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选修9&10Unit 1 Breaking records教案设计
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这是一份选修9&10Unit 1 Breaking records教案设计，共8页。
Sectin 3: Wrds and expressins frm Unit 1 Breaking recrds
apprximate
adj. (abbr. apprx) almst crrect r accurate, but nt cmpletely s: an apprximate number / ttal / cst The cst given is nly apprximate. Use these figures as an apprximate guide in yur calculatins.
cnventinal
adj.
1. (ften disapprving) tending t fllw what is dne r cnsidered acceptable by sciety in general; nrmal and rdinary, and perhaps nt very interesting: cnventinal behaviur / mrality She’s very cnventinal in her views. 2. [usually befre nun] fllwing what is traditinal r the way sth has been dne fr a lng time: cnventinal methds / appraches It’s nt a htel, in the cnventinal sense, but rather a whle village turned int a htel. 3. [usually befre nun] (especially f weapns) nt nuclear: cnventinal frces / weapns A cnventinal war wuld still cause unacceptable devastatin. a cnventinal pwer statin (= using il r cal as fuel, rather than nuclear pwer)
laughter
nun [U] the act r sund f laughing: t rar with laughter tears/gales / peals / shrieks f laughter t burst / disslve int laughter a huse full f laughter (= with a happy atmsphere) He gave a snrt f derisive laughter.
reality
nun (pl. -ies)
1. [U] the true situatin and the prblems that actually exist in life, in cntrast t hw yu wuld like life t be: She refuses t face reality. Yu’re ut f tuch with reality. The reality is that there is nt enugh mney t pay fr this prject. They seemed t have the perfect marriage but the reality was very different. 2. [C] a thing that is actually experienced r seen, in cntrast t what peple might imagine: the harsh realities f life This decisin reflects the realities f the plitical situatin. The paperless ffice is still far frm being a reality. Will time travel ever becme a reality?
adjustment
nun [C, U]
1. a small change made t sth in rder t crrect r imprve it: I’ve made a few adjustments t the design. Sme adjustment f the lens may be necessary.2. a change in the way a persn behaves r thinks: She went thrugh a perid f emtinal adjustment after her marriage brke up.
tugh
adj. (tugher, tughest)
DIFFICULT
1. having r causing prblems r difficulties: a tugh childhd It was a tugh decisin t make. She’s been having a tugh time f it (= a lt f prblems) lately. He faces the tughest test f his leadership s far. It can be tugh trying t juggle a career and a family.
STRICT / FIRM
2. ~ (n / with sb/sth) demanding that particular rules be beyed and shwing a lack f sympathy fr any prblems r suffering that this may cause: Dn’t be t tugh n him—he was nly trying t help. It’s abut time teachers started t get tugh with bullies. The schl takes a tugh line n (= punishes severely) cheating. Lcal traders are calling fr tugher actin against vandals.
STRONG
3. strng enugh t deal successfully with difficult cnditins r situatins: a tugh breed f cattle He’s nt tugh enugh fr a career in sales. She’s a tugh ckie / custmer (= sb wh knws what they want and is nt easily influenced by ther peple).
4. (f a persn) physically strng and likely t be vilent: Yu think yu’re s tugh, dn’t yu? He plays the tugh guy in the mvie.
MEAT
5. difficult t cut r chew
NOT EASILY DAMAGED
6. nt easily cut, brken, trn, etc.: a tugh pair f shes The reptile’s skin is tugh and scaly.
UNFORTUNATE
7 ~ (n sb) (infrmal) unfrtunate fr sb in a way that seems unfair: It was tugh n her being drpped frm the team like that. (irnic) ‘I can’t get it finished in time.’ ‘Tugh!’ (= I dn’t feel srry abut it.)
extreme
adj.
1. [usually befre nun] very great in degree: We are wrking under extreme pressure at the mment. peple living in extreme pverty I’m having extreme difficulty in nt lsing my temper with her. The heat in the desert was extreme.2. nt rdinary r usual; serius r severe: Children will be remved frm their parents nly in extreme circumstances. Dn’t g ding anything extreme like leaving the cuntry. It was the mst extreme example f cruelty t animals I had ever seen. extreme weather cnditins 3. (f peple, plitical rganizatins, pinins, etc.) far frm what mst peple cnsider t be nrmal, reasnable r acceptable: extreme left-wing / right-wing views an extreme natinalist rganizatin Their ideas are t extreme fr me. 4. [nly befre nun] as far as pssible frm the centre, the beginning r in the directin mentined: Kerry is in the extreme west f Ireland. She sat n the extreme edge f her seat. pliticians n the extreme left f the party
nun
1. a feeling, situatin, way f behaving, etc. that is as different as pssible frm anther r is ppsite t it: extremes f lve and hate He used t be very shy, but nw he’s gne t the ppsite extreme (= changed frm ne extreme kind f behaviur t anther). 2. the greatest r highest degree f sth: extremes f cld, wind r rain the climatic extremes f the muntains
g, etc. t extremes | take sth t extremes t act r be frced t act in a way that is far frm nrmal r reasnable: It’s embarrassing the extremes he’ll g t in rder t impress his bss. Taken t extremes, this kind f behaviur can be dangerus. In the jungle they were driven t extremes in rder t survive.
in the extreme (frmal) t a great degree: The jurney wuld be dangerus in the extreme.
unfit
adj.
