2021届高考英语二轮复习专题讲义全程跟踪 专题八 定语从句

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 2021届高考英语二轮复习专题讲义全程跟踪 专题八 定语从句命题规律：2020年新高考I卷及近五年课标卷在语篇型填空中重点考查对定语从句的掌握。定语从句重点考查了连接词that 和who的用法。命题趋势：对定语从句的考查仍会成为以后高考的热点和重点。一、定语从句中的一些基本概念在复合句中做定语，修饰名词、代词或整个句子的从句叫作定语从句。定语从句在句中的作用相当于形容词。被修饰的部分叫作先行词，连接先行词与从句的词叫作关系词。二、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别限制性定语从句：对先行词起修饰限制作用例：He has two sons who work in the same company.（Perhaps he has more than two sons.）他有两个在同一家公司上班的儿子。非限制性定语从句：对先行词起补充说明作用。先行词与定语从句往往由逗号隔开。相当于并列分句、状语从句等。例：He has two sons，who work in the same company.（He has only two sons.）他有两个儿子，他们在同一家公司上班。 练习：同义句转换1、That is his father，and he works in Shanghai.That is his father，       works in Shanghai.2、I like the boy，who is very lovely.I like the boy，       he is very lovely3、He told me a story yesterday，and I thought it was very interesting.He told me a story yesterday,         I thought was very interesting.答案：1、who2、because/for3、which  三、关系代词的基本用法1. who用于限制性或非限制性定语从句。先行词指人，who在定语从句中作主语、宾语。在限制性定语从句中who可用that代替。例：She is the girl who（that）lives next door.她就是住在隔壁的女孩。Do you know the boy who（that）is standing there？你认识正站在那里的那个男孩吗？2. whom用于限制性或非限制性定语从句。先行词指人，whom在定语从句中作宾语。在限制性定语从句中可用who或that代替，但介词提到关系代词前，只能用whom。例：That's the girl（whom/who/that）I teach.那就是我教的那个女孩。This is the scientist，the achievements of whom are well known.（=This is the scientist，of whom the achievements are well known.）这就是那位成就卓著的科学家。3. which用于限制性或非限制性定语从句。先行词指物或一句话，which在定语从句中作主语、宾语。在限制性定语从句中which可用that代替。例：That is the book（that/which）I want to read.那就是我想要读的那本书。He was late again，which made the teacher very unhappy.他又迟到了，这使得老师很不高兴。4. that只用于限制性定语从句。先行词指人或物，that在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语。指人时通常可以和who，whom互换，指物时可以和which互换，但关系代词作宾语且介词提到其前面，不用that。例：She is the girl that（who）likes sports.她就是那个喜欢运动的女孩。That is the place that（which）all of us are eager to visit.那就是我们大家都急于参观的地方。5. whose用于限制性或非限制性定语从句。先行词指人或物，whose在定语从句中作定语，相当于of whom或of which。例：This is the scientist whose achievements are well known.这就是那位成就卓著的科学家。This is the house whose window broke last night.这就是昨晚窗户坏了的那所房子6. as1）用于限制性定语从句中，先行词指人或物，as在限制性定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语。常用句型为：①such（+名词）+as...（像……一样的，像……之类的）②the same+名词+as...（和……同样的）例：We have found such materials as are used in their factory.我们已经找到了像他们工厂里用的那种材料。（as作主语）This book is not such as I expect.这不是我想要的书。（as作宾语）I have the same book as he has.我和他有同样的书。（as作宾语）2）用于非限制性定语从句中，as指代整个主句的内容，意为：正如……，像……例：As is known to us all，China is in the east of Asia.众所周知，中国在亚洲的东部。 练习：用who，whom，which，that，whose，as填空1、The house          windows face north belongs to him.2、The man        you met just now is my brother.3、The man          is walking in the playground is my old friend.4、Take the book          is lying on the table.5、She is such a girl       is always finding fault with other people.答案1、whose2、who/whom/that3、who/that4、which/that5、as四、关系代词which和that的区别1. 限制性定语从句中，用关系代词that而不能用which的情况1）当先行词是不定代词all，little，few，much，everything，anything，nothing，none，some等时。例：Do you have anything that you want to say for yourself？你有什么要为自己说的吗？2）当先行词前面有the only，the very（恰恰，正好），any，every，no，all，few，little，much，the right，the last等词修饰时。例：This is the very bus that I'm waiting for.这就是我正在等的公共汽车。3）当先行词是形容词最高级或先行词的前面有形容词最高级修饰时。例：This is the best way that has been used against pollution.这是曾经用过的最好的抗污染的办法。 4）当先行词是序数词或先行词的前面有序数词修饰时。例：He was the second person that told me the secret.他是第二个告诉我那个秘密的人。5）当先行词既有人又有物时。例：Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about？你知道他们正在谈论的事和人吗？6）当主句的主语是疑问词who或which时。例： Which is the bike that you lost？哪辆是你丢的自行车？7）有两个定语从句时，其中一个关系代词宜用which，另外一个宜用that。例： This is the book that you bought which you have lost.这就是你买的并且丢了的那本书。 2.当先行词指事/物时，定语从句中关系代词用which不用that的情况1）在非限制性定语从句。例：The sports meeting was put off，which astonished me.运动会被推迟了，这使我很吃惊。2）当动词短语中的介词提前时。注意：在一些固定搭配的动词短语中，由于动词和介词不可分割，因此不能把介词置于关系代词之前。例：This is a house in which Lu Xun once lived.这是鲁迅曾住过的房子（之一）。This is the pen for which I'm looking.（×）This is the pen（which/that）I'm looking for.（√）这是我正寻找的那支钢笔。3）先行词后面有插入语时例：Here is the English grammar book which，as I've told you，will help you improve your English.