2020届河南省高三英语二轮复习讲义第四章主谓一致与特殊句式

 第四讲　特殊句式和主谓一致语法项目(一)特殊句式(强调句型、倒装句和there be句型)[考纲解读·定方向]    特殊句式在高考语法填空和短文改错中考查较少，但是作为语法中的一个重点和难点，我们应在备考中给予足够的重视。特殊句式的重要性主要体现在书面表达之中，它们基本上都是高级句式，它们的应用对于提升文章的档次起着举足轻重的作用。　　　特殊句式的解题技法　　　　铭记句式结构(强调句型)[实例体验][来源:学科网]1．(2017·天津卷)It was when I got back to my apartment ____________ I first came across my new neighbors.解析：that　[此处是“It is/was...that...”强调句式，强调的是when引导的时间状语从句，故填that。]2．(2016·天津卷)You are waiting at a wrong place.It is at the hotel ____________ the coach picks up tourists.解析：that　[分析句子结构可知，本句为强调句型。at the hotel是被强调部分，缺少强调句式中的that，故填that。]3．(2020·湖北四地七校联考)However，like so many other things，it is only too much stress ____________ does you harm.解析：that　[句意：但是，像很多其他的事情一样，只有太多的压力才会伤害到你。去掉it is及设空处，句子结构和意义仍然完整，因此此句为强调句，其基本句型为“It is/was＋被强调部分＋that/who＋其他”。本句被强调的部分为事物。故填that。]4．(2020·湖北襄阳四校联考)Although it was ten years ago ____________ I read the book，it shows me a universal truth that books are friends，always pushing us to move on.解析：that　[分析句子结构可知，本句为强调句型，强调时间状语，故填that。]5．(2020·湖北荆门调研)It wasn't until in high school ____________ I began to trust other people again.解析：that　[句意：直到上了高中我才开始再次信任别人。本句考查强调句型“It is/was＋被强调部分＋that/who＋其他成分”，且强调时间状语，故填that。][来源:学科网]6．(2020·江西樟树中学等六校联考)In that way，World Read Aloud Day ____________ (do) help make a difference.解析：does　[句意：通过那种方式，世界大声读书日的确帮助产生了影响。本句主语为World Read Aloud Day，设空处后的谓语动词是动词原形help，根据提示词do可知本题考查强调。do/does/did放在实义动词前表示强调。因主语为单数第三人称，故填does。]7．(2020·福州模拟)And ____________ is tai chi that has helped her understand the value of “going slowly”．解析：it　[分析句子结构可知，本句为强调句型，故填it。]8．(2020·湖南衡阳八中、永州四中第一次联考)It is working in teams instead of on my own which has freed me from trouble and made my work more efficient.____________解析：which→that　[考查强调句型。句意：是团队合作而不是我自己单打独斗使我克服了困难并使我的工作效率更高。强调句型结构为：It is/was＋被强调部分＋that＋其他成分。由此可见需将which改为that。][重点强化]一、强调句式的常用结构1．强调句的基本句型是“It is/was＋被强调的部分＋that/who＋其他部分”。被强调的部分可以是主语、宾语或状语等。2．强调句的特殊句式强调句的特殊句式结构构成一般疑问句Is/Was it＋被强调部分＋that/who＋句子其他部分？特殊疑问句特殊疑问词＋is/was it＋that＋句子其他部分？not until句式It is/was not until...＋that＋句子其他部分。[来源:学科网ZXXK]not...but...句式It is not...＋that...，but.../It is not...but...that...二、强调谓语动词强调谓语动词时，要在所强调的谓语动词前加助动词do，does或did。The family did manage to send him to a technical school.家里的人的确设法让他上了一所技术学校。注意：被强调的是时间、地点或原因状语时，一律用that。　　　　倒装原则要记牢(倒装句)[实例体验]1．(2020·四川部分名校联测)At the top of the hill ____________ (lie) an old cottage which has a wonderful view of the whole city.解析：lies　[当介词短语置于句首时，句子应用完全倒装，去除修饰部分which has a wonderful view of the whole city后，还原成正常语序为：An old cottage ____________ (lie) at the top of the hill.句意：山顶上坐落着一间能一览全城美景的古老小屋。结合定语从句的时态可以判断，此处应用一般现在时，故填lies。]2．(天津卷)Only after Mary read her composition the second time ____________ she notice the spelling mistake.解析：did　[当only修饰的时间状语位于句首时，主句要用部分倒装，且由本句时态可知应用一般过去时，故填did。句子还原为正常语序为：Mary noticed the spelling mistake only after she read her composition the second time.]3．(2019·烟台二模)So necessary ____________ I found it to learn about my kid's schoolwork that I will visit his teachers next week.