打折
on the way 在途中
on the decrease/increase 在减少/在增加
on holiday/vacation 在度假
4．其他以on开头的介词短语
on account of 因为
on behalf of 代表
on no account/condition 决不
5．by＋n.表示方式
by accident 偶然地 by air/plane 乘飞机
by chance 偶然 by coincidence 碰巧
by hand 用手工 by mistake 错误地
by the day 按天算 by nature 天生地
6．in＋n.表示方式
in cash 用现金付款 in depth 在深度上
in detail 详细地 in height 在高度上
in length 在长度上 in English 用英语
7．其他以in开头的介词短语
in no time立刻 in no way 决不
in place of 代替 in possession of 拥有，占有
in addition to 另外 in charge of 掌管……
in return 作为回报 in spite of 尽管
in exchange for 作为交换 in favor of 支持，赞成
in case of 万一；如果；假使 in honour of 为向……表示敬意
in memory of 为了纪念…… in support of 为支持……
8．of＋n.表示特征(等于相应的形容词)
of benefit 有益处的 of help 有帮助的
of importance 重要的 of significance 有意义的
of use 有用的 of value 有价值的
9．out of＋n.表示状态
out of balance 失去平衡 out of breath 上气不接下气
out of control 失去控制　　 out of date 过期
out of order 发生故障 out of sight 看不见
out of the question 不可能 out of work 失业
10．under＋n.表示被动
under attack 遭到袭击 under pressure 在压力下
under treatment 在治疗中 under control 处于控制之中
11．with＋n.表示方式
with delight/joy 高兴地 with difficulty 困难地
with ease轻而易举地 with fear 害怕地
with pleasure 乐意地
12．beyond＋n.表示“超出……，难以……”
beyond compare无与伦比 beyond reach够不到
beyond description难以描述 beyond expression/words难以表达
(三)介词与其他词构成的搭配
next to紧挨着 instead of代替
apart from除……之外 according to根据
along with随着 together with连同
owing to因为 but for要不是
regardless of不管，不顾 up to直到；由……而定
to and from往返，来来回回 in between在中间，在两者之间
[命题点感悟]
单句语法填空
①(2018·浙江11月高考)One cup of coffee ________ the late afternoon or evening will cause them to stay awake almost all night.
解析：in　in the late afternoon为固定搭配，意为“在傍晚”。
②(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)I was searching ________ these three western lowland gorillas I'd been observing.
解析：for　search for为固定搭配，意为“寻找，搜索”。
③(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible crowds on the roads above as they travelled to and________ work.
解析：from　to and from“往返，来回，来来往往”。to and from work“上下班”。
④(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)It was a relief and I came to a sudden stop just in the middle ________ the road.
解析：of　in the middle of “在……中间”，是固定搭配。
⑤(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)But my connection with pandas goes back ________ my days on a TV show in the mid­1980s ...
解析：to　go back to为固定短语，意为“回到，追溯到”。
⑥(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)Most of us are more focused ________ our tasks in the morning than we are later in the day.
解析：on　句意：我们中的很多人一天中早晨的注意力要比晚些时候更集中。be focused on“专心于，集中于”，为固定短语。
⑦(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)My uncle says that he never dreams ________ becoming rich in a short period of time.
解析：of　固定短语dream of doing sth.意为“梦想做某事”。
⑧(2016·浙江高考)While they chatted, my father would lift my sister and me up to sit ________ the top of the fridge.
解析：on　on the top of为固定搭配，意为“在……的上面/顶端”。
⑨(2015·全国卷Ⅱ)When a new day breaks, the walls have given up their heat and are now cold enough to cool the house during the hot day；________ the same time, they warm up again for the night.
解析：at　at the same time意为“同时”，是固定短语。
⑩(2015·广东高考)He sold or exchanged some of the milk in the towns nearby ________ other food and made cheese and butter for the family with what was left.
解析：for　根据语境可知，他去附近的镇里卖牛奶，或用牛奶换其他的食物。这里用短语exchange ...for ...表示用牛奶换其他的食物。
[专题过关训练]
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．I had a student today who got his finger stuck inside a test tube in science class.
2．Before you pay a visit to a place of interest, look in your local library for a book about it.
3．But in modern societies, the old can also learn from the young.
4．But this summer I find myself at a loss. I'm not quite interested in Balzac.
5．The global journey is led by an expedition leader, Steve Moore, in memory of his father，a firefighter who died of lung cancer at the age of 63.
6．Nowadays some hospitals refer to patients by name, not case number.
7．Sometimes proper answers are not far to seek to food safety problems.
8．If you could exchange lives with someone for a short time, would you like to do that?
9．There was one in particular I'd always wanted.
10．First, talk to someone you trust about how you feel.
11．The London drivers know the shortest way possible without even looking at a map.
12．There had been a terrible accident on the highway and, as a result, there was a long line of traffic for at least six miles.
13．The result is a pure shot of afternoon in the park, making one feel cheerful and peaceful all at once.
14．Sometimes, human beings are too cruel to their best friends — animals.
15．I agree to his suggestion on condition that he drops all charges.
Ⅱ.运用语法写靓句
1．对父母而言，没有什么能与孩子的身心健康相比。(compare, physical and mental health)
As_for_parents,_nothing_can_be_compared_with_their_children's_physical_and_mental_health.
2．得知你在英语学习上有一些困难，我很难过。(have trouble with)
I_am_sorry_to_learn_that_you_are_having_trouble_with_your_English_learning.
3．你该就刚才的所作所为向在场的人道歉。(apologize)
You_should_apologize_to_the_people_present_for_what_you_have_just_done.
4．演出以一段五十多岁的人耳熟能详的经典音乐开始。(begin, familiar)
The_performance_began_with_a_piece_of_classical_music_which_was_familiar_to_people_in_their_fifties.
5．我常把王海误认为他的双胞胎弟弟，因为他们长得太像了。(mistake, look)
I_often_mistake_Wang_Hai_for_his_twin_brother_because_they_look_so_similar/very_much_alike._
6．同时，我要把保护环境整洁健康看作是我的职责。(regard, keep)
At_the_same_time,_I_will_regard_it_as_my_duty_to_keep_our_environment_clean_and_healthy.
Ⅲ.语法填空
I've been a volunteer at Radio Lollipop since May. It is one of the best __1__ (experience) that I've had in the last few years.
Radio Lollipop is an international charity organization __2__ (found) in 1979 to provide care, comfort, games and entertainment for children in hospital. The service is provided __3__ (entire) by volunteers who have been specially selected and trained to make a child's stay in hospital more interesting and less __4__ (frighten)．
I help out regularly on Monday evenings after work at the Royal Hospital. My task is to deliver a smile to the children at the wards (病房) __5__ might be there for a few days or even a couple of months. __6__ is hard to find children on Monday, as the cinema at the hospital is open on that day. Most of them tend __7__ (be) there.
I am __8__ (thank) for this opportunity to help children at the hospital and make their stays more pleasant. The experience also __9__ (help) me deal with the difficulties and challenges that I've been faced with in my own life. I am now more positive in helping others and realize that everyone goes __10__ some pain and suffering from time to time.

1．experiences　根据语境“这是我过去几年最好的经历之一”可知本空应用名词复数。
2．founded　被修饰词“charity organization”与found之间为被动关系，故用过去分词作后置定语。
3．entirely　修饰谓语“is provided”应用副词entirely。
4．frightening　空格处与and 前的interesting为并列成分，同为形容词作宾语补足语，故填frightening。
5．who/that　先行词为“the children”，关系词在从句中作主语，因此用关系代词who/that。
6．It　it作形式主语，代替真正的主语：动词不定式短语“to find children on Monday”。
7．to be　tend to do sth.“倾向于做某事”，因此本空填动词不定式to be。
8．thankful　be thankful for“因……而感激”。
9．helps　根据语境，本句应用一般现在时态，因主语为“The experience”，故谓语动词应用第三人称单数。
10．through　go through“经历；经受”。
专题五动词的时态与语态

一般时态


一般时态
一般现在时
一般过去时
分别表示现在、过去的经常性、习惯性动作或存在的状态
一般将来时
表示将来某一时刻的动作或状态，或将来某一段时间内经常发生的动作或存在的状态
过去将来时
表示从过去某一时间看将要发生的动作

所谓一般时态，表示既不“进行”，又不“完成”。
We have meals three times a day.
我们一日吃三餐。(现在的习惯)
He is always ready to help others.
他总是乐于助人。(现在的状态)
When I was a boy, I often went to play in that park.
我小时候常去那个公园玩。(过去的习惯)
1．一般现在时
(1)一般现在时的构成
一般现在时主要用动词的原形表示，如果主语为第三人称单数，则一般在动词原形后加­s或­es，其变化规则如下表所示：

情况
规则
例词
一般情况
加­s
helps, eats, rises, reads
以­s, ­sh, ­ch, ­x, ­o结尾的动词
加­es
discuss→discusses
teach→teaches
以辅音字母加y结尾的动词
变y为­ies
carry→carries
fly→flies

(2)一般现在时的用法
一般现在时除了可以表示现在的经常性、习惯性动作或存在的状态外，还可表示：
①客观真理、科学事实及自然现象。此用法即使出现在过去语境中，也用一般现在时。
The sun rises in the east.太阳从东方升起。
②用于here, there开头的倒装句中，一般现在时表示现在正在发生的动作或存在的状态。
There goes the bell.铃响了。
Here comes the bus.公共汽车来了。
2．一般过去时
(1)一般过去时的构成
一般过去时用动词的过去式表示，其规则动词变化方法如下表所示：
情况
规则
例词
一般情况
加­ed
pack→packed
以辅音字母加y结尾的动词
变y为­ied
carry→carried
marry→married
以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节动词
双写辅音字
母加­ed
plan→planned
chat→chatted
以不发音的­e结尾的动词
直接加­d
like→liked
provide→provided

(2)一般过去时的用法
一般过去时除了可以表示过去经常性、习惯性的动作或存在的状态外，还有以下用法：
①want, hope, think, intend等动词的一般过去时往往表示“过去原……”之意。
I thought he was an honest man.我原以为他是个老实人。
He didn't intend to hurt you.他本来没打算伤害你。
②wonder的一般过去时有时也可表示现在的行为，但口气要比用一般现在时更加委婉、客气。
I wondered if you could do me a favour.
我不知道你能否帮我一个忙。
③used to＋动词原形，表示过去的习惯性动作而现在已经不再发生了。
We used to spend our vacation in the mountains.
我们以前常常在山里度假。(暗示现在不再在山里度假了)
3．一般将来时
(1)一般将来时的构成
①shall＋动词原形(第一人称)
②will＋动词原形(各种人称)
(2)一般将来时的用法
一般将来时除了可以表示将来的动作或存在的状态外，还有以下用法：
①will＋动词原形
will可用来表示事物的固有属性或必然趋势。will表示将来，有时含偶然性、临时性决定的意思。
Fish will die without water.离开水，鱼就会死。
—Do you know Mr. Smith has come to our town?
—No. I will go and visit him right now.
——你知道史密斯先生来我们镇了吗？
——不知道。我现在就去看他。
②be going to＋动词原形
“be going to＋动词原形”多用在口语中，表示“计划、打算要做某事”，此外，be going to还可表示根据现在的迹象对未来进行推断。
He is going to speak on TV this evening.
他今晚要在电视上讲话。
Look at the dark clouds. It is going to rain.
看这些乌云，要下雨了。
③be about to＋动词原形/be on the point of＋动名词
“be about to＋动词原形”及“be on the point of＋动名词”表示“立即的将来(immediate future)”，因此，这两种结构不与表示将来的具体时间状语连用，但可以和并列连词when(＝and at that time)引出的分句连用。
The train is about to start.火车就要开了。
The plane is on the point of taking off.
飞机马上就要起飞了。
④有些动词如come, go, arrive, leave, begin, start等，其现在进行时表示按计划、安排近期将要发生的动作。
I'm leaving for Beijing next month.下个月我要去北京。
⑤某些动词的一般现在时可以表示按计划、安排将要做的事情，这种用法常常用于介绍火车时刻表、飞机时刻表、作息安排表等内容。
We must hurry up. The first class begins at eight o'clock.
我们必须快点。第一节课将在八点开始。
⑥be to＋动词原形
用法
例句
表示“按计划或安排即将要做的事”
She is to get married next month.
她将于下个月结婚。
表示“按照职责、义务、规定等应该做某事”，相当于should, ought to
You are to report it to the police.
你应该报警。
表示注定要发生的事情
Your plan is to be a failure.
你的计划注定要失败。

4．过去将来时
(1)过去将来时的构成
should/would＋动词原形
(2)过去将来时的用法
过去将来时表示从过去某一时间看将要发生的动作或存在的状态。
He said he would be here at nine o'clock.
他说他将在九点钟到这里。
[命题点感悟]
单句语法填空
①(2018·浙江6月高考)I ________ (shock) when I learnt she hadn't cooked once in all that time.
解析：was shocked　根据后面的learnt可知，此处应使用一般过去时态，又因I与shock是被动关系，故用被动语态。
②(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005 — when the government ________ (start) a soil­testing program that gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers — and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.
解析：started　根据破折号前的内容可知，此处说的是2005年发生的事情，应用一般过去时。
③(2017·浙江6月高考)Pahlsson and her husband _______ (search) the kitchen, checking every corner, but turned up nothing.
解析：searched　根据后面的“but turned up nothing”可知，此处描述的是过去发生的行为，故要用一般过去时。
④(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)Before getting into the car, I thought I had learned the instructor's orders, but once I started the car, my mind ________ (go) blank.
解析：went　此处讲述的是发生在过去的事情，所以用一般过去时。
⑤(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)When summer ________ (come), they will invite their students to pick the fresh vegetables!
解析：comes　此处主句是一般将来时，when引导的时间状语从句应用一般现在时表示将来，且从句主语为第三人称单数，故应填comes。
⑥(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)Sarah says，“My dad thinks I should take the offer now.But at the moment, school ________(come) first.”
解析：comes　此句是直接引语，陈述客观事实，根据前面句子的谓语可知，动词come应该使用一般现在时。
⑦(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)About one month after this photo was taken, I entered my second year of high school and ________ (become) a new member of the school music club.
解析：became　句中的become和前面的entered是并列谓语，形式上应保持一致，故become应使用一般过去时。
⑧(2016·浙江10月高考)“Daddy, I'm so glad to see you，” I ________ (whisper), “I'm in town for the writer's class, but I just couldn't miss your show.”
解析：whispered　此处是说作者说话声音很低，故用一般过去时态。

进行时态
1.进行时态的构成
(1)考纲对进行时态要求掌握的时态包括：现在进行时、过去进行时、将来进行时，它们的形式分别为：

(2)现在分词的构成形式：
情况
规则
例词
一般情况
加­ing
try→trying
以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节动词
双写辅音字母加­ing
regret→regretting
ban→banning
以不发音的­e结尾的动词
去掉e，加­ing
hate→hating
date→dating

2．进行时态的用法
(1)进行时态表示某一时刻或阶段内正在进行的动作或存在的状态，具有暂时性和未完成性的特点。
I don't really work here; I am just helping out until the new secretary arrives.
我并不在这里上班，我只是来帮忙，直到新秘书来了(我就走)。(暂时性)
I am reading the book; I will finish it in a week.
我正读那本书，一周后我就会读完了。(未完成性)
(2)表示某阶段正在进行的动作或发生的事，但此时此刻动作不一定正在进行，常与these days, this week等时间状语连用。
We are making preparations for the final examination these days.
这些天我们在为期末考试做准备。(此时此刻不一定在做)
(3)表示反复出现的或习惯性的动作，往往含有赞赏、厌恶、遗憾等情绪，常与always, continually, constantly, forever, all the time等连用。
He is always thinking of others first.
他总是先想到他人。
He is always making the same mistake.
他总是犯同样的错误。
(4)有些动词的进行时态可以表示将来。(见一般将来时的用法)
[命题点感悟]
单句语法填空
①(2018·北京高考改编)Susan had quit her well­paid job and ________ (work) as a volunteer in the neighborhood when I visited her last year.
解析：was working　句意：去年我拜访苏珊的时候，她已经辞去了那份高薪的工作，正在社区当志愿者。根据句意可知，此处强调过去的时间点正在进行的动作，因此用过去进行时。
②(2017·天津高考改编)I ________(drive) down to London when I suddenly found that I was on the wrong road.
解析：was driving　句意：我正开车去伦敦，这时突然发现我走错路了。be doing ... when ...“正在做……，这时突然……”。
③(2014·重庆高考改编)James has just arrived, but I didn't know he_______(come) until yesterday.
解析：was coming/would come　句意：詹姆斯刚到，但是我直到昨天才知道他要来。根据句意可知，昨天才知道他将要来，所以要用过去将来时，此处既可以用进行时表示将来，也可用would come。


