还剩14页未读,
继续阅读
2021届高考英语一轮复习考点04介词和介词短语考点归纳 试卷
展开
考点04 介词和介词短语
高考频度:★★★★★
【命题解读】
介词在英语中比较活跃,在高考中,对介词的考查主要集中在语法填空和短文改错题型中,考查点为常见介词如,from,to, on, in, with, by, at, of , on 等等的基本用法上。语法填空中介词的考查形式为非提示词型,短文改错中介词的考查包括介词的误用以及多词少词。
【命题预测】
预计2021年高考对介词的考查将不再局限于单个介词,将会更加注重对介词基本用法和固定搭配中的介词的考查。在短文改错中,主要考查对介词的误用。
【复习建议】
1. 掌握主要介词的常见用法及易混介词的辨析;
2. 掌握介词与其他词所构成的一些固定短语;
3. 掌握在定语从句中介词的使用情况。
介词的分类
分类
特点
例词
简单介词
即一个介词
about, across, after, against, among, around, at, below, beyond, during, in, on等等。
合成介词
由两个介词构成合成词
into, onto, throughout, upon, within
短语介词
由短语构成
according to, because of, instead of, up to, due to, owing to, thanks to等等。
双重介词
由两个介词搭配而成
from among, from behind, from under, till after, in between等等。
分词介词
由现在分词转化而来
considering(就……而论), including,regarding,concerning等。
兼类介词
由形容词直接转化而来
like, unlike, near, next, opposite等等。
考向① 介词短语的功能
介词不能独立在句中做成份,介词后必须与名词、代词、或动名词构成介词短语在句中充当一个成分,表示人、物、事件等与其它人、物、事件等之间的关系。
介词短语的功能
例 句
作定语
They didn’t find the solution to the problem.
作状语
We have breakfast at seven.(表时间)
They were late for the meeting because of the heavy rain.(表原因)
What do you mean by doing such a thing?(表方法)
Nothing in the world could live without air or water.(表条件)
作表语
When I paid a visit to you yesterday, you were not at home.
作宾语补足语
I found the old building in a bad condition.
考向② 常考介词的辨析
介词是英语中最活跃的词类之一,使用频率相当高,其用法跟冠词一样复杂。但根据近年来高考命题的情况来看,考生需要掌握以下内容。
1.表示相同或相似概念的介词(短语)的区别
表示的概念
介词(短语)
区 别
例
时间
in
on
at
at在一个时间点上;
in在一段的时间之内;
on在具体日子。
①at 8 o’clock, at noon
②in the 1990s, in January
③on Monday, on a warm morning
since
from
since 指从过去到现在的一段时间,和完成时连用;
from指从时间的某一点开始。
①We have not seen each other since 1995.
②I hope to do morning exercises from today.
in,
after
in指在一段时间之后,也可以指一段时间之内=within;
after表示某一具体时间点之后或用在过去时的一段时间中。
①We’ll be back in three days.
②After seven the rain began to fall.
③What shall we do after graduation?
in the end
at the end of
by the end of
in the end作"最后"、"终于"解,单独作句子成分,后不接介词of;at the end of 表示"在……末梢","到……尽头",既可指时间,也可以指地上或物体,不可单独使用;by the end of 作
"在……结束时",
"到……末为止"解,只能指时间。不可单独使用。
①In the end they reached a place of safety.
②At the end of the road stands a beautiful garden.
③They decided to have an English evening at the end of this week.
④By the end of last month he had finished the novel.
位置
between
among
一般说来,between表示两者之间,among用于三者或三者以上的中间。
①You are to sit between your father and me.
②He is always happy among his classmates.
注意:但有时说的虽然是三个以上的人或东西,
强调的是两两相互间接关系时、在谈到一些事物或一组事物,而把它们视为分居两边时以及在谈事物间的差别时,就用between。
①Agreements were made between the
different countries.
②The little valley lies between high
mountains.
③They don’t know the difference between wheat, rice and coin.
in
on
to
in表示在某范围内;
on指与什么毗邻;
to指在某环境范围之外。
①Changchun is in the northeast of China.
②Mongolia is on the north of China.
③Japan is to the east of China.
on
in
on只表示在某物的表面上,而用in表示占去某物一部分。
①There is a book on the piece of paper. ②There is an interesting article in the
newspaper.
③ He dug a hole in the wall.
in
into
in通常表示位置(静态);
into表示动向,不表示目的地或位置。
①We walked in the park.
②We walked into the park.
through
across
through表示从内部通过,与in 有关;across则表示从一端至另一端在表面上的通过,与on有关。
①Water flows through the pipe.
②The old man walked across the street.
in the corner
on the corner
at the corner
in the corner 表示在角落里,in指角的内面;on the corner表示"在角上",on指的不是内面,也不是外面,而含内外兼有之意;at the corner指"在拐角处",at指的是拐角外附近的外面。
①The lamp stands in the corner of the room.
②I met with him at the street corner.
③He sat on the corner of the table.
除了
besides
except
but
except for
besides指"除了……还有,再加上";except指"除了,减去什么",不能放在句首。but 与except意思近似,表示"除了……外"经常用在no, all, nobody, anywhere, everything等和其他疑问词后面。except for表示"如无……就,只是"表明理由细节。
①All went out besides me.
②All went out except me.
③I never saw him reading anything but the newspaper.
④His diary is good except for a few spelling mistakes.