解析：have　[考查so...that倒装句式，正常语序为I have found it so necessary to learn about my kid's schoolwork that I will visit his teachers next week.]4．(2020·临沂月考)Not a single word ____________ he say when he was asked，which made his parents angry.解析：did　[否定副词not位于句首时，句子要用部分倒装，由when he was asked 可知应填助动词did。]5．(2020·崇州模拟)Hardly ____________ she gone out when a student came to visit her.解析：had　[此题考查hardly...when句式，该句式主句应用过去完成时。]6．(2020·湖北八市联考)Not until then I know my senior high school life had really begun.____________解析：then后加did　[not until 位于句首要用部分倒装，根据语境可知助动词用过去时。][重点强化]1．不要把全部倒装误用作部分倒装(1)当表示地点、时间或方位的副词或介词短语置于句首时，句子用全部倒装。(2)当作表语的介词短语、形容词、副词或分词置于句首时，句子用全部倒装。(3)直接引语置于句首时，句子也用全部倒装。2．不要把部分倒装误用作全部倒装(1)当否定词以及由no构成的否定短语置于句首时，用部分倒装。(2)当“only＋状语(从句)”置于句首时，句子用部分倒装。(3)在so/such...that...句式中，当“so＋形容词/副词”或“such＋名词”位于句首时，其后的句子用部分倒装。(4)当as/though表示“虽然，尽管”，引导让步状语从句时用部分倒装。(though引导的让步状语从句也可以不倒装)(5)在含有had/were/should的if虚拟条件句中，可以省略if，将had/were/should放在主语前，构成部分倒装。(6)当表示前面所说的肯定(或否定)情况也适用于另一个人或事物时，常用“so(或neither/nor)＋be动词/助动词/情态动词＋主语”，表示“……也是(或也不)……”。  　　牢记there be句型及其他结构[实例体验]1．(2019·郑州模拟)____________ is no doubt that keeping an English diary helps you a lot with written English.解析：There　[此题考查固定句型There is no doubt that...意为“毫无疑问……”。]2．(2018·北京卷改编)In any unsafe situation，simply ____________ (press) the button and a highly­trained agent will get you the help you need.解析：press　[考查固定句型。句意：在任何不安全的情况下，只要按下按钮，一个训练有素的代理人就会给你你需要的帮助。分析句子结构可知，此处为祈使句，所以用动词原形。]3．There is a house near the river.There lives a man in the house and there ____________ (be) a lot of fish in the river.解析：are　[此处表示河里有很多鱼。fish指的是鱼不是鱼肉，fish单复数同形，故谓语动词用复数are。]4．(浙江卷)There are some health problems that，when ____________ (not treat) in time，can become bigger ones later on.解析：not treated　[本题考查省略句的用法。完整的句子应该是．..when they are not treated in time，...。]5．(2020·青岛模拟)There have some pieces of information that I'd like to share with you.____________解析：have→are　[考查There be句型。没有There have 这种表达。There be表示存在有；动词have表示所属有。]6．(湖南卷)Making what you're doing today important，because you are trading a day of your life for it.____________解析：Making→Make　[本句为“动词原形＋宾语其他成分”结构，what引导的从句充当make的宾语，形容词important充当宾补。][重点强化]There be及其他特殊结构1．There be结构There be/stands/lies/lives...；There is no need/doubt/possibility/sense/point...等。2．there be 句型be 动词的单复数要根据就近一致原则确定be的单复数，there be句型不要误用作there have。3．状语从句的省略当状语从句的主语与主句的主语一致或从句的主语为it，且从句谓语动词含有be动词时，可省略状语从句的主语和be动词。4．if条件句的省略用so或not代替上文内容，此时可用“if so/not”省略句式。其他类似结构还有if ever，if any，if possible等。5．祈使句勿把动词原形用作非谓语动词。6．感叹句由what和how引导感叹句。语法项目(二)主谓一致　　　　[考纲解读·定方向]    在英语中，句子谓语动词的形式应与句子的主语在人称和数上保持一致。主谓一致主要分为语法一致、意义一致以及就近、就远一致三种。近年来高考对主谓一致的考查主要集中在语法一致和意义一致上，并且常常将主谓一致与动词的时态和语态结合起来进行综合考查。　　　　语法一致、意义一致、就近、就远一致原则解决主谓一致[实例体验]1．(2017·浙江卷11月)This isn't as hard as it ____________ (sound)，and it is far better than any other method because you improve your vocabulary while reading an interesting piece of literature.解析：sounds　[考查主谓一致。