完成时态

1．现在完成时
(1)表示从过去某一时间开始一直持续到现在，也许还将持续下去的动作或状态。常用的状语有：lately, recently, in the last/past few days/years(在过去的几天/年里)，since then, up to now, so far(至今)等。
Great changes have taken place in Hangzhou in the past few years.
在过去的几年里杭州发生了巨大的变化。
(2)表示过去发生已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果，注意这时说话者说话的重心在过去的事情对现在造成的影响上。常用的状语有：already, just (刚刚), yet, before等。
He has turned off the light.(＝The light is off now.)
他已经关掉灯了。
(3)在“最高级＋名词”或“It/This is＋the first/second ... time”之后的定语从句中，谓语动词用现在完成时。
This is the best tea (that) I have ever drunk.
这是我喝过的最好的茶了。
(4)瞬间动词又叫非延续性动词、终止性动词。瞬间动词可以用于完成时态，但不可以接表示一段时间的状语；若要接表示一段时间的状语，需要做一些相应的变换。
He has come to Beijing since last year.(×)
He has lived in Beijing since last year.(√)
部分非延续性动词(短语)和延续性动词(短语)之间的转换：
买buy→have 　　　　　　　　 借borrow→keep
结婚get married→be married 认识get to know→know
离开leave→be away 回来come back→be back
生病fall ill→be ill 死亡die→be dead
关闭turn off→be off 打开turn on→be on
动身leave for →be off to 变成become→be
返回return→be back 开始begin→be on
睡觉go to bed→sleep 穿put on→have on/wear
来/去come/go→be in/away 参加join→be a member of
感冒take/get/catch a cold→have a cold
入睡go to sleep→be asleep
到达get to/arrive in (at)/reach→be in/stay
2．过去完成时
(1)过去完成时表示过去某一时间或动作前已完成的动作或存在的状态(即表示“过去的过去”)。
She had learned some English before she came to our school.
她在来我们学校前已学过一些英语了。
(2)表示过去某一时间的动作或状态持续到过去的另一时间，还可能持续下去，常用的时间状语有：by/until/before/by the end of＋“表示过去的某一时间”。
By then he had learned English for 3 years.
到那时，他已学了三年英语了。
(3)表示愿望、打算的词，如：hope, expect, mean, intend, want, suppose等，其过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的愿望或意图。
I had hoped to see more of Shanghai.
我本希望在上海多看看。(但未能如愿)
(4)用于某些固定句型中：
①Hardly/Scarcely/Rarely ... when ...和No sooner ... than ...句型中， when和than从句里用一般过去时，主句用过去完成时，且用倒装，表示“刚刚……就……”。
Hardly/No sooner had I got home when/than the rain poured down.
我刚到家，大雨就倾盆而下。
②It was/had been＋一段时间＋since从句。since 从句的谓语用过去完成时。
It was ten years since we had had such a wonderful time.
我们有10年没那么高兴过了。
③That/It/This was the first/second ... time＋that从句。that 从句的谓语要用过去完成时。
It was the third time (that) he had left the key at home.
那是他第三次把钥匙落在家里了。
3．将来完成时
将来完成时表示到将来某一时间，某一动作将会完成，常用的时间状语为“by＋将来的某个时间”。
By this time of next year, all of you will have become college students.
到明年的这个时候，你们就都成为大学生了。
[命题点感悟]
单句语法填空
①(2018·浙江11月高考)You probably ________ (use) caffeine since childhood.
解析：have used/have been using　根据后面的“since childhood”可知，此处应使用现在完成时态或现在完成进行时态。
②(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)Diets have changed in China — and so too has its top crop. Since 2011, the country ________ (grow) more corn than rice.
解析：has grown　由时间状语Since 2011可知此处语境表示的是从过去的某个时间开始，一直持续到现在，故用现在完成时。且主语the country 是第三人称单数名词，故填has grown。
③(2018·北京高考改编)China's high­speed railways ______ (grow)from 9,000 to 25,000 kilometers in the past few years.
解析： have grown　句意：在过去的几年，中国的高铁已从9 000 千米延长到25 000千米。“during/over/in the past/last＋时间段”作状语，句子应用现在完成时态。
④(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)I ________ (grow) not only physically, but also mentally in the past few years.
解析：have grown　根据时间状语“in the past few years”可知，空处应该使用现在完成时。
⑤(2014·浙江高考改编)Sofia looked around at all the faces: she had the impression that she_______(see) most of the guests before.
解析：had seen　句意：索菲娅环视了所有的面庞，她有印象——绝大多数的客人以前她都见过。根据谓语动词looked, had和时间状语before可知，是过去的事情，而“以前见过”应该发生在这些动作之前，即“过去的过去”，故用过去完成时。

完成进行时态

1．考纲对完成进行时态要求掌握的时态为现在完成进行时，其形式为：have/has＋been＋doing。
2．现在完成进行时是现在完成时和现在进行时的组合，表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在并且还要继续下去的动作或表示到目前为止的一段时间里一直反复进行的动作，它既具备现在完成时的特征，又具备现在进行时的特征，如：它具备进行体的“未完性、暂时性、感情色彩”的特点。
He has been learning English for 6 years.
他学英语已经六年了。(从过去某一时间开始学英语，强调到现在还在学)
It has been raining for 3 days.
已经下了三天雨了。(强调说话者“抱怨”的感情色彩)


被动语态
被动语态的基本用法：不知道或没有必要指明动作的执行者是谁时用被动语态；需要强调或突出动作的承受者或事件本身时也常用被动语态(by短语有时可以省略)。
被动语态与时态结合，形成各种时态下的被动语态：


现在时
过去时
将来时
过去将来时
一般式
am/is/are done
was/were done
will/shallbe done
would/should
be done
进行式
am/is/are
being done
was/were
being done


完成式
have/has
been done
had
been done
will/shall
have been
done
would/
should have
been done
1.使用被动语态时应注意的几个问题
(1)主动变为被动时双宾语的变化。
My friend gave me an interesting book on my birthday.
→An interesting book was given to me (by my friend) on my birthday.
→I was given an interesting book (by my friend) on my birthday.
(2)主动变为被动时，宾语成主语；(作补语的)不定式前需加to(位置不变)。
The boss made him work all day long.
→He was made to work all day long (by the boss)．
(3)短语动词变被动语态时，勿要掉“尾巴”。
The children were taken good care of (by her)．
Your pronunciation and spelling should be paid attention to.
(4)情态动词，be going to, be to, be sure to, have to等结构变为被动语态时，只需将它们后面的动词原形变为“be＋过去分词”。
We can repair this watch in two days.
→This watch can be repaired in two days.
(5)当句子的谓语为say，believe，expect，think，know，write, consider, report等时，被动语态有两种形式：①谓语动词用被动语态，动词不定式作主语补足语。②用it作形式主语，真正的主语在后面用主语从句来表示。
People say he is a smart boy.
→He is said to be a smart boy.
→It is said that he is a smart boy.
People know paper was made in China first.
→Paper was known to be made in China first.
→It is known that paper was made in China first.
[名师指津]　类似句型有：It is said/known/suggested/believed/hoped/thought that ...
2．不能用被动语态的几种情况
(1)表示状态的谓语动词，如：last，hold，contain，fit，cost等。
(2)表示归属的动词或短语，如have, own, belong to等。
(3)表示“希望、意图、喜好”的动词，如：wish, want, hope, like, love, hate等。
(4)宾语是反身代词或相互代词时谓语动词用主动语态，不能用被动语态。
(5)宾语是同源宾语、动词不定式、动名词等，谓语动词不用被动语态。
3．主动形式表示被动意义
(1)当连系动词feel, look, smell, taste, sound等后面接形容词时；当cut, read, sell, wear, write, wash等作为不及物动词表示主语内在“品质”或“性能”时；当动词表示“开始，结束，关，停，转，启动”等意义时。
The flowers smell sweet.
花儿散发着芳香。
This kind of cloth washes easily.
这种布料容易洗。
(2)当break out, take place, shut off, turn off, work out等动词表示“发生，关闭，制定”等意思时。
The lamps on the wall turned off.
墙上的灯熄灭了。
[命题点感悟]
单句语法填空
①(2018·天津高考改编)My washing machine ________ (repair) this week, so I have to wash my clothes by hand.
解析：is being repaired　句意：我的洗衣机这周正在被修理，因此我不得不手洗我的衣服。洗衣机正在被修理，因此用现在进行时的被动语态。
②(2018·江苏高考改编)I was sent to the village last month to see how the development plan ________ (carry) out in the past two years.
解析：had been carried　句意：上个月，我被派往这个村子，去看了看过去两年里这个发展计划执行得怎么样了。carry out发生在I was sent之前，所以要用过去完成时，且plan与carry out之间为被动关系，故用过去完成时的被动语态。
③(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)When fat and salt________ (remove) from food, the food tastes as if it is missing something.
解析：are removed　根据语境和主句时态可知此处用一般现在时；主语“fat and salt”与remove之间是被动关系，所以填are removed。
④(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)Steam engines_______ (use) to pull the carriages and it must have been fairly unpleasant for the passengers, with all the smoke and noise.
解析：were used　此处讲的是过去的事情，主语“Steam engines”和use之间是被动关系，所以用一般过去时的被动语态。
⑤(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)Sarah ________(tell) that she could be Britain's new supermodel, earning a million dollars in the next year.
解析：has been told/was told　句意：有人告诉过萨拉，她可能成为英国的一名新超模，下一年能挣一百万美元。根据句意可知句子谓语应该使用现在完成时的被动语态。再由从句中的谓语动词“could be”可知，此处也可使用一般过去时的被动语态。
⑥(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)So it was a great honour to be invited backstage at the not­for­profit Panda Base，where ticket money helps pay for research.I________(allow) to get up close to these cute animals at the 600­acre centre.
解析：was allowed　根据空格前一句的时态及allow sb.to do sth.这一用法可知，此处要用一般过去时的被动语态形式。
⑦(2016·北京高考改编)The students have been working hard on their lessons and their efforts________(reward) with success in the end.
解析：will be rewarded　句意：学生们一直刻苦学习功课，他们的努力最终将会获得成功作为回报。根据句意和语境可知，前一分句使用现在完成进行时，表示动作持续到现在；后一分句应该使用一般将来时，且动词reward与主语efforts之间为逻辑上的被动关系，应该使用被动语态。
⑧(2015·全国卷Ⅰ)Lots of studies ________ (show) that global warming has already become a very serious problem.
解析：have shown　空处表示已经完成的动作，故用现在完成时态。
[专题过关训练]
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．During the 30 days before he was put to death, his friends and pupils were_allowed (allow) to visit him in his prison.
2．In a word, mass media will_be (be) all the more important in the future and their function will enormously expand.
3．When we got to the spot, the injured had_been_sent (send) to the hospital.
4．We've got to remember this group wants to look at how the Internet is_being_used/is_used (use) in the classroom.
5．The World Health Organization warns that millions of people are_suffering (suffer) from indoor air pollution at the present time, which results from the use of dangerous fuels and cook­stoves in the home.
6．In US high school, everything is_recorded (record) and graded, including your grades on quizzes, tests and final examinations.
7．Though the interview went(go) well, it was impressed on him again that compared with the other candidates he didn't have the ability to get the job.
8．This was the first time I had_experienced (experience) sandstorms and I don't ever want to be in one again.
9．Another point that should never be ignored is (be) that handwriting is the key to getting a much higher score.
10．However, there are also some problems with this teaching method. As we haven't_mastered (not master) enough English words, sometimes we may find it difficult to follow the teacher.
11．I am a member of the English Club, which was (be) set up by the Student Union three years ago.
12．I believe I will_improve (improve) my English by doing so and learn more about her country.
13．In order to make my dream come true, I worked part­time to save money while I was_studying (study) at college.
14．There is no doubt that more than one change has_taken (take) place in my school.
15．I have_been_told (tell) that one more volunteer will be needed this year and I think you are suitable for the job.
Ⅱ.运用语法写靓句
1．如果你想上重点大学，你的英语必须很优秀。(go, a key college, excellent)
If_you_are_to_go_to_a_key_college,_your_English_must_be_excellent.
2．我的表弟已经回家了。他是上星期回家的。他已经走了一个星期了。他在这里待了一个月。(cousin, go back, stay)
My_cousin_has_gone_back_home._He_went_home_last_week._He_has_been_away_for_a_week._He_stayed_here_for_a_month.
3．他2018年搬到这里，自那之后他一直住在这里。(move, live)
He_moved_here_in_2018_and_he_has_lived_here_ever_since.
4．到目前为止，我们都没有收到她的消息。(hear from, up to now)
Up_to_now,_we_haven't_heard_from_her.
5．我没有听懂我们的老师说的什么，因为我刚才在考虑别的事情。(catch, think about, something else)
I_don't_catch_what_our_teacher_said,_because_I_was_thinking_about_something_else.
6．多读些英语文章来扩大词汇量，因为，词汇在语言学习上是非常重要的。(enlarge, language learning)
Do_more_English_reading_to_enlarge_your_vocabulary,_for_it_is_very_important_in_language_learning.
Ⅲ.语法填空
(2019·温州模拟)The question was once asked of a __1__ (success) businessman, “How have you done so much in your lifetime？” He replied, “I have dreamed. I have turned my mind loose __2__ (imagine) what I wanted to do. Then I went to bed and __3__ (think) about my dreams. In the night I dreamed about my dreams. And when I awoke in the morning, I saw the way to make my dreams real. While other people were saying, ‘You can't do that, and it is __4__ (possible). I was well on my way to __5__ (achieve) what I wanted, as Woodrow Wilson, the 28th President of __6__ US said: ‘We grow great by dreams.’”
All big men are dreamers. Some of us let these dreams die, __7__ others protect them and take care __8__ them through bad days until they bring them to the sunshine and light which comes always to those who __9__ (sincere) hope that their dreams will come true. So please, don't let anyone steal your dreams, or try to tell you they are too unrealistic.“Sing your __10__ (song), and dream your dreams; hope your hope and pray your prayer.”
语篇解读：本文是一篇议论文。文章用成功商人的例子告诉我们要拥有梦想并要坚持自己的梦想。
1．successful　修饰名词应用形容词形式。
2．to imagine　作目的状语应用动词不定式短语。
3．thought　此处叙述的是过去的事情，且和“went to bed”并列，因此用thought。
4．impossible　根据上文“You can't do that”可知用impossible作表语。
5．achieving　句中的to为介词，因此此处应使用动名词形式。
6．the　此处指美国，故用the US。
7．but/while　空格前后两个分句之间为转折或对比关系，故用but/while。
8．of　take care of“照顾”，是固定搭配。
9．sincerely　修饰动词hope应用副词形式。
10．songs　song为可数名词，根据句中的“dreams”可知此处应用复数形式。
专题六非谓语动词

非谓语动词作状语

1．分词作状语
分词作状语时，其逻辑主语是句子的主语；一般在句中作时间、原因、方式、条件、伴随等状语。
(1)现在分词作状语时，分词表示的动作是由句子主语执行的，它们之间是主动关系。
Hearing the news, they got excited.
听到这个消息，他们很兴奋。
(2)过去分词作状语时，分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作，它们之间是被动关系。
Given the right kind of training, these teenage soccer players may one day grow into international stars.
如果给予正确的训练，这些青少年足球运动员有一天也许会成为国际明星。
2．动词不定式作状语
(1)动词不定式作状语主要用来表示目的，有时也可以表示结果、原因等。
She was surprised to see George walk in.
看到乔治进来，她很惊讶。
(2)动词不定式作目的状语时，常位于句首或句中，形式上可用in order to do, so as to do, to do等，但so as to do不能置于句首。
In order to pass the exam, he worked hard.
为了通过考试，他努力学习。
(3)作目的状语的动词不定式动作必须是主语发出的。
To learn English well, his father bought him a dictionary.(×)

[命题点感悟]
单句语法填空
①(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)You don't have to run fast or for long________ (see) the benefit.
解析：to see　此处意为：你不必跑很快或很久就能看到它的好处。分析句子结构可知，此处应该使用不定式形式作目的状语。
②(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)The government encourages farmers to grow corn instead of rice ______ (improve) water quality.
解析：to improve　“改善水质”是“政府鼓励农民种植玉米而不种植水稻”的目的，故此处应用动词不定式作目的状语。
③(2017·浙江6月高考)Sixteen years earlier, Pahlsson had removed the diamond ring __________(cook) a meal.
解析：to cook　分析句子结构可知，句中已经有了谓语动词removed，所以此处要用动词不定式作目的状语。
④(2016·浙江10月高考) Soon after, I was on my way to the show, ________ (carry) a fancy black handbag and a happy smile.
解析：carrying　空处为伴随状语，且与逻辑主语I是主谓关系，故用carrying。
⑤(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)The Chinese have used chopsticks for five thousand years.People probably cooked their food in large pots，________(use) twigs (树枝) to remove it.
解析：using　第二句句中已有谓语cooked，且无其他连接词，use与主句主语之间存在主动关系，故填现在分词形式作方式状语。


非谓语动词作定语

1．动词不定式作定语
动词不定式作定语，通常置于所修饰的名词或代词之后，与所修饰的词之间构成逻辑上的主谓、动宾或同位关系。
She is always the first to come and the last to leave.(主谓关系)
她总是第一个到，最后一个离开。
Have you got a letter to write？(动宾关系)
你有一封信要写吗？
Do you have the ability to read and write in English?
(同位关系)
你有用英语读写的能力吗？
2．分词作定语
(1)作定语的及物动词的分词形式为doing, being done和done。当被修饰的名词与分词之间为主动关系时，用doing；当被修饰的名词与分词之间为被动关系且表示分词动作正在进行时，用being done；当被修饰的名词与分词之间为被动关系且表示分词动作已完成时，用done。
I have never seen a more moving film.
我没看过比这部更令人感动的电影。
The houses being built are for the teachers.
正在建的房子是给老师的。
The broken glass is Tom's.
这个打破了的杯子是汤姆的。
(2)作定语的不及物动词的分词形式为doing和done, doing表示正在进行；done表示已经完成。
boiling water　正沸腾的水　　boiled water开水
3．动名词作定语
动名词可置于名词前作定语，表示被修饰的名词的用途和性能。
a walking stick ＝ a stick for walking　 手杖
a sleeping car ＝ a car for sleeping 卧铺车
[命题点感悟]
单句语法填空
①(2018·浙江11月高考)Larger amounts of caffeine can cause a problem ________ (call) caffeinism.
解析：called　problem与call之间是被动关系，故用过去分词called作problem的后置定语。
②(2017·浙江6月高考)But something made her look closer, and she noticed a ________ (shine) object.
解析：shining　空处作object的前置定语，故填shining。
③(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid­1980s, when I was the first Western TV reporter________(permit) to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.
解析：permitted　因为句中已有谓语动词was，故此处要用非谓语动词形式。因permit与reporter之间为逻辑上的被动关系，所以用过去分词形式作后置定语。


非谓语动词作补语
1．后接动词不定式作补语的动词及动词短语
(1)有些动词或动词短语后接动词不定式作宾补，即“动词/动词短语＋宾语＋to do”。常见的这类动词或动词短语有：
advise建议　 　　allow允许　　　 　ask询问；要求
beg恳求 cause导致 encourage鼓励
permit准许 forbid禁止 force强迫
intend打算 invite邀请 order命令；要求
persuade说服 prefer更喜欢 require需要；要求
teach教 remind提醒 tell告诉
want想要 warn警告 wish希望；想要
wait for等待 call on号召；要求 depend on依靠
She patiently explained all the rules to the students and required everyone to follow them.
她耐心地向学生解释了所有的规则，并要求每个人都遵循这些规则。
He depends on you to help him with his English.
他指望你帮助他学英语。
(2)下列动词接省略to的动词不定式作宾语补足语：
一感 (feel)，二听(hear, listen to)，三让(let，have, make)，五看 (see, notice, observe, watch, look at)，半帮助 (help)，但在变为被动语态时需加to。
Nobody saw him come in.(主动语态)没人看见他进来。
The thief was observed to enter the bank.(被动语态)
有人看见小偷进了银行。