表示的概念
构成
例
动作(表进行概念、表被动的关系)
at+名词
at dinner/table在吃饭 at work在工作 at war交战
at cards 在玩牌 at work 在办公 at play 在玩耍
at rest在休息 school在上学 at press正在排印
at church在做礼拜
beyond+名词
beyond belief难以置信 beyond control不听管教。
beyond compare无可比拟 beyond description难以形容
beyond expression无法表达 beyond suspicion无可怀疑
in+名词
或in +名词+of+名词
in the army在当兵 in need of需要 in action在运转
in progress在进行 in operation在运行中 in use 开始使用
in sight看得见 in store贮藏着
in course of construction正在兴建当中。
in (good) repair维修良好的
in course of shipment. 定的货正在运输途中。
in charge of 负责 in the charge of 由……负责
in possession of 拥有 in the possession of 被……拥有
on+名词
on business办事/出差 on holiday/vacation/leave在休假
on watch值班 on duty值勤/日
on guard在值勤 on strike在罢工
on sale出售 on loan借贷
on the march在行军 on trial在试用
on the air在广播 on fire在燃烧
on the move 在移动,搬迁,离开
on show/display/ exhibition在展出
under+名词
under control在控制之中 under discussion在讨论
underdevelopment在发展中 under observation在观察中
under test在被测试 under construction在建设中
under fire在炮火中 under examination在检查/调查中
under consideration在考虑中 under repair在修理中
under arrest被逮捕 under attack受到袭击
under medical treatment在治疗中 under study在研究中
其他
against one’s opinion反对某人的见解
for one’s opinion同意某人的见解
above reproach无可指责,无可非议
above suspicion不受怀疑
above criticism无可指责
at the mercy of在……支配下;任由……摆布
for sale供出售 for rent供出租 within sight看得见
1.(2020·新课标I卷短文改错)After that I poured oil into a pan and turned off the stove, I waited patiently unless the oil was hot.
【答案】将off改为on
【解析】考查介词。句意:之后我把油倒进一个平底锅,然后开火。根据I poured oil into a pan及常识可知,把油倒进锅里后应是打开炉子,所以此处应使用短语turn on,故将off改为on。
2.(2020·天津卷单项填空)For my fifth birthday, my mother baked me a cake ______ a monkey.
A.in the shape of B.beyond the reach of
C.at the mercy of D.on the side of
【答案】A
【解析】考查介词短语辨析。句意:我五岁生日的时候,妈妈给我烤了一个猴子形状的蛋糕。A. in the shape of呈……形状;B. beyond the reach of超出……的能力之外C. at the mercy of 受……的支配;D. on the side of拥护……,站在……的一边。蛋糕是猴子“形状”的。故选A。
3.(2020·山东卷语法填空)Museums must compete 45 people’s spare time and money with other amusements.
【答案】for
【解析】考查介词。句意:博物馆必须和其他娱乐活动竞争人们的业余时间和金钱。此处是固定短语:compete for,意为“为了……竞争”。故填for。
2.常见同一形容词与不同介词搭配时意义上的差别
常见形容词
搭配
意义
absent
(be) absent from
缺席
(be) absent in
不在这里而在……
afraid
(be) afraid of
担心……
(be) afraid for
为……而担心
angry
(be) angry with sb.
对某人生气
(be) angry at/about sth.
因某事而生气
anxious
(be)anxious for sth
急于想得到
(be)anxious about sth./sb.
对某事/某人担心
different
(be) different from
与……不同
(be) different to
不关心
familiar
(be) familiar with
精通,熟悉
(be) familiar to
为……熟知(悉)
good
(be) good at
擅长于
(be) good for
对……有益
(be) good to
对……友好/态度好
popular
(be) popular with sb.
受……欢迎
(be) popular for
因……而流行
strict
(be) strict with sb.
对某人要求严格
(be) strict in sth.
对某事要求严格
3.容易混淆的含有介词固定搭配的词组
类 型
举 例
差一冠词,大相径庭
in front of(在……前面)——in the front of(在……前部)
in charge of(负责)——in the charge of(由……负责)
out of question(毫无疑问)——out of the question(不可能)
at table(在吃饭;在吃饭时)——at the table(在桌子旁边)
有无介词,意义不同
know sb.认识某人—— know about sb.了解某人
shoot sb.击中某人—— shoot at sb.向某人射击
search sb.搜身—— search for sb.搜寻某人
believe sb.相信某人的话—— believe in sb.信任某人的人格
benefit sb.使某人受益—— benefit from sb.从某人那里得到益处
画蛇添足,误加介词
serve the people为人民服务(容易在serve后加for)
enter the room进入房间(容易在enter后加into)
follow me跟在我后面(容易在follow后加behind)
marry sb.与某人结婚(容易在marry后加with)
go abroad出国(容易在go后面加to)
live upstairs住在楼上(容易在live后面加 in)
母语思维,误用介词
be caught in the rain被雨淋着(不用by)
leave for some place动身去某地(不用to)
set an example to sb.为某人树立榜样(不用for)
in the direction朝着……方向(不用to)
do a favor for sb.帮某人一个忙(不用to)
different from和……不同(不用with)
with the help of在……的帮助下(不用under)
steal sth. from sb.偷某人的东西(不用of)
read sth. to sb.给(为)……读(念)……(不用for)
【难点释疑】
一、常用介词辨异
1. about,on,of 关于
①on多用于慎重的、正式的语言交际场合。常见于"学术上"的"论文"或"演说"等题目,可供专门研究这一问题的人阅读,有"论及"之意。
②about表示的内容多为普遍、不那么正式,有"述及"之意。
③of作"关于"讲,表示提及、涉及某人(事)时,只表示事情存在或发生,并不涉及详情;有时与about意义相近,但有时意义很不同,常与动词know、hear、learn(听说)、speak、talk、think、tell等连用。
2. except,except for,except that,but,besides,beside
①except"除……之外",指不包括……,后面常接名词、代词(人称代词常用宾格),还可接介词短语、副词和动词不定式,此时相当于but,但不定式常不带to。
②except for"除了,只有",意思和except一样,主要指说明基本情况后,而在细节上加以修正,后面常接名词性短语。
③except that"除了,只是",意思和except、except for一样。但在用法上,其后常接名词性从句,也可接when、where等词引导的其他从句。
④but所含"除……外"的意思不如except明确。but多用在代词(主要是不定代词、否定代词和疑问代词)之后。
⑤besides表示"除……外还有",所排除的事物常包括在所述范围之内。另外,besides可用作副词,相当于also,有"而且,加之,何况"之意。
⑥beside也是介词,表示"在附近",只不过形似besides,容易相互混淆。
如果在区别前后有同类的词语时,就用except,否则就用except for。
3. including,included
①including是一个介词,意为"包括",它一般放在包括对象的前面。
②included是一个过去分词,意为"包括"。它一般用于被动语态中,也可放在包括对象的后面。
4. in,later,during 都与时段名词搭配
①in作介词,同时段名词搭配,即"in + 时段名词",一般用于将来时。
②later表示"……以后",常同时段名词搭配,即"时段名词 + later",常与过去时连用。
③during作介词时,同时段名词搭配,即"during + 时段名词",常与现在时或将来时等连用。
5. in,with,by 用
①with通常指"用"具体的或有形的工具、器官等,有时也表示"用"某种手段、音调等。
②by作介词表示"用"时,一般指"用"方式、手段等。后面常接动名词或名词,后面接名词时,该名词前面一般不加修饰语。
③in指"用"语言、字体、墨水、体裁、风格、方式、现金、顺序等。
二、介词的省略
1. 当表示时间的词前有this,that,next,last,every,each,some,any,all等时,介词常省略。
Come any day you like. 你想哪天来就哪天来。
2. 表示时间的名词前有不定冠词,且不定冠词作"每一……"解时,前面不用介词。
An apple a day keeps the doctor away. 每天吃一个苹果,医生不找我。
3. 习惯搭配中介词的省略
