中考英语专题练习 阅读理解 话题五 人物介绍（含解析）

这是一份中考英语专题练习 阅读理解 话题五 人物介绍（含解析），共13页。
Passage 1(2019广州)
They say that “travel is the best teacher” and there is n better example f this idea than the Ming dynasty travel writer and gegrapher Xu Xiake (1587­1641). His bk The Travel Ntes f Xu Xiake, nt nly encuraged a lve f travelling amng Chinese peple but prvided imprtant scientific infrmatin abut the cuntry's land and gegraphy.
Brn int a wealthy Jiangyin family, Xu became interested in bks abut different places at an early age and wanted t travel. When he was 18, hwever, Xu's father died and s, it seemed, did his travelling dreams. He nw was respnsible fr the family farm and taking care f his 60­year­ld mther as traditin required.
But his mther had different ideas. Understanding her sn's lve f travel and valuing the knwledge he culd get frm such experiences, this mdern­thinking wman refused t keep her sn at hme. She agreed that Xu culd travel fr three mnths every year, when there was less farm wrk.
S at the age f twenty and with his mther's supprt, Xu set ff fr the first time, leaving behind nt nly his mther but his new wife as well. He wuld repeat this gdbye each year fr mst f the next 30 years. During this time, he travelled thrughut the Ming kingdm, carefully studying the lands he passed thrugh and recrding his experiences and many discveries in a diary. This diary, which nce had ver 500，000 wrds, wuld eventually becme The Travel Ntes f Xu Xiake.
Althugh rich, Xu avided cmfrtable travel, preferring t g almst everywhere n ft. This way he culd research the envirnment in detail and get a true picture f the natural wrld. Many f his trips were t hard­t­reach muntain areas, and thrugh wild frests where few peple lived. His willingness t face hardships came at a cst hwever. Prgress was slw and tiring and he was frequently sick, rbbed and beaten during his jurneys.
Sadly Xu became seriusly ill during his last and lngest jurney, a 4­year trip thrugh the suthwest f China. He died in 1641, sn after returning t his hmetwn fr the last time. When his diary was finally printed years after his death, much f it had been destryed r lst. Althugh incmplete, it still made Xu a travelling legend arund the wrld.
( )1. What is the passage mainly abut?
A. The general details f Xu Xiake's life stry.
B. The difficulties Xu Xiake faced in his travels.
C. The imprtant discveries made by Xu Xiake.
D. The influence f Xu's bk The Travel Ntes f Xu Xiake.
( )2. Which f the fllwing best describes Xu's mther?
A. Strict but interesting. B. Kind but uneducated.
C. Helpful and hardwrking. D. Supprtive and pen­minded.
( )3. Why did Xu prefer walking during his travels?
A. It gave him the chance t meet different kinds f peple.
B. It helped him t save mney and travel fr a lnger time.
C. It allwed him t see and study the envirnment in detail.
D. It was the nly way t reach the places he was interested in.
( )4. What is true abut Xu's bk The Travel Ntes f Xu Xiake?
A. It was nly made public after Xu died.
B. It made Xu very famus during his lifetime.
C. It was the first travel bk ever written in China.
D. It was mainly abut the different peple f China.
( )5. What is the crrect rder fr the fllwing events frm Xu's life?
a. He went n his first jurney.
b. His bk was finally printed.
c. He returned t his hmetwn fr the last time.
d. He develped an interest in bks abut ther places.
e. He started managing the family farm after his father died.
A. a­e­d­c­b B. d­e­a­c­b C. d­e­a­b­c D. e­d­a­b­c
Passage 2(2019金华)
On March 10, 2019, eight­year­ld Tani wn the New Yrk Chess Champinship(纽约象棋冠军赛)f his age grup. But the by, wh was hmeless at the time, began learning the game less than a year ag.
Tani and his family arrived in New Yrk City frm Africa in 2017. A church helped him enter the primary schl, P．S.116. Here the gifted by was first intrduced t chess by a part­time teacher Makfsky, wner f a chess club. Interested in the game, the seven­year­ld asked his mther t allw him t jin the club. Nt able t affrd the chess classes, she emailed Makfsky. T her surprise and jy, Makfsky agreed that Tani culd learn it fr free.