(3)下列句型中常用动词不定式作主语补足语，它们是：
sb. be said/believed/known/reported/considered/thought＋to do/to have done/to be done/to be doing/to have been done sth.
He is said to have been cheated in the street.
据说，他在大街上被骗了。
The accident is reported to have killed two people.
据报道，那次事故中有两人丧生。
2．非谓语动词作感官动词(短语)、使役动词的宾补
(1)感官动词(短语)see, watch, observe, look at, notice, hear, listen to, feel的宾语补足语有四种形式， 以see为例：

I saw him leave a few minutes ago.
我看见他几分钟前离开了。
As I got closer, I saw him kicking his legs in the air and breathing heavily.
当我走近时，我看见他的腿在空中乱踢，并且呼吸沉重。
I'd like to see the plan carried out.
我想看到这个计划被执行。
(2)使役动词make, let, have, get后接复合宾语的情况：
①make＋宾语＋
The teacher made some students stay in the classroom after school.老师让一些学生放学后待在教室里。
He tried to make himself understood.
他尽量把自己的意思表达清楚了。
②let＋宾语＋
Don't let your child play with matches.
别让你的孩子玩火柴。
Let the work be done immediately.
工作要马上去做。

He had the computer working all the night.
他让电脑工作了一夜。
He had his wallet stolen on his way home.
在回家的路上，他的钱包被偷了。

She got her bike running very fast.
她把自行车骑得飞快。
I'll get my bike repaired tomorrow.
我明天要(请人)修一下我的自行车。
3．动词leave, keep, find, catch后加非谓语动词作复合宾语的情况

(2)keep
(3)find
(4)catch sb. doing sth.　　 　 撞见某人正在做某事

[命题点感悟]
单句语法填空
①(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)They are required________ (process) the food that we eat, to recover from injury and for several other bodily functions.
解析：to process　require sb.to do sth.“需要某人做某事”。
②(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)If anyone had told me three years ago that I would be spending most of my weekends ________ (camp), I would have laughed heartily.
解析：camping　spend ...doing“花费……做”，此处为现在分词作宾补。


非谓语动词作宾语
1．动词不定式作宾语
(1)跟不定式作宾语的动词：

决心学会想希望，
拒绝设法愿假装
decide/determine, learn, want, expect/hope/wish;
refuse, manage, care, pretend
主动答应选计划，
同意请求帮一帮
offer, promise, choose, plan;
agree, ask/beg, help
(2)动词tell, show, understand, know, explain, teach, learn, advise等常接“疑问词＋动词不定式”作宾语。
Please tell me when to start the project.
请告诉我何时开始这个项目。
(3)在某些动词如find, think, consider, feel, make, believe后，常用it作形式宾语，然后加宾语补足语，最后加不定式作真正的宾语。
We think it our duty to protect the environment.
我们认为保护环境是我们的责任。
2．动名词作宾语
(1)常跟动名词作宾语的动词(短语)：

考虑建议盼原谅，承认推迟没得想
consider, suggest/advise, look forward to, excuse/pardon; admit, delay/put off, fancy
避免错过继续练，否认完成就欣赏
avoid, miss, keep/keep on, practice; deny, finish, enjoy/appreciate
禁止想象才冒险，不禁介意准避免
forbid/avoid, imagine, risk; can't help (禁不住), mind, allow/permit, escape
(2)由“动词＋介词”构成的短语，其后跟动名词作宾语，常见的有be/get used to (习惯于), feel like (想要), insist on (坚持), get down to (开始认真做某事), devote ... to ... (致力于……), object to (反对), stick to (坚持), give up (放弃)等。
It's time I got down to thinking about that essay.
我该认真思考一下那篇论文了。
(3)下列动词或短语既可以接动名词作宾语，也可以接动词不定式作宾语，但意义上有区别：







[命题点感悟]
单句语法填空
①(2018·浙江6月高考)I still remember ________ (visit) a friend who'd lived here for five years.
解析：visiting　visiting 作remember的宾语，表示曾经去拜访过一个朋友。
②(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)You may drink, smoke, be overweight and still reduce your risk of ________ (die) early by running.
解析：dying　此处作介词of的宾语，故填动词die的动名词形式dying。
③(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)I quickly lower myself, ducking my head to avoid ________ (look) directly into his eyes so he doesn't feel challenged.
解析：looking　avoid后接动名词形式作宾语，故填looking。
④(2017·全国卷Ⅰ) Fast food is full of fat and salt; by______ (eat) more fast food people will get more salt and fat than they need in their diet.
解析：eating　by在此处表示“通过”，是介词，后面接动名词形式作宾语。
⑤(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)This included digging up the road，______ (lay) the track and then building a strong roof over the top.
解析：laying　laying和句中的“digging up” “building”并列作included的宾语。
⑥(2017·全国卷Ⅲ) But unlike her school friends, 16­year­old Sarah is not spending half­term _________(rest)．
解析：resting　spend time (in) doing sth.为固定搭配。
⑦(2016·浙江高考)He would ask who we were and pretend not ________ (know) us.
解析：to know　pretend后面接不定式作宾语，此处是否定式pretend not to do sth. “假装不做某事”。
⑧(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)My ambassadorial duties will include________(introduce) British visitors to the 120­plus pandas at Chengdu and others at a research centre in the misty mountains of Bifengxia.
解析：introducing　include后需跟动名词作宾语。

非谓语动词作主语、表语及其他

1．动词不定式作主语
动词不定式作主语表示具体的、一次性的或尚未做的动作，常用it作形式主语，而把真正的主语，即动词不定式移到句子的后面。
It's a great pleasure to talk with you.
和你交谈是一种很大的乐趣。

[名师指津]　在“It is/was＋adj.＋for/of sb. to do sth.”结构中：若形容词侧重于评价人物的特性、特征，则构成不定式复合结构的介词应用of，此时形容词常为kind, nice, foolish, generous等词，且sb.与形容词之间可构成逻辑上的系表关系；若形容词侧重于描写不定式动作的特征、特点，则构成不定式复合结构的介词应用for。
It is generous of him to contribute so much.
他捐献了这么多真是太慷慨了。
It was important for us to live a low­carbon life.
过低碳生活对我们来说很重要。
2．动名词作主语
动名词作主语表示一般的、抽象的或习惯性动作。下列句型中常用动名词作主语：
(1)It is/was a waste (of ...)/no use/no good doing sth.
(2)There is/was no sense/no point (in) doing sth.
It is no good coming before that.
在那之前来没有用。
There is no sense (in) worrying about it now.
现在大可不必为那件事忧虑。
3．动词不定式与动名词作表语
动词不定式作表语表示某一次具体的、特定的或有待实现的动作，而动名词作表语表示通常的情况。
My dream is to enter Beijing University.
我的梦想是考入北京大学。
My job is teaching you English.
我的工作是教你们英语。
4．分词作表语
表示事物的特征或性质时，表语用现在分词；表示人的内心感受时，表语用过去分词。
Please describe a dog that is frightening.
请描述一只令人害怕的狗。
Please describe a dog that is frightened.
请描述一只惊恐的狗。
[命题点感悟]
单句语法填空
① (2018·江苏高考改编)________ (develop) the Yangtze River Economic Belt is a systematic project which calls for a clear road map and timetable.
解析：Developing　空处作主语，应用动名词形式。
②(2016·浙江高考)It was both ________ (excite) and frightening to be up there!
解析：exciting　句中It作形式主语，真正的主语是“to be up there”，主语是物的时候，表语应该用现在分词形式的形容词。故填exciting，且由and后的并列成分frightening的形式也可知答案。

独立主格结构
独立主格结构的几种形式：
1．名词/代词(主格)＋非谓语动词
Weather permitting, we shall play the match tomorrow. (permit的逻辑主语是Weather而非we)
明天如果天气好，我们就进行比赛。
He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard.(fix的逻辑主语是his eyes而非he)
他上课专心听讲，眼睛紧盯着黑板。
Many trees to be planted, our newly­built school will look even more beautiful. (plant的逻辑主语是Many trees而非our newly­built school)
种上许多的树后，我们新建的学校看上去将更美。
2．名词/代词(主格)＋形容词/副词/介词短语
The students were having a discussion, their faces (being) red with excitement.
学生们正在讨论，因为激动，他们的脸都红了。
The boy came in, sword in hand.
男孩走进来，手里握着剑。
[名师指津]　为使句子简洁、明快，独立主格结构中的冠词或代词也常省略。
3．with/without＋宾语(名词/代词)＋宾语补足语(形容词/副词/介词短语/非谓语动词)
几乎所有的独立主格结构都可在其逻辑主语前加上with/without，构成with/without复合结构。
Without anyone noticing, I stole into the room.
没有人注意，我偷偷地溜进了屋。


非谓语动词的时态和语态
1．动词不定式的时态和语态
时态形式
意义
主动语态
被动语态
一般式
与句子谓语动词的动作同时发生或在谓语动词的动作之后发生
to do
to be
done
进行式
在谓语动词的动作发生时正在进行
to be
doing

完成式
在谓语动词的动作之前发生
to have
done
to have
been done
完成进
行式
发生在谓语动词的动作之前并且持续到谓语动词的动作发生时仍在进行
to have
been doing


The boy pretended to be studying hard when his teacher came in.
当老师进来的时候，那个男孩假装正在努力学习。
The meeting to be held tomorrow is of great importance.
明天要举行的会议很重要。
2．动名词和现在分词的时态和语态
时态形式
意义
主动语态
被动语态
一般式
与谓语动词的动作同时或稍后发生
doing
being done
完成式
先于谓语动词的动作完成
having done
having been done
Do you like playing chess?
你喜欢下棋吗？
Having finished his homework, he went to bed.
完成作业后，他上床睡觉了。
3．非谓语动词的主动语态表示被动意义
(1)动词不定式作表语形容词的状语，和句子的主语之间构成逻辑上的动宾关系时，不定式用主动形式表示被动意义。
This book is difficult to understand.
这本书很难理解。
(2)动词need, want, require作“需要”讲时，后跟动名词的主动形式表示被动意义，也可跟不定式的被动结构；be worth后也用动名词的主动形式表示被动意义。
Your paper needs checking/to be checked again.
你的试卷需要再检查一遍。
[专题过关训练]
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．(2018·浙江6月高考)The easiest way to_accomplish (accomplish) this is to make sure you conduct yourself as a good neighbor should.
2．The tunnels provide a place for the turtles to_slip (slip) into and protect them.
3．In contrast to many other countries, lunch here is not a quick snack consumed (consume) in front of the computer or on the way to a meeting.
4．People with positive attitude are more likely _to_succeed (succeed) than those with negative attitude.
5．From then on, his fear of talking before a big audience disappeared. Actually Jack had his confidence built (build) up. Now he turns out to be a good speaker.
6．The applause grew louder and louder and he kept staying (stay)．
7．And we also gave him the boiled (boil) rice and water.
8．The TOEFL test is an important step of your journey to_study (study) in an English­speaking country.
9．Besides, having (have) enough sleep can make us full of energy and make it possible for us to perform well in the exam.
10．All of us are looking forward to living (live) in a harmonious society.
11．When asked (ask) about famous writers in China, I will list many names.
12．First, congratulations. I'm glad you got accepted (accept).
13．As far as I'm concerned (concern), I should set a good example to reduce waste.
14．Learning this news, I am really willing to_travel (travel) with you and introduce Xi'an to you.
15．And I often hear birds singing (sing) in the morning.
Ⅱ.运用语法写靓句
1．掌握基本的急救技能将有助于你在遇到紧急情况时迅速做出反应。(know, respond to)
Knowing_basic_first­aid_techniques_will_help_you_respond_quickly_to_emergencies.
2．现在辍学不是个好主意，你以后会后悔的。(drop out of school, regret)
To_drop_out_of_school_now_is_not_a_good_idea,_for_which_you_will_regret_in_the_future.
3．我的爱好是听音乐和踢足球。(hobby)
My_hobbies_are_listening_to_music_and_playing_football.
4．如果能快点收到你的回复，我将不胜感激。(appreciate, receive)
I_would_appreciate_receiving_your_reply_soon./I_would_appreciate_it_if_I_could_receive_your_reply_soon.
5．解决这个问题的最好办法是依靠你自己。(solve, depend on)
The_best_way_to_solve_the_problem_is_to_depend_on_yourself.
6．他这次考试考得非常好，在班级排第一名。(rank first)
He_did_very_well_in_the_exam,_ranking_first_in_his_class.
Ⅲ.语法填空
(2019·浙江绍兴高三模拟)Each year __1__ (thousand) of tourists visit the polar regions of the Arctic and Antarctica. But the increasing number of people travelling to the ends of the Earth can have __2__ negative effect on fragile ecosystems. Should tourists __3__ (allow) to visit polar regions?
About 40,000 tourists visit Antarctica each year. More than five million travel to the Arctic and sub­Arctic. Transporting tourists to the regions __4__ (increase) ship and airplane traffic, adding to the risk of pollution, oil spoils, and other __5__ (environment) damage. Because the places where wildlife is accessible __6__ (be) few in number, tourist traffic can become concentrated in specific areas, __7__ (put) Arctic vegetation at risk.
Others say that the access ___8__ these very special parts of the world should not be restricted to only researchers and scientists. Polar tourism allows people to develop deep __9__ (person) connections with polar regions. “Those __10__ travel to the Arctic or Antarctica often become cheerleaders for supporting those places.” Jim Sano, vice president for travel and conservation at World Wildlife Fund, told TFK.
语篇解读：越来越多的人喜欢去极地旅游，而这对南、北极的生态环境产生了很大影响。到底该不该去极地旅游呢？
1．thousands　thousands of“成千上万的”。
2．a　have a(n) ... effect on“对……有影响”，negative的读音以辅音音素开头，故用不定冠词a。
3．be allowed　allow sb. to do sth.“允许某人做某事”，句中sb.作主语，因此此处用被动语态。
4．increases　动名词短语作主语时谓语动词用单数形式。
5．environmental　修饰名词应用形容词形式。
6．are　此处叙述的是客观情况，用一般现在时，主语为places，故应用are。
7．putting　此处为现在分词短语作结果状语。
8．to　access to为固定短语，意为“接近，有权使用”。
9．personal　修饰名词connections，应用形容词形式。
10．who　先行词为Those，在定语从句中关系代词作主语，故用who。
专题七情态动词与虚拟语气

情态动词的基本用法

情态动词具有一定的词义，没有人称和数的变化，必须和其他动词一起构成谓语，用来表示愿望、态度或推测等。
1．表示能力
(1)表示现在的能力
(2)表示将来的能力：will be able to
(3)表示过去的能力

I can't promise anything, but I'll do what I can.
我不能许诺什么，但我会尽力而为。(表示现在的能力)
The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone was able to get out.
尽管这场大火迅速蔓延到了这个宾馆，但是每个人都逃了出去。(表示过去有能力做并且成功地做了)
I could have worked out the problem, but I was too nervous.
我本来可以解出这道题，但我太紧张了。(表示本来有能力做但未做)
2．表示推测(可能性)
可能性可分为客观的可能性和具体事情实际发生的可能性两种。
(1)客观的可能性并不表示具体某事是否会发生，而用来说明人或事物的特征。情态动词can可用于肯定句中表示客观的(或理论的)可能性，而表示具体事情实际发生的可能性时， can一般不用于肯定句。
Accidents can happen on such rainy days.
在这样的多雨天气里可能会发生事故。(表示客观的可能性)
We may go to the cinema tonight, but we are not sure yet.　
今晚我们可能去看电影，但还没确定。(表示实际可能性，不用can)
(2)表示具体事情实际发生的可能性
表示具体事情实际发生的可能性的层次(由强及弱)比较：
词形
肯定式
否定式
疑问式
must
必定，必然
/
/
should
按说应该
应该不会
/
ought to
按说应该
应该不会
/
can
/
不可能
有可能吗？
could
微弱的可能
不可能
语气比can弱
may
或许，也许，
也说不定
可能不
/
might
比may还弱
比may not还弱
/

①在肯定句中表示推测(must/have to, should/ought to, may, might, could)
a．当说话者表达怀疑或犹豫之意时，需用may, might或 could, 其中might, could比may所表达的怀疑或犹豫之意更强。
That may be our taxi now!
现在那辆可能就是我们的出租车了！
That could/might be our taxi (but I doubt it)．
那辆有可能是我们的出租车(但我有所怀疑)。
b．当说话者表达毫无疑问的结论时，需用must和have to (较通俗)，意为“一定，肯定”；should和ought to所表达的程度不如must强，但比may, might和could强，should/ought to表示推测出合乎理想的情况或结果，意为“按说应该”。
He must/has to be the wanted man: He's exactly like the one in this picture.
他一定是被通缉的那个男子：他和这张照片上的人一模一样。
He ought to/should be here on time — he started early enough.
他应该按时到这里——他出发得够早的。
②在否定句中表示推测(may not, might not, shouldn't, can't, couldn't)
否定语气较弱时，常用should not (应该不会)，或用may not, might not (可能不，也许不)；否定语气较强时，则用can't或couldn't (不可能)。
Don't worry. Your father may not have been hurt seriously.
别担心，你父亲也许伤得不厉害。
There shouldn't be any difficulty in getting you a visa.
给你弄个签证应该不会有什么困难。
③在疑问句中表示推测(can, could)
can, could在疑问句中，常表示困惑、不相信等。
There's someone outside — who can it be?
外面有人——会是谁呢？
What can they be doing?
他们可能在干些什么呢？
Could he be serious?
他是当真的吗？
Where can she have put it?
她能把它放在哪儿呢？
3．表示必要性、义务、责任
(1)表示必要性