一些常和动词、名词或形容词搭配的介词常省略,常见的此类搭配有:spend money/time (in) doing sth,waste money/time (in) doing sth,have difficulty/trouble (in) doing sth,be busy (in)doing sth,stop/prevent sb (from) doing sth等。
三、介词不可遗漏的情况
1. 含有不及物动词的不定式在形容词easy,hard,difficult,comfortable等后作状语,且构成不定式的动词与句子的主语存在动宾关系或主语是不定式动作发生的地点时,介词不能遗漏。
The chair is comfortable to sit on/in. 这把椅子坐着舒服。
The man is difficult to work with. 这个人很难共事。
2. 当非谓语动词表示被动意义时,相关介词也不可省略。
The problem is well worth paying attention to. 这个问题很值得关注。
3. 在被动语态中,动词短语中的介词不能遗漏。
Your pronunciation should be paid attention to. 你应该注意你的发音。
4. 在定语从句中,当从句的谓语和先行词构成动宾关系且从句谓语为不及物动词时,必须加上介词。
The library which we often go to is not far away from our school. 我们经常去的那个图书馆离我们的学校不远。
5. 在too...to...,enough... to...,so... as to...等结构中,含有不及物动词的不定式作结果状语,构成不定式的动词为不及物动词,且该动词与主语构成动宾关系或主语为不定式动作发生的地点时,介词不能遗漏。
The ice is too thin to skate on. 冰太薄了,不能在上面滑。
题组一 基础过关
单句改错
1. I lent to her some money in order that she could go for a holiday.
_________________________________________________________________________
2. Joe wasted a lot time before he got down to work.
_________________________________________________________________________
3. The biggest problem was in that almost all communication systems were destroyed.
_________________________________________________________________________
4. Only a few months ago, this area suffered by the worst drought in a century.
_________________________________________________________________________
5. It was very kind for them to invite me to visit their country.
_________________________________________________________________________
6. Appreciate and honor what you have instead focusing on what you do not.
_________________________________________________________________________
7. The boy wanted to join in the army but was turned down because he was under age.
_________________________________________________________________________
8. I just couldn’t laugh to his jokes the way I used to.
_________________________________________________________________________
题组二 能力提升
语法填空
1.(2020·郑州一中三模) In recent years, stress has been regarded ____ a cause of a whole range of medical problems, from high blood pressure to mental illness.
has been regarded
2.(2020·烟台一中一模) The mother continued to care for the young panda more than two years.
3.(2020.大庆实验质检)For those who fly to Guilin, it’s only an hour away car and offers all the scenery of the better-known city.
4.(2020.沈阳5月份模拟)______ time, when the population grew, people began cutting food into small pieces so it would cook more quickly.
5.(2020.浙江二模) In India, for example, most people traditionally eat their hands.
6. (2020·贵州省安顺市高三联考)I pulled up next ________ him, got out of the car, and gave him all my egg money.
7.(2019.邢台一中期末) the same time, they warm up again for the night.
8.(2019·山东省德州市高三月考)The idea of creating a national park was first discussed in the 1940s, but people couldn't agree ________ what size to make the park.
8.(2019·广东省佛山市顺德区高三教学质量检测)Bullied kids face a high risk ________ mental health problems.
9.She contributed more than any other scientist ________ solving the structure of DNA.
10.Last year was the warmest year on record, with global temperature 0.68 ________ average.
题组三 体验真题
1.(2020·新课标II卷短文改错)Then I can spare some time to learn it again, such that we can practice together on every day.
2. (2020·江苏卷单项填空)Taking on this challenge will bring you _____ someone who shares your interests.
A. in exchange for B. in answer to C. in contact with D. in memory of
3.(2020·浙江卷语法填空)Some time after 10,000 BC,people made the first real attempt to control the world they lived 56. ,through agriculture.
3. (2020·天津单项选择). Modern women are energetic, ambitious, and most of all, persistent _________their goal.
A. in pursuit of B. in return for C. in touch with D. in contrast to
5.【2019·新课标I卷·语法填空】Modem methods ___63___ tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid-1980s, and are expensive to perform (perform) consistently over a large area.
6.【2019·新课标III卷·语法填空】We were first greeted with the barking by a pack ___63___ dogs,seven to be exact.
7. (2019·天津单项选择)___________ all the problems, several of the players produced excellent performances.
A. According to B. Instead of
C. In addition to D. In spite of
8.【2019·江苏卷·单项填空】27.Favorable policies are ___________ to encourage employees' professional development.
A. in effect B. in command C. in turn D. in shape
9.【2019·浙江卷·语法填空】But can uniforms help improve school standards? The answer ___61___ this question is not clear.
10.【2018·北京】14. —Good morning, Mr. Lee’s office.
—Good morning. I’d like to make an appointment _________ next Wednesday afternoon.
A. for B. on C. in D. at
11.【2018·新课标III卷·语法填空】I was searching ___67___ these three western lowland gorillas I'd been observing.
12.【2018·江苏】33. China’s soft power grows _______ the increasing appreciation and understanding of China globally.
