2020版高考新创新一轮复习英语北师大版学案：语法第三部分第二讲简单句与并列句
展开第二讲简单句与并列句
简单句 |
[全析考法]
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)When the gorillas and I frightened each other, I was just glad to find them alive. True to a gorilla's unaggressive nature, the huge animal________ (mean) me no real harm.
解析：meant 根据语境可知此处叙述的是发生在过去的事情，应该用一般过去时，故填meant。
2．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)This included digging up the road, ________ (lay) the track and then building a strong roof over the top.
解析：laying laying和句中的digging up, building并列。
3．(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)Skilled workers also combine various hardwoods and metal ________ (create) special designs.
解析：to create 句意：熟练的工人还会把各种硬质木材和金属组合起来以创作独特的样式。根据语境可知，此处应用不定式作目的状语。
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)When I was little, Friday night was our family game night ...Still I unwilling to play the games with them sometimes.________________
解析：unwilling前加was unwilling是形容词，它和系动词一起构成“主系表”结构。此处叙述“我”小时候的事情，主语是I，所以用was。
2．(2016·四川高考)Both Dad and I planned to do something on Mother's Day. We get up early in the morning.________________
解析：get→got 此处描述母亲节当天的事，根据语境可知，此处应用一般过去时态。
[谨记规则]
简单句就是由一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)构成的句子。简单句有五种基本句式，其他各种句式都是由这五种基本句式演变而来。
基本句型一：S＋V (主＋谓)
释义：此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。
S | V (不及物动词) |
1.Time | flies. |
2.The moon | rose. |
3.She | sings beautifully. |
4.They | talked for half an hour. |
5.He | walked yesterday. |
[特别注意]
主语可有修饰语——定语，谓语可有修饰语——状语。
The red sun rises in the east.红色的太阳从东方升起。
基本句型二：S＋V＋O (主＋谓＋宾)
释义：此句型的句子有一个共同特点，谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。
S | V (及物动词) | O (宾语) |
1.Who | knows | the answer？ |
2.She | laughs at | her. |
3.They | ate | some apples. |
4.Danny | likes | swimming. |
5.I | want | to have a cup of tea. |
基本句型三：S＋V＋IO＋DO (主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾)
释义：此句型的句子有一个共同特点，谓语动词必须跟有两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者，另一个是动作的间接承受者。
S | V (及物) | IO (多指人) | DO (多指物) |
1.She | passed | him | a new dress. |
2.She | cooked | her husband | a delicious meal. |
3.I | showed | him | my pictures. |
4.I | told | him | how to run the machine. |
5.He | showed | me | the bus over there. |
基本句型四：S＋V＋O＋C (主＋谓＋宾＋宾补)
释义：此句型的句子有一个共同特点，动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。
S | V (及物) | O (宾语) | C (宾补) |
1.We | keep | the table | clean. |
2.What | makes | him | sad？ |
3.We | saw | him | out. |
4.He | asked | me | to come back soon. |
5.I | saw | them | getting on the bus. |
基本句型五：S＋V＋P (主＋系＋表)
释义：此句型的句子有一个共同特点，句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。
S | LinkingV (系动词) | P (表语) |
1.This | is | an English dictionary. |
2.The dinner | smells | good. |
3.He | fell | happy. |
4.The book | is | interesting. |
5.The weather | became | warmer. |
[知识拓展] 6类系动词
(1)状态系动词，用来表示主语状态，只有be (am, is, are, was, were)一词。
(2)持续系动词，用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, remain, stay, lie, stand。
(3)表象系动词，用来表示“看起来像”这一概念，主要有seem, appear, look。
(4)感官系动词，主要有feel, smell, sound, taste。
(5)变化系动词，表示主语变成什么样，主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come。
(6)终止系动词，表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, turn out。
并列句 |
[全析考法]
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．(2016·四川高考)It was time for her to have a new baby, ________ it was also time for the young panda to be independent.
解析：and 根据语境可知，“It was time for ...”和“it was also time for ...”之间是并列关系，故用and连接。
2．(2015·广东高考)One day, the cow was eating grass ________ it began to rain heavily.
解析：when be doing sth.when ...“正在做某事，这时突然……”。
3．(2014·全国卷Ⅰ)But the river wasn't changed in a few days ________ even a few months.
解析：or “a few days”和“a few months”之间为并列关系，且此句为否定句，因此要用or连接。
4．(2014·广东高考)We were told that our rooms hadn't been reserved for that week, ________ for the week after.