You needn't have worked that late last night. It was harmful to your health.
你昨晚本来不必工作到那么晚的。那对你的健康有害。
—Must I give up smoking?
—Yes, you must. /No, you needn't.
——我必须戒烟吗？
——是的，你必须。/不，你不必。
(2)表示义务、责任
should意为“(义务上)应该”，在语气上比must (必须)弱。“should＋动词原形”表示现在或将来应该……；“should＋have＋过去分词”表示过去本该……。
I should go and visit him this afternoon, but I wonder if I will be free.
今天下午我应该去看望他，但我不知道我是否有空。(表示将来应该)
You should have come to the conference yesterday. What was the reason for your absence?
你昨天本应该参加那个会议。你缺席的原因是什么？(表示过去本该)
4．表示请求、建议、命令、允许、禁止
(1)表示请求、建议
①表示请求许可或提出建议时用：

—May I sit down？我可以坐下吗？
—No, you mustn't.不，你不可以。
Shall the driver wait outside?
司机在外边等着可以吗？
Would you do me a favor?
请帮我一下，好吗？
[名师指津]　请求对方许可时，could表示委婉的语气，回答时要用can。
—Could I use your bike tomorrow morning?
—Yes, you can.(否定：No, I'm afraid not.)
——明天早晨我用一下你的自行车，行吗？
——行，你用吧。(否定：不，恐怕不行。)
②主动提出帮忙时用：Shall I/we ...?
—What's your name?
—Aaron. Shall I spell it for you?
——你叫什么？
——Aaron。我为你拼出来好吗？
(2)表示命令、允许、禁止
must (必须), mustn't (禁止)可以表示说话者的命令或指令，语气比较强烈；should/ought to(应该), shouldn't/oughtn't to (不应该)也可表示说话者的命令、指令，但暗含对对方是否听从并无把握；may/might, can 表示允许。
The children must be back by 4 o'clock.
孩子们必须在4点钟以前回来。
You mustn't leave the gate open.
你不要让大门敞开着。
You ought to/should apologize.
你应该道歉(虽然我不知道你是否会这样做)。
You oughtn't to/shouldn't neglect the garden.
你不应该疏于照管花园。
You may/can/might come if you wish.
你想来就来吧。
Passengers may/can/might cross by the footbridge.
乘客可通过步行桥穿过去。
5．表示意愿、意志、决心、允诺
(1)shall与第二、三人称连用，用于陈述句中，表示说话者的意志，用来表达说话者给对方以命令、指示或允诺。此外，当宣布法律、规定时，也用shall来表达。
It has been announced that candidates shall remain in their seats until all the papers have been collected.
已宣布，在所有试卷收上来之前，应试者必须留在自己的座位上。(规则或规定)
(2)will, would与各种人称连用，用于陈述句，表示主语的意愿、意志或决心。
You can stay here as long as you can, if you will.
如果你愿意，你想在这里待多长时间就待多长时间。(表示主语的意愿)
—Mr. Gordon asked me to remind you of the meeting this afternoon. Don't you forget it!
—OK, I won't.
——戈登先生让我提醒你今天下午有会议。你可别忘了！
——好的，我不会忘的。(表示决心)
6．表示习惯和倾向
will (won't)可用来叙述真理，还可叙述目前的习惯，would (wouldn't)可以用来叙述过去的习惯。
Engines won't run without lubricant.
没有润滑剂发动机就不能运转。
She will listen to records alone in her room for hours.
她独自一人在屋里听唱片，常常一听就是几个小时。
He would spend hours in the bathroom or on the telephone.
他以前一进洗澡间或是一打电话，往往就是几个小时。
[名师指津]　would和used to都可表示过去的习惯，但前者表示过去反复的动作，常与every day, often, frequently等连用；后者表示过去的状态或过去的习惯，但现在已不存在。
When he was abroad, he would read as many books as possible.
在国外时，他总是尽可能多读书。
She doesn't get up so early as she used to.
她不像以前那样起得那么早了。
7．need和dare的用法

作实义
动词
有人称和数的变化
后接to do
用于肯定句、否定句、疑问句
构成否定句、疑问句时要用助动词
作情态
动词
无人称和数的变化
后接动词原形
多用于否定句与疑问句
构成否定句、疑问句时不用助动词

He needn't do it.(情态动词)
He doesn't need to do it.(实义动词)
他不必做这件事。
I didn't know whether he dared say that to him.(情态动词，有时态变化)
我不知道他是否敢对他说那些。
[名师指津]　(1)dare作情态动词时，还可用于条件状语从句中，过去式为dared；(2)作实义动词时，dare用于疑问句或否定句，后面的to也可省略；(3)I dare say是习惯说法，意为“我想，大概”；(4)need作实义动词时，还可表示“需要”，后接动名词的主动形式或不定式的被动形式表示被动含义。
He didn't dare (to) do it.(实义动词)
He dared not do it.(情态动词)
他不敢那么做。



[命题点感悟]
单句语法填空
①(2017·北京高考改编)Samuel, the tallest boy in our class，________ easily reach the books on the top shelf.
解析：can　句意：塞缪尔，我们班最高的男孩，能轻松地够到书架顶层上的书本。can表示“能够”。
②(2016·浙江高考)Then he and my mother ________ (have) a drink while she prepared dinner and they would talk about his day and hers.
解析：would have　根据语境可知，此处描述的是过去的一种习惯，故用would do表示“过去常常做”。
③(2015·全国卷Ⅰ)We ________ find ways to protect our environment.
解析：must　情态动词must表示“必须”，强调主观上。


情态动词＋have done
1．对过去发生的事情或状态进行推测
must have done sth.
“(过去)一定做了某事”；语气比较肯定；用于肯定句
may (might)
have done sth.
“(过去)可能/也许做了某事”；语气不确定；用于肯定句和否定句
can (could)
have done sth.
“本能够做某事”；用于否定句和疑问句，表示对过去发生的行为的怀疑或不确定

Looking at the large empty apartment, I began aware of how lonely my mother must have been in Brazil herself.
看着这个又大又空的公寓，我开始理解妈妈独自一人在巴西一定也很孤单。
The boy might have known the truth, but I am not quite sure.
那个男孩也许知道了真相，但我不是很确定。
I didn't see her in the meeting room this morning. She couldn't have spoken at the meeting.
我今天上午在会议室时没看见她，她不可能在会议上讲话。
2．表示“与过去事实相反”
could have done sth.
过去本可以做某事但实际上没做
needn't have done sth.
过去本不必做某事但实际上做了
ought to/should have done sth.
过去本应该做某事但实际上没做
oughtn't to/shouldn't have done sth.
过去本不应该做某事但实际上做了
might have done sth.
过去可能做某事但实际上没做

He could have gone on regretting it, as too many of us do.
他本可以继续为此而遗憾，正如我们中很多人一样。
I needn't have taken the umbrella, for the weather is fine.
天气这么好，我本没必要带雨伞的。
You ought to have done this exercise more carefully.
你本应该更仔细地做这个练习。
You might have given him more help, though you were busy.
你本可以给他更多帮助，虽然你当时很忙。
[命题点感悟]
单句语法填空
①(2015·天津高考改编)I needn't ________ (worry) before I came to the new school, for my classmates here are very friendly to me.
解析：have worried　needn't have done表示“本没有必要做”。
②(2013·浙江高考改编)I ________ (enjoy) myself more — it was a perfect day.
解析：couldn't/can't have enjoyed　句意：我玩得再开心不过了——这是完美的一天。“can't/couldn't ... more”表示最高级的意思；根据题干中的was可知设空处表示“对过去发生的事情的态度”，故答案为couldn't/can't have enjoyed。
③(2013·全国卷Ⅱ改编) Since nobody gave him any help, he ________ have done the research on his own.
解析：must　句意：既然没有人帮助他，他一定是独自完成了这项研究。根据题干中“Since nobody gave him any help”可判断设空处表示肯定的推测。


虚拟语气
1．虚拟语气用于条件状语从句中
(1)虚拟语气在非真实条件句中的运用
类别
从句谓语动词
主句谓语动词
与现在事实相反
过去式(be用were)
should/would/could/might＋动词原形
与过去事实相反
had＋过去分词
should/would/could/might＋have＋过去分词
与将来事实相反
过去式(be用were)
should/would/could/might＋动词原形
should＋动词原形
were to＋动词原形

If my brother were here, everything would be all right.
要是我哥哥在这儿的话，一切都没问题了。
If it should rain this afternoon, the basketball match would be put off.
要是今天下午下雨，篮球比赛就会被推迟。
If you had taken my advice, you would not have failed in the exams.如果你早听了我的建议，你考试就能通过了。
(2)虚拟条件句中的省略与倒装
如果虚拟条件句中含有were/had/should，有时可把if省略，把were/had/should提到主语之前形成倒装；若为否定形式，not不可提前。
Had he caught the morning train, he would not have been late for the meeting.
要是他赶上了早晨的火车，那他就不会开会迟到了。
(3)错综时间条件句
有时条件句的动作与主句动作发生的时间不一致，这时动词的形式应根据它们各自表示的时间加以调整。
If we had booked a table earlier, we wouldn't be standing here in a queue.
如果我们早些订位子，现在也就不用站在这里排队了。(if条件句是对过去的虚拟，而主句是对现在的虚拟。)
(4)含蓄条件句
①有时假设的情况不用条件句表达，而是用but for, without等介词(短语)或上下文来表示。
We wouldn't have finished the project on time without your timely help.
如果没有你的及时帮助，我们就不能按时完成那项工程了。
②用连词otherwise, or等暗示后文与前面的情况相反，从而引出后文的虚拟语气。
I was ill that day. Otherwise, I would have taken part in the sports meeting.
我那天病了，否则，我就参加运动会了。
③虚拟条件通过but暗示出来，模式为“虚拟情况＋but＋真实情况”。
I would have delivered a speech, but I had a cold that day.
我本来可以做演讲，但是那天我感冒了。
2．虚拟语气用于名词性从句中
(1)在“It is＋important/necessary/natural/strange/essential/vital/a pity＋that ... ”句型中，that从句中谓语动词用“(should＋)动词原形”。
It's vital that we (should) take our safety driving along the road seriously.
认真对待我们在路上开车时的安全非常重要。
(2)在would rather (that)后的宾语从句中，从句的谓语动词如果表示现在或将来要发生的动作，从句用一般过去时；如果表示过去发生的动作，从句用过去完成时。
I'd rather he had gone to the seaside with me the day before yesterday.
要是他前天和我去海边就好了。
(3)句中含有以下单词或变形时，该句中的名词性从句(宾语从句、表语从句、主语从句、同位语从句)部分常用虚拟语气，其谓语动词形式为“should＋动词原形”，其中should可以省略。

He suggested that we (should) start off early the next day.
他建议我们第二天早点出发。
[名师指津]　当suggest表示“暗示，表明”之意，insist表示“坚持说”之意时，suggest/insist后的宾语从句不使用虚拟语气，而使用陈述语气。
The smile on his face suggested that he was satisfied with our work.
他脸上的微笑表明他对我们的工作很满意。
The man insisted that he had never stolen the money.
那个人坚持说他从没有偷过那笔钱。
(4)wish后宾语从句中的虚拟语气

虚拟语气
从句谓语动词
与现在事实相反
过去式(be动词一般用were)
与过去事实相反
had＋过去分词
与将来事实相反
would/could＋动词原形

I wish (that) I were ten years younger.
但愿我能年轻十岁。
I wish (that) I had met that film star yesterday.
我多希望昨天见到了那个影星。
(5)as if/though引导的表语从句和方式状语从句中的虚拟语气
as if/though引导的从句中的谓语动词形式及使用情况与wish后宾语从句中的谓语动词及使用情况相同。
She looks as if nothing had happened to her.
她看起来好像什么事都没有发生似的。
[名师指津]　如果从句中描述的事情可能会发生，那么从句中的谓语动词可用陈述语气。
It sounds as if it is raining.
听起来像是在下雨。
3．2个特定句式中的虚拟语气

句型结构
过去虚拟
现在虚拟
将来虚拟
if only引导的条件句及感叹句
had＋过去分词
过去式(be动词一般用were)
would/could/should/might＋动词原形
It is (high/
about/very)
time (that) ...
过去式或“should＋动词原形”



If only I had seen the film.
要是我看过那部电影就好了。
It is high time that we should start/started out.
我们该出发了。

[命题点感悟]
单句语法填空
① (2018·浙江6月高考改编)If you are not going to suffer this problem, then I suggest that the next time you ________ (go) to your mum's home for dinner.
解析：(should) go　suggest 表“建议”时，其后的谓语用should 加动词原形，should可以省略。
②(2017·北京高考改编)If the new safety system________(put) to use, the accident would never have happened.
解析：had been put　句意：如果新的安全系统被投入使用，这次事故就不会发生了。由句意和主句中的谓语动词形式可知，此句是对发生在过去的事情的假设，条件状语从句中应该使用过去完成时。
③(2015·四川高考)If you ________ (be) me, would you talk to them?
解析：were　根据语境可知，此处是虚拟语气，表示与现在情况相反，应用were。
[专题过关训练]
Ⅰ.用适当的情态动词填空
1．When I was a child, I could watch TV whenever I wanted to.
2．—What are you doing this Saturday?
—I'm not sure, but I might go to the Rolling Stones concert.
3．The door won't (not) open, no matter how hard she pushed.
4．One of our rules is that every student shall wear school uniform while at school.
5．They _should have arrived at lunchtime but their flight was delayed.
6．—Shall I inform him of the change of the schedule right now?
—I am afraid you must,_in case he comes late for the meeting.
7．We needn't (not) have bought so much food now that Suzie won't be with us for dinner.
8．—Who can be phoning us at this time of night?
—It might be your sister.
9．We can't imagine that two children should be killed by the washing machine of their house.
10．—The deadline is drawing, but I failed to challenge the task a third time.
—Shall my brother have a try?
Ⅱ.用所给动词的正确形式填空
1．It is required by law that a driving test (should)be_taken (take) before a man gets a license.
2．He telephoned to inform me of your birthday, or I would_have_known (know) nothing about it.
3．The national smog serves as a constant reminder, indicating that it's high time we reflected (reflect) on ourselves.
4．—It would_be (be) cool if I won this contest. I don't think I'm good enough, though.
—Give it a shot. You never know.
5．The Antarctica is so mystically described by some people. If only I had_been (be) there before.
6．—Did you make it at last?
—Yes. But for your help, it would/could_have_caused (cause) a serious loss.
7．Most citizens in Hong Kong strongly insisted that those who attacked the police with violence (should)be_put (put) into prison.
8．I wish I had_shared (share) the car journey home with my friends. Now they are watching the football match at home.
Ⅲ.运用语法写靓句
1．我家乡春天的天气相当暖和，但有时也会非常冷。(fairly warm, extremely cold)
The_weather_in_my_hometown_is_fairly_warm_in_spring,_but_it_can_be_extremely_cold_sometimes.
2．你在山路上开车时一定要小心，因为有时可能很危险。(drive down, the mountainous road)
You_must_be_careful_when_you_drive_down_the_mountainous_road,_because_it_can_be_dangerous_sometimes.
3．她不敢单独在夜里出去。(dare)
She_daren't_go_out_at_night_alone./She_doesn't_dare_to_go_out_at_night_alone.
4．现在，他不可能正在和他的同学一起旅游。相反，他一定是在家里学习。(tour with)
At_the_moment,_he_can't_be_touring_with_his_friends._On_the_contrary,_he_must_be_studying_at_home.
5．是因为我学习不够努力，还是因为我学习方法不当？(work hard, in the right way)
Can_it_be_because_I_haven't_worked_hard_enough_or_because_I_haven't_studied_in_the_right_way?
6．那天上学我迟到了。我可能把闹钟关掉后又睡着了。(turn off, fall asleep)
I_was_late_for_school_that_day._I_might_have_turned_off_the_alarm_clock_and_fallen_asleep_again.
7．我多么希望我能更聪明一些，精力更充沛一些！(how, wish, intelligent, energetic)
How_I_wish_I_were_more_intelligent_and_more_energetic!
8．要是我上初中时没把时间浪费在看小说上该多好啊。(if only, waste time in doing)
If_only_I_hadn't_wasted_the_time_in_reading_novels_when_I_was_in_junior_high_school.
Ⅳ.语法填空
(2019·浙江杭州模拟)Etiquette (礼仪) is to society __1__ clothing is to the individual. Without clothes men would go in shameful nudity which would __2__ (certain) lead to the corruption of morals, and without etiquette society would be in a pitiable state and the necessary __3__ (communicate) between its members would be disturbed by needless offence and troubles.
If society moved like a train, the etiquette would be the __4__ (track), along which only the train could go forth; if society __5__ (be) a coach, the etiquette would be the wheels, on which only the coach could roll forward.
The lack of etiquette would make __6__ best friends turn to be the most decided enemies and the __7__ (friend) countries declare war against each other. We can find many examples in the history of mankind. Therefore I __8__ (advice) you to stand on ceremony before anyone else and to take pains not __9__ (do) anything against etiquette __10__ case you give offence or make enemies.