Thugh the chess club helps, it's largely believed that Tani's success lies in his hard wrk. The by practices the game fr many hurs a day n the flr with his bard. Every Saturday, Tani ges t a free 3­hur class t imprve his game skills.
Nt surprisingly, Tani's stry, first reprted by The New Yrk Times, has brught him great supprt frm the American public. Sn after the yung by wn the New Yrk Champinship, Makfsky began a G Fund Me activity fr Tani and his family s that he culd cntinue his chess jurney. It raised $200，000 in just ten days, far mre than they expected. And the mney keeps cming. But the family dnates(捐赠)mst f the mney t the church and t thse pr families!
Tani has als received ffers frm three famus private schls in New Yrk. Hwever, the family have plitely refused all f them and chsen t cntinue Tani's educatin at P．S.116.
The yung by's stry als caught the eye f Bill Clintn, the 42nd US President. “Tani, yu're an example f a winning spirit — in chess and in life. I'd lve t meet yu，” he said n his Facebk.
While excited abut his new life, Tani is ready t meet great challenges(挑战). He is busy preparing fr the 2019 Natinal Primary Champinships. Winning the cmpetitin will bring the chess player clser t his dream f becming the wrld's yungest chess grandmaster(大师). The recrd has been kept fr 17 years by the Russian chess player Karjakin, wh wn the title at the age f 12.
( )1. Tani began t learn chess at the age f ________．
A. seven B. eight C. nine D. twelve
( )2. Paragraph 3 is mainly abut ________．
A. where Tani practises chess
B. hw hard Tani wrks at chess
C. what Tani's mther des fr him
D. hw much the chess club helps
( )3. After winning the New Yrk Champinship, Tani ________．
A. hped t see Bill Clintn
B. went t a famus private schl
C. became the richest by in New Yrk
D. gt much supprt frm the sciety
( )4. The writer mentins the Russian chess player Karjakin t ________．
A. call n yung peple t learn chess
B. intrduce his great achievements in chess
C. shw it's a big challenge fr Tani t realize his dream
D. tell peple Tani has been the wrld's best chess player
Passage 3(2019泰州)
After learning abut these famus wmen, yu will knw yu can d a lt fr sciety, and make a difference t the wrld in yur lifetime.
( )1. Accrding t the passage, which wrd can best describe Amelia Earhart?
A. Brave. B. Careful. C. Lucky. D. Energetic.
( )2. What was the prblem fr Helena Rubinstein when she mved t Australia?
A. She didn't have any mney.
B. She culdn't speak English.
C. She knew nthing abut business.
D. She didn't knw hw t dress up.
( )3. Hw many times did Katharine Hepburn win Academy Awards fr Best Actress?
A. Once. B. Twice. C. Three times. D. Fur times.
( )4. What did Emmeline Pankhurst fight fr during her lifetime?
A. Her dream t be a pilt. B. Wmen's rights in the UK.
C. Wmen's rights in the USA. D. Her dream t be an actress.
( )5. What d the fur wmen abve have in cmmn?
A. A creative mind. B. A warm heart.
C. A pineer spirit. D. A gd educatin.
Passage 4(2019泰州)
“Why d I live? Why d I wish fr anything, r d anything? Is there anything in my life that will nt be destryed by my death？” Like Le Tlsty, the famus Russian writer, many peple ask these difficult questins. Tlsty spent his whle life trying t answer these difficult questins.
As a yung man, he thught peple culd achieve perfectin if they tried hard enugh. S he wrked very hard t be the best in everything. He thught that he wuld find meaning and truth in success.
In the 1850s, Tlsty wrte his first stries. He wrte abut his life in the army. He als tld stries abut his childhd. These wrks were published and Tlsty became a well­knwn writer.
He earned the respect he always wanted. Many rich and smart men met and talked with Tlsty. Sme f them were writers like him. They talked a lt abut faith(信仰) and the meaning f life. But sn Tlsty recgnized that these men were nt perfect. Nw he knew they culd nt answer his questins abut faith.
S in the 1860s, Tlsty tried a different way t find the meaning f life. He pened a schl fr the children f his serfs—the peple wh wrked n his land. These wrkers were very pr. He wanted t help them because he thught they were mre hnest than the rich peple he knew.
Tlsty learned a lt frm his wrkers. He understd hw they wrked hard t supprt their families. He began t believe that marriage and family wuld give his life meaning. S in 1862, Le Tlsty married a yung wman named Snya Behrs.