A. in line with B. in reply to
C. in return for D. in honour of
题组一基础过关
单句改错
1. 去掉to
【解析】句意:我借给她一些钱,以便她能去度假。动词lend后可接双宾语,所以to多余。
2. 在time 前加of
【解析】句意:乔在开始工作前浪费了不少时间。a lot of为固定用法,意为"许多",后接可数名词复数形式或不可数名词。注意:a lot为副词短语,表程度。
3. 去掉in
【解析】句意:最大的难题是,几乎所有的通讯系统都被破坏了。根据语境及句子结构可知,句中用that引导表语从句。
4. by → from
【解析】句意:仅在几个月前,这个地区遭受了一次本世纪以来最为严重的旱灾。suffer from为固定用法,意为"忍受,遭受"。
5. for → of
【解析】句意:他们很好,邀请我访问他们的国家。" It’s kind of sb to do sth"为固定句型。注意:在"It is/was + adj. +of/for sb to do"句型中,当形容词为easy,hard,difficult,possible,important,necessary等时用介词for,而当形容词为描述人的品德及特征的kind,polite,nice,wise,clever,silly,foolish等时用介词of。
6. 在instead后加of
【解析】句意:感激并且尊重你所拥有的,而不是将注意力放在你没有的东西上。instead of 为复合介词,意为"而不是"。
7. 去掉 in
【解析】句意:这个男孩想参军,但因为年纪小被拒绝了。join表示"参加,加入(某个组织)"时, 后面不加介词in;表示"参加(某项活动)"时,才加 in。
8. 第一个to → at
【解析】句意:我就是不能像以前那样因他讲的笑话而发笑。laugh at为固定搭配,意为"嘲笑,因……而发笑"。
题组二能力提升
题组二 能力提升
语法填空
1. 【答案】as
【解析】考查介词。句意:近年来,压力被认为一系列医疗问题的原因,从高血压到精神疾病。be regarded as“被认为是。。。”, 故填as.
2. 【答案】for
【解析】考查介词。熊猫妈妈继续照看孩子超过两年,介词for加时间,表示一段,故填for.
3.【答案】 by
【解析】考查介词。句意:乘汽车只需要1个小时。by car乘汽车。故填by.
4.【答案】over
【解析】考查介词。句意:随着时间的推移,当人口逐渐增长,人们开始把食物切成小块,这样可以煮的快一点。Over time意为“随着时间的推移”,故填over.
5.【答案】with
【解析】考查介词。句意:在印度,大部分人还是用传统的吃饭方法--用手拿,with+表示具体工具的名词,故填with.
6. 【答案】to 【解析】句意:我在他旁边停了下来,从车里出来,把全部的私房钱给了他。根据句意,可知此处为固定搭配,next to意为“在……旁边”。故填to。
7. 【答案】At
【解析】考查介词。“at the same time”意为“与此同时”,是固定短语。故填At. 1.
8.【答案】on
【解析】agree on是固定搭配,表示“对……达成一致”。
8.【答案】of
【解析】句意:受欺凌的孩子们面临着高风险的精神健康问题。a risk of “……的风险”。
9.【答案】to
【解析】句意:她在破解DNA结构方面所做的贡献,比任何一位科学家都大。contribute ... to sth./doing sth. “为某事/做某事作出贡献”,to为介词,后跟名词或动名词作宾语。
10.【答案】above
【解析】句意:去年是有记录以来最暖和的一年,全球气温高于平均气温0.68度。根据语境the warmest year on record可知是比平均气温高0.68度。above average意为“高于平均值”。
题组三 体验真题
1.【答案】去掉on
【解析】考查介词。句意:我们就可以每天一起练习。介词on后接的是具体时间。every day 译为“每一天”,前不能用有任何介词修饰。故on多余,应去掉。
2. 【答案】C
【解析】考查介词短语辨析。句意:接受这个挑战会让你和你有共同兴趣的人接触。A. in exchange for作为交换;B. in answer to回答;C. in contact with接触,与……有联系;D. in memory of纪念。根据空后someone who shares your interests及常识可知,此处指“和与你有共同兴趣的人接触”。故选C。
3.【答案】in
【解析】考查介词。句意:公元前10000年以后,人们第一次真正尝试通过农业来控制他们所居住的世界。分析可知,“they lived _____”应是之前名词the world 的定语从句,定语从句引导词被省略,可推知先行词应是在从句中作宾语,即:they lived in the world. live in+名词,意为“居住在某地”。故填in。
3. 【答案】A
【解析】考查介词短语辨析。句意:现代女性充满活力、有抱负,最重要的是坚持追求她们的目标。A. in pursuit of追求;B. in return for作为……回报;C. in touch with保持联系;D. in contrast to与……对比鲜明。根据句意可知,此处用in pursuit of“追求”符合语境,故选A项。
5.【答案】of/for
【解析】考查介词用法。此处tracking polar bear populations作Modern methods的定语,用of 连接,“methods of doing sth.”,意为“……的方法”,构成固定结构。或者意为“对于跟踪北极熊的方法”用for。故填of/for。
6.【答案】of
【解析】考查介词。“a pack of”意为“一群”。故填of。
7. 【答案】D
【详解】考查介词词组。句意:尽管存在所有这些问题,几个运动员还是表现很好。A. according to据(…所说); 按(…所报道);B. instead of代替,作为…的替换;C. in addition to另外,加之,除…之外;D. in spite of 尽管,不管。故选D。
8.【答案】A
【解析】考查介词短语。句意:好的制度政策实际上都会激发员工的专业水平的提升。A. in effect实际上;B. in command指挥;C. in turn轮流,依次;D. in shape在外形上,处于良好的状态。故选A。
9.【答案】to
【解析】考查介词。句意:这个问题的答案不清楚。the key/answer to ...这是固定搭配,“……的答案是……”。故填to。
10. 【答案】A
【解析】考查介词。句意:——早上好,Lee先生办公室。——早上好。我想预约下周三下午(和Mr. Lee见面)。make an appointment for意为“为……预约”,是固定搭配,故A选项正确。
11. 【答案】 for
【解析】考查动词短语搭配。search for是固定搭配,表示“寻找”,表示“我”在寻找“我”研究的三只西部低地大猩猩。
12.【答案】A
【解析】考查介词短语词义辨析及语境理解。句意:中国的软实力增长与日俱增全球对中国的赏识和理解相一致。A. in line with按照;与...一致;B. in reply to答复;C. in return for作为 ... 的报酬;D. in honour of为纪念。故选A。
高考频度:★★★★★
【命题解读】
介词在英语中比较活跃,在高考中,对介词的考查主要集中在语法填空和短文改错题型中,考查点为常见介词如,from,to, on, in, with, by, at, of , on 等等的基本用法上。语法填空中介词的考查形式为非提示词型,短文改错中介词的考查包括介词的误用以及多词少词。
【命题预测】
预计2021年高考对介词的考查将不再局限于单个介词,将会更加注重对介词基本用法和固定搭配中的介词的考查。在短文改错中,主要考查对介词的误用。
【复习建议】
1. 掌握主要介词的常见用法及易混介词的辨析;
2. 掌握介词与其他词所构成的一些固定短语;
3. 掌握在定语从句中介词的使用情况。
介词的分类
分类
特点
例词
简单介词
即一个介词
about, across, after, against, among, around, at, below, beyond, during, in, on等等。
合成介词
由两个介词构成合成词
into, onto, throughout, upon, within
短语介词
由短语构成
according to, because of, instead of, up to, due to, owing to, thanks to等等。
双重介词
由两个介词搭配而成
from among, from behind, from under, till after, in between等等。
分词介词
由现在分词转化而来
considering(就……而论), including,regarding,concerning等。
兼类介词
由形容词直接转化而来
like, unlike, near, next, opposite等等。
考向① 介词短语的功能
介词不能独立在句中做成份,介词后必须与名词、代词、或动名词构成介词短语在句中充当一个成分,表示人、物、事件等与其它人、物、事件等之间的关系。
介词短语的功能
例 句
作定语
They didn’t find the solution to the problem.