1. ~ (fr sth)| ~ (t eat, drink, live in, etc.)| ~ (t d sth) nt f an acceptable standard; nt suitable: The husing was unfit fr human habitatin. The fd n ffer was unfit fr human cnsumptin. This water is unfit t drink. Mst f the buildings are unfit t live in. They described him as unfit t gvern. (technical) Many f the huses were cndemned as unfit. (technical) The curt claims she is an unfit mther. 2. ~ fr sth| ~ t d sth nt capable f ding sth, fr example because f illness: He’s still unfit fr wrk. The cmpany’s dctr fund that she was unfit t carry ut her nrmal wrk. 3. (especially BrE) (f a persn) nt in gd physical cnditin; nt fit, because yu have nt taken exercise: The captain is still unfit and will miss tnight’s game.
fascinate
verb t attract r interest sb very much: [vn] China has always fascinated me. It was a questin that had fascinated him since he was a by. [v] The private lives f mvie stars never fail t fascinate.
meditatin
nun
1. [U] the practice f thinking deeply in silence, especially fr religius reasns r in rder t make yur mind calm: She fund peace thrugh yga and meditatin. He was deep in meditatin and didn’t see me cme in. 2. [C, usually pl.] ~ (n sth) (frmal) serius thughts n a particular subject that sb writes dwn r speaks: his meditatins n life and art
urge
verb
1. t advise r try hard t persuade sb t d sth: [vn t inf] She urged him t stay. Plice are urging anyne wh saw the accident t cntact them immediately. [v that] The reprt urged that all children be taught t swim. 2. [vn] ~ sth (n / upn sb) t recmmend sth strngly: The situatin is dangerus and the UN is urging cautin. 3. [vn + adv. / prep.] (frmal) t make a persn r an animal mve mre quickly and/r in a particular directin, especially by pushing r frcing them: He urged his hrse frward.
urge sb n t encurage sb t d sth r supprt them s that they d it better: She culd hear him urging her n as she ran past.
accmplish
verb
[vn] t succeed in ding r cmpleting sth, achieve: The first part f the plan has been safely accmplished. I dn’t feel I’ve accmplished very much tday. That’s it. Missin accmplished (= we have dne what we aimed t d).
mtivate
verb
1. [vn] [ften passive] t be the reasn why sb des sth r behaves in a particular way: He is mtivated entirely by self-interest.2. t make sb want t d sth, especially sth that invlves hard wrk and effrt: [vn] She’s very gd at mtivating her students. [vn t inf] The plan is designed t mtivate emplyees t wrk mre efficiently.3. [vn] (frmal) t give reasns fr sth that yu have stated: Please mtivate yur answer t questin 5.
mtivated
adj.: a racially mtivated attack a highly mtivated student (= ne wh is very interested and wrks hard)
mtivatin
nun [C, U]: What is the mtivatin behind this sudden change? Mst peple said that pay was their main mtivatin fr wrking. He’s intelligent enugh but he lacks mtivatin. All research prpsals must be accmpanied by a full mtivatin.
devtin
nun ~ (t sb/sth)
1. [U, sing.] great lve, care and supprt fr sb/sth: His devtin t his wife and family is tuching.
2. [U, sing.] the actin f spending a lt f time r energy n sth: her devtin t duty Her devtin t the jb left her with very little free time.3. devtins [pl.] prayers and ther religius practices
sul
nun
SPIRIT OF PERSON
1. [C] the spiritual part f a persn, believed t exist after death: He believed his immrtal sul was in peril. The hwling wind sunded like the wailing f lst suls (= the spirits f dead peple wh are nt in heaven).
INNER CHARACTER
2. [C] a persn’s inner character, cntaining their true thughts and feelings: There was a feeling f restlessness deep in her sul.
SPIRITUAL / MORAL / ARTISTIC QUALITIES
3. [sing.] the spiritual and mral qualities f humans in general: the dark side f the human sul
4. [U, C] strng and gd human feeling, especially that gives a wrk f art its quality r enables sb t recgnize and enjy that quality: It was a very plished perfrmance, but it lacked sul.
5. [sing.] the ~ f sth a perfect example f a gd quality: He is the sul f discretin.
PERSON
6. [C] (becming ld-fashined) a persn f a particular type: She’s lst all her mney, pr sul. Yu’re a brave sul.