The next 15 years were the best years f Tlsty's life. It was during this time that he wrte his mst famus bks—War and Peace and Anna Karenina. Many experts say that War and Peace is ne f the greatest bks ever written.In these bks, Tlsty believed humans shuld live a simple life and take care f their families. Tlsty thught this wuld satisfy him and bring him happiness.
Le Tlsty is still a very respected writer tday. His faith and writings have influenced many peple all ver the wrld.
( )1. Which is the crrect rder f the fllwing events?
①Tlsty served in the army. ②Tlsty gt married.
③Tlsty wrte War and Peace. ④Tlsty pened a schl.
⑤Tlsty became a well­knwn writer.
A. ①⑤③②④ B. ⑤①③②④
C. ①⑤④②③ D. ⑤④①③②
( )2. Why did Tlsty want t be the best in everything when he was yung?
A. T prepare fr his bks. B. T achieve perfectin.
C. T make a lt f mney. D. T shw his wisdm.
( )3. Tlsty thught he wuld learn a lt frm his wrkers because they were ________．
A. pr B. hnest C. friendly D. patient
( )4. Accrding t the passage, which f the fllwing is the mst imprtant t Tlsty?
A. Family. B. Success. C. Wealth. D. Fame(名声)．
( )5. What des the passage mainly talk abut?
A. Le Tlsty: Living fr writing.
B. Le Tlsty: Influencing the wrld.
C. Le Tlsty: Being the best in everything.
D. Le Tlsty: Searching fr the meaning f life.
普通人物介绍
Passage 5(2019荆门)
Terry Fx was nly seventeen when he gt a cancer(癌症). He must have felt hpeless when the dctr said his right leg wuld have t be cut ff 6 inches abve the knee.
But t everyne's surprise，Terry Fx made up his mind t becme a lng­distance runner and d smething abut the cancer.What a dream!
Althugh it seemed impssible, Terry decided t run acrss the whle cuntry. He hped t raise ne millin dllars fr cancer research. Few believed he wuld make it. Anyway, n April 12，1980, Terry Fx began his Marathn f Hpe. Fr the first days f his marathn, Terry Fx was alne. He started running at 4：30 am. Day by day, peple began t realize that smething big was happening n the lnely rad. As peple saw Terry, they stpped and dnated(捐赠) mney fr cancer research.
Hwever, his health tk a rapid turn fr the wrse several mnths later. He had t give up his marathn n September 1, 1980. Terry died three mnths later, at the age f 22. In his shrt life, he raised $24 millin fr cancer research—ne dllar fr each persn in his mtherland.
Since his death, the yearly Terry Fx Run, first held in 1981, has grwn t be the wrld's largest ne­day fundraiser(筹资活动) fr cancer research.
( )1. What des the underlined sentence in Paragraph 2 mean?
A. The dream was very strange. B. It was such a silly dream.
C. The dream was easy t achieve. D. It was almst an impssible dream.
( )2. Terry gave up his marathn in 1980 because________．
A. he fund it t tiring B. nbdy supprted him
C. he was t sick t cntinue D. he raised enugh mney
( )3. When did Terry Fx get a cancer?
A. In 1975. B. In 1980. C. In 1981. D. In 1958.
( )4. What is the writer's purpse in writing the passage?
A. T tell us when Terry Fx Run was first held.
B. T tell us nt t give up when facing difficulties.
C. T advise us t dnate mney fr cancer research.
D. T call n us t take part in Marathn f Hpe.
Passage 6(2019梧州)
Egg carving (蛋雕) is ften called the mst fragile (易碎的) art, as it requires great care befre, during and even after the carving. Yu Wen, the granddaughter f a famus lcal painter in Dandng, Lianing Prvince, has been practising egg carving fr abut 25 years.
Yu has used mre than 10，000 eggs, and years f hard wrk has left many thick calluses (茧) n her hands. Smetimes she can't even hld chpsticks prperly after a lng day f hlding the carving knife. But in Yu's pinin, the difficult prcess makes egg carving twice as exciting. “If yu carve ff t much, the wrk is brken and there is n way t deal with it. That makes the sense f achievement even greater when yu finish a piece，” said Yu.