解析：but not ...but ...为固定结构，表示“不是……而是……”。
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)At the end of our trip, I told my father that I planned to return every two years, but he agreed.________________
解析：but→and 根据语境可知，此处表示顺承关系，用并列连词and。
2．(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)Everyone was silent, waiting to see who would be called upon to read his and her paragraph aloud.________________
解析：and→or 此处表示“他的或者她的”段落，应该属于一种选择关系，而不是并列关系。
3．(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)Before getting into the car, I thought I had learned the instructor's orders, so once I started the car, my mind went blank.________________
解析：so→but/yet 此处表示“我认为我已经明白了教练的指令，但是车一启动，脑子一片空白”。根据语境可知，前后分句之间不是因果关系而是转折关系。
4．(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)I have grown not only physically, and also mentally in the past few years.________________
解析： and→but not only ...but also ...是固定短语，意为“不但……而且……”，连接并列成分。
5．(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)Every day he makes sure that fresh vegetables or high quality oil are used for cooking.________________
解析：or→and 根据语境可知，新鲜的蔬菜与高品质的油二者之间为并列关系而非选择关系。
6．(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)We can choose between staying at home and taking a trip.If we stay at home, it is comfortable but there is no need to spend money.________________
解析：but→and 第二句句意：我们如果待在家里，会感觉舒适，还不花钱。根据句意可知，“comfortable”与“no need to spend money”之间是并列关系，而不是转折关系。
[谨记规则]
并列句由两个或两个以上并列而又独立的简单句构成。在并列句中，这些简单句常由并列连词(短语)连在一起。
并列连词 | 用法 | 例句 |
and, not only ... but (also) ..., both ... and ... 等 | 表并列、顺承或递进关系 | There the air is clean and the mountains are green. 那里空气清新，千山一碧。 |
but, yet, whereas等 | 表转折关系 | The failure was a big blow to him, but he wasn't discouraged and soon got as enthusiastic as ever.这次失败对他是个很大的打击，但他并没有沮丧，很快便像以前一样充满热情。 |
or, either ... or ..., not ... but ...等 | 表选择关系 | Either you must improve your work or I shall dismiss you.要么你改进工作，要么我就辞退你。 |
for, so | 表因果关系。for连接的分句一般不能放在句首 | The leaves of the trees are falling, for it's already autumn.树叶在坠落，因为秋天已经到了。 |
and, or | 表条件或结果关系，常用于句型“祈使句＋and/or＋陈述句”中 | You have to move out of the way or the truck cannot get past you. 你得让出路来，否则卡车无法从你身旁通过。 |
while | 作为并列连词，强调两种情况的对比 | I drink black coffee while he prefers it with milk. 我爱喝黑咖啡，而他更喜欢喝加牛奶的。 |
[特别注意] when可用作并列连词，相当于and at this/that time，意为“正在这/那时；突然”，常用于下列句式：sb. be about to do/going to do/on the point of doing sth. when ... (某人正要做某事，突然……)；sb. be doing sth. when ... (某人正在做某事，突然……)；sb. had just done sth. when ... (某人刚做完某事，突然……)。
He was about to go out when the telephone rang.
他正要出去时，电话铃响了。
He had just finished writing a report when the boss let him type a letter.他刚写完一篇报告，老板就让他打印一封信件。
语法填空解题“2策略”
1．分析单词、短语或句子的逻辑关系或句式结构
(1)完整的句子中，如果两个单词或短语并列，要填并列连词；
(2)若两个句子(两个主谓结构)之间没有句号或分号，也没有连词，空格处必定填连词。
2．注意固定句式中的连词
据第1条解题
1．“I didn't think of applying for Cambridge — I didn't think Cambridge University would take someone like me, but my tutor encouraged me to apply，” Mr. Edwards said in a statement.
2．At school, some students are active while some are shy, yet they can be good friends with one another.
3．The short road, the easy path and the light load all lead to lower grades in school life.
据第2条解题
4．Smile at life, and it will shine on you.
5．We were walking sidebyside when suddenly we both sank to knee depth in the mud.
6．Follow your doctor's advice, or your cough will get worse.
短文改错解题“3视角”
1．根据句意、前后的逻辑关系去判断连词是否正确。
2．根据短语搭配和固定句式判断连词。
3．注意排查中式英语，如将although/though和but, because和so连用。遇到此种情况，一般删除后面的but, so，以免影响一个句子的第一个单词首字母大写的原则。
据第1条解题
1．I waited patiently for some time, so nobody came for it.so→but
2．As a result, he won the game but finally became famous throughout the country._but→and
3．My dear mum or dad, thank you very much for bringing me up.or→and
4．They give us lots of love and care, and we only care a little for them.第二个and→but/while
5．Besides it's common that the young or middleaged sit on the bus when the elderly have to stand. when→while
6．Faced with pressure, and we should learn to turn it into our motive power.去掉and
据第2条解题
7．Finally, keep in mind that there are many things that can't be learnt immediately, but never be frustrated when you fail in one or two exams.but→and
8．My brother was trying to catch a butterfly while he fell into the river. while→when
9．Due to some rich tourist attractions, every year many visitors come to my hometown, where they can not only appreciate the beautiful scenery, and also enjoy the delicious food.and→but
10．I was about to be off duty then three foreigners came in.then→when
据第3条解题
11．Though not very big, but the restaurant is popular in our area.去掉but
12．Because life is beautiful so we should fully enjoy it.去掉so