1．what　句意：礼仪之于社会犹如衣着之于个人。“A is to B what C is to D”为固定句型，意为“A之于B犹如C之于D”。
2．certainly　设空处作“lead to”的状语，故用副词形式。
3．communication　设空处作主语，故用名词形式(communication)。
4．tracks　根据常识可知，火车要在双轨上行进，故设空处填名词复数形式(tracks)。
5．were　本句表示与现在事实相反的虚拟语气，if从句的谓语动词要用过去式，be动词用were。
6．the　设空处后为形容词最高级，表示“最好的朋友”。故设空处填定冠词the。
7．friendly　设空处后为名词，设空处作定语，故用形容词(friendly)作定语。
8．advise　设空处在句中作谓语，故需用谓语动词，这里讲述的是客观事实，故用一般现在时。
9．to do　take pains to do sth.为固定短语，意为“努力做某事”。
10．in　in case为固定短语，意为“以防，以免”。

专题八定语从句

关系代词

关系代词
先行词
句法功能
who
人
主语、宾语(限制性定语从句中可省略)、表语
whom
人
宾语(限制性定语从句中可省略)
whose (＝of whom/of which)
人或物
定语
that
人或物
主语、宾语(限制性定语从句中可省略)
which
物
主语、宾语(限制性定语从句中可省略)
as
人或物
主语、宾语

Each graduate standing on the playground, who was accompanied by a parent, would be awarded a diploma by the headmaster.
每个毕业生都由父亲或母亲陪伴着站在操场上，等待校长给他们颁发毕业文凭。
My daughter, whose job requires her to do a lot of travelling, is always away from home.
我的女儿总不在家，她的工作需要经常出差。
1．关系代词that与which的用法
(1)限制性定语从句中只用that不用which的情况：
①先行词是不定代词或者先行词被不定代词所修饰时，关系代词通常只用that。
Do you have anything that you want to say for yourself?
你有什么要为自己说的吗？
②先行词被序数词，形容词最高级，the only, the very, the last等修饰时，关系代词通常只用that，不用which。
This is one of the most exciting football games that I have ever seen.这是我见过的最激动人心的足球比赛之一。
This is the only thing that we can do now.
这是我们现在唯一能做的事情。
③先行词既有人又有物时，关系代词只用that，不用which。
The scientist and his achievements that you told me about are admired by us all.
我们所有人都钦佩你告诉我的那位科学家和他所取得的成就。
④定语从句出现在which或who的特殊疑问句中时用that。
Which is the bike that you lost?
哪辆是你丢的自行车？
Who is the boy that won the gold medal?
赢得金牌的那个男孩是谁？
⑤有两个定语从句时，其中一个关系代词宜用which，另外一个宜用that。
They secretly built up a small factory, which produced things that could cause pollution.
他们偷偷地建了一家小工厂，这家工厂生产可能会造成污染的东西。
⑥当先行词在主句中作表语，而关系代词在从句中作表语时。
Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be.
上海不再是过去的那座城市了。
⑦主句是there be句型且关系词在从句中作主语时，用that不用which引导。
There is a seat in the corner that is still available.
在那个角落还有一个座位可用。
(2)只用which不用that的情况：
①引导非限制性定语从句。
Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others, which, of course, made the others envy him.
海伦对她最小的儿子比对其他的儿子好得多，这当然让其他的儿子很嫉妒她的小儿子。
②关系代词充当介词的宾语，且介词位于关系代词之前。
This is the house in which Lu Xun once lived.
这是鲁迅曾住过的房子。
③引导的定语从句修饰前面的整个主句，代替主句所表示的整体或部分概念。
The result was not the same as they had expected, which was rather disappointing.
结果与当初预料的不一样，这让人觉得很失望。
2．which与as引导非限制性定语从句的区别

which
as
位置上
只能放在主句的后面
位置灵活，可放在主句前也可放在主句后，有时还可插入主句中
搭配上
无动词的限制
谓语动词通常是表示感觉或心理活动的动词，如see, hear, know, expect, remember等
意思上
意为“这一点”
意为“正如……，正像……的那样”

She was late for school again, which was unexpected.
她上学又迟到了，这是始料不及的。
She was late for school again, as we expected.
正如我们预料的那样，她上学又迟到了。
[名师指津]　as引导限制性定语从句常用于下列句式：such＋名词＋as (像……一样的，像……之类的)；such (pron.)＋as (像……一样的，像……之类的)；the same＋名词＋as (和……同样的)。
We have found such materials as are used in their factory.
我们已经找到了像他们工厂里用的那种材料。
I have the same book as he has.
我和他有同样的书。

[命题点感悟]
单句语法填空
①(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 ________ showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes.
解析：that/which　分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，并在定语从句中作主语，修饰先行词study，故填that/which。
②(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005 — when the government started a soil­testing program________ gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers — and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.
解析：that/which　空处引导定语从句，并在从句中作主语，修饰“a soil­testing program”，先行词表示物，故用that或者which。
③(2017 ·浙江11月高考)The best part of the process is that there's enough room for improvement, ________ means you'll just keep getting better and better.
解析：which　空处引导非限制性定语从句并在从句中作主语，故填which。
④(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)But Sarah，________ has taken part in shows along with top models, wants to prove that she has brains as well as beauty.
解析：who　分析句子结构可知，此处应是一个非限制性定语从句，先行词是Sarah，故用关系代词who。
⑤(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)In their spare time, they are interested in planting vegetables in their garden, ________ is on the rooftop of their house.
解析：which　空处引导非限制性定语从句并在从句中作主语，故填which。
⑥(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)Around me in the picture are the things ________ were very important in my life at that time: car magazines and musical instruments.
解析：that/which　分析句子结构可知，things作其后定语从句的先行词，并在从句中作主语，故关系代词用that或which。

关系副词

关系副词
先行词
句法功能
when
时间
时间状语
where
地点
地点状语
why
原因
原因状语(只引导限制性定语从句)

Sing! China has set up a big stage for young people with a talent for music, where some have stood out among them.
《中国新歌声》为有音乐天赋的年轻人建立了一个大舞台，在这个舞台上一些人从中脱颖而出。
The reason why he failed in the exam was that he didn't study hard.
他考试失败的原因是他学习不努力。
I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing.
我还记得第一次来北京的那一天。
[名师指津]　当先行词为situation, case, stage, point等表示抽象意义的词，且关系词在定语从句中作状语时，用关系副词where。
They have reached the point where they have to separate with each other.他们已经到了必须分手的地步。

[命题点感悟]
单句语法填空
①(2017·浙江6月高考)Pahlsson and her husband now think the ring probably got swept into a pile of kitchen rubbish and was spread over the garden，________ it remained until the carrot's leafy top accidentally sprouted (生长) through it. For Pahlsson, its return was a wonder.
解析：where　根据句子结构可知，此处为非限制性定语从句，先行词为“the garden”，在从句中作地点状语，故要用关系副词where引导。
②(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid­1980s，________ I was the first Western TV reporter permitted to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.
解析：when　先行词是表示时间的“the mid­1980s”，且从句中缺少时间状语，故填关系副词when。
③(2015·广东高考)When harvest came around，he was already selling herbs，vegetables and cotton in the market ________ people from the towns met regularly.
解析：where　根据句子结构可以判断，在这里应填关系词来引导一个定语从句，修饰表地点的先行词“the market”，且从句中少地点状语，故填关系副词where。


“介词＋关系词”引导的定语从句
1.“介词＋关系词”引导的定语从句



构成
句法功能
用法指津
名词(代词)＋介词＋关系代词
主语
可转化为“whose＋名词”结构
数词(形容词最高级)＋of＋关系代词
主语
数词还可以被some, many, most, each等不定代词替换
介词(短语)＋关系代词
状语
关系代词只能用which或whom且不能省略，但可与关系副词互换
介词＋关系代词＋名词
状语
关系代词常用which 和whose
介词＋关系副词
状语
有时为了表达清楚，还可以在关系副词where/when前加介词from或to

Recently, I bought an ancient vase, the price of which was very reasonable.
最近，我买了一个古代花瓶，它的价格很合理。
He has ten cousins, the youngest of whom is very clever.
他有十个表兄弟，最小的那个很聪明。
Lily might possibly come, in which case I'll ask her.
莉莉可能会来，要是那样的话我就去问她。
There is a big window in my room, from where I can see the railway station.
我的房间有一个大窗户，透过它我可以看到火车站。
2．“介词＋关系词”引导的定语从句的2个考查点
(1)考查该结构中关系代词的选用
若介词放在关系代词之前，关系代词指人时常用whom，指物时常用which。
(2)考查该结构中介词的选用
一般来说，确定关系代词前的介词，可以从以下三方面入手：先行词和介词的搭配习惯；从句中动词或形容词与介词的搭配习惯；句子意思表达的需要。

[专题过关训练]
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．Get yourself familiar with local laws and customs of the countries to which_you are travelling.
2．At that time I was in Texas and I had a friend whose family business was running hotels.
3．To the Egyptians, green was a color which/that represented the hope and joy of spring, while for Muslims, it means heaven.
4．This woman has set a good example to her son, who is a really lucky guy.
5．The watch, which_was a gift from his father, was very important to him and he was determined to find it.
6．The settlement is home to nearly 1,000 people, many of whom left their village homes for a better life in the city.
7．He wrote some of his most popular waltzes, among which_was the well­known favourite The Blue Danube.
8．Everywhere there are new freeways, tunnels and bridges which/that_carry the ever increasing traffic under or over the river.
9．Reading has a lot of advantages, one of which is that it helps you develop reading skills.
10．From this experience I have learnt that questioning can serve as a bridge that/which helps us to seek the truth.
11．My house is about three kilometers far away from Xi'an Muslim Street which/that is full of local foods.
12．At the same time, another student, who saw everything, went up to help.
13．My father was easily cheated, which surprised me.
14．Actually, it is important for us to communicate with our parents because they are the dearest people in our life, who care for us all the time.
15．Take part in activities at school, through which you can make more friends.
Ⅱ.运用语法写靓句
1．正如人们所发现的那样，许多语言学习是在生命的第一年进行的，所以在那个时期父母应该多跟孩子说话。(language learning, be discovered, happen, talk much)
A_lot_of_language_learning,_as_has_been_discovered,_is_happening_in_the_first_year_of_life,_so_parents_should_talk_much_to_their_children_during_that_period.
2．我发现一个老人躺在地上，我乘出租车立即把他送到了医院，这就是那天上午我迟到的原因。(find sb. doing, take ... to)
I_found_an_old_man_lying_on_the_ground_and_I_took_him_to_the_hospital_in_a_taxi_immediately,_which_was_why_I_was_late_that_morning.
3．我们学校里的老师，大多数都是三十多岁，把他们一切都奉献给了我们。(in one's thirties, devote oneself to)
The_teachers_of_our_school,_most_of_whom_are_in_their_thirties,_have_devoted_themselves_to_us.
4．经常听些英语歌曲或看些英语电影，这有助于提高你的听力和口语技能。(listen to)
Often_listen_to_English_songs_or_watch_English_movies,_which_can_help_improve_your_listening_and_speaking_skills.
5．他是那些学生中唯一一个连续三次获得一等奖的。(the only one, win the first prize, in a row)
He_is_the_only_one_of_the_students_who_has_won_the_first_prize_(for)_three_times_in_a_row.
6．参观西湖是一次难忘的经历，一次我将永远珍惜的经历。(visit, value for the rest of my life)
Visiting_the_West_Lake_is_an_unforgettable_experience,_one_I__will_value_for_the_rest_of_my_life.
Ⅲ.语法填空
(2019·河北衡水中学模拟)Have you ever had a case __1__ a mistake helped you understand an idea or a skill? For me, it was sailing. I took a sailing class when I was in high school. No matter how many times I read the __2__ (explain), I could not understand the difference between a “tack” and a “jibe” — two methods of turning a boat — one much __3__ (safe) than the other. Later, one day, when I was sailing, a heavy wind blew up. We needed to head back, __4__ I mistook the “tack” for the “jibe” and pushed the boat in the wrong direction. Before I realized __5__ (I) mistake, it was late. Luckily, no one __6__ (hurt). Only after this experience did I __7__ (clear) understand the sailing phrase “turning on the wind” that I ___8__ (read) so many times in the textbook. I never confused a “jibe” with “tack” again! Now I often share this story __9__ my students after they have made mistakes. I hope they can learn something from their mistakes and correct them instead of __10__ (regret) all day.
语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章叙述了作者通过一次航海经历才领悟到“tack”与“jibe”的区别。
1．where　先行词是case，定语从句中关系词作地点状语，故用关系副词where。
2．explanation(s)　由空格前的定冠词the可知此处需用名词形式。explanation是可数名词，再根据“how many times”可知应用其复数形式。
3．safer　根据句中的“than”可知此处应用比较级形式。
4．but　前后两个分句之间为转折关系，故填but。
5．my　修饰名词mistake应用形容词性物主代词作定语。
6．was hurt　此处叙述的是过去发生的事，且“no one”与hurt之间为被动关系，故用一般过去时的被动语态。
7．clearly　修饰动词understand应用副词形式。
8．had read　从句动作发生在主句谓语动作之前，因此表示“过去的过去”，应用过去完成时。
9．with　share sth. with sb.“与某人分享某物”。
10．regretting　介词of后应用动名词形式。
专题九名词性从句


连接词that, whether, if引导的名词性从句

1．that引导的名词性从句
(1)that在名词性从句中不作任何成分，引导宾语从句时有时可以省略，引导主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句时不能省略。
I think that you should turn to the teacher for help.(that不充当任何句子成分，也无实际意义)
我认为你应该向老师寻求帮助。
(2)that引导主语从句时，常用it作形式主语，常见句型有：
①It＋be＋形容词(necessary/right/likely/unlikely/wrong/important/certain等)＋that从句
It is wonderful that all of you have passed the difficult exam!
你们都通过了这次很难的考试真令人高兴！
②It＋be＋名词(短语)(a pity/a shame/a surprise/no wonder等)＋that从句
It is a pity that you have missed the wonderful lecture.
你错过了这么精彩的演讲真遗憾。
③It＋be＋过去分词(said/told/reported/decided等)＋that从句
It is suggested that the lab building (should) be built next year.
有人建议实验楼明年修建。
④It＋特殊动词(seems/appears/happens/matters)＋that从句
It appears that they have made the same mistake.
好像他们犯了同样的错误。
[名师指津]　在以下主语从句中，常使用虚拟语气，即“should＋动词原形”形式，其中的should可以省略。
①It is necessary/strange/important/natural etc.＋that ...
②It is a pity that ...
③It is suggested/requested/required/proposed/desired etc. ＋that ...
(3)动词find, feel, think, consider, make, believe等后面有宾语补足语时，需用it作形式宾语而将that引导的宾语从句后置。
I think it necessary that we take plenty of boiled water every day.我认为我们每天喝大量的开水是很有必要的。
2．whether与if 引导的名词性从句
(1)whether引导的主语从句既可放在句首也可放在句末，但if引导的主语从句只能放在句末，且前面需用it作形式主语。
Whether it is true remains a question.
这是否是真的依然是个问题。
It is unknown if he will attend the meeting.
他是否会来参加会议还不清楚。
(2)whether与if引导宾语从句时，大多数情况下可以互换，后面直接跟or not时用whether，用于介词后引导宾语从句时也用whether。
We don't know whether or not she was ready.
我们不知道她是否准备好了。
I'm interested in whether you've finished the work.
我对你是否完成了这项工作感兴趣。
(3)whether可引导表语从句和同位语从句，而if则不可以。
The question is whether it is worth doing.
问题是它是否值得做。
The question whether the work was worth doing has not been decided.这项工作是否值得做的问题还没有确定。


连接代词和连接副词引导的名词性从句
1．连接代词引导的名词性从句
连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which等不但起连接作用，也在从句中作名词或代词所作的成分，如主语、表语、宾语、定语等。缺少连接代词，从句不完整。
What worries us most is who let out the secret.
最令我们担忧的是谁泄漏了秘密。
2．连接副词引导的名词性从句
连接副词when, where, why, how等不但起连接作用，也在从句中作状语，表示时间、地点、原因和方式等。
He didn't tell me when we would meet again.
他没告诉我什么时候我们再见面。
Go and get your coat. It's where you left it.
去把你的大衣拿来。就在你原来放的地方。
I have no idea how I can express myself clearly in English.
我不知道如何用英语清楚地表达自己。
That's why I want you to work there.
那就是我要你在那儿工作的原因。
3．“疑问词＋­ever”引导的名词性从句
“疑问词＋­ever”引导名词性从句时，有词意，并且在从句中充当一定的句子成分。
Whoever breaks the law should be punished.
无论谁触犯法律都应该受到惩罚。
Wherever children go makes their parents worry.
孩子们无论去哪儿父母都担心。
[名师指津]　“疑问词＋­ever”还可以引导让步状语从句，但“no matter＋疑问词”只能引导让步状语从句，不能用来引导名词性从句。
Whatever (＝ No matter what) you do, you must do it well.
无论你做什么，都必须做好。
[命题点感悟]
单句语法填空
①(2018·浙江11月高考)It is possible ________ caffeine may cause birth defects (缺陷) in humans, too.
解析：that　it作形式主语，that从句为真正主语。
②(2017·天津高考改编)She asked me________ I had returned the books to the library, and I admitted that I hadn't.
解析：whether/if　句意：她问我是否已经把书还给图书馆了，我承认说我还没有还。分析句子结构可知，空格处引导宾语从句，且在从句中不作任何成分，只起连接作用；又根据句意可知此处表示“是否”，故用whether或if引导宾语从句。
③(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)My uncle is the owner of a restaurant close to ________ I live.
解析：where　分析句子结构可知，介词to之后为宾语从句，宾语从句中缺少地点状语，故用where引导。
④(2015·全国卷Ⅱ)As natural architects, the Pueblo Indians figured out exactly ________ thick the adobe walls needed to be to make the cycle work on most days.
解析：how　分析句子结构可知，空格处是一个宾语从句。空格后的thick为形容词，因此空格处应用副词，故填how。
⑤(2014·广东高考)I didn't understand ________ this would happen and my credit card had already been charged for the reservation.
解析：why　根据语境可知，“我”不知道/不明白为什么会发生这样的事情。不明白的一定是原因，故用why引导。


名词性从句易错点

1．that和what的区别
that引导名词性从句时，在主从句中不充当任何句子成分，也没有任何含义；而what引导名词性从句时，在主从句中都要充当一定的句子成分，what可以分解成定语从句中的“先行词＋关系代词”，即常说的“先行词＋that/which/who”。
It's a shame that he has made such a mistake.
真遗憾，他犯了这样一个错误。
I will do what I can (do) to help him.
我将尽我所能帮助他。
2．同位语从句与定语从句的区别
判断是定语从句还是同位语从句可以用“加词”的方法，即在名词和从句之间加入一个be动词，如果句子意思成立，则是同位语从句，否则，则是定语从句。试比较：
①The notice that the meeting had to be put off was true.(同位语从句)
→The notice was that the meeting had to be put off.
②The notice that he read just now was true.(定语从句)
[专题过关训练]
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．And it evaluates how well you combine your listening, reading, speaking and writing skills to perform academic tasks.
2．Now, he is still waiting to find out whether/if he has broken the record.
3．He promised to give a great reward to whoever_ found the watch.
4．“That's exactly what_ I need，” Mr. Vincent said to himself.
5．Think about what you want in the coming year, then ask yourself why you want that.
6．Another possible reason is that on average, the British people don't take themselves too seriously.
7．What he did know was that he was very thankful for the opportunity given to him.
8．The two presidents talked by telephone on Friday, but the details of what they said were not available.
9．Reading exposes you to new words, and you will see how those words are used.
10．The third reason is that some students have to get up early on weekdays to get to school far away from home.
11．Some students prefer to choose a major first so they can learn what they are interested in.
12．If we are in the habit of raising doubts as to whether what we are told is true, we can find the correct answer and learn more.
13．I'd like to know how the activity is scheduled in detail.
14．With such a pen pal, I hope I can share with her my experiences in traveling, taking care of pets, or whatever we have in common.
15．(2019·云南昆明一中模拟)What made Mr. Green surprised was that it was just his daughter, who wore a suit of man's clothes.
Ⅱ.运用语法写靓句
1．许多学生的成功是因为他们为考试做了充分的准备。(lie in, the fact, be prepared for)
Many_students'_success_lies_in_the_fact_that_they_were_well_prepared_for_the_exam.
2．我们有许多共同的地方。他喜欢什么，我就喜欢什么；他讨厌什么，我也讨厌什么。(have a lot in common, love, hate)
We_have_a_lot_in_common._I_love_what_he_loves_and_hate_what_he_hates.
3．近几年，我们的学校发生了很大的变化，已经不再是过去的样子了。(great changes, take place, used to be)
In_the_past_few_years,_great_changes_have_taken_place_in_our_school_and_it_is_no_longer_what_it_used_to_be.
4．我们必须尽一切努力来保护我们的环境。(take, protect)
We_must_do_whatever_it_takes_to_protect_our_environment.
5．那时我才意识到我犯了一个多么大的错误。(It was ... that ..., realize, make)
It_was_then_that_I_realized_what_a_terrible_mistake_I_had_made.
6．得知你在英语学习上取得大的进步，我很高兴。(learn)
I_am_glad_to_learn_that_you_are_making_great_progress_with_your_English_learning.
Ⅲ.语法填空
After being upset at opportunities in the UK, I left the UK for another country and discovered that understanding an __1__ (entire) new culture taught me a lot about how to get ahead.
My life overseas began after reading an email about a government programme __2__ the aim of getting young people over to that country. I __3__ (consider) no international work experience before, but, realizing that this was an opportunity not to be missed, I boarded a plane to the country.
The main reason for people to go on such a voyage is to develop __4__ better understanding of a different culture. The key to __5__ (get) ahead in this country is to get connected with other people, which determines how business __6__ (do) and how you succeed.
Living abroad isn't as easy as I thought. Each day will present you with a new challenge __7__ (overcome). But it will wholly disappear with days when your taxi driver finally understands __8__ you need to go without you acting it out, days when you discover __9__ (taste) dishes cost only a small part of a Happy Meal, and days when the people you'll remember forever or just for two weeks leave a lasting __10__ (impress) on your life.