Yu's lve fr egg carving started with a lcal traditin. In nrtheast China, when a baby is brn, friends and relatives ften send eggs clred red as gifts, and sme may carve auspicius(吉利的) wrds n them. The character “福” is a ppular ne t be carved nt eggs. Yu carves with nt nly ppular characters r traditinal patterns (图案), but als Peking Opera masks and wall paintings. Her egg carving is just as much abut eggs as it is abut Chinese culture.
Nw Yu teaches egg carving at a lcal university. In recent years, she has seen mre peple cming frm acrss the cuntry t learn the art. “I hpe I can better cmbine (结合) the art with traditinal culture in the future，”Yu said.
( )1. What is/are mst needed during the prcess f carving an egg?
A. Much mney. B. Clred eggs.
C. Much attentin. D. Carving knives.
( )2. Yu Wen thinks egg carving is________．
A. bring B. exciting C. tiring D. uninteresting.
( )3. The underlined wrd “it” in Paragraph 2 refers t “________”．
A. the wrk B. the prcess C. the culture D. the knife
( )4. Accrding t the passage, what des Yu Wen carve nt eggs?
①The baby's pictures. ②Traditinal patterns.
③Peking Opera masks. ④Wall paintings.
A. ①②③. B. ①②④. C. ①③④. D. ②③④.
( )5. What can we learn frm the passage?
A. Yu Wen lves egg carving very much.
B. Yu Wen wrks at a primary schl nw.
C. Yu Wen started t carve eggs at the age f 25.
D. There is smething wrng with Yu Wen's hands.Amelia Earhart(1897—1937)
Amelia Earhart was the first wman wh ever flew alne acrss the Atlantic in 1932. She became the first wman pilt in 1935 after flying frm Hawaii t Califrnia. She began her lifelng dream f flying acrss the wrld in 1937. Hwever, her flight went missing n that trip and she was never seen again.
Helena Rubinstein(1870—1965)
Helena Rubinstein mved t Australia in 1902 withut the ability t speak English. Later, she set up ne f the wrld's first csmetic (化妆品) cmpanies after mixing lanlin, which is an il that cmes frm sheep's wl, with flwers. Because f that, she became the wrld's richest wman at that time.
Katharine Hepburn(1907—2003)
Katharine Hepburn was knwn fr playing strng­willed wmen in her films. She wn fur Academy Awards(奥斯卡金像奖) fr Best Actress, the mst an actress has ever wn. Her new dress style made wearing trusers acceptable t wmen, which wasn't allwed at that time.
Emmeline Pankhurst(1858—1928)
Emmeline was a great wman activist. She helped British wmen get the right t vte. She fught fr the rights f wmen all the time with the help f her husband in the late 19th century and early 20th century. After she lst her husband, she wrked tgether with her three daughters and frmed The Wmen Scial and Plitical Unin.