7.[C] (especially in negative sentences) a persn: There wasn’t a sul in sight (= nbdy was in sight). Dn’t tell a sul (= d nt tell anyne). (literary) a village f 3.00 suls (= with 3.00 peple living there)
MUSIC
8. (als sul music) [U] a type f music that expresses strng emtins, made ppular by African American musicians: a sul singer
gd fr the sul (humrus) gd fr yu, even if it seems unpleasant: ‘Want a ride?’ ‘N thanks. Walking is gd fr the sul.’
sacred
adj.
1. cnnected with Gd r a gd; cnsidered t be hly: a sacred image / shrine / temple sacred music Cws are sacred t Hindus.2. very imprtant and treated with great respect sacrsanct: Human life must always be sacred. Fr jurnalists nthing is sacred (= they can write abut anything). Sme cmpanies ffer five-year plans but there is nthing sacred abut this length f time (= it can be changed).
deed
nun
1. (frmal, literary) a thing that sb des that is usually very gd r very bad act: a brave / charitable / evil / gd deed a tale f heric deeds 2. (ften plural in British English) a legal dcument that yu sign, especially ne that prves that yu wn a huse r a building: the deeds f the huse yur gd deed fr the day a helpful, kind thing that yu d: I tk Sarah’s children t schl s I’ve dne my gd deed fr the day.
cnceptin
nun
1. [U] the prcess f frming an idea r a plan: The plan was brilliant in its cnceptin but failed because f lack f mney.2. [C, U] ~ (f sth)| ~ (that ... ) an understanding r a belief f what sth is r what sth shuld be: Marx’s cnceptin f scial justice He has n cnceptin f hw difficult life is if yu’re unemplyed.3. [U, C] the prcess f an egg being fertilized inside a wman’s bdy s that she becmes pregnant: the mment f cnceptin A child is brn abut 40 weeks after cnceptin takes place.
tact
nun [U] the ability t deal with difficult r embarrassing situatins carefully and withut ding r saying anything that will anny r upset ther peple sensitivity: Settling the dispute required great tact and diplmacy. She is nt exactly knwn fr her tact.
regret
verb (-tt-)
1. t feel srry abut sth yu have dne r abut sth that yu have nt been able t d: [vn] If yu dn’t d it nw, yu’ll nly regret it. The decisin culd be ne he lives t regret. ‘I’ve had a wnderful life,’ she said, ‘I dn’t regret a thing.’ She regretted the wrds the mment they were ut f her muth. [v -ing] He bitterly regretted ever having mentined it. [v wh-] I deeply regret what I said. 2. (frmal) used t say in a plite r frmal way that yu are srry r sad abut a situatin: [vn] The airline regrets any incnvenience. [v that] I regret that I am unable t accept yur kind invitatin. [v t inf] We regret t infrm yu that yur applicatin has nt been successful. [vn that] It is t be regretted that s many yung peple leave schl withut qualificatins.
nun [U, C] a feeling f sadness r disappintment that yu have because f sth that has happened r sth that yu have dne r nt dne: It is with great regret that I accept yur resignatin. She expressed her regret at the decisin. a pang / twinge f regret I have n regrets abut leaving Newcastle (= I d nt feel srry abut it). What is yur greatest regret (= the thing that yu are mst srry abut ding r nt ding)? He gave up teaching in 2001, much t the regret f his students.
repentance
nun [U] ~ (fr sth) the fact f shwing that yu are srry fr sth wrng that yu have dne cntritin, remrse: He shws n sign f repentance. The bk speaks f the need fr repentance and atnement.
wisdm
nun [U]
1. the ability t make sensible decisins and give gd advice because f the experience and knwledge that yu have: a wman f great wisdm: wrds f wisdm 2. ~ f sth / f ding sth hw sensible sth is: I questin the wisdm f giving a child s much mney. 3. the knwledge that a sciety r culture has gained ver a lng perid f time: the cllective wisdm f the Native American peple
cnventinal / received wisdm the view r belief that mst peple hld: Cnventinal wisdm has it that rits nly ever happen in cities.
in his / her / its, etc. (infinite) wisdm used when yu are saying that yu d nt understand why sb has dne sth: The gvernment in its wisdm has decided t supprt the ban.
virtue
nun
1. [U] (frmal) behaviur r attitudes that shw high mral standards: He led a life f virtue. She was certainly n paragn f virtue!2. [C] a particular gd quality r habit: Patience is nt ne f her virtues, I’m afraid. As a plitician, he always emphasized the virtues f cmprmise and cnciliatin.3. [C, U] an attractive r useful quality: The plan has the virtue f simplicity. He was extlling the virtues f the Internet. They culd see n virtue in discussing it further.
by / in virtue f sth (frmal) by means f r because f sth: She gt the jb by virtue f her greater experience.