作状语
We have breakfast at seven.(表时间)
They were late for the meeting because of the heavy rain.(表原因)
What do you mean by doing such a thing?(表方法)
Nothing in the world could live without air or water.(表条件)
作表语
When I paid a visit to you yesterday, you were not at home.
作宾语补足语
I found the old building in a bad condition.
考向② 常考介词的辨析
介词是英语中最活跃的词类之一,使用频率相当高,其用法跟冠词一样复杂。但根据近年来高考命题的情况来看,考生需要掌握以下内容。
1.表示相同或相似概念的介词(短语)的区别
表示的概念
介词(短语)
区 别
例
时间
in
on
at
at在一个时间点上;
in在一段的时间之内;
on在具体日子。
①at 8 o’clock, at noon
②in the 1990s, in January
③on Monday, on a warm morning
since
from
since 指从过去到现在的一段时间,和完成时连用;
from指从时间的某一点开始。
①We have not seen each other since 1995.
②I hope to do morning exercises from today.
in,
after
in指在一段时间之后,也可以指一段时间之内=within;
after表示某一具体时间点之后或用在过去时的一段时间中。
①We’ll be back in three days.
②After seven the rain began to fall.
③What shall we do after graduation?
in the end
at the end of
by the end of
in the end作"最后"、"终于"解,单独作句子成分,后不接介词of;at the end of 表示"在……末梢","到……尽头",既可指时间,也可以指地上或物体,不可单独使用;by the end of 作
"在……结束时",
"到……末为止"解,只能指时间。不可单独使用。
①In the end they reached a place of safety.
②At the end of the road stands a beautiful garden.
③They decided to have an English evening at the end of this week.
④By the end of last month he had finished the novel.
位置
between
among
一般说来,between表示两者之间,among用于三者或三者以上的中间。
①You are to sit between your father and me.
②He is always happy among his classmates.
注意:但有时说的虽然是三个以上的人或东西,
强调的是两两相互间接关系时、在谈到一些事物或一组事物,而把它们视为分居两边时以及在谈事物间的差别时,就用between。
①Agreements were made between the
different countries.
②The little valley lies between high
mountains.
③They don’t know the difference between wheat, rice and coin.
in
on
to
in表示在某范围内;
on指与什么毗邻;
to指在某环境范围之外。
①Changchun is in the northeast of China.
②Mongolia is on the north of China.
③Japan is to the east of China.
on
in
on只表示在某物的表面上,而用in表示占去某物一部分。
①There is a book on the piece of paper. ②There is an interesting article in the
newspaper.
③ He dug a hole in the wall.
in
into
in通常表示位置(静态);
into表示动向,不表示目的地或位置。
①We walked in the park.
②We walked into the park.
through
across
through表示从内部通过,与in 有关;across则表示从一端至另一端在表面上的通过,与on有关。
①Water flows through the pipe.
②The old man walked across the street.
in the corner
on the corner
at the corner
in the corner 表示在角落里,in指角的内面;on the corner表示"在角上",on指的不是内面,也不是外面,而含内外兼有之意;at the corner指"在拐角处",at指的是拐角外附近的外面。
①The lamp stands in the corner of the room.
②I met with him at the street corner.
③He sat on the corner of the table.
除了
besides
except
but
except for
besides指"除了……还有,再加上";except指"除了,减去什么",不能放在句首。but 与except意思近似,表示"除了……外"经常用在no, all, nobody, anywhere, everything等和其他疑问词后面。except for表示"如无……就,只是"表明理由细节。
①All went out besides me.
②All went out except me.
③I never saw him reading anything but the newspaper.
④His diary is good except for a few spelling mistakes.