话题五 人物介绍
Passage 1
【主旨大意】本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了徐霞客的一生，包括幼年就开始对旅行产生兴趣，父亲去世后在母亲的鼓励下每年独自徒步，最终完成了旅行日记，成就旷世名作《徐霞客游记》。
1. A 【解析】主旨大意题。题干意为：这篇文章主要讲的是什么？通读全文可知，这篇文章是围绕徐霞客的一生来讲述的。故选A。
2. D 【解析】推理判断题。题干意为：以下哪一项能最恰当地描述徐的母亲？根据文章第三段内容和第四段第一句“S at the age f twenty and with his mther's supprt, Xu set ff fr the first time...”可知徐霞客的妈妈理解他对旅行的热爱并且重视他从这些经历中可能会获取知识。她目光长远并没有随传统留儿子在家赡养老人。故选D。
3. C 【解析】细节理解题。题干意为：为什么徐在旅行中更喜欢步行？根据文章第五段第二句“This way he culd research the envirnment in detail and get a true picture f the natural wrld.”可知徐霞客选择徒步旅行是因为他可以通过这种方式来具体考察地理环境并还原自然的真实面貌。故选C。
4. A 【解析】细节理解题。题干意为：关于徐的《徐霞客游记》正确的是什么？A项：书在徐死后才出版；B项：书使他活着时都非常有名；C项：这是中国的第一本游记；D项：它主要是关于中国的不同的人。根据文章最后一段第三句“When his diary was finally printed years after his death...”可知《徐霞客游记》是徐霞客的日记，是他去世多年后才公之于众的，因此成名也是在去世之后。他的书是在他死后才出版的。故选A。
5. B 【解析】细节理解题。题干意为：关于徐的一生以下正确的顺序是什么？ a项：他开始他的第一次旅行；b项：他的书终于出版了；c项：他最后一次回到家乡；d项：他对其他地方的书产生了兴趣；e项：他父亲去世后，他开始经营家庭农场。对比四个选项可以发现只要找准开头和结尾就可以准确作答。根据文章第二段第二句可知，徐霞客一开始就对书很感兴趣。再根据最后一段第三句可知他去世后书才出版。因此顺序为d­e­a­c­b。故选B。
Passage 2
【主旨大意】本文是一篇应用文。主要讲述了八岁的塔尼赢得纽约国际象棋冠军。
1. A 【解析】细节理解题。题干意为：塔尼在 岁开始学习国际象棋。根据第一段“On March 10, 2019, eight­year­ld Tani wn the New Yrk Chess learning the game less than a year ag.”可知，塔尼八岁赢得纽约象棋冠军赛，一年前开始学习国际象棋，就是七岁开始学习国际象棋。故选A。
2. B 【解析】段落大意题。题干意为：第三段主要是关于 。根据第三段第一句“Thugh the chess club helps, it's largely believed that Tani's success lies in his hard wrk.”及下文具体事例可知，塔尼在象棋方面非常刻苦。故选B。
3. D 【解析】推理判断题。题干意为：在赢得纽约象棋冠军赛之后，塔尼 。根据第四段第一句“ brught him great supprt frm the American public.”可知，塔尼赢得了比赛之后，他的故事被报道，之后得到了社会大众的很多支持。故选D。
4. C 【解析】目的意图题。题干意为：作者提到俄罗斯国际象棋选手卡尔亚金是为了 。根据最后一段第一句“While excited abut his new life, Tani is ready t meet great challenges(挑战)．”及最后一句“The recrd has been kept fr 17 years by the Russian chess player Karjakin, wh wn the title at the age f 12.”可知，卡尔亚金在十二岁获得冠军的纪录保持了17年，这对塔尼是巨大的挑战。故选C。
Passage 3
【主旨大意】本文是一篇说明文。本文介绍了历史上著名的四位女人和她们的行为及贡献。
1. A 【解析】推理判断题。题干意为：根据文章，哪个词可以最好地描述阿梅莉亚·埃尔哈特？从第一栏短文判断，阿梅莉亚·埃尔哈特是第一个飞越大西洋的飞行员，她是很勇敢的。故选A。
2. B 【解析】细节理解题。题干意为：赫莲娜·鲁宾斯坦搬去澳大利亚的时候，她的问题是什么？从第二栏第一句“ withut ability t speak English.”可知她的问题是不会讲英语。故选B。
3. D 【解析】细节理解题。题干意为：凯瑟琳·赫本获得了多少次奥斯卡最佳女演员奖？从第三栏第二句“She wn fur Academy Awards(奥斯卡金像奖) fr Best Actress”可知她一共获得了四次。故选D。
4. B 【解析】细节理解题。题干意为：埃米琳·潘克赫斯特一生都在为什么而战？ 从最后一栏第二句“She helped British wmen get the right t vte.”和第三句“She fught fr the rights f wmen all the time...”可知她一直在为英国女性权利而战。故选B。
5. C 【解析】推理判断题。题干意为：上述四位女性的共同点是什么？ 根据短文内容判断，以上四个女人共同点是：一种先锋精神。故选C。