分析句子结构可知，本句中第二个as引导从句，从句中it是主语，且根据上文的isn't和全文时态可知，此处应用一般现在时，故填sounds。]2．(2020·湖北七市联考)A red rose，rather than yellow roses，____________ (act) as the traditional romantic gift given to your love on Valentine's Day.解析：acts　[考查时态及主谓一致。本段描述的都是客观情况，故应用一般现在时；句子的主语是A red rose，而不是rather than后的yellow roses，所以谓语动词应该用单数形式，故填acts。] 3．(2020·郑州第一次质量预测)In general，preparing for new debate topics usually ____________ (include) brainstorming arguments，researching a resolution(解决)，and doing debate practice. 解析：includes　[考查主谓一致。本句中主语为preparing for new debate topics，是动名词短语，故谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。]4．(2020·太原阶段测评)Furthermore，the amount of sleep ____________ (change) greatly over the past 15 years.解析：has changed　[考查动词时态和主谓一致。根据该句中的时间状语“over the past 15 years”可知，此处应用现在完成时，且该句的主语是“the amount of sleep”，故谓语动词用单数形式。]5．(2019·河北五个一名校联盟二模)In that way you can find articles just about anything that ____________ (be) related to the science fields you are interested in.解析：is　[考查主谓一致。关系代词that指代的是先行词anything，并在从句中作主语，再结合全文的时态可知，应填is。]6．(2019·金丽衢十二校高三第一次联考)She took the lift to the eleventh floor，and the secretary showed her where her desk and her computer was.____________解析：was→were　[在where引导的宾语从句中，主语是her desk and her computer，谓语动词须用复数形式。]7．(2019·长春外国语学校第二次质量检测)You are the most considerate person who know exactly what I need in our class.____________解析：know→knows　[know是定语从句中的谓语动词，其形式由先行词person确定。由于person是单数，所以谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。]8．(2019·甘肃兰州一中高三月考)Each student learn a foreign language，mostly English，from Day One of their compulsory education.____________解析：learn→learns　[主语是Each student，谓语动词应用第三人称单数形式。][重点强化]1．可数名词单数或不可数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数；可数名词复数作主语时，谓语动词用复数。2．在定语从句中，关系代词that，who，which等作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。3．非谓语动词、名词性从句作主语，谓语动词一般用单数。但what引导的主语从句表示复数概念时，谓语动词用复数。4．就近原则：由either...or...，neither...nor...，not only...but also...等连接的并列主语，谓语动词常与最近的主语在人称和数上保持一致。5．就远原则：主语后跟有with，together with，as well as，but，except，along with，rather than等引起的短语时，谓语动词的数要与前面的主语保持一致。    [小题夯基练]Ⅰ.单句语法填空1. They celebrate Christmas here，and there are obviously displays in shops and Christmas markets，but ____________ seem to be no signs of Christmas adverts.解析：there　[句意：他们在这里庆祝圣诞节，而且很明显商店和圣诞节市场里有很多展览品，但是似乎没有圣诞广告的迹象。考查there be句型，be动词可用lie，exist，seem，remain等替代。]2．I was in trouble in overcoming my addiction to alcohol，and ____________ was my friend Mike.解析：so　[根据句意判断，所填的词要能表达出后一种情况与前面情况相同这一意义，故用so，构成“so＋谓语动词＋主语”这种倒装结构，表示“……也……”。]3．Only then ____________ we realize there was an earthquake.I was too frightened to move.解析：did　[句意：只有在那时我们才意识到地震发生了。我太害怕了以至于一动不动。“only＋状语”位于句首，后面的句子需要部分倒装。本句介绍的是过去的事情，需用一般过去时，故填did。]4．One has reason to believe that China's anti­corruption over the past few years，tough ____________ it is，has achieved inspiring progress.解析：as/though　[句意：有理由相信在过去的几年里中国的反腐活动取得了令人鼓舞的成就，虽然该活动很艰难。as/though引导让步状语从句时采用了部分倒装。]5．Now，just in front of the house ____________ (stand)a tall tree with a history of 100 years.