2018届高三英语二轮复习试题：专题三第四讲　主旨大意题 题型突破 Word版含解析

这是一份2018届高三英语二轮复习试题：专题三第四讲　主旨大意题 题型突破 Word版含解析，共19页。

题型1 概括主旨大意类
[示例] (2017·全国卷Ⅲ，C)After years f heated debate, gray wlves were reintrduced t Yellwstne Natinal Park. Furteen wlves were caught in Canada and transprted t the park. By last year, the Yellwstne wlf ppulatin had grwn t mre than 170 wlves.
Gray wlves nce were seen here and there in the Yellwstne area and much f the cntinental United States, but they were gradually displaced by human develpment. By the 1920s, wlves had practically disappeared frm the Yellwstne area. They went farther nrth int the deep frests f Canada, where there were fewer humans arund.
The disappearance f the wlves had many unexpected results. Deer and elk ppulatins—majr fd surces(来源) fr the wlf—grew rapidly. These animals cnsumed large amunts f vegetatin(植被), which reduced plant diversity in the park. In the absence f wlves, cyte ppulatins als grew quickly. The cytes killed a large percentage f the park’s red fxes, and cmpletely drve away the park’s beavers.
As early as 1966, bilgists asked the gvernment t cnsider reintrducing wlves t Yellwstne Park. They hped that wlves wuld be able t cntrl the elk and cyte prblems. Many farmers ppsed the plan because they feared that wlves wuld kill their farm animals r pets.
The gvernment spent nearly 30 years cming up with a plan t reintrduce the wlves. The U．S. Fish and Wildlife Service carefully mnitrs and manages the wlf packs in Yellwstne. Tday, the debate cntinues ver hw well the gray wlf is fitting in at Yellwstne. Elk, deer, and cyte ppulatins are dwn, while beavers and red fxes have made a cmeback. The Yellwstne wlf prject has been a valuable experiment t help bilgists decide whether t reintrduce wlves t ther parts f the cuntry as well.
8．What is the text mainly abut?
A．Wildlife research in the United States.
B．Plant diversity in the Yellwstne area.
C．The cnflict between farmers and gray wlves.
D．The reintrductin f wlves t Yellwstne Park.
[解题思路]
第一步 速读文章，找出本篇主题句
After__years__f__heated__debate,__gray__wlves__were__reintrduced__t__Yellwstne__Natinal__Park.
第二步 对比选项，确定答案
关键词复现：wlves;__reintrduced;__Yellwstne__Natinal__Park
尝试解答 ____D____
[答题技巧]
1．识别题干关键
(1)What’s the main idea f the passage/text?
(2)What’s the passage/text mainly abut?
(3)What des the authr mainly discuss in the passage/text?
2．“主题句定位”寻主旨
概括文章主旨关键在于查找主题句。主题句是文章的核心，具有明确的概括性。主题句的位置一般有以下几种：
(1)主题句出现在文首。开门见山，提出主题，用细节来解释或拓展主题句所表达的主题思想，是最常见的演绎法写作方式。新闻报道、说明文或议论文通常采用这种写法。
(2)主题句出现在文末。在表述细节后，归纳要点以概括主题，是最常见的归纳法写作方式。
(3)主题句首尾呼应。为突出主题，作者先提出主题，结束时再次点出主题。
(4)主题句出现在中间。写作方式为：细节描述——归纳主题——进一步解释。
3．找主题句的五个窍门
(1)首段转折处常引出文章主题句；
(2)主题句常包含文章主题词；
(3)主题句常是定义型或总结型的句子；
(4)首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的回答可能是主题句；
(5)首段出现具体例子或假设时，例子或假设后面的内容可能是主题句。
题型2 总结段落大意类
[示例] (2017·全国卷Ⅱ，C)Terrafugia Inc.said Mnday that its new flying car has cmpleted its first flight, bringing the cmpany clser t its gal f selling the flying car within the next year. The vehicle—named the Transitin—has tw seats, fur wheels and wings that fld up s it can be driven like a car. The Transitin, which flew at 1，400 feet fr eight minutes last mnth, can reach arund 70 miles per hur n the rad and 115 in the air. It flies using a 23­galln tank f gas and burns 5 gallns per hur in the air. On the grund, it gets 35 miles per galln.
28．What is the first paragraph mainly abut?
A．The basic data f the Transitin.
B．The advantages f flying cars.
C．The ptential market fr flying cars.
D．The designers f the Transitin.
[解题思路]
第一步 读本段文字，试找出能总结段落大意的关键词
has__tw__seats;__fur__wheels__and__wings;__at__1，400__feet;__reach__arund__70__miles__per__hur等。
第二步 归纳本段大意
尝试解答 ____A____
[答题技巧]
1．识别题干关键
(1)The main idea f the... paragraph is prbably ________．
(2)The... paragraph talks abut ________．
(3)What’s Paragraph... mainly abut?