make a virtue f necessity t manage t gain an advantage frm sth that yu have t d and cannt avid: She decided t make a virtue f necessity and cmbined a business trip t Paris with a visit t her cusins there.
virtue is its wn reward (saying) the reward fr acting in a mral r crrect way is the knwledge that yu have dne s, and yu shuld nt expect mre than this, fr example praise frm ther peple r payment
nble
adj. (nbler); (nblest)
1. having fine persnal qualities that peple admire, such as curage, hnesty and care fr thers: a nble leader nble ideals He died fr a nble cause. It was very nble f yu t g s far t take him hme.2. very impressive in size r quality: a nble building 3. belnging t a family f high scial rank (= belnging t the nbility): a man f nble birth ne f the nblest families in Prtugal
nbly
adv.: She bre the disappintment nbly. t be nbly brn
nun a persn wh cmes frm a family f high scial rank; a member f the nbility
dm
nun [U] death r destructin; any terrible event that yu cannt avid: t meet yur dm She had a sense f impending dm (= felt that sth very bad was ging t happen).
dm merchant a persn wh predicts that things will g very badly: The prphets f dm wh said televisin wuld kill ff the bk were wrng.
verb [vn] [usually passive] ~ sb/sth (t sth) t make sb/sth certain t fail, suffer, die, etc.: The plan was dmed t failure. The marriage was dmed frm the start.
bid
verb (bidding, bade, bidden) r (bidding, bid, bid)
1. ~ (sb) gd mrning, farewell, etc. (frmal) t say ‘gd mrning’, etc. t sb: [vn, vnn] I bade farewell t all the friends I had made in Paris. I bade all my friends farewell.2. (ld use r literary) t tell sb t d sth: [vn inf] He bade me cme clser.
juggle
verb
1. ~ (with sth) t thrw a set f three r mre bjects such as balls int the air and catch and thrw them again quickly, ne at a time: [v] t juggle with balls My uncle taught me t juggle. [vn] (figurative) I was juggling bks, shpping bags and the baby (= I was trying t hld them all withut drpping them).2. ~ sth (with sth) t try t deal with tw r mre imprtant jbs r activities at the same time s that yu can fit all f them int yur life: [vn] Wrking mthers are used t juggling their jbs, their children’s needs and their husewrk. [als v] 3. [vn] t rganize infrmatin, figures, the mney yu spend, etc. in the mst useful r effective way
entire
adj. [nly befre nun] (used when yu are emphasizing that the whle f sth is invlved) including everything, everyne r every part: The entire village was destryed. I wasted an entire day n it. I have never in my entire life heard such nnsense! The disease threatens t wipe ut the entire ppulatin.
attain
verb [vn]
1. t succeed in getting sth, usually after a lt f effrt: Mst f ur students attained five ‘A’ grades in their exams.2. (frmal) t reach a particular age, level r cnditin: The cheetah can attain speeds f up t 97 kph.
appreciate
verb
1. [vn] (nt used in the prgressive tenses) t recgnize the gd qualities f sb/sth: Yu can’t really appreciate freign literature in translatin. His talents are nt fully appreciated in that cmpany. Her family desn’t appreciate her.2. (nt usually used in the prgressive tenses) t be grateful fr sth that sb has dne; t welcme sth: [vn] I’d appreciate sme help. Yur supprt is greatly appreciated. Thanks fr cming. I appreciate it. I wuld appreciate any cmments yu might have. I wuld appreciate it if yu paid in cash. [v -ing] I dn’t appreciate being treated like a secnd-class citizen. [vn -ing] We wuld appreciate yu letting us knw f any prblems.
3. (nt used in the prgressive tenses) t understand that sth is true: [vn] What I failed t appreciate was the distance between the tw cities. [v wh-] I dn’t think yu appreciate hw expensive it will be. [v that] We didn’t fully appreciate that he was seriusly ill.4. [v] t increase in value ver a perid f time: Their investments have appreciated ver the years.
salary
nun (pl. -ies) mney that emplyees receive fr ding their jb, especially prfessinal emplyees r peple wrking in an ffice, usually paid every mnth: an annual salary f $40 000 a 9% salary increase She’s n a salary f £24 000. He gets a basic salary plus cmmissin.
wage
nun [sing.] (als wages [pl.]) a regular amunt f mney that yu earn, usually every week, fr wrk r services: wages f £2.00 a week a weekly wage f £200 wage cuts a wage increase f 3% (BrE) a wage rise f 3% wage demands / claims / settlements Wages are paid n Fridays. There are extra benefits fr peple n lw wages. Tax and insurance are deducted frm yur wages. The staff have agreed t a vluntary wage freeze (= a situatin in which wages are nt increased fr a time). living wage, minimum wage
verb [vn] ~ sth (against / n sb/sth) t begin and cntinue a war, a battle, etc.: The rebels have waged a guerrilla war since 2000. He alleged that a press campaign was being waged against him.