1．entirely　我发现，了解一种全新的文化教给我很多关于如何获得成功的知识。本空应用副词entirely“完全地，彻底地”修饰形容词new。
2．with　with the aim of表示“带着……的目的”，为习惯搭配，故此处应填with。
3．had considered　副词before“以前”一般与完成时连用，由but后面的分句所用的一般过去时可知，此处要用过去完成时。
4．a　develop a better understanding of“对……有更好的理解”，为习惯用法，故填a。
5．getting　key作名词，意为“关键，要诀”时，常与介词to搭配，故本空要填动名词getting。
6．is done　它决定了做生意的方式以及你的成功之道。do与business之间是被动关系，且此处是在说明一种客观情况，因此用一般现在时的被动语态。
7．to be overcome　空格处作后置定语修饰challenge，根据语境可知非谓语动作还未发生，因此用不定式作后置定语，且overcome“克服”与challenge之间是被动关系，故用to be done的形式。
8．where　当你的出租车司机终于在你不用手比划的情况下就明白你需要去哪里时。空格处引导宾语从句，且在从句中作地点状语，表示“哪里”，故填where。
9．tasty　空格处修饰名词dishes，故填形容词tasty“美味的”。
10．impression　leave a ... impression on ...表示“给……留下……的印象”，空格处要填名词impression。
专题十并列句与状语从句

并列句

并列句由两个或两个以上并列而又独立的简单句构成。在并列句中，这些简单句常由并列连词(短语)连在一起。
1．转折/对比并列连词连接的并列句
常见的表示转折关系的并列连词包括but, while(而)等。其中，while连接并列句时，两分句之间是对比关系。
It often rains in the south, while it seldom rains in the north.
在南方经常下雨，然而在北方很少下雨。
2．联合并列连词连接的并列句
常用的表示平行或对等关系的联合并列连词有and, not only ... but (also), neither ...nor等。
Not only did he speak more correctly, but (also) he spoke more easily.
他不仅说得更正确，而且说得更轻松。
3．选择并列连词(or, either ... or, not ...but ...等) 连接的并列句
Would you like to leave or would you like to stay?
你是想走还是想留？
4．因果并列连词(for, so等)连接的并列句
He must have been caught in the rain, for he is wet all over.
他一定淋雨了，因为他全身都湿了。
5．特殊并列连词及并列句
(1)when可用于并列连词，意为“这时，那时”，相当于and at this/that time。常用于下列句式：
①be about to do sth. when ...“正要做某事，这时突然……”
②be on the point of doing sth. when ...“正要做某事，这时突然……”
③be doing sth. when ...“正在做某事，这时突然……”
④had done sth. when ...“刚做了某事，这时突然……”
He was about to go to school when a strong wind began to blow.
他正要去上学，这时突然刮起了大风。
(2)“祈使句＋and/or＋陈述句”，有时祈使句部分也可用名词短语。
Give me a chance, and I'll give you a wonderful surprise.
给我一个机会，我会还你一个奇迹。

[命题点感悟]
单句语法填空
①(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)Before getting into the car, I thought I had learned the instructor's orders, ________ once I started the car，my mind went blank.
解析：but/yet　此处表示“我认为我已经明白了教练的指令，但是车一启动，我的脑子却一片空白”。由此可知，前后分句之间是转折关系。
②(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)I have grown not only physically, ________ also mentally in the past few years.
解析：but　not only ...but also ...是固定短语，意为“不但……而且……”。
③(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)Every day he makes sure that fresh vegetables ________ high quality oil are used for cooking.
解析：and　根据语境可知，新鲜的蔬菜与高品质的油二者之间为并列关系。
④(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)We can choose between staying at home and taking a trip.If we stay at home, it is comfortable ________ there is no need to spend money.
解析：and　第二句句意：我们如果待在家里，会感觉舒适，还不花钱。根据句意可知，“comfortable”与“no need to spend money”之间是并列关系，故用and。
⑤(2015·广东高考)One day, the cow was eating grass ________ it began to rain heavily.
解析：when　be doing sth.when ...“正在做某事，这时突然……”。

状语从句
1．时间状语从句
(1)when, while与as引导的时间状语从句
连词
从句谓语动词
用法
when
延续性动词、非延续性动词
从句的动作和主句的动作可以同时发生，也可以先后发生
while
延续性动词
从句的动作与主句的动作同时发生
as
延续性动词
强调主从句动作相伴发生，可译为“一边……一边……；随着”

Metals expand when they are heated.
金属受热时膨胀。
While/When I was reading, he came in.
我正在看书时，他进来了。
The students sang as they walked.
学生们边走边唱。
As a young man (＝ When he was a young man), he was fond of hunting.
他年轻时喜欢打猎。
(2)before与since引导的时间状语从句
①before与since的常用句式
连词
词义
常用句式
before
在……之前，还未……就……；……才……；趁……，还没来得及……
(1)It will (not) be＋一段时间＋before ...“(没有)过……(时间)才(就)……”
(2) It was not long before ...“不久……就……”
(3) It was＋时间段＋before ...“过了……(时间)才……”
since
自从……以来
It is/has been＋一段时间＋since ...(从句用一般过去时)

It will be half a year before I come back.
我半年之后才回来。
It won't be long before we meet again.
用不了多久我们就会再见面。
It was three days before he came back.
三天后他才回来。
②since引导的从句如果用非延续性动词，所表示的是自从句谓语动作算起；若用延续性动词或状态动词，所表示的就是自动作或状态的完成或结束时算起。
It's two years since we arrived here.
我们到这儿两年了。
It's three years since we lived here.
我们不住在这里有三年了。
(3)表示“一……就……”含义的词(短语)引导的时间状语从句
①引导时间状语从句，且表示“一……就……”含义的词或短语有as soon as, the moment, the minute, immediately, directly, hardly/scarcely ... when/before, no sooner ... than ...等。
Directly you feel any pains, you must go to the doctor.
你一感觉疼痛就必须去找医生。
We will leave the minute you are ready.
你一准备好，我们就出发。
②hardly/scarcely ... when/before, no sooner ... than ...中主句应用过去完成时，从句应用一般过去时；当no sooner ...和hardly/scarcely ...位于句首时，主句要部分倒装。
Hardly/Scarcely had he heard the news when he began to cry.
他一听到这个消息就哭了。
No sooner had we arrived at the station than the train left.
我们刚到火车站火车就开了。
(4)until与till引导的时间状语从句
①until与till引导时间状语从句的区别
连词
位置
用法
until
可以放在句首
not ... until可用于强调句型
till
不可放在句首
一般不用于强调句型

I had waited a long time till/until he came back.
他回来时我已等了很长时间。
It was not until he told me about it again that I had any idea of it.
直到他又告诉我一遍我才明白。
②not until位于句首时，主句要部分倒装。
Not until he comes will we start our discussion.
直到他来了我们才能开始讨论。
③until/till用于肯定句时主句的谓语动词是延续性动词，用于否定句时主句的谓语动词是非延续性动词。
They waited till/until I returned.
他们一直等到我回来。
(5)引导时间状语从句的其他常见连词(短语)
①其他常见的引导时间状语从句的连词(短语)还有after, whenever, every time, each time, next time, the first/last time, any time, by the time, the day/year等。
Whenever we met with difficulties, they came to help us.
每当我们遇到困难，他们就来帮助我们。
②by the time引导的时间状语从句如果用一般现在时，主句则用将来完成时；从句如果用一般过去时，主句则用过去完成时。
By the time you come back, we will have finished the job.
到你回来的时候，我们将已经完成了这项工作。
By the time we got there, the rain had stopped.
到我们到达那儿时，雨已经停了。
2．条件状语从句
(1)引导条件状语从句的常见从属连词有if, unless, as/so long as, in case (万一), once, on condition that, provided/providing (that), supposing/suppose (that)等。
You'll be late unless you get up earlier.
除非你早点起床，否则你会迟到的。
As long as you don't lose heart, you will succeed.
只要你不灰心，你就会成功。
Supposing that they refuse us, who else can we turn to for help？假如他们拒绝了我们，我们还能求助于谁呢？
They agreed to lend us the car on condition that we return it before the weekend.他们同意把车借给我们，条件是我们必须在周末以前归还。
(2)在条件状语从句中，用一般现在时代替一般将来时，一般过去时代替过去将来时。
In case there is a fire, what will we do first?
万一发生火灾，我们首先做什么？
3．让步状语从句
(1)although, though, as与while引导的让步状语从句
①although引导让步状语从句时，只能用正常语序； though引导让步状语从句时，可用正常语序，也可用倒装语序；as引导让步状语从句时只能用倒装语序，即从句中的表语、状语或动词原形置于句首，若表语是单数名词，前置时要省略冠词。
Although/Though he may be troubled, he always presents a calm smiling face.
尽管他可能会遇到麻烦，但他总是露出平静的微笑。
Much as/though I have traveled, I have never seen anyone who's as capable as John.虽然我已经去过很多地方，但我从未见过像约翰这么能干的人。
Child as he is, he knows a lot.
尽管他还是一个孩子，但他却懂很多。
Try as he may, he never succeeds.
尽管他很努力，但他从未成功过。
②although与though都可以与yet, still, nevertheless连用，但不能和but连用。
③though还可以作副词，意为“可是，然而”，置于句末。
I have got a cold. It is nothing much, though.
我感冒了，不过不太严重。
④while引导让步状语从句时，一般置于句首。
While I admit that there are problems, I don't agree that they cannot be solved.
尽管我承认有问题存在，但我不同意说这些
问题不能解决。
(2)even if与even though引导的让步状语从句
①even if与even though表示“即使，纵然”，有退一步设想的意味，多用于书面语中。
②even if与even though引导让步状语从句时，可用虚拟语气，也可以用陈述语气。
I'll do it, even if it takes me all the afternoon.
我要做这件事，即使它将花去我整个下午的时间。
Even if I were in your place, I wouldn't take the job.
即使我处于你的位置，我也不会接受这份工作。
(3)“no matter＋疑问词”与“疑问词＋­ever”引导的让步状语从句
①“no matter＋疑问词”相当于“疑问词＋­ever”，二者都可以引导让步状语从句。
Don't trust him, no matter what/whatever he says.
无论他说什么，不要相信他。
②whoever, whatever, whomever, whichever还可以引导名词性从句，但“no matter＋疑问词”不可以。
(4)whether ... or (not) ...引导的让步状语从句
Whether you believe it or not, it is true.
不管你相信与否，这是真的。
4．原因状语从句
(1)because/as/since/now that

连词(短语)
位置
内涵
语气
能否回答why
能否被强调
because
一般放在主句之后
直接因果关系
强
能
能
as
主句前或后
双方都知道的原因
弱
不能
不能
since/ now that
通常位于主句前

The old man asked Lucy to move to another chair because he wanted to sit next to his wife.
那位老人让露西换坐到另一把椅子上，因为他想挨着妻子坐。
I can't go with you, as I have a lot of work to do.
我不能和你一起去，因为我有很多工作要做。
Now that/Since everyone is here, let's begin our meeting.
既然大家都在这儿，我们开始开会吧。
(2)when (既然), seeing that (鉴于，由于)，considering that (考虑到), in that (因为)等也可以引导原因状语从句
The book is different from that book in that this one is about chemistry and that one about history.
这本书不同于那本书，因为这本是关于化学的而那本是关于历史的。
It was foolish of you to take a taxi when you could walk there in five minutes.
既然步行五分钟就能到那里，你却乘出租车，真够愚蠢的。
5．结果状语从句
(1)引导结果状语从句的从属连词有：so that, so ... that ..., such ... that ...。在非正式语体中，由so ... that ..., such ... that ...引导的句子中的that可以省略，注意其结构：


Mike is such an honest worker that we all believe in him.
＝Mike is so honest a worker that we all believe in him.
迈克是一个如此诚实的工人，以至于我们都信任他。
It is such fine weather that we all want to go to the park.
天气如此晴朗，以至于我们都想去公园。
He earned so little money that he couldn't support his family.他挣这么少的钱，以至于他养不起家。
[名师指津]　为了强调形容词和副词，当so或such置于句首时，主句要用倒装语序。
So clever a student was he that he was able to work out all the difficult questions.
他是一个如此聪明的学生，以至于能够解出所有难题。
(2)such ... that ...引导的状语从句与such ... as ...引导的定语从句的区别。
首先观察两个句子：
①He is such a clever boy as everyone likes.(like后少宾语，as要在从句中充当成分，故该句为定语从句)
他是一个人人都喜爱的聪明孩子。
②He is such a clever boy that everyone likes him.(从句中不缺成分，故该句为状语从句)
他是一个如此聪明的孩子，以至于人人都喜欢他。
6．其他状语从句
状语从句类型
从属连词
地点状语从句
where, wherever, everywhere, anywhere
目的状语从句
so that, in order that, in case (以免，以防), for fear that (唯恐，以防)
方式状语从句
as, as if/though
比较状语从句
as ...as, not as/so ... as, the same ... as, 比较级＋than

We must camp where we can get water.
我们必须在能找到水的地方露营。
I'll speak slowly so that you can make sense of what I said.
我会说得慢一些以便让你听懂我说的话。
The old lady treats the boy as if he were her own son.
那个老太太对待那个男孩就好像他是她的亲生儿子一样。
He is taller than any other student in our school.
他比我们学校的任何一个学生都高。
[名师指津]　①so that与in order that引导目的状语从句时，常与can, could, may, might连用，in order that引导的目的状语从句可以置于主句前或后，但so that引导的从句只能置于主句后。
②what引导的比较状语从句的句式：A is to B what C is to D．A对B而言正如C对D一样。
Air is to us what water is to fish.
空气之于我们就如同水之于鱼一样(重要)。