表示的概念
构成
例
动作(表进行概念、表被动的关系)
at+名词
at dinner/table在吃饭 at work在工作 at war交战
at cards 在玩牌 at work 在办公 at play 在玩耍
at rest在休息 school在上学 at press正在排印
at church在做礼拜
beyond+名词
beyond belief难以置信 beyond control不听管教。
beyond compare无可比拟 beyond description难以形容
beyond expression无法表达 beyond suspicion无可怀疑
in+名词
或in +名词+of+名词
in the army在当兵 in need of需要 in action在运转
in progress在进行 in operation在运行中 in use 开始使用
in sight看得见 in store贮藏着
in course of construction正在兴建当中。
in (good) repair维修良好的
in course of shipment. 定的货正在运输途中。
in charge of 负责 in the charge of 由……负责
in possession of 拥有 in the possession of 被……拥有
on+名词
on business办事/出差 on holiday/vacation/leave在休假
on watch值班 on duty值勤/日
on guard在值勤 on strike在罢工
on sale出售 on loan借贷
on the march在行军 on trial在试用
on the air在广播 on fire在燃烧
on the move 在移动,搬迁,离开
on show/display/ exhibition在展出
under+名词
under control在控制之中 under discussion在讨论
underdevelopment在发展中 under observation在观察中
under test在被测试 under construction在建设中
under fire在炮火中 under examination在检查/调查中
under consideration在考虑中 under repair在修理中
under arrest被逮捕 under attack受到袭击
under medical treatment在治疗中 under study在研究中
其他
against one’s opinion反对某人的见解
for one’s opinion同意某人的见解
above reproach无可指责,无可非议
above suspicion不受怀疑
above criticism无可指责
at the mercy of在……支配下;任由……摆布
for sale供出售 for rent供出租 within sight看得见
1.(2020·新课标I卷短文改错)After that I poured oil into a pan and turned off the stove, I waited patiently unless the oil was hot.
【答案】将off改为on
【解析】考查介词。句意:之后我把油倒进一个平底锅,然后开火。根据I poured oil into a pan及常识可知,把油倒进锅里后应是打开炉子,所以此处应使用短语turn on,故将off改为on。
2.(2020·天津卷单项填空)For my fifth birthday, my mother baked me a cake ______ a monkey.
A.in the shape of B.beyond the reach of
C.at the mercy of D.on the side of
【答案】A
【解析】考查介词短语辨析。句意:我五岁生日的时候,妈妈给我烤了一个猴子形状的蛋糕。A. in the shape of呈……形状;B. beyond the reach of超出……的能力之外C. at the mercy of 受……的支配;D. on the side of拥护……,站在……的一边。蛋糕是猴子“形状”的。故选A。
3.(2020·山东卷语法填空)Museums must compete 45 people’s spare time and money with other amusements.
【答案】for
【解析】考查介词。句意:博物馆必须和其他娱乐活动竞争人们的业余时间和金钱。此处是固定短语:compete for,意为“为了……竞争”。故填for。
2.常见同一形容词与不同介词搭配时意义上的差别
常见形容词
搭配
意义
absent
(be) absent from
缺席
(be) absent in
不在这里而在……
afraid
(be) afraid of
担心……
(be) afraid for
为……而担心
angry
(be) angry with sb.
对某人生气
(be) angry at/about sth.
因某事而生气
anxious
(be)anxious for sth
急于想得到
(be)anxious about sth./sb.
对某事/某人担心
different
(be) different from
与……不同
(be) different to
不关心
familiar
(be) familiar with
精通,熟悉
(be) familiar to
为……熟知(悉)
good
(be) good at
擅长于
(be) good for
对……有益
(be) good to
对……友好/态度好
popular
(be) popular with sb.
受……欢迎
(be) popular for
因……而流行
strict
(be) strict with sb.
对某人要求严格
(be) strict in sth.
对某事要求严格
3.容易混淆的含有介词固定搭配的词组
类 型
举 例
差一冠词,大相径庭
in front of(在……前面)——in the front of(在……前部)
in charge of(负责)——in the charge of(由……负责)
out of question(毫无疑问)——out of the question(不可能)
at table(在吃饭;在吃饭时)——at the table(在桌子旁边)
有无介词,意义不同
know sb.认识某人—— know about sb.了解某人
shoot sb.击中某人—— shoot at sb.向某人射击
search sb.搜身—— search for sb.搜寻某人
believe sb.相信某人的话—— believe in sb.信任某人的人格
benefit sb.使某人受益—— benefit from sb.从某人那里得到益处
画蛇添足,误加介词
serve the people为人民服务(容易在serve后加for)
enter the room进入房间(容易在enter后加into)
follow me跟在我后面(容易在follow后加behind)
marry sb.与某人结婚(容易在marry后加with)
go abroad出国(容易在go后面加to)
live upstairs住在楼上(容易在live后面加 in)
母语思维,误用介词
be caught in the rain被雨淋着(不用by)
leave for some place动身去某地(不用to)
set an example to sb.为某人树立榜样(不用for)
in the direction朝着……方向(不用to)
do a favor for sb.帮某人一个忙(不用to)
different from和……不同(不用with)
with the help of在……的帮助下(不用under)
steal sth. from sb.偷某人的东西(不用of)
read sth. to sb.给(为)……读(念)……(不用for)
【难点释疑】
一、常用介词辨异
1. about,on,of 关于
①on多用于慎重的、正式的语言交际场合。常见于"学术上"的"论文"或"演说"等题目,可供专门研究这一问题的人阅读,有"论及"之意。
②about表示的内容多为普遍、不那么正式,有"述及"之意。
③of作"关于"讲,表示提及、涉及某人(事)时,只表示事情存在或发生,并不涉及详情;有时与about意义相近,但有时意义很不同,常与动词know、hear、learn(听说)、speak、talk、think、tell等连用。
2. except,except for,except that,but,besides,beside
①except"除……之外",指不包括……,后面常接名词、代词(人称代词常用宾格),还可接介词短语、副词和动词不定式,此时相当于but,但不定式常不带to。
②except for"除了,只有",意思和except一样,主要指说明基本情况后,而在细节上加以修正,后面常接名词性短语。
③except that"除了,只是",意思和except、except for一样。但在用法上,其后常接名词性从句,也可接when、where等词引导的其他从句。
④but所含"除……外"的意思不如except明确。but多用在代词(主要是不定代词、否定代词和疑问代词)之后。
⑤besides表示"除……外还有",所排除的事物常包括在所述范围之内。另外,besides可用作副词,相当于also,有"而且,加之,何况"之意。
⑥beside也是介词,表示"在附近",只不过形似besides,容易相互混淆。
如果在区别前后有同类的词语时,就用except,否则就用except for。
3. including,included
①including是一个介词,意为"包括",它一般放在包括对象的前面。
②included是一个过去分词,意为"包括"。它一般用于被动语态中,也可放在包括对象的后面。
4. in,later,during 都与时段名词搭配
①in作介词,同时段名词搭配,即"in + 时段名词",一般用于将来时。
②later表示"……以后",常同时段名词搭配,即"时段名词 + later",常与过去时连用。
③during作介词时,同时段名词搭配,即"during + 时段名词",常与现在时或将来时等连用。
5. in,with,by 用
①with通常指"用"具体的或有形的工具、器官等,有时也表示"用"某种手段、音调等。
②by作介词表示"用"时,一般指"用"方式、手段等。后面常接动名词或名词,后面接名词时,该名词前面一般不加修饰语。
③in指"用"语言、字体、墨水、体裁、风格、方式、现金、顺序等。
二、介词的省略
1. 当表示时间的词前有this,that,next,last,every,each,some,any,all等时,介词常省略。
Come any day you like. 你想哪天来就哪天来。
2. 表示时间的名词前有不定冠词,且不定冠词作"每一……"解时,前面不用介词。
An apple a day keeps the doctor away. 每天吃一个苹果,医生不找我。
3. 习惯搭配中介词的省略