Sectin 3: Wrds and expressins frm Unit 1 Breaking recrds
apprximate
adj. (abbr. apprx) almst crrect r accurate, but nt cmpletely s: an apprximate number / ttal / cst The cst given is nly apprximate. Use these figures as an apprximate guide in yur calculatins.
cnventinal
adj.
1. (ften disapprving) tending t fllw what is dne r cnsidered acceptable by sciety in general; nrmal and rdinary, and perhaps nt very interesting: cnventinal behaviur / mrality She’s very cnventinal in her views. 2. [usually befre nun] fllwing what is traditinal r the way sth has been dne fr a lng time: cnventinal methds / appraches It’s nt a htel, in the cnventinal sense, but rather a whle village turned int a htel. 3. [usually befre nun] (especially f weapns) nt nuclear: cnventinal frces / weapns A cnventinal war wuld still cause unacceptable devastatin. a cnventinal pwer statin (= using il r cal as fuel, rather than nuclear pwer)
laughter
nun [U] the act r sund f laughing: t rar with laughter tears/gales / peals / shrieks f laughter t burst / disslve int laughter a huse full f laughter (= with a happy atmsphere) He gave a snrt f derisive laughter.
reality
nun (pl. -ies)
1. [U] the true situatin and the prblems that actually exist in life, in cntrast t hw yu wuld like life t be: She refuses t face reality. Yu’re ut f tuch with reality. The reality is that there is nt enugh mney t pay fr this prject. They seemed t have the perfect marriage but the reality was very different. 2. [C] a thing that is actually experienced r seen, in cntrast t what peple might imagine: the harsh realities f life This decisin reflects the realities f the plitical situatin. The paperless ffice is still far frm being a reality. Will time travel ever becme a reality?
adjustment
nun [C, U]
1. a small change made t sth in rder t crrect r imprve it: I’ve made a few adjustments t the design. Sme adjustment f the lens may be necessary.2. a change in the way a persn behaves r thinks: She went thrugh a perid f emtinal adjustment after her marriage brke up.
tugh
adj. (tugher, tughest)
DIFFICULT
1. having r causing prblems r difficulties: a tugh childhd It was a tugh decisin t make. She’s been having a tugh time f it (= a lt f prblems) lately. He faces the tughest test f his leadership s far. It can be tugh trying t juggle a career and a family.
STRICT / FIRM
2. ~ (n / with sb/sth) demanding that particular rules be beyed and shwing a lack f sympathy fr any prblems r suffering that this may cause: Dn’t be t tugh n him—he was nly trying t help. It’s abut time teachers started t get tugh with bullies. The schl takes a tugh line n (= punishes severely) cheating. Lcal traders are calling fr tugher actin against vandals.
STRONG
3. strng enugh t deal successfully with difficult cnditins r situatins: a tugh breed f cattle He’s nt tugh enugh fr a career in sales. She’s a tugh ckie / custmer (= sb wh knws what they want and is nt easily influenced by ther peple).
4. (f a persn) physically strng and likely t be vilent: Yu think yu’re s tugh, dn’t yu? He plays the tugh guy in the mvie.
MEAT
5. difficult t cut r chew
NOT EASILY DAMAGED
6. nt easily cut, brken, trn, etc.: a tugh pair f shes The reptile’s skin is tugh and scaly.
UNFORTUNATE
7 ~ (n sb) (infrmal) unfrtunate fr sb in a way that seems unfair: It was tugh n her being drpped frm the team like that. (irnic) ‘I can’t get it finished in time.’ ‘Tugh!’ (= I dn’t feel srry abut it.)
extreme
adj.
1. [usually befre nun] very great in degree: We are wrking under extreme pressure at the mment. peple living in extreme pverty I’m having extreme difficulty in nt lsing my temper with her. The heat in the desert was extreme.2. nt rdinary r usual; serius r severe: Children will be remved frm their parents nly in extreme circumstances. Dn’t g ding anything extreme like leaving the cuntry. It was the mst extreme example f cruelty t animals I had ever seen. extreme weather cnditins 3. (f peple, plitical rganizatins, pinins, etc.) far frm what mst peple cnsider t be nrmal, reasnable r acceptable: extreme left-wing / right-wing views an extreme natinalist rganizatin Their ideas are t extreme fr me. 4. [nly befre nun] as far as pssible frm the centre, the beginning r in the directin mentined: Kerry is in the extreme west f Ireland. She sat n the extreme edge f her seat. pliticians n the extreme left f the party
nun
1. a feeling, situatin, way f behaving, etc. that is as different as pssible frm anther r is ppsite t it: extremes f lve and hate He used t be very shy, but nw he’s gne t the ppsite extreme (= changed frm ne extreme kind f behaviur t anther). 2. the greatest r highest degree f sth: extremes f cld, wind r rain the climatic extremes f the muntains
g, etc. t extremes | take sth t extremes t act r be frced t act in a way that is far frm nrmal r reasnable: It’s embarrassing the extremes he’ll g t in rder t impress his bss. Taken t extremes, this kind f behaviur can be dangerus. In the jungle they were driven t extremes in rder t survive.
in the extreme (frmal) t a great degree: The jurney wuld be dangerus in the extreme.
unfit
adj.