Passage 4
【主旨大意】本文是一篇说明文。介绍托尔斯泰的生平，他参军之后，开办了一所学校，写了著名的作品，过上了幸福美满的生活。
1. C 【解析】细节理解题。题干意为：下列事件正确的顺序是哪个？根据短文内容可知，他首先参军，后来成为了一个作家，接着开办了学校并且结婚，最后写出了《战争与和平》。正确的顺序是：1、5、4、2、3。故选C。
2. B 【解析】细节理解题。题干意为：在托尔斯泰小时候，为什么他想什么事都做到最好？ 从第二段第一句“As a yung man, he thught peple culd achieve perfectin...”可知答案。故选B。
3. B 【解析】细节理解题。题干意为：托尔斯泰认为他可以从他的工人们中学到很多是因为他们是 。 从第五段最后一句“he thught they were mre hnest than the rich peple he knew.”可知他的工人们都很诚实。故选B。
4. A 【解析】推理判断题。题干意为：从文中我们可以知道，哪个是对托尔斯泰最重要的？ 根据倒数第二段最后两句可知，简单的生活和家人能给他带来幸福。故选A。
5. D 【解析】主旨大意题。题干意为：全文主要讲了什么？ 根据全文可知，托尔斯泰的一生都在寻找生命的意义。故选D。
Passage 5
【主旨大意】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了17岁的特里·福克斯在因癌症而导致右腿不得不被截肢以后，下定决心要跑遍全国，希望为癌症研究筹集100万美元。由于健康状况迅速恶化，特里去世了，年仅22岁。在他短暂的一生中，他为癌症研究筹集了2400万美元。
1. D 【解析】细节理解题。题干意为：第二段划线的句子是什么意思？ 根据第三段第一句“Althugh it seemed impssible...”可知划线句子的意思是这个梦想几乎是不可能的。故选D。
2. C 【解析】细节理解题。题干意为：特里在1980年放弃了他的马拉松，因为 。根据第四段第一、二句“Hwever, his health tk a rapid turn fr the wrse several mnths later. He had t give up his marathn n September 1, 1980. ”可知由于病情恶化，他不得不放弃马拉松。故选C。
3. A 【解析】数字计算题。题干意为：特里·福克斯什么时候得了癌症？根据第一段第一句“Terry Fx was nly seventeen when he gt a cancer (癌症)．”及第四段第三句“Terry died three mnths later, at the age f 22.”可知特里·福克斯得癌症时只有17岁，而他在1980年去世，年仅22岁。通过计算：1980－22＋17＝1975，可知他得癌症时是1975年。故选A。
4. B 【解析】写作意图题。题干意为：作者写这篇文章的目的是什么？通读全文可知，特里·福克斯在患癌症期间仍然坚持长跑，所以作者写作的目的是告诉人们面对困难时不要放弃。故选B。
Passage 6
【主旨大意】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了于文，一位非常出色的蛋雕师，从事蛋雕技艺25年，使用了超过一万个蛋。
1. C 【解析】细节理解题。题干意为：在雕刻一个蛋的过程中，最需要的是什么？由文章第一句“Egg carving(蛋雕) is ften called the mst fragile(易碎的) art, as it requires great care befre, during and even after the carving.”可知蛋雕通常被称为最脆弱的艺术，因为它在雕刻之前、期间甚至之后都需要非常小心。故选C。
2. B 【解析】细节理解题。题干意为： 于文认为蛋雕是 。文章第二段第三句“But in Yu's pinin, the difficult prcess makes egg carving twice as exciting.”可知在于文看来，正是蛋雕艰难的过程使得蛋雕本身更令人激动。故选B。
3. A 【解析】代词指代题。题干意为：文章第二段划线单词it指的是 。联系前文“If yu carve ff t much, the wrk is brken and there is n way t deal with it.”可知如果你切的太多，作品就会被破坏，没有办法去处理它。这个it指的是brken wrk。故选A。
4. D 【解析】细节理解题。题干意为：根据文章内容，于文把什么东西雕刻在蛋上？由文章倒数第二段第四句“Yu carves with nt nly ppular characters r traditinal patterns(图案), but als Peking Opera masks and wall paintings.”可知于文的蛋雕不仅有通俗的或传统的图案，还有京剧的面具和壁画。没有婴儿的图片，故①是没有的。故选D。
5. A 【解析】推理判断题。题干意为：从文章我们可以得知什么？由文章最后一段第一句“Nw Yu teaches egg carving at a lcal university.”于文现在当地一所大学教授蛋雕技艺，故B项错误；文章第一段“Yu been practising egg carving fr abut 25 years.”可知于文已经从事蛋雕25年了，而不是25岁才开始，故C项错误；文章第二段“Yu has used ... after a lng day f hlding the carving knife.”可知由于长时间的握刀工作，于文的手上有厚厚的茧子，并且在一天的工作后，手无法握住筷子。她的手并没有受伤。故D项错误。故选A。