一些常和动词、名词或形容词搭配的介词常省略,常见的此类搭配有:spend money/time (in) doing sth,waste money/time (in) doing sth,have difficulty/trouble (in) doing sth,be busy (in)doing sth,stop/prevent sb (from) doing sth等。
三、介词不可遗漏的情况
1. 含有不及物动词的不定式在形容词easy,hard,difficult,comfortable等后作状语,且构成不定式的动词与句子的主语存在动宾关系或主语是不定式动作发生的地点时,介词不能遗漏。
The chair is comfortable to sit on/in. 这把椅子坐着舒服。
The man is difficult to work with. 这个人很难共事。
2. 当非谓语动词表示被动意义时,相关介词也不可省略。
The problem is well worth paying attention to. 这个问题很值得关注。
3. 在被动语态中,动词短语中的介词不能遗漏。
Your pronunciation should be paid attention to. 你应该注意你的发音。
4. 在定语从句中,当从句的谓语和先行词构成动宾关系且从句谓语为不及物动词时,必须加上介词。
The library which we often go to is not far away from our school. 我们经常去的那个图书馆离我们的学校不远。
5. 在too...to...,enough... to...,so... as to...等结构中,含有不及物动词的不定式作结果状语,构成不定式的动词为不及物动词,且该动词与主语构成动宾关系或主语为不定式动作发生的地点时,介词不能遗漏。
The ice is too thin to skate on. 冰太薄了,不能在上面滑。
题组一 基础过关
单句改错
1. I lent to her some money in order that she could go for a holiday.
_________________________________________________________________________
2. Joe wasted a lot time before he got down to work.
_________________________________________________________________________
3. The biggest problem was in that almost all communication systems were destroyed.
_________________________________________________________________________
4. Only a few months ago, this area suffered by the worst drought in a century.
_________________________________________________________________________
5. It was very kind for them to invite me to visit their country.
_________________________________________________________________________
6. Appreciate and honor what you have instead focusing on what you do not.
_________________________________________________________________________
7. The boy wanted to join in the army but was turned down because he was under age.
_________________________________________________________________________
8. I just couldn’t laugh to his jokes the way I used to.
_________________________________________________________________________
题组二 能力提升
语法填空
1.(2020·郑州一中三模) In recent years, stress has been regarded ____ a cause of a whole range of medical problems, from high blood pressure to mental illness.
has been regarded
2.(2020·烟台一中一模) The mother continued to care for the young panda more than two years.
3.(2020.大庆实验质检)For those who fly to Guilin, it’s only an hour away car and offers all the scenery of the better-known city.
4.(2020.沈阳5月份模拟)______ time, when the population grew, people began cutting food into small pieces so it would cook more quickly.
5.(2020.浙江二模) In India, for example, most people traditionally eat their hands.
6. (2020·贵州省安顺市高三联考)I pulled up next ________ him, got out of the car, and gave him all my egg money.
7.(2019.邢台一中期末) the same time, they warm up again for the night.
8.(2019·山东省德州市高三月考)The idea of creating a national park was first discussed in the 1940s, but people couldn't agree ________ what size to make the park.
8.(2019·广东省佛山市顺德区高三教学质量检测)Bullied kids face a high risk ________ mental health problems.
9.She contributed more than any other scientist ________ solving the structure of DNA.
10.Last year was the warmest year on record, with global temperature 0.68 ________ average.
题组三 体验真题
1.(2020·新课标II卷短文改错)Then I can spare some time to learn it again, such that we can practice together on every day.
2. (2020·江苏卷单项填空)Taking on this challenge will bring you _____ someone who shares your interests.
A. in exchange for B. in answer to C. in contact with D. in memory of
3.(2020·浙江卷语法填空)Some time after 10,000 BC,people made the first real attempt to control the world they lived 56. ,through agriculture.
3. (2020·天津单项选择). Modern women are energetic, ambitious, and most of all, persistent _________their goal.
A. in pursuit of B. in return for C. in touch with D. in contrast to
5.【2019·新课标I卷·语法填空】Modem methods ___63___ tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid-1980s, and are expensive to perform (perform) consistently over a large area.
6.【2019·新课标III卷·语法填空】We were first greeted with the barking by a pack ___63___ dogs,seven to be exact.
7. (2019·天津单项选择)___________ all the problems, several of the players produced excellent performances.
A. According to B. Instead of
C. In addition to D. In spite of
8.【2019·江苏卷·单项填空】27.Favorable policies are ___________ to encourage employees' professional development.
A. in effect B. in command C. in turn D. in shape
9.【2019·浙江卷·语法填空】But can uniforms help improve school standards? The answer ___61___ this question is not clear.
10.【2018·北京】14. —Good morning, Mr. Lee’s office.
—Good morning. I’d like to make an appointment _________ next Wednesday afternoon.
A. for B. on C. in D. at
11.【2018·新课标III卷·语法填空】I was searching ___67___ these three western lowland gorillas I'd been observing.
12.【2018·江苏】33. China’s soft power grows _______ the increasing appreciation and understanding of China globally.