1. ~ (fr sth)| ~ (t eat, drink, live in, etc.)| ~ (t d sth) nt f an acceptable standard; nt suitable: The husing was unfit fr human habitatin. The fd n ffer was unfit fr human cnsumptin. This water is unfit t drink. Mst f the buildings are unfit t live in. They described him as unfit t gvern. (technical) Many f the huses were cndemned as unfit. (technical) The curt claims she is an unfit mther. 2. ~ fr sth| ~ t d sth nt capable f ding sth, fr example because f illness: He’s still unfit fr wrk. The cmpany’s dctr fund that she was unfit t carry ut her nrmal wrk. 3. (especially BrE) (f a persn) nt in gd physical cnditin; nt fit, because yu have nt taken exercise: The captain is still unfit and will miss tnight’s game.
fascinate
verb t attract r interest sb very much: [vn] China has always fascinated me. It was a questin that had fascinated him since he was a by. [v] The private lives f mvie stars never fail t fascinate.
meditatin
nun
1. [U] the practice f thinking deeply in silence, especially fr religius reasns r in rder t make yur mind calm: She fund peace thrugh yga and meditatin. He was deep in meditatin and didn’t see me cme in. 2. [C, usually pl.] ~ (n sth) (frmal) serius thughts n a particular subject that sb writes dwn r speaks: his meditatins n life and art
urge
verb
1. t advise r try hard t persuade sb t d sth: [vn t inf] She urged him t stay. Plice are urging anyne wh saw the accident t cntact them immediately. [v that] The reprt urged that all children be taught t swim. 2. [vn] ~ sth (n / upn sb) t recmmend sth strngly: The situatin is dangerus and the UN is urging cautin. 3. [vn + adv. / prep.] (frmal) t make a persn r an animal mve mre quickly and/r in a particular directin, especially by pushing r frcing them: He urged his hrse frward.
urge sb n t encurage sb t d sth r supprt them s that they d it better: She culd hear him urging her n as she ran past.
accmplish
verb
[vn] t succeed in ding r cmpleting sth, achieve: The first part f the plan has been safely accmplished. I dn’t feel I’ve accmplished very much tday. That’s it. Missin accmplished (= we have dne what we aimed t d).
mtivate
verb
1. [vn] [ften passive] t be the reasn why sb des sth r behaves in a particular way: He is mtivated entirely by self-interest.2. t make sb want t d sth, especially sth that invlves hard wrk and effrt: [vn] She’s very gd at mtivating her students. [vn t inf] The plan is designed t mtivate emplyees t wrk mre efficiently.3. [vn] (frmal) t give reasns fr sth that yu have stated: Please mtivate yur answer t questin 5.
mtivated
adj.: a racially mtivated attack a highly mtivated student (= ne wh is very interested and wrks hard)
mtivatin
nun [C, U]: What is the mtivatin behind this sudden change? Mst peple said that pay was their main mtivatin fr wrking. He’s intelligent enugh but he lacks mtivatin. All research prpsals must be accmpanied by a full mtivatin.
devtin
nun ~ (t sb/sth)
1. [U, sing.] great lve, care and supprt fr sb/sth: His devtin t his wife and family is tuching.
2. [U, sing.] the actin f spending a lt f time r energy n sth: her devtin t duty Her devtin t the jb left her with very little free time.3. devtins [pl.] prayers and ther religius practices
sul
nun
SPIRIT OF PERSON
1. [C] the spiritual part f a persn, believed t exist after death: He believed his immrtal sul was in peril. The hwling wind sunded like the wailing f lst suls (= the spirits f dead peple wh are nt in heaven).
INNER CHARACTER
2. [C] a persn’s inner character, cntaining their true thughts and feelings: There was a feeling f restlessness deep in her sul.
SPIRITUAL / MORAL / ARTISTIC QUALITIES
3. [sing.] the spiritual and mral qualities f humans in general: the dark side f the human sul
4. [U, C] strng and gd human feeling, especially that gives a wrk f art its quality r enables sb t recgnize and enjy that quality: It was a very plished perfrmance, but it lacked sul.
5. [sing.] the ~ f sth a perfect example f a gd quality: He is the sul f discretin.
PERSON
6. [C] (becming ld-fashined) a persn f a particular type: She’s lst all her mney, pr sul. Yu’re a brave sul.
