2021届高考英语二轮复习专题讲义全程跟踪 专题十 名词性从句

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 2021届高考英语二轮复习专题讲义全程跟踪 专题十 名词性从句命题规律：名词性从句重点考查连接词that和who的用法。命题趋势：对名词性从句的考查比例可能会增加。一、名词性从句的结构和功能总述名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。名词性从句是一种具有名词功能的非独立分句。名词性从句主要有四种从句结构：以that引导的从句；以whether/if引导的从句；以连接代词/副词who，where，why等引导的从句；以what或wh-ever等引导的名词性从句。此外，as if/as though也可引导表语从句。具体用法见下表： 主语从句宾语从句表语从句同位语从句作及物动词宾语作介词宾语that一般不省略一般可以省略一般不省略一般不省略一般不省略whether/if(是否)放于句首时常用whether用whether/if均可，但有区别常用whether常用whether常用whether连接代词/副词注意语序要用陈述句语序what或wh-ever等注意语序要用陈述句语序 练习：1、Can you tell me                     （我如何能）get to the railway station?2、These photographs will show you                   .（我们村看上去是什么样子的）.答案：1、how I can2、what our village looks like 二、以that引导的从句（一）that从句作主语1. that从句作主语时，常用it作形式主语，常见的句型有：（1）It+ be +形容词（obvious，true natural，surprising，good wonderful，funny，possible，likely，certain，probable，etc.）+that从句例：It is certain that she will do well in her exam.她肯定会考得很好。（2） It+be+名词词组（no wonder an honor，a good thing，a pity，no surprise，etc.）+that从句例：It's no surprise that our team has won the game.我们队已经赢了那场比赛并不令人惊奇。（3） It + be +过去分词（said，reported，thought，expected，decided，announced，arranged，etc.）+that从句例：It is said that Mr.Green has arrived in Beijing.据说，格林先生已经到北京了。（4） It+动词或动词短语（seem，appear，happen，matter，turn out，prove，occur，etc.）+ that从句例：It happened that he was out.他碰巧出去了。It proves that he is silly.事实证明他很愚蠢。2.在口语中，that常可省略，尤其是在非常短的句子中，但that从句位于句首时，that是不能省略的。例：It's a pity（that）you're leaving.很遗憾，你要离开了。That we are invited to the concert this evening is good news to us.我们被邀请去参加今晚的音乐会，这对我们来说是个好消息。（二）that从句作宾语1.that从句作及物动词的宾语，常用的结构有：（1）及物动词+that从句例：Do you know（that）he has joined the army？你知道他参军了吗？（2）及物动词+it+宾补+that从句He has made it clear that he will not give in.他不会屈服的，这一点他已明确表示了。2.that从句作介词的宾语，常用的结构有：（1）in/except+that从句例：He is a good student except that he is a little bit careless.他是个好学生，就是有点儿粗心。He differed from his classmates in that he devoted his spare time to reading.他和他的同学不同的地方在于他把业余时间用在了读书上。（2）其他介词+it+that从句例：You may depend on it that I shall always help you.你要相信我会一直帮助你的。（三）that引导的表语从句、同位语从句1.表语从句that从句作表语，that一般不省略例：My decision is that all of us are to start at 6 o'clock tomorrow morning.我的决定是我们所有人明天早上6点出发。2.同位语从句that从句作同位语，that不可省略例：There's a feeling in me that we'll never know what a UFO is.我有一种感觉，我们永远不会知道不明飞行物是什么。（四）that引导同位语从句与that引导定语从句的区别从句例句区别同位语从 句The news that our football team won the match was encouraging.我们足球队赢了比赛的消息令人鼓舞。1.对前面的名词起解释说明的作用2.同位语从句（our football team won the match）不缺任何成分定语从句The news（that）we heard on the radio was not true.我们在收音机里听到的那则消息不是真的。 1.对先行词起修饰限制的作用2.定语从句（we heard on the radio）是残缺的句子 练习：用适当的连接词填空1、It is obvious to the students       they should get well prepared for their future.2、The news          we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true.答案：1、that2、that 三、以whether/if（是否）引导的从句（一）. 引导表语从句、同位语从句时表语从句和同位语从句只用whether作引导词。例：The problem is whether the meeting will be held.问题是这个会议是否将要举行。I have no idea whether the meeting will be held.我不知道会议是否会举行。（二）. whether/if引导的主语从句（1）位于句首，引导词用whether。例：Whether the meeting will be held is still a problem.是否要开会仍然是个问题。（2）it作形式主语，主语从句置于句末与or not直接连用或与表示选择的or连用，引导词用whether。与or not不直接连用，用whether或if。例：It makes no difference whether or not he comes.