这就是我告诉过你的那本英语语法书，它能帮你提高你的英语水平。4）先行词本身就是that时。例：What's that which flashed through the sky just now？刚才在天空中一闪而过的是什么？练习：1、I refuse to accept the blame for something       was someone else's fault. 2、Whenever I met her,         was fairly often, she greeted me with a sweet smile.3、All the presents          your friends gave you on your birthday should be put away.4、He was late for the opening ceremony，           was very surprising to me.答案：1、that2、which3、that4、which五、关系代词as和which的区别as和which都可以引导非限制性定语从句，指代整个主句的内容，关系词在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语，有时两者可以互换。1. 下列情况只用as不用which1) 当定语从句置于主句前例：As you see，the Chinese people are hard-working.正如你所看到的，中国人民是勤劳的。2) 关系词作主语且定语从句为被动语态形式时，从句谓语通常为：be known，be said，be reported，be announced，be mentioned等。例：She has been absent again，as is expected.她又缺席了，这在预料之中。3）在下列习惯用语中：as（it）seems likely，as（it）often happens，as（it）was pointed out，as（it）was said earlier，as I remember（it），as I understand（it），as（it）appears，as is often the case，as anybody can see，as we have expected。例：Jack has won first prize，as it often happens.像往常一样，杰克得了一等奖。She has read widely in Romantic Literature，as it appears from her essay.她广泛涉猎了浪漫主义文学，这从她的文章中可以显现出来。 2. 下列情况通常用which而不用as1）关系代词代表前面主句中的宾语从句或定语从句的谓语带有一个复合宾语结构时。例：I don't think that he will come to see me，which makes me sad.我认为他不会来看我了，这使我伤心。例：Tom was late for school again and again，which made his teacher very angry.汤姆一次又一次上学迟到，这使得他的老师很生气。2）当主句和从句存在逻辑上的因果关系时。例：He came here very late，which was unexpected（not expected）.他来这里很晚，这是意料之外的。 3）当非限制性定语从句是否定句或表示否定时。例：He pretended not to know me，which I didn't understand.他假装不认识我，我真不明白。4）非限制性定语从句中的be动词不能省略时用which；反之用as。例：Jane told me she won the match，which was a lie.简告诉我她赢了比赛，这是谎话。（was不可省略）As（was）planned，we met at the airport.按照计划，我们在机场相见了。（was可省略） 练习：1. A lot of language learning,             has been discovered, is happening in the first year of life, so parents should talk much to their children during that period.2. There is no simple answer,        is often the case in science.答案1、as2、as 六、“介词+which/whom”引导定语从句的用法1. 当介词放在关系代词的前面时，关系代词常用which或whom，并且不能省略。例：He paid the boy $ 10 for washing ten windows，most of which hadn't been cleaned for at least a year.他付给男孩10美元擦洗10个窗户，这10个窗户中大部分至少一年没擦了。In the dark street，there wasn't a single person，to whom she could turn for help.在黑暗的街道上，她没有一个可以求助的人。2. 在非限制性定语从句中，“介词+which/whom从句"结构中的介词不能移到从句的后面。例：He has visited Gu'an No.1 High School for several times，in which he has many friends.（in不能放在定语从句句末）他已经参观过固安一中几次了，在那里他有很多朋友。3. "复合介词短语+which"引导的定语从句常与先行词用逗号分开，定语从句常用倒装语序。例：He lived in a big house，in front of which stood a big tall tree.他住在一所大房子里，房子前面有一棵又大又高的树。4. “介词+which/whom"引导的定语从句可与“介词+which/whom+不定式”结构及其他结构相互转换。例：The poor man has no house in which he can live.=The poor man has no house（that/which）he can live in.= The poor man has no house to live in.= The poor man has no house in which to live.那个穷人没房子住。 练习：1、He may win the competition, in       get into the national team.2、Frank's dream is to have his own garden in         to produce many beautiful flowers.答案1、which2、which 七、关系副词的用法1）when指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语，相当于“表时间的介词（如 in，at，on，during等）+which"例：I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing.（when =on which）我还记得第一次来北京的那一天。2）where指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语，相当于“表地点的介词（如 in，at，on，under等）+which”例：Can you tell me the office where he works？（where = in which）你能告诉我他工作的办公室吗？3）why指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语，相当于“表原因的介词（如for）+which”例：Do you know the reason why he is absent？（why = for which）你知道他缺席的原因吗？注意：（1）当先行词为situation，case，stage，point等，且关系词在定语从句中作状语时，也要用关系副词where 引导。例：They have reached the point where they have to separate.他们已经到了必须分手的地步。（2）有时为表达清楚，还可以在关系副词where/when前加介词from/to等。例：China is the birthplace of kites，from where kite flying spreads to Japan，Korea，Thailand and India.中国是风筝的发源地，从这里放风筝传到了日本、朝鲜、泰国和印度。（3）关系副词when，where可用于非限制性定语从句中，而关系副词why不可以。 练习：1、He wrote a letter          he explained what had happened in the accident.2、Sales director is a position       communication ability is just as important as sales skills.答案1、where2、where