解析：stands　[句意：现在，就在这座房子前面耸立着一棵有100年历史的大树。表示地点的介词短语置于句首，且主语是名词，后面的主语、谓语部分需用全部倒装形式；根据时间状语Now可推知设空处需用一般现在时；本句主语为第三人称单数，故填stands。]6．More than one doctor ____________ (be) involved in the rescue that took place after the earthquake.解析：was　[句意：许多医生都加入到了震后的营救工作中。“more than one＋可数名词单数”作主语时，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。根据从句用一般过去时可知，主句也应用一般过去时。故填was。]7．The traditional Chinese marriage usually ____________ (involve) some necessary procedures，such as match­making，engagement，meeting the bride，and three bows.解析：involves　[考查主谓一致。根据该句中的usually可知，此处表示经常发生的动作，故用一般现在时；主语The traditional Chinese marriage为第三人称单数，故谓语动词应用单数形式。]8．While most water towns are in the south，Shandong's Tai' erzhuang stands out in the north.The town ____________ (be) on the bank of the Beijing­Hangzhou Grand Canal.解析：is　[考查时态和主谓一致。该句主语为“The town”，为单数，故谓语动词用单数；该句陈述的是当前的情况，故用一般现在时。句意：这个小城位于京杭大运河的岸边。]9．In my life，it is music which is extremely important ____________ brings me closer to my friends and family.解析：that　[考查强调句型。此题强调music，which is extremely important为定语从句修饰先行词music。]10．It's said that not getting enough sleep ____________ (lead) to poor judgement，lack of creativity，and even depression.解析：leads　[从句中主语not getting enough sleep是动名词结构，谓语动词应用单数形式，根据主句的时态可知，此处应用一般现在时，所以填leads。]Ⅱ.单句改错(每句一错)1．John's success has nothing to do with good luck.It is years of hard work which has made him what he is today.____________解析：which→that　[强调句的句式为“It is/was＋被强调部分＋that＋其他成分”，把后半句“It is...that”去掉，剩下的部分仍是一个完整的句子，可知该句为强调句。]2．Generally speaking，when is taken according to the directions，the drug has no side effect.____________解析：去掉is　[状语从句的主语与主句的主语一致或从句的主语是it，从句中又有be动词时，可将从句的主语和be动词一起省略。when taken是when it is taken的省略形式。]3．Therefore，it was no doubt that I was left alone，suffering from loneliness and failure.____________解析：it→there　[There is no doubt that...是一个固定句型，意为“毫无疑问……”。]4．How an interesting country to live in！____________解析：How→What　[根据后面的an及名词country可知，应用what引起感叹。]5．There was many tasks I had to finish.____________解析：was→were　[考查There be...句型的主谓一致。be动词的单复数取决于后面紧邻的主语的单复数，此处主语为复数，be动词应用复数，故将was改为were。]6．Doing as well as you can today，and perhaps you may be able to do better tomorrow.____________解析：Doing→Do　[该句为“祈使句＋and＋陈述句”结构，祈使句句首应用动词原形，故将Doing改为Do。]7．There appears to have little enthusiasm for your idea.____________解析：have→be　[句意：人们好像对你的想法没什么兴趣。此处为there be句型，其中be 可以用appears to be代替，故将have改为be。]8．At the meeting place of the Yangtze River and the Jialing River lie Chongqing，one of the ten largest cities in China.____________解析：lie→lies　[句意：中国十大城市之一的重庆位于长江和嘉陵江的交汇处。此处为全部倒装。表示方位的地点状语置于句首时，句子要全部倒装。本句的主语是Chongqing，谓语动词的人称和数应该与其保持一致，故将lie改为lies。]9．The one who always listen to others tends to be easy­going.When he is in trouble，his friends will be willing to help him.____________解析：listen→listens　[定语从句中关系词who作主语，其后的谓语动词应与先行词the one保持一致，用单数形式，故把listen改为listens。]10．