7.[C] (especially in negative sentences) a persn: There wasn’t a sul in sight (= nbdy was in sight). Dn’t tell a sul (= d nt tell anyne). (literary) a village f 3.00 suls (= with 3.00 peple living there)
MUSIC
8. (als sul music) [U] a type f music that expresses strng emtins, made ppular by African American musicians: a sul singer
gd fr the sul (humrus) gd fr yu, even if it seems unpleasant: ‘Want a ride?’ ‘N thanks. Walking is gd fr the sul.’
sacred
adj.
1. cnnected with Gd r a gd; cnsidered t be hly: a sacred image / shrine / temple sacred music Cws are sacred t Hindus.2. very imprtant and treated with great respect sacrsanct: Human life must always be sacred. Fr jurnalists nthing is sacred (= they can write abut anything). Sme cmpanies ffer five-year plans but there is nthing sacred abut this length f time (= it can be changed).
deed
nun
1. (frmal, literary) a thing that sb des that is usually very gd r very bad act: a brave / charitable / evil / gd deed a tale f heric deeds 2. (ften plural in British English) a legal dcument that yu sign, especially ne that prves that yu wn a huse r a building: the deeds f the huse yur gd deed fr the day a helpful, kind thing that yu d: I tk Sarah’s children t schl s I’ve dne my gd deed fr the day.
cnceptin
nun
1. [U] the prcess f frming an idea r a plan: The plan was brilliant in its cnceptin but failed because f lack f mney.2. [C, U] ~ (f sth)| ~ (that ... ) an understanding r a belief f what sth is r what sth shuld be: Marx’s cnceptin f scial justice He has n cnceptin f hw difficult life is if yu’re unemplyed.3. [U, C] the prcess f an egg being fertilized inside a wman’s bdy s that she becmes pregnant: the mment f cnceptin A child is brn abut 40 weeks after cnceptin takes place.
tact
nun [U] the ability t deal with difficult r embarrassing situatins carefully and withut ding r saying anything that will anny r upset ther peple sensitivity: Settling the dispute required great tact and diplmacy. She is nt exactly knwn fr her tact.
regret
verb (-tt-)
1. t feel srry abut sth yu have dne r abut sth that yu have nt been able t d: [vn] If yu dn’t d it nw, yu’ll nly regret it. The decisin culd be ne he lives t regret. ‘I’ve had a wnderful life,’ she said, ‘I dn’t regret a thing.’ She regretted the wrds the mment they were ut f her muth. [v -ing] He bitterly regretted ever having mentined it. [v wh-] I deeply regret what I said. 2. (frmal) used t say in a plite r frmal way that yu are srry r sad abut a situatin: [vn] The airline regrets any incnvenience. [v that] I regret that I am unable t accept yur kind invitatin. [v t inf] We regret t infrm yu that yur applicatin has nt been successful. [vn that] It is t be regretted that s many yung peple leave schl withut qualificatins.
nun [U, C] a feeling f sadness r disappintment that yu have because f sth that has happened r sth that yu have dne r nt dne: It is with great regret that I accept yur resignatin. She expressed her regret at the decisin. a pang / twinge f regret I have n regrets abut leaving Newcastle (= I d nt feel srry abut it). What is yur greatest regret (= the thing that yu are mst srry abut ding r nt ding)? He gave up teaching in 2001, much t the regret f his students.
repentance
nun [U] ~ (fr sth) the fact f shwing that yu are srry fr sth wrng that yu have dne cntritin, remrse: He shws n sign f repentance. The bk speaks f the need fr repentance and atnement.
wisdm
nun [U]
1. the ability t make sensible decisins and give gd advice because f the experience and knwledge that yu have: a wman f great wisdm: wrds f wisdm 2. ~ f sth / f ding sth hw sensible sth is: I questin the wisdm f giving a child s much mney. 3. the knwledge that a sciety r culture has gained ver a lng perid f time: the cllective wisdm f the Native American peple
cnventinal / received wisdm the view r belief that mst peple hld: Cnventinal wisdm has it that rits nly ever happen in cities.
in his / her / its, etc. (infinite) wisdm used when yu are saying that yu d nt understand why sb has dne sth: The gvernment in its wisdm has decided t supprt the ban.
virtue
nun
1. [U] (frmal) behaviur r attitudes that shw high mral standards: He led a life f virtue. She was certainly n paragn f virtue!2. [C] a particular gd quality r habit: Patience is nt ne f her virtues, I’m afraid. As a plitician, he always emphasized the virtues f cmprmise and cnciliatin.3. [C, U] an attractive r useful quality: The plan has the virtue f simplicity. He was extlling the virtues f the Internet. They culd see n virtue in discussing it further.
by / in virtue f sth (frmal) by means f r because f sth: She gt the jb by virtue f her greater experience.