他是否来无关紧要。It makes no difference whether he comes or leaves.他是来还是去无关紧要。It makes no difference whether/if he comes or not.他是否来无关紧要。（三）.whether/if引导的宾语从句（1）只用whether不用if的情况1. 与or not 直接连用例：I don't care whether or not he comes.我不在乎他是否来。2. 与表示选择的or连用例：I don't care whether he will leave or stay.我不在乎他是去还是留。3. 为了强调宾语从句，将宾语从句提前时例：Whether he will come I am not sure.他是不是来我不确定。Whether he is married I don't know.他是否已婚我不知道。4. 用if表示“是否”容易产生歧义时例：Please let me know whether you need help.请告诉我你是否需要帮助。对比：Please let me know if you need help.如果你需要帮助，请告诉我。/请告诉我你是否需要帮助。5. 后加不定式例：I don't know whether to go there.我不知道（我）是否去那里。6. 作介词宾语例：It depends on whether you can do the work well.那取决于你是否能做好这项工作。7. 作discuss的宾语例：We are discussing whether we will accept his offer of help.我们正讨论是否接受他的帮助。（2）用whether或if均可1.宾语从句中不含or(not)例：He didn't tell me if/whether he would come.他没告诉我他是否会来。2.与or not不直接连用例： I don't care whether/if he comes or not.我不在乎他是否来。 练习：用whether/if填空1、It is still under discussion        the old bus station should be replaced with a modern hotel or not.2、I am not sure         he will come here or not.3、This decision will have an effect on          or not he will succeed.答案：1、whether/if2、whether/if3、whether 四、以连接代词/副词who, where, why等引导的从句1、主语从句例：Why he is often absent from class is a mystery.他为什么经常缺课是个谜。It makes no difference where we shall have the meeting.我们在哪儿开会都无所谓。（It为形式主语，where we shall have the meeting为真正的主语）2、宾语从句例：I can't imagine how he did it.我不能想象他是如何做的这件事。（从句作及物动词的宾语）It all depends on how we solve the problem.这完全取决于我们如何解决这个问题。（从句作介词on的宾语）3、表语从句例：The problem is where we should stay.问题是我们应该待在哪里。4、同位语从句例：My question how I shall get in touch with him has not been answered.我如何能和他取得联系的问题还没有得到答复。 练习：I'm afraid he's more of a talker than a doer, which is        he never finished anything.答案：why 五. 以what或wh-ever等引导的名词性从句1.引导词为what,相当于the things that…，意为：……的事物例：What they need（= The thing that they need）is a good textbook.他们需要的是一本好教科书。2.引导词为whether，相当于any（thing）that...，意为：任何…的事物例：Whatever he likes（=Anything that he likes）will be given to him.他喜欢的任何东西都会给他。You can write about whatever topic you prefer（=any topic that you prefer）.你可以写你喜欢的任何题目。3. 引导词为whichever，意为：无论哪个/哪些；……的那个/那些例：Whichever book he bought would be paid for.（这些书中）无论他买哪一本书都要付款。It doesn't matter to me whichever you choose.你选择哪一个对我来说都无所谓。4.引导词为whoever，相当于the person or people who；any person who…，意为：……的那个人（或那些人）；……的任何人例：Whoever did this job must be rewarded.干这项工作的任何人一定会得到酬谢。 练习：用适当的连接词填空1、Many young people in the West are expected to leave       could be the most important decision in life—marriage—almost entirely up to luck.2、          one of you breaks the window will have to pay for it.3、The book can be of help to       wants to do the job.4、She is very dear to us. We have been prepared to do       it takes to save her life.5、—How about camping this weekend, just for a change?—OK,          you want.6、To improve the quality of our products, we asked for suggestions        had used the products.答案：1、what2、Whichever3、whoever4、whatever5、whatever6、whoever 六.名词性从句的几个易混点（一）that通常不可省略的情况：1.that引导的主语从句置于句首时。例：That prices will go up is certain.物价要上涨是肯定的。2.当一个句子有两个或多个并列的宾语从句时，引导第二个和以后几个从句的that不可省略。例：He told me he had to leave and that he would be back soon.他告诉我他得离开且很快就回来。