[命题点感悟]
单句语法填空
①(2018·北京高考改编)________ we don't stop climate change, many animals and plants in the world will be gone.
解析：If　句意：如果我们不阻止气候变化，世界上的许多动植物将会消失。根据句意可知，此处应该用 if 引导条件状语从句，表示主句内容发生的条件。
②(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)I was so nervous ________ I could hardly tell which direction was left.
解析：that　此处是so ...that ...句型，表示“如此……以至于……”。
③(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)Over time，________ the population grew, people began cutting food into small pieces so it would cook more quickly.
解析：as/when　句意：慢慢地，随着人口的增加(或：当人口增加时)，为了使食物熟得更快，人们开始把食物切成小块。根据句意可知，as/when引导时间状语从句。
④(2016·四川高考)The mother held the baby in her front paws much the way a human does.________ it cried，she rocked it back and forth and gave it little comforting pats.
解析：When/If　第二句句意：当它哭的时候/如果它哭了，熊猫妈妈会来回摇晃它，轻轻拍打，给它安慰。根据句意可知，when (当……时)和if (如果)用在此处都合适。
⑤(2015·陕西高考)My only mistake was that I dropped some on the floor ________ I was packing them up.
解析：when/while　句意：我所犯的唯一的错误就是当我打包它们(饼干)的时候，掉在了地上一些。when/while“当……的时候”，在此处引导时间状语从句。
⑥(2015·浙江高考)________ I was only a child when I studied in that classroom, I will never forget it.
解析：Although/Though　句意：尽管在那个教室学习时我仅仅是一个孩子，但我永远忘不了它。根据句意可知，此处表示让步，故用although或though。
⑦(2014·辽宁高考)Unbelievable! Oh ...，________ you don't mind, I'll stop and take a deep breath.
解析：if　句意：……如果你不介意，我要停下来做一下深呼吸。根据句意可知，应填if引导条件状语从句。
⑧(2014·大纲卷)And it is wise to have as many good friends ________ we can.
解析：as　as many ...as we can为固定句式，as引导比较状语从句。
[专题过关训练]
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．But you don't know that when I started senior English in the beginning, I found it difficult and quite different from what we had learned in junior school.
2．Now I have made such great progress in my English study that I am more interested in learning it than before.
3．Bravely as/though the players fought, they had no chance of winning.
4．When hunger strikes, we can reach for a healthy, nutritious meal, or we can choose the junk food of high sugar.
5．It was _so successful that he designed the present one, which measures roughly 200 square meters.
6．So if you want to eat less, some suggest that eating from blue plates should help.
7．If/When/While you are travelling abroad, here are the tips you need to make your trip much easier.
8．What we are about to do is perfectly legal. But please don't discuss it with anyone.
9．When I was 10, once my parents were away on business, and/so I had to stay at home alone for a day.
10．There is only a little rain and the weather is neither too hot nor too cold.
11．Although/Though the answer seemed a little strange, nobody but I doubted it.
12．Now, if time and money are making it impossible, then check out the online college fairs at College Week Live.
13．Shaking hands is the most popular way to greet each other when people meet.
14．They said this was such a beautiful day that they would remember it forever.
15．It's good to arrive early so you can get settled before classes start.
Ⅱ.运用语法写靓句
1．他正沿着马路骑车上学，这时，一辆小汽车超车抢道，把他撞倒了。(ride, cut in, knock sb. down)
He_was_riding_along_the_road_when_a_car_cut_in_and_knocked_him_down.
2．我一听到这个消息，就急不可待地想告诉我父母。(can't wait to, the moment)
I_couldn't_wait_to_tell_my_parents_the_moment_I_heard_the_news.
3．虽然数学老师给我解释了许多遍，但是我还是不明白。(although, understand)
Although_the_maths_teacher_explained_it_to_me_several_times,_I_still_couldn't_understand_it.
4．既然你不得不整天待在教室里，你还是全身心地投入到学习上为好。(now that, might as well, put one's heart into)
Now_that_you_have_to_stay_in_the_classroom_all_day,_you_might_as_well_put_your_heart_into_your_studies.
5．当你读书的时候，你最好在你不理解的地方做个标记。(make a mark)
When_you_are_reading,_you'd_better_make_a_mark_where_you_don't_understand.
6．他看起来好像前一天夜里没有睡觉一样。(look, sleep a wink)
He_looked_as_if_he_hadn't_slept_a_wink_the_night_before.
Ⅲ.语法填空
(2019·丽水模拟)A mouse, because of a(n) __1__ (luck) chance, made close friends with an evil frog. One day, __2__ frog played a trick on the mouse by __3__ (tie) a foot of the mouse to his own. At first, both of them joined together and the frog __4__ (lead) his friend toward the pool in which he lived, and didn't stop __5__ he reached the side of the water. Then the frog suddenly jumped into the water and the mouse was pulled in with __6__ (he). The frog enjoyed the water and swam in it around, happily crying __7__ if he had done a great deed. The unhappy mouse died soon in the water, and his dead body floated around on the surface, __8__ (fasten) to the foot of the frog. A hawk saw the dead mouse, suddenly flew down towards it, caught it and flew away. The frog, still tied to the foot of the mouse, was also carried of as a __9__ (prison), and he __10__ (eat) by the hawk.
语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。作者讲述了一个有关老鼠和青蛙的故事，说明了一个道理，即害人终害己。
1．unlucky　设空处前为不定冠词，后为名词，由此可推断设空处应为形容词作定语，根据语境可知这只老鼠运气不佳，故填unlucky。
2．the　设空处后的名词frog是第二次被提到，表示特指，故填定冠词the。
3．tying　介词(by)后需用动名词形式作宾语，故填tie的动名词形式tying。
4．led　根据上下文以及“and didn't stop”可知设空处应该用一般过去时，故填led。
5．until　本句使用了“not ... until ...”句型，意为“直到……才……”。
6．him　后来那只青蛙突然跳进水里，那只老鼠也随之被拉进水中。介词后需用代词的宾格形式，根据提示词he可知设空格处填him。
7．as　好像他做了一件大事似的。as if“好像”。
8．fastened　主语与空格处之间为逻辑上的被动关系，故填fastened。
9．prisoner　根据设空处前的不定冠词，可推知设空处应为名词，故填prisoner。
10．was eaten　设空处讲的是过去的事情，故用一般过去时；he与eat之间为被动关系，故用被动语态。







专题十一主谓一致与特殊句式

主谓一致
主谓一致是指句子的谓语动词和其主语在人称和数上必须保持一致。主谓一致一般遵循三个原则：语法一致原则、意义一致原则和就近一致原则。
1．语法一致原则
主语的单复数决定了谓语动词的单复数。
(1)动名词短语、动词不定式短语、单个从句或不定代词作主语时，谓语动词常用单数。
Listening to music makes me relaxed after a busy day.
听音乐使我在一天的忙碌之后得到了放松。
Everything is in a complete mass, which drives people crazy.
所有的事情都毫无头绪，让人发疯。
[名师指津]　what引导的从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式，但如果从句表示复数意义，则谓语动词用复数形式。
What he said is far from the truth.
他的话与事实相差太远了。
What the school needs are qualified teachers.
这个学校需要的是合格的老师。
(2)主语后跟有with, together with, as well as, like, but, except, along with, rather than, including, in addition to等引起的短语时，谓语动词的数要与前面的主语保持一致。
The teacher as well as his students was very excited.
老师和他的学生们都很兴奋。
(3)and, both ... and ...连接两个不同的主语时，谓语动词用复数形式；但是如果由and连接的两个名词表示同一个人或物时，谓语动词用单数形式。
Her teacher and her friends are in the sitting room.
她的老师和朋友们都在客厅。
The poet and writer has produced many works.
这位诗人兼作家创作了许多作品。
(4)定语从句中关系代词作主语时，从句中的谓语动词的形式要与先行词保持一致。
I will always treasure the moments that were full of pleasure.
我将永远珍惜那些充满欢乐的时光。
(5)“many a或more than one＋可数名词单数”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。each, every, no所修饰的名词作主语时，即使有and连接，谓语动词仍用单数。
Many a parent has had to go through this same painful process.
很多父母都被迫经历了这一段痛苦的过程。
Every boy and every girl wishes to attend the party held on Sunday.
每个男生和女生都希望参加周日的聚会。
2．意义一致原则
意义一致原则是指不管主语的形式是单数还是复数，主语的意义决定了谓语动词的单复数。
(1)集体名词作主语时，若被看作一个整体，谓语动词用单数形式；若被看作是构成集体的一个个成员，谓语动词用复数形式。常见的集体名词有：family, class, team, group, public, committee, government, audience等。
The class consists of 25 boys and 20 girls.
这个班由25个男生和20个女生组成。
The class are doing experiment.
全班学生都在做实验。
(2)“分数/百分数/the majority＋of＋名词”作主语时，谓语动词的单复数取决于of后名词的数以及其表示的意义；all, some, half, most, the rest等作主语时，谓语动词的单复数取决于主语实际表达的意义。
About one third of the books are worth reading.
这些书中大约有1/3值得一读。
Only 60 percent of the work was done yesterday.
昨天只做了60% 的工作。
All of this is wonderful, but the best part of this film is the acting.
所有这些都很精彩，但电影最精彩的部分是表演。
(3)“the＋形容词”表示一类人在句中作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。
The old are taken good care of here.
在这儿老年人被照顾得很好。
(4)a quantity of后既可接不可数名词，也可接可数名词复数，谓语动词的单复数取决于of后名词的数以及其表示的意义；quantities of后无论是可数名词还是不可数名词，谓语动词均用复数形式。
A quantity of time has been wasted on the project.
＝Quantities of time have been wasted on the project.
大量的时间被浪费在这个项目上。
(5)“a number of＋复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式；“the number of＋复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
A number of students have gone for an outing.
许多学生去远足了。
The number of the students is increasing year after year.
学生的数量逐年增加。
(6)表示时间、距离、重量、金额等复数名词作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式。
Three thousand dollars is quite a lot of money for a boy.
对于一个男孩来说，3 000美元是一笔大数目。
3．就近一致原则
就近一致原则是指谓语动词的单复数形式取决于离它最近的主语的单复数。
(1)由or, either ...or ..., neither ... nor ..., not only ... but also ..., not ... but ...等连接的并列主语，谓语动词的数常与最近的主语保持一致。
Either you or one of your students is to attend the meeting that is due tomorrow.
要么是你要么是你的一名学生应该出席明天的会议。
(2)由there, here引起的主语不止一个时，谓语动词的数通常和最邻近的主语保持一致。
There are three books and a pen on the desk.
桌子上有三本书和一支钢笔。

[命题点感悟]
单句语法填空
①(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)While running regularly can't make you live forever, the review says it ________ (be) more effective at lengthening life than walking, cycling or swimming.
解析：is　根据语境可知，此处叙述的是一般的客观事实，且本句中宾语从句与主句的时态应保持一致，故使用一般现在时。it指代上一句的running regularly，是第三人称单数，故填is。
②(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)Fast food________ (be) full of fat and salt; by eating more fast food people will get more salt and fat than they need in their diet.
解析：is　主语是“Fast food”，是不可数名词短语，所以谓语用单数形式，且此处讲的是现状，所以填is。
③(2017·江苏高考改编)The publication of Great Expectations, which ________ (be) both widely reviewed and highly praised, strengthened Dickens' status as a leading novelist.
解析：was　句意：《远大前程》这部小说的出版发行受到各界的评论和高度赞扬，它巩固了狄更斯作为顶尖小说家的地位。分析句子结构可知，which指代“The publication of Great Expectations”，故定语从句中的谓语动词应该使用单数形式；根据句中的strengthened可知，应使用一般过去时态，故填was。
④(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)Leaving the less important things until tomorrow ________ (be) often acceptable.
解析：is　主语是“Leaving the less important things until tomorrow”，为动名词短语作主语，所以谓语动词用单数形式，此处表示客观情况，用一般现在时。
⑤(2016·浙江高考)He would ask who we ________ (be) and pretend not to know us.
解析：were　宾语从句中主语是we，为复数，故be动词应该用were。

倒装句

1．部分倒装
(1)将含有否定意义的副词或连词置于句首时引起部分倒装结构。这类词(组)有：never, seldom, rarely, little, few, at no time, by no means, no longer, hardly/scarcely ... when ..., no sooner ... than ..., not only ... but also ..., not until, nowhere, neither ... nor ... 等。
Not until I lost my job did I realize I should improve my working skills.
直到我失去工作我才意识到我应该提高工作技能了。
(2)“only＋状语”置于句首时，主句要用部分倒装。
Only when you can find peace in your heart will you keep good relationships with others.
只有当你的心态平和时，你才能与别人保持良好的关系。
(3)so/such ... that ... 结构中的so, such 连同它所修饰的成分共同位于句首表示强调时，主句要用部分倒装。
Such great progress did he make that he was praised.
他取得了如此大的进步以至于受到了表扬。
(4)表示前面所说的情况也适用于后者时，用倒装结构“so/neither/nor＋助动词/系动词/情态动词＋主语”(so表示肯定意义，neither/nor表示否定意义)。
I saw the film Harry Potter last week; so did she.
上周我看了《哈利·波特》这部电影，她也看了。
2．全部倒装
(1)here, there, now, then, out, in, up, down, away, on the wall, in the room 等表示地点、时间或方位的副词或介词短语置于句首，且主语为名词时，句子用全部倒装。
John opened the door. There stood a girl he had never seen before.约翰打开门，他从来没见过的一位女孩站在那儿。
South of the river lies a small factory.
河的南面有一个小工厂。
(2)有时为平衡句子结构或突出、强调，将作表语的介词短语、形容词、副词或分词提到句首，构成“表语＋系动词＋主语”的完全倒装结构。
Present at the party were Mr. Green and many other guests.
出席晚会的有格林先生，还有许多其他的宾客。



强　调
1.强调句型
(1)强调句型的基本结构：It is/was＋被强调的部分＋that/who＋句子其他部分。该句型可对句子的主语、表语、宾语、状语等进行强调。当被强调部分是人，且作主语时，可用who或that，其他情况下一律用that。
It is only by listening to and understanding each other that problems between parents and children can be settled.
只有通过倾听和相互理解，父母和孩子之间的问题才可能被解决。
[名师指津]　强调主语时，要注意连接词和谓语的一致性。
It is our teacher who/that helps us make great progress.
正是我们的老师帮助我们取得了很大的进步。
(2)强调句型的一般疑问句结构：Is/Was ＋it＋被强调的部分＋that/who＋句子其他部分？
Was it in the park that he met our new teacher?
他是在公园里遇到我们的新老师的吗？
(3)强调句型的特殊疑问句结构：特殊疑问词＋is/was＋it＋that＋句子其他部分？
When was it that he made up his mind to take this course?
他是什么时候决定选修这门课程的？
[名师指津]　由疑问词引导的强调结构在句中作宾语从句时，从句必须使用陈述语序。
She doesn't know who it was that saved her son.
她不知道是谁救了她的儿子。
(4)not ... until的强调句型结构：It is/was not until ... ＋that＋句子其他部分。
It was not until he got home 30 minutes later that he found he had left his bag in the taxi.直到他到家三十分钟后他才发现他把包落在了出租车上。
2．强调谓语动词
用助动词do, does或did来强调谓语动词，用于一般现在时和一般过去时的肯定的陈述句中，do还可以用于祈使句。
She did tell me her address, but I forgot all about it.
她确实告诉过我她的地址，但我全忘了。


省　略
　　1.状语从句中的省略
在as if, if, though, when, where, while, no matter what, until等引导的状语从句中，若谓语部分含be动词，而主语又与主句的主语一致或从句主语是it时，从句的主语和谓语中的be动词可以一起省略。
All the photographs in this book, unless (the photographs are) stated otherwise, date from the 1950s.
这本书里所有的照片，除非有说明，否则，都要追溯到20世纪50 年代。
2．动词不定式的省略
在主动语态中，感官动词或使役动词后接不定式作补足语时，往往将不定式符号to省略；在同一句话或同一情景对话中，当同一动作再次出现在后面的不定式位置上时，通常省略该动作而保留不定式符号to。
The driver wanted to park his car near the roadside but was asked by the police not to.
那名司机想把车停靠在路边，但是警察不允许他这样做。
3．常用的省略结构



其他特殊句式
1．感叹句的3种常见句式
(1)What (＋a/an)＋形容词＋名词＋主语＋谓语！
What beautiful flowers they are!
多么美丽的花啊！
(2)How＋形容词＋a/an＋可数名词＋主语＋谓语！
How clever a boy he is！＝What a clever boy he is!
多聪明的男孩呀！
(3)How＋形容词/副词＋主语＋谓语！
How high the mountain is！这山真高呀！
2．祈使句
祈使句表示请求、命令、叮嘱、邀请、劝告等。一般不出现主语，谓语动词一律用原形；否定词一律在动词前加don't。祈使句的强调形式是在句首加do。
Anytime you find the world waving a chair in your face, remember this: All you need to do is focus on one thing.
任何时候你发现你的面前有椅子在挥动的时候，请记住这一点：你需要的是集中注意力于一件事情。
3．反意疑问句
反意疑问句由“陈述句＋反问句”构成，若陈述句为肯定式，反意疑问句为否定式，反之亦然。
(1)陈述部分含有must的反意疑问句
①当must作“必须”讲时，其反意疑问部分用needn't; 当mustn't (不允许，禁止)时，其反意疑问部分用must。
You must go now, needn't you?
你现在必须走，不是吗？
You mustn't smoke here, must you?
你不能在这里吸烟，是吧？
②当must表示推测，作“一定，准是”讲时，反意疑问部分的动词形式要根据must后面的动词发生的时间确定。
You must have watched the football match last night, didn't you？你昨晚一定是看足球比赛了，是吧？
(2)陈述部分含有used to时，疑问部分用usedn't或didn't均可。
You used to play football, usedn't/didn't you?
你过去常常踢足球，是吗？
(3)陈述部分含有否定词的反意疑问句
①当陈述部分含有seldom, hardly, scarcely, never, few, little, nothing, nobody等否定词或半否定词时，疑问部分动词用肯定式。
He could hardly get up, could he?
他几乎起不来了，不是吗？
②陈述部分含有由否定意义的前缀或后缀构成的词，疑问部分一般用否定式。
Mary dislikes sports, doesn't she?
玛丽不喜欢体育运动，不是吗？
(4)陈述部分含有宾语从句时，疑问部分的主语和主句的主语保持一致。
He said that she would come here on time, didn't he?
他说她会准时来这里，不是吗？
[名师指津]　当主句是I think/believe/suppose等结构时，反意疑问部分往往根据宾语从句的主语和谓语而定，需特别注意否定转移的现象中的肯定式和否定式。
I don't think he will attend the meeting on time, will he?
我认为他不会准时参加会议，是吗？