A. in line with B. in reply to
C. in return for D. in honour of
题组一基础过关
单句改错
1. 去掉to
【解析】句意:我借给她一些钱,以便她能去度假。动词lend后可接双宾语,所以to多余。
2. 在time 前加of
【解析】句意:乔在开始工作前浪费了不少时间。a lot of为固定用法,意为"许多",后接可数名词复数形式或不可数名词。注意:a lot为副词短语,表程度。
3. 去掉in
【解析】句意:最大的难题是,几乎所有的通讯系统都被破坏了。根据语境及句子结构可知,句中用that引导表语从句。
4. by → from
【解析】句意:仅在几个月前,这个地区遭受了一次本世纪以来最为严重的旱灾。suffer from为固定用法,意为"忍受,遭受"。
5. for → of
【解析】句意:他们很好,邀请我访问他们的国家。" It’s kind of sb to do sth"为固定句型。注意:在"It is/was + adj. +of/for sb to do"句型中,当形容词为easy,hard,difficult,possible,important,necessary等时用介词for,而当形容词为描述人的品德及特征的kind,polite,nice,wise,clever,silly,foolish等时用介词of。
6. 在instead后加of
【解析】句意:感激并且尊重你所拥有的,而不是将注意力放在你没有的东西上。instead of 为复合介词,意为"而不是"。
7. 去掉 in
【解析】句意:这个男孩想参军,但因为年纪小被拒绝了。join表示"参加,加入(某个组织)"时, 后面不加介词in;表示"参加(某项活动)"时,才加 in。
8. 第一个to → at
【解析】句意:我就是不能像以前那样因他讲的笑话而发笑。laugh at为固定搭配,意为"嘲笑,因……而发笑"。
题组二能力提升
题组二 能力提升
语法填空
1. 【答案】as
【解析】考查介词。句意:近年来,压力被认为一系列医疗问题的原因,从高血压到精神疾病。be regarded as“被认为是。。。”, 故填as.
2. 【答案】for
【解析】考查介词。熊猫妈妈继续照看孩子超过两年,介词for加时间,表示一段,故填for.
3.【答案】 by
【解析】考查介词。句意:乘汽车只需要1个小时。by car乘汽车。故填by.
4.【答案】over
【解析】考查介词。句意:随着时间的推移,当人口逐渐增长,人们开始把食物切成小块,这样可以煮的快一点。Over time意为“随着时间的推移”,故填over.
5.【答案】with
【解析】考查介词。句意:在印度,大部分人还是用传统的吃饭方法--用手拿,with+表示具体工具的名词,故填with.
6. 【答案】to 【解析】句意:我在他旁边停了下来,从车里出来,把全部的私房钱给了他。根据句意,可知此处为固定搭配,next to意为“在……旁边”。故填to。
7. 【答案】At
【解析】考查介词。“at the same time”意为“与此同时”,是固定短语。故填At. 1.
8.【答案】on
【解析】agree on是固定搭配,表示“对……达成一致”。
8.【答案】of
【解析】句意:受欺凌的孩子们面临着高风险的精神健康问题。a risk of “……的风险”。
9.【答案】to
【解析】句意:她在破解DNA结构方面所做的贡献,比任何一位科学家都大。contribute ... to sth./doing sth. “为某事/做某事作出贡献”,to为介词,后跟名词或动名词作宾语。
10.【答案】above
【解析】句意:去年是有记录以来最暖和的一年,全球气温高于平均气温0.68度。根据语境the warmest year on record可知是比平均气温高0.68度。above average意为“高于平均值”。
题组三 体验真题
1.【答案】去掉on
【解析】考查介词。句意:我们就可以每天一起练习。介词on后接的是具体时间。every day 译为“每一天”,前不能用有任何介词修饰。故on多余,应去掉。
2. 【答案】C
【解析】考查介词短语辨析。句意:接受这个挑战会让你和你有共同兴趣的人接触。A. in exchange for作为交换;B. in answer to回答;C. in contact with接触,与……有联系;D. in memory of纪念。根据空后someone who shares your interests及常识可知,此处指“和与你有共同兴趣的人接触”。故选C。
3.【答案】in
【解析】考查介词。句意:公元前10000年以后,人们第一次真正尝试通过农业来控制他们所居住的世界。分析可知,“they lived _____”应是之前名词the world 的定语从句,定语从句引导词被省略,可推知先行词应是在从句中作宾语,即:they lived in the world. live in+名词,意为“居住在某地”。故填in。
3. 【答案】A
【解析】考查介词短语辨析。句意:现代女性充满活力、有抱负,最重要的是坚持追求她们的目标。A. in pursuit of追求;B. in return for作为……回报;C. in touch with保持联系;D. in contrast to与……对比鲜明。根据句意可知,此处用in pursuit of“追求”符合语境,故选A项。
5.【答案】of/for
【解析】考查介词用法。此处tracking polar bear populations作Modern methods的定语,用of 连接,“methods of doing sth.”,意为“……的方法”,构成固定结构。或者意为“对于跟踪北极熊的方法”用for。故填of/for。
6.【答案】of
【解析】考查介词。“a pack of”意为“一群”。故填of。
7. 【答案】D
【详解】考查介词词组。句意:尽管存在所有这些问题,几个运动员还是表现很好。A. according to据(…所说); 按(…所报道);B. instead of代替,作为…的替换;C. in addition to另外,加之,除…之外;D. in spite of 尽管,不管。故选D。
8.【答案】A
【解析】考查介词短语。句意:好的制度政策实际上都会激发员工的专业水平的提升。A. in effect实际上;B. in command指挥;C. in turn轮流,依次;D. in shape在外形上,处于良好的状态。故选A。
9.【答案】to
【解析】考查介词。句意:这个问题的答案不清楚。the key/answer to ...这是固定搭配,“……的答案是……”。故填to。
10. 【答案】A
【解析】考查介词。句意:——早上好,Lee先生办公室。——早上好。我想预约下周三下午(和Mr. Lee见面)。make an appointment for意为“为……预约”,是固定搭配,故A选项正确。
11. 【答案】 for
【解析】考查动词短语搭配。search for是固定搭配,表示“寻找”,表示“我”在寻找“我”研究的三只西部低地大猩猩。
12.【答案】A
【解析】考查介词短语词义辨析及语境理解。句意:中国的软实力增长与日俱增全球对中国的赏识和理解相一致。A. in line with按照;与...一致;B. in reply to答复;C. in return for作为 ... 的报酬;D. in honour of为纪念。故选A。
相关资料
更多