2．“首尾兼顾”定选项
(1)每个段落通常都有一个中心，段落中心通常会在段首句体现出来。有些采用归纳法的段落，细节表述在前，归纳概括在后，段落中心会在段尾句体现。
(2)注意某些段落没有明显的段落中心，需根据段落内容概括出中心。
题型3 标题归纳类
[示例] (2017·全国卷Ⅲ，D)The Intelligent Transprt team at Newcastle University have turned an electric car int a mbile labratry named “DriveLAB” in rder t understand the challenges faced by lder drivers and t discver where the key stress pints are.
Research shws that giving up driving is ne f the key reasns fr a fall in health and well­being amng lder peple, leading t them becming mre islated(隔绝) and inactive.
Led by Prfessr Phil Blythe, the Newcastle team are develping in­vehicle technlgies fr lder drivers which they hpe culd help them t cntinue driving int later life.
These include custm­made navigatin(导航) tls, night visin systems and intelligent speed adaptatins. Phil Blythe explains: “Fr many lder peple, particularly thse living alne r in the cuntry, driving is imprtant fr preserving their independence, giving them the freedm t get ut and abut withut having t rely n thers.”
“But we all have t accept that as we get lder ur reactins slw dwn and this ften results in peple aviding any ptentially challenging driving cnditins and lsing cnfidence in their driving skills. The result is that peple stp driving befre they really need t.”
Dr Amy Gu, the leading researcher n the lder driver study, explains: “The DriveLAB is helping us t understand what the key stress pints and difficulties are fr lder drivers and hw we might use technlgy t address these prblems.”
“Fr example, mst f us wuld expect lder drivers always g slwer than everyne else but surprisingly, we fund that in 30mph znes they struggled t keep at a cnstant speed and s were mre likely t break the speed limit and be at risk f getting fined.We’re lking at the benefits f systems which cntrl their speed as a way f preventing that.”
“We hpe that ur wrk will help with technlgical slutins(解决方案) t ensure that lder drivers stay safer behind the wheel.”
15．What is the best title fr the text?
A．A New Mdel Electric Car
B．A Slutin t Traffic Prblems
C．Driving Services fr Elders
D．Keeping Older Drivers n the Rad
[解题思路]
第一步 速读全文，找出本文的信息句，并标出关键词
Led by Prfessr Phil Blythe, the Newcastle team are develping in­vehicle technlgies fr lder__drivers which they hpe culd help them t cntinue__driving int later life.
第二步 比对选项，确定答案
关键词复现：ld__drivers；cntinue
尝试解答 ____D____
[答题技巧]
1．识别题干关键
(1)What is the best title fr this passage?
(2)The mst suitable title f this passage is________．
(3)Which f the fllwing can be the best title fr this passage?
2．“高度概括”定标题
(1)所选文章标题须能概括全文的中心内容。标题是文章的点睛之笔，是文章的灵魂和门面。为吸引读者的注意，标题往往比较醒目。
(2)一般文章的标题可根据主题句来判断，但在某些文章中，如记叙文，没有明确的主题句，需要根据文中的事实细节，查找文章的“主线”，归纳出文章的主题。
3．文章标题三特点
(1)一般为单词、短语或句子形式，短语居多；
(2)短小精悍，精确性强；
(3)涵盖性强，能覆盖全文大意。
[状元技法]
大局为重——主旨大意题解题两注意
1．主旨大意题难度较大，属于区分度很高的选拔性题目。注意无论此类题目出现在什么位置都要最后做，需要通读全文后才能更好地把握文章主题，且文章中其他题目的解答会有助于对主题的理解。
2．注意主旨大意题干扰项的四个特征
(1)范围过大：干扰项所归纳、概括的范围太大。
(2)断章取义：干扰项常以文章的个别信息作为选项，或者以次要的事实或细节充当全文的主要观点。
(3)以偏概全：干扰项只反映了文章的部分内容，也就是范围太小。
(4)无中生有：干扰项的内容和文章的内容毫无联系。
,[学生用书P53] )
A
(2017·云南昆明高三质检)Tw weeks ag, a 7­year­ld girl, Chle Bridgewater wrte a letter t Ggle, expressing her interest in wrking fr the tech cmpany when she gets lder. “Dear Ggle bss, my name is Chle and when I am bigger I wuld like a jb with Ggle, ” she wrte. “I als want t wrk in a chclate factry and d swimming in the Olympics.” The student said she liked cmputers and had a tablet she played games n. She even shwed ff a rbt game that her dad gave her.
It wasn’t lng befre Sundar Pichai, CEO f Ggle, replied with his wn letter n Ggle website. In a letter dated Feb. 3, Pichai wrte, “Dear Chle, I’m glad that yu like cmputers and rbts, and hpe that yu will cntinue t learn abut technlgy. I think if yu keep wrking hard and fllw yur dreams, yu can accmplish everything yu set yur mind t. I lk frward t receiving yur jb applicatin when yu are finished with schl! ”
Her father, Andy Bridgewater tld ABC News he