三大特殊句式的易错点
1.强调句易错点剖析
易错点一：强调句和定语从句混淆
(1)在强调句型中that没有意义，且不作任何成分；
(2)定语从句中的that为关系代词，在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语。试比较：
①It is novels that Miss Wang enjoys reading.(强调句)
②It is a question that needs careful consideration.(定语从句)
在实际考查中，命题人可能会将定语从句隐藏于强调句型中进行考查，增加了题目难度。
[例1]　Could it be in the restaurant where you had dinner with me yesterday ________ you lost your handbag?
[分析]　that　分析句子结构可知，空处应填that，与前面的“Could it be”共同构成强调句式。
易错点二：强调句和主语从句混淆
强调句型去掉“it is/was”和“that”之后，句子结构仍然完整，而主语从句则不能。试比较：
①It's there that the accidents often happen. (强调句)
②It is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.(主语从句)
[例2]　(2016·江苏高考改编)It is often the case __________anything is possible for those who hang on to hope.
[分析]　that　本句中“It”是形式主语，真正的主语是连接词that引导的主语从句，that在句中不充当任何成分，只起连接作用，不能省略。
易错点三：强调句和时间状语从句混淆
强调句型去掉“it is/was”和“that”之后，句子结构仍然完整，而“it is ...when ...”中，it指时间。试比较：
①It was at six o'clock that I got up early. (强调句)
②It was six o'clock when I got up early.(状语从句)
[例3]　It was only when I reread his poems ________ I began to appreciate their beauty.
[分析]　that　句意：正是当我重读他的诗歌时我才开始欣赏它们的美。分析句子结构可知，此处是对时间状语从句的强调，故填that，与前面的“It was”共同构成强调句式。
易错点四：强调句的主谓一致
[例4]　(2014·湖南高考改编)It's not doing the things we like, but liking the things we have to do that ________ (make) life happy.
[分析]　makes　句意：不是做我们喜欢的事情，而是喜欢我们不得不做的事情才能让生活愉快。此处为强调句型，去掉“It's”和“that”后，可以看出句子的主语是“not doing the things we like, but liking the things we have to do”，根据“就近原则”，故谓语动词应用第三人称单数形式。
2．倒装句易错点剖析
易错点一：漏掉助动词/情态动词/be动词
[例5]　(2018·湖北八校联考改编)Not until then ________ I know my senior high school life had really begun.
[分析]　did　句意：直到那时，我才知道我的高中生活已真正开始。“not until ...”置于句首时，主句需要部分倒装，故用助动词did来帮助构成部分倒装结构。
易错点二：时态、语态错误
[例6]　(2016·浙江高考改编)________ (have) the governments and scientists not worked together, AIDS­related deaths would not have fallen since their highest in 2005.
[分析]　Had　句意：要是没有政府和科学家们的合作，与艾滋病相关的死亡人数就不会从2005年的最高值降下来。由主句使用“would have done”可知是对过去情况的虚拟，故从句应用had done。本句为省略if将had置于句首的情况。
易错点三：句子成分缺失/多余
[例7]　So tough did I feel ________ to live in an English­speaking country that I made up my mind to learn English well.
[分析]　it　句意：我感到生活在说英语的国家是如此艰难以至于我下定决心要学好英语。本句涉及一个固定搭配“feel it tough to do sth.”，其中“it”作形式宾语，指代后面的不定式结构。
易错点四：主谓一致
[例8]　Look, on the left of the woods ________ (lie) a small farm, where her father once worked.
[分析]　lies　本句是将地点状语“on the left of the woods”提前而构成的完全倒装。本句的主语为“a small farm”，结合句子时态可知，谓语动词应用一般现在时的第三人称单数形式。
3．省略句易错点剖析
易错点一：状语从句的省略
在when, while, whenever, till, as soon as, if, unless, as if, though, as等引导的状语从句中，若谓语动词中含有be动词，而主语又与主句的主语一致或从句的主语是it时，状语从句的主语和be动词可以省略。
①When (she was) very young, she began to learn to play the piano.
她很小的时候，就开始学习弹钢琴。
②Don't come in until (you are) asked to.
不叫你时，请你不要进来。
[例9]　You should stay where you are, unless ________ (ask) to leave.
[分析]　asked　句意：你应待在你现在的地方，除非叫你离开。该句为状语从句的省略，补全后为：You should stay where you are, unless (you are) asked to leave.
易错点二：倒装句中的省略
(1)as引导的让步状语从句要用倒装语序。被提前的部分可以是从句的表语、状语或动词原形。如被前置的表语是单数名词时，须省略冠词。
[例10]　Child as/though he ________ (be), he is as brave as an adult.
[分析]　is　本题为as/though引导的让步状语从句，主语为he，故后面的谓语动词应用is。
(2)省略if的倒装条件句。在虚拟语气中，if从句假设的情况中如果有助动词had, should或were，则可省略if，把had, should或were提到句首，构成倒装，简称省略if倒装条件句。(见例6)
[专题过关训练]
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．The design on the back_shows (show) the yellow­eyed penguin, one of the world's rarest penguins.
2．In the pool, Bob, my instructor, demanded we do what he did. One of the drills was (be) to take our masks off at the bottom of the deep end, replace them, and clear them of water.
3．In my school days, I was a shy boy and never even thought of taking part in any public speaking events, school plays or stage contests, so acting was (be) a remote career choice then.
4．Many psychologists today are (be) working to try to determine just how a person experiences or perceives the world around.
5．A report published on Dec.6 says this style of healthcare, which includes (include) different forms like herbal medicine and exercise, has spread to 183 countries and regions.
6．Not until the early 19th century were (be) nail paints changed into the nail polish that we see today.
7．I made my first visit to China in 2008 and last year, I was (be) lucky enough to take part in an event called “Shanxi in the eyes of foreigners”．
8．Its success is very encouraging in today's television world where reality shows have_played(play) a leading part so far.
9．In a word, once enjoyed (enjoy), the song will never be forgotten.
10．It is this personality that helps me win over the friendship of all my classmates, and also helps me overcome many difficulties both in academic and personal life.
11．98% of the surface is (be) covered permanently by ice and strong winds driven by gravity blow from the pole to the coastline.
12．About two miles away from my home stands (stand) a mountain which is really worth touring.
13．It was not until near the end of the letter that she mentioned her own plan.
14．Such knowledge is still useful when applied (apply) to similar situations in other countries.
15．Stop criticizing your children like this, or they will refuse to tell you their true feelings.
Ⅱ.运用语法写靓句(句型转换)
1．I found it so difficult to work out the problem that I decided to ask Tom for advice.
→So difficult did_I_find_it to work out the problem that I decided to ask Tom for advice.(倒装句)
2．The silence came then, each waiting for the other to let the cat out of the bag.
→Then came_the_silence,_each waiting for the other to let the cat out of the bag.(倒装句)
3．The parents didn't tolerate their kids' rudeness at the party; they didn't allow themselves to be disobeyed, either.
→The parents didn't tolerate their kids' rudeness at the party; nor did_they_allow themselves to be disobeyed.(倒装句)
4．I didn't realize it was already too late for us to return home until it grew dark.
→Not until it grew dark did_I_realize it was already too late for us to return home.(倒装句)
→It_was_not_until_it_grew_dark_that I realized that it was already too late for us to return home.(强调句)
5．The villagers found some strange creatures that they hadn't seen before in the lake.
→It was in_the_lake_that the villagers found some strange creatures that they hadn't seen before.(强调句)
6．Though he was tired, he managed to climb the hill.
→Though_tired,_he managed to climb the hill.(省略句)
7．It is fun to take a rest after a long run.
→What_fun it is to take a rest after a long run! (感叹句)
8．Your brother is a naughty boy.
→How_naughty a boy your brother is! (感叹句)
Ⅲ.语法填空
(2019·嘉兴模拟)Nowadays, more and more post­90s generations will enter the workforce. They place more emphasis __1__ looking for a job that they enjoy more than other factors. Many of them hope to establish a __2__ (relax) relationship among workers. More than half of __3__ prefer the easy­going and good­tempered employers. __4__ (surprise) 10 percent of them wish to be friends with their bosses. Experts say that they are the generation of the Internet era. They have a strong __5__ (aware) of “self” and how they relate to the outside world. Guo Yun, 22, is a digital media major from Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications. She says that she will not mind working long hours, but prefer her boss __6__ (explain) why she has to, such as the urgency of the task.“I feel greatly __7__ (motivate) in this way，” she explains. They tend to care a great deal about the team or the management culture. They are also more outspoken about their needs, and they are likely to openly __8__ (communication) with their employers. As a result, they __9__ (admit) into most big companies more easily. I think it is their frankness and enthusiasm __10__ leaves a deep impression on their employers.

1．on　place emphasis on“重视，强调”。
2．relaxing　此处修饰名词relationship，故用形容词relaxing。relaxing“令人放松的”。
3．them　此处指代“post­90s generations”，并在句中作of的宾语，故用them。
4．Surprisingly　修饰整个句子并在句中作状语应用副词形式。
5．awareness　不定冠词a后应用名词形式。
6．to explain　prefer sb. to do sth.“更喜欢某人做某事”。
7．motivated　连系动词后应用形容词作表语。motivated“有积极性的”。
8．communicate　be likely to do sth.“很可能做某事”。
9．are admitted　此处叙述的是客观事实，they与admit之间为被动关系；又因文章时态为一般现在时，故用一般现在时的被动语态。
10．that　“It is＋被强调部分＋that ...”为强调句型，此处强调主语。
专题十二构词法

名词后缀

1．动词变名词的后缀
后缀
例词
­ion/­tion/ ­sion/­ation
correct→correction　　　改正
celebrate→celebration 庆祝；庆祝会
conclude→conclusion 结论；结束
discuss→discussion 讨论；辩论
decide→decision 决定
admit→admission 接纳；准许入学
attract→attraction 吸引
invite→invitation 邀请；请柬
explain→explanation 解释g
raduate→graduation 毕业e
xpect→expectation 期望；期待
­er/­or
drive→driver　　　 　　　　司机；驾驶员
gather→gatherer 收集者；采集者
conduct→conductor 指挥；售票员
teach→teacher 老师
announce→announcer 播音员
­ment
punish→punishment　　　 　惩罚
achieve→achievement 功绩；成就
argue→argument 辩论；论据
treat→treatment 对待；治疗
equip→equipment 装备；设备
govern→government 政府
­ance/­ence
appear→appearance　　　　出现；外貌
guide→guidance 指引；指导
perform→performance 表演；节目
exist→existence 存在；生存
prefer→preference 偏爱
refer→reference 参考；查阅
­ing
hear→hearing　　　　　　　听力；听觉
begin→beginning 开头；开端
­ure/­ture
fail→failure　　　　　　　　失败；没做到
press→pressure 压力
mix→mixture 混合；混合物
depart→departure 离开；出发
­y
recover→recovery　　　 　　恢复；痊愈
discover→discovery 发现
其他
choose→choice　　　　选择
vary→variety 多样化；种类
tend→tendency 趋向；趋势
grow→growth 生长；增加
weigh→weight 重量
　　2.形容词变名词的后缀
后缀
例词
­age
short→shortage　　　　　　不足；短缺
­cy
efficient→efficiency　　　　 效率；功效
fluent→fluency 流利；流畅
accurate→accuracy 准确性
private→privacy 隐私；私密
­dom
free→freedom　　　 　 　　自由；自主
wise→wisdom 明智；智慧
­ence
different→difference　　　　差异
silent→silence 沉默
­ness
weak→weakness　　　　 　虚弱；弱点
kind→kindness 仁慈；好意
careless→carelessness 粗心大意
­th
strong→strength　　　 　　力气；强项
warm→warmth 温暖；热情
­y ­ty ­ity
honest→honesty　　　 　 　诚实
difficult→difficulty 困难
cruel→cruelty 残酷；残暴
safe→safety 安全
disable→disability 无能；伤残
responsible→responsibility 责任

[命题点感悟]
单句语法填空
①(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)This switch has decreased ________ (pollute) in the country's major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people.
解析：pollution　decrease“降低，减少”，为及物动词，后接名词作宾语，故填名词pollution。
②(2018·浙江6月高考)Researchers have found that there is a direct link between the increase in food eaten outside the home and the rise in ________(weigh) problems.
解析：weight　根据语境可知，此处表示体重方面的问题，故此处填名词作定语。
③(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)This development was only possible with the________ (introduce) of electric­powered engines and lifts.
解析：introduction　根据空格前面的定冠词the可知此处需要填名词。with the introduction of表示“随着……的引进”。
④(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)She is determined to carry on with her ________(educate)．
解析：education　空格前面有形容词性物主代词her，此处应该使用动词educate的名词形式education。
⑤(2016·浙江10月高考)Magically, that show remains the Great Jason's best ________ (perform) to this day.
解析：performance　根据前面的show可知此处需要填名词。“这是Great Jason's迄今最好的表演”。







形容词、副词后缀
1.动词、名词变形容词的常见后缀
后缀
例词
­able
accept→acceptable　　　　　可接受的
comfort→comfortable 舒适的
fashion→fashionable 时髦的
suit→suitable 合适的
reason→reasonable 有道理的
­al
music→musical　　　　　　 音乐的
origin→original 最初的
person→personal 个人的；私人的
center→central 中央的；中心的
nature→natural 自然的；天生的
­ful
doubt→doubtful　　　　　　怀疑的
forget→forgetful 健忘的
harm→harmful 有害的
hope→hopeful 有希望的
peace→peaceful 和平的
­ed
scare→scared　　　　　　　感到恐惧的
confuse→confused 感到困惑的
underline→underlined 下划线的
­ing
surprise→surprising　　　　 令人惊异的
convince→convincing 令人信服的
satisfy→satisfying 令人满意的
­ible
access→accessible　　　　　 容易取得的
horror→horrible 可怕的；恐怖的
terror→terrible 可怕的
­ive
act→active　　　　　　　　 积极的；活跃的
effect→effective 有效的；生效的
attract→attractive 有吸引力的
impress→impressive 给人深刻印象的
­ous
continue→continuous　　　　不断的；持续的
anxiety→anxious 忧虑的
caution→cautious 十分小心的；谨慎的
­some
curiosity→curious 好奇的
humor→humorous 幽默的
tire→tiresome　　　　　　　令人厌倦的
trouble→troublesome 麻烦的
­y
taste→tasty　　 　　 　　 　美味的；可口的
health→healthy 健康的
wealth→wealthy 富裕的；丰富的
­ern
east→eastern　　 　 　 　 　东方的；向东的
­ish
child→childish　　　　　　孩子气的
fool→foolish 愚蠢的；可笑的
self→selfish 自私的
　　2.形容词变副词的后缀
在形容词后加­ly可变成相应意义的副词
直接加­ly
clear→clearly清楚地　slow→slowly缓慢地
改y为­ily
happy→happily高兴地
easy→easily容易地
去e加­ly
true→truly真诚地；确实
possible→possibly可能地

[命题点感悟]
单句语法填空
①(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)A taste for meat is ________ (actual) behind the change: An important part of its corn is used to feed chickens, pigs, and cattle.
解析：actually　此处用副词作状语修饰系动词is。
②(2017·全国卷Ⅰ) However, be_________ (care) not to go to extremes.
解析：careful　此处表示“小心不要走极端”。根据语境和be可知此处应用形容词careful作表语。
③(2017·全国卷Ⅲ) It is _____________(certain) fun but the lifestyle is a little unreal.
解析：certainly　此处应该使用副词形式作状语，修饰“fun”。
④(2017·江苏高考改编)Only five years after Steve Jobs' death, smart­phones defeated ________ (convention) PCs in sales.
解析：conventional　句意：仅仅在史蒂夫·乔布斯去世五年后，智能手机的销售额就打败了传统的个人电脑。由空格后的名词“PCs”可知，应填形容词形式conventional，表示“传统的”。
⑤(2016·浙江10月高考)I looked ________ (quick) at the clock.
解析：quickly　根据looked可知此处应该使用副词。
⑥(2016·全国卷Ⅰ) The title will be __________ (official) given to me at a ceremony in London.
解析：officially　此处表示(大使)这个头衔将在伦敦的一个仪式上正式授予给我，根据句子结构可知，应该使用副词officially作状语修饰动词given。
⑦(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)Recent studies show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks ____________ (regular)．
解析：regularly　此处需要用副词形式修饰动词短语“take short breaks”。
⑧(2015·全国卷Ⅱ)As__________ (nature) architects, the Pueblo Indians figured out exactly how thick the adobe walls needed to be to make the cycle work on most days.
解析：natural　此处需要用形容词形式作定语修饰后面的名词architects。
[专题过关训练]
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．They had both been sentenced to death (die)．
2．The girl then plants a kiss on the grass in a heart­warming show of affection (affect)．
3．My application (apply) was successful and I spent an enjoyable month learning film­making.
4．Perhaps he can make his_fortune_(fortunate) at football.
5．I really needed Snow, because it was good for my recovery (recover)．
6．I was supposed to arrive at the airport on time. Unfortunately (fortunate), I was held up by the heavy traffic jam.
7．People certainly have a variety of reasons for going back to school but one important thing to know is, no knowledge is useless (use)．
8．There are so many different labels on food nowadays. They are not only confusing (confuse) but also misleading.
9．Disappointed (disappoint) as I felt at the shabby campus and the poorly­equipped classroom, I found the teachers patient.
10．Similarly (similar), people prefer movies that reflect their mood.
11．I have read lots of inspiring (inspire) stories of kindness.
12．In order to make myself understood, I told him how to go there as clearly (clear) as possible.
13．She always spoke kindly (kind) to the children.
14．I'm looking forward to your kindly reply at your earliest convenience (convenient)．
15．Even closest friends have quarrels, so don't take it too seriously (serious)．
Ⅱ.语法填空
Bri is a junior at Marquette University studying Social Welfare and Justice. She __1__ (original) came from Monterey Park, California. Bri and her four siblings __2__ (adopt) by her two loving parents at a young age. Her parents are a main source of her __3__ (inspire) to explore the world and meet different people. Bri is always __4__ independent girl and moved away from home for college __5__ (experience) a different atmosphere. She went to Milwaukee by __6__ (she) without even visiting the city. She said, “Marquette just felt right to me.”
It is no surprise that Bri began to get __7__ (involve) in many student organizations when she arrived in Marquette. Her faith guided her to join the Midnight Run team and work at Campus Ministry. Midnight Run is an organization led __8__ students and provides services for the homeless and the impoverished population of Milwaukee. Bri quickly took on the leadership role of co­coordinator. Bri also took part in Justice, a student organization __9__ students advocate for change in social justice issues in Milwaukee.
Through volunteering at multiple locations in Milwaukee, she is able to meet a diverse population of individuals and build relationships. She loves it when people are __10__ (passion) about their dreams and she also enjoys pushing individuals to do what they love.
语篇解读：Bri是马凯特大学的大学生，她积极参加各种公益组织，去帮助他人并且维护社会正义。
1.originally　修饰动词came，故用副词形式。
2．were adopted　“Bri and her four siblings”与adopt 之间是被动关系，且动作发生在过去，故用一般过去时的被动语态。
3．inspiration　根据语境可知，她想要去探索世界接触不同的人的灵感主要源于她的父母。用在形容词性物主代词之后，故用名词形式，inspiration“灵感”。
4．an　根据语境可知，她一直是一个独立的女孩。故用不定冠词修饰， independent的读音以元音音素开头，故填an。
5．to experience　根据语境可知，为了体验一种不同的氛围，她离开家去上大学。此处用动词不定式短语作状语，表示目的。
6．herself　根据语境可知，她甚至没有游览过密尔沃基，就独自一个人去了那里。by herself表示“独自地”。
7．involved　get involved in“参加，参与”，为固定搭配。
8．by　根据语境可知，Midnight Run 是一个由学生领导的组织，故用介词by。
9．where　先行词是organization，定语从句缺少地点状语。
10．passionate　固定搭配be passionate about 表示“热衷于……；热爱……”。