As is known to us all，some students have breakfast regularly while others don't.There is several reasons.____________解析：第二个is→are　[句意：众所周知，一些学生有规律地吃早餐而其他学生并非如此。这有几个原因。There be句型中，be要和后面的主语保持一致，本句中several reasons为复数形式，故将第二个is改为are。][大题提能练]Ⅰ.语法填空——倒装专练There 1.____________(be) a girl named Cinderella whose stepmother had two ugly and lazy daughters.Not only did they get good cares，but also they needed to do nothing.However,2.____________ by doing dirty housework could Cinderella get access to food；and seldom could she 3.____________ (gain) some rest.Not 4.____________ midnight was she allowed to go to bed.Poor 5.____________ she was，she was very beautiful.One day，from the palace came 6.____________ invitation，saying that the prince would choose his wife.Away went her stepmother and her stepsisters to the palace.Never had Cinderella 7.____________ (be) permitted to go with them.“8.____________ (be) I a princess，I would live a whole new life！”sighed Cinderella.No sooner had she sat down than a goddess appeared and gave her a smart dress，a cargo as well as horses.But she warned Cinderella that everything would disappear at 12 o'clock.When Cinderella arrived at the party,9.____________ attractive was Cinderella that the prince only danced with her.Hardly had the clock stricken twelve when Cinderella began to run，and she left a crystal slipper on the stair.The prince's servant came to Cinderella's to find out the owner of the slipper.Cinderella's elder sister couldn't wear it.10.____________ could the other sister.Not a word could anybody say when Cinderella wore the slipper perfectly.From then on she lived happily ever after with her prince.[来源:学科网][语篇解读]　 灰姑娘每天都要做很多家务，而继母和她的女儿则整日欺负灰姑娘，王子举行选妃舞会。灰姑娘在仙女的帮助下，漂漂亮亮地参加了舞会，并最终嫁给了王子。1．解析：was　[此处是there be句型，主语为a girl，根据文章时态可知用过去时。故填was。]2．解析：only　[从could Cinderella get这一部分倒装可以推断，前面是“only＋状语(介词短语)”。]3．解析：gain　[因seldom否定词放句首时，句子需要部分倒装，有情态动词could提到主语前面了，因此gain用动词原形。]4．解析：until　[not until...置于句首时，用部分倒装。句意是：直到半夜，她才被允许睡觉。]5．解析：as/though　[因其表语poor提前，故用as/though引导让步状语从句。]6．解析：an　[作地点状语的介词短语from the palace提前，句子用完全倒装，invitation(请柬)作主语，因其以元音音素开头，故前面用不定冠词an。]7．解析：been　[因否定词放句首时，句子需要部分倒装；这是过去完成时的被动语态，故填been。]8．解析：Were　[此处的Were I．..＝If I were...表示与现在事实相反的假设。]9．解析：so　[so...that...如此……以至于……，是固定句式。“so＋形容词”置于句首，句子用部分倒装。]10．解析：Neither/Nor　[灰姑娘的一个姐姐不适合，另一个姐姐也不适合，用neither/nor表示前面所述的一件事也不适合另一个人或物。]Ⅱ.短文改错(新题预测)Different people choose different job.As for me，I have made up my mind to be a teacher.Why？Firstly，I had a great interest in teaching since I was a child because of my father has been a teacher.He used to taking me to his classes.Now his classes are still so lively and interested that all of his students like her very much.Secondly，I want to teach because of the two long vacations，where I can have the opportunity to keep on learning.Finally，be around the students who are beginning to grow in front of me，I will grow with them too.So teaching is no easy job at all.I must study hardly to obtain more knowledge about how to teach.答案：[来源:学|科|网]