make a virtue f necessity t manage t gain an advantage frm sth that yu have t d and cannt avid: She decided t make a virtue f necessity and cmbined a business trip t Paris with a visit t her cusins there.
virtue is its wn reward (saying) the reward fr acting in a mral r crrect way is the knwledge that yu have dne s, and yu shuld nt expect mre than this, fr example praise frm ther peple r payment
nble
adj. (nbler); (nblest)
1. having fine persnal qualities that peple admire, such as curage, hnesty and care fr thers: a nble leader nble ideals He died fr a nble cause. It was very nble f yu t g s far t take him hme.2. very impressive in size r quality: a nble building 3. belnging t a family f high scial rank (= belnging t the nbility): a man f nble birth ne f the nblest families in Prtugal
nbly
adv.: She bre the disappintment nbly. t be nbly brn
nun a persn wh cmes frm a family f high scial rank; a member f the nbility
dm
nun [U] death r destructin; any terrible event that yu cannt avid: t meet yur dm She had a sense f impending dm (= felt that sth very bad was ging t happen).
dm merchant a persn wh predicts that things will g very badly: The prphets f dm wh said televisin wuld kill ff the bk were wrng.
verb [vn] [usually passive] ~ sb/sth (t sth) t make sb/sth certain t fail, suffer, die, etc.: The plan was dmed t failure. The marriage was dmed frm the start.
bid
verb (bidding, bade, bidden) r (bidding, bid, bid)
1. ~ (sb) gd mrning, farewell, etc. (frmal) t say ‘gd mrning’, etc. t sb: [vn, vnn] I bade farewell t all the friends I had made in Paris. I bade all my friends farewell.2. (ld use r literary) t tell sb t d sth: [vn inf] He bade me cme clser.
juggle
verb
1. ~ (with sth) t thrw a set f three r mre bjects such as balls int the air and catch and thrw them again quickly, ne at a time: [v] t juggle with balls My uncle taught me t juggle. [vn] (figurative) I was juggling bks, shpping bags and the baby (= I was trying t hld them all withut drpping them).2. ~ sth (with sth) t try t deal with tw r mre imprtant jbs r activities at the same time s that yu can fit all f them int yur life: [vn] Wrking mthers are used t juggling their jbs, their children’s needs and their husewrk. [als v] 3. [vn] t rganize infrmatin, figures, the mney yu spend, etc. in the mst useful r effective way
entire
adj. [nly befre nun] (used when yu are emphasizing that the whle f sth is invlved) including everything, everyne r every part: The entire village was destryed. I wasted an entire day n it. I have never in my entire life heard such nnsense! The disease threatens t wipe ut the entire ppulatin.
attain
verb [vn]
1. t succeed in getting sth, usually after a lt f effrt: Mst f ur students attained five ‘A’ grades in their exams.2. (frmal) t reach a particular age, level r cnditin: The cheetah can attain speeds f up t 97 kph.
appreciate
verb
1. [vn] (nt used in the prgressive tenses) t recgnize the gd qualities f sb/sth: Yu can’t really appreciate freign literature in translatin. His talents are nt fully appreciated in that cmpany. Her family desn’t appreciate her.2. (nt usually used in the prgressive tenses) t be grateful fr sth that sb has dne; t welcme sth: [vn] I’d appreciate sme help. Yur supprt is greatly appreciated. Thanks fr cming. I appreciate it. I wuld appreciate any cmments yu might have. I wuld appreciate it if yu paid in cash. [v -ing] I dn’t appreciate being treated like a secnd-class citizen. [vn -ing] We wuld appreciate yu letting us knw f any prblems.
3. (nt used in the prgressive tenses) t understand that sth is true: [vn] What I failed t appreciate was the distance between the tw cities. [v wh-] I dn’t think yu appreciate hw expensive it will be. [v that] We didn’t fully appreciate that he was seriusly ill.4. [v] t increase in value ver a perid f time: Their investments have appreciated ver the years.
salary
nun (pl. -ies) mney that emplyees receive fr ding their jb, especially prfessinal emplyees r peple wrking in an ffice, usually paid every mnth: an annual salary f $40 000 a 9% salary increase She’s n a salary f £24 000. He gets a basic salary plus cmmissin.
wage
nun [sing.] (als wages [pl.]) a regular amunt f mney that yu earn, usually every week, fr wrk r services: wages f £2.00 a week a weekly wage f £200 wage cuts a wage increase f 3% (BrE) a wage rise f 3% wage demands / claims / settlements Wages are paid n Fridays. There are extra benefits fr peple n lw wages. Tax and insurance are deducted frm yur wages. The staff have agreed t a vluntary wage freeze (= a situatin in which wages are nt increased fr a time). living wage, minimum wage
verb [vn] ~ sth (against / n sb/sth) t begin and cntinue a war, a battle, etc.: The rebels have waged a guerrilla war since 2000. He alleged that a press campaign was being waged against him.
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