3.由it作形式宾语时，引导宾语从句的that大多不可省略。例：You can put it that it was arranged before.您可以说这是之前安排好的。（二）as if/as though，because，why也可引导表语从句。例：It looked as if it was going to rain.看起来好像要下雨。That's because he didn't work hard enough.那是因为他工作不够努力。That was why I asked for three days' leave.那就是我请了三天假的原因。注意：because引导表语从句时，主句主语不能是reason或cause，而且since和as不能引导表语从句。The reason is that…才是正确的。       考点专练一、填空1、While they are rare north of 88"，there is evidence         they range all the way across the Arctic，and as far south as James Bay in Canada.2、Scientists have obtained more evidence       plastic is finding its way into the human body.3、What students do at college seems to matter much more than      they go.4、I'm not sure        is more frightened，me or the female gorilla（大猩猩）thatsuddenly appears out of nowhere.5、Without his support，we wouldn't be          we are now.6、This is      my father has taught me—to always face difficulties and hope for thebest.7、The gold medal will be awarded to       wins the first prize in the Kite Festival.8、By boat is the only way to get here, which is        we arrived.9、Every year,          makes the most beautiful kite will win a prize in the Kite Festival.10、She asked me       I had returned the books to the library，and I admitted thatI hadn't. 2. 单句改错1、Do you know how do they want to show love?2、What I have been admitted into Peking University excited me. 3、Whatever he needs is your understanding.4、The reason why they were always poor was which they paid little attention to education.5、If this is true or not, I really don't know.6、It depends on if we have much money.7、I'm sure if he can pass the exam.8、The news which a serious earthquake happened in her hometown made her upset.9、The meeting's decision is all workers should work two more hours every day.10、We are discussing if we should take up tennis or football.                   答案一、1.that 根据句子结构分析可知，主句为there be句型，且结构完整，空格后为同位语从句，解释说明中心词evidence的内客，故填that。2.that 句意：科学家已经获得更多证据，塑料正在找到方法进入人们的体内。从句不缺句子成分，且与evidence指代的是同一事件，用that引导同位语从句。故填that。3.where 句意：学生在大学里做什么似乎比去哪里（哪所大学）更重要。这里表达去哪所大学，表示地点，作状语。故用where。4.who 根据"me or the female gorilla（大猩猩）”可知，此处给出两个选择，句意为：我不确定谁感到更害怕……故填连接代词who。5.where 句意：假如没有他的帮助，我们就不会取得現在的成就。"      we are now"是表语从句，结合句子的意思可知，该处指我们所处的位置（拥有的成就），故该从句应用where引导。6. what 句意：这是我父亲教我的——总是直面困难，并且抱最大的希望。"    my father has taught me"是表语从句，该空在从句中作taught的宾语，且表示“父亲教我的道理”，故该从句应用what引导。引导名词性从句时，how表方式，意为“如何"；which意为“哪一个"，that只起引导从句的作用，不作成分。7.whoever 句意：金牌将被授予在自行车比赛中获得第一名的人。分析句子可知，宾语从句缺少引导词且在从句中作主语，根据句意，故用whoever，表示“任何人，无论谁”。8.how 句意：乘船是到达这里唯一的途径，这就是我们如何到达的。分析which引导的非限定性定语从句可知，后面为表语从句。分析句意可知，这里用连接副词how引导表语从句，充当方式状语，表示“如何”。9.whoever 句意：每年，在风筝节上，制作出最漂亮的风筝的人会赢得一份奖品。设空处引导主语从句，从句中缺少主语成分，且表示“无论谁”，故填whoever.10.whether/if 句意：她问我是否已经把书还给图书馆，我承认我还没有归还。设空处引导的是宾语从句，根据句意可知该宾语从句要用whether/if引导。二、1.去掉do 宾语从句中要用陈述语序。2.What→That 引导词在名词性从句中不作任何成分，也无词汇意义，故用that引导。13.Whatever→What 表示具体的内容用what，而whatever意为“任何……的东西/事情”。4.which→that 主语为The reason，表语从句用that 引导。5.If→Whether 引导位于句首的宾语从句用Whether，不用if。6.if→whether 介词后的宾语从句用whether引导，不用if；I'm not sure后的从句可用if引导。7.if→that或sure前加not  I'm sure后的从句用that 引导，不用if；I'm not sure后的从句可用if引导。8.which→that  the news后面是同位语从句，引导词在从句中不作任何成分，也无词汇意义，故用that引导。9.is后加that  表语从句中的that一般不省略。10.if→whether 动词discuss后的宾语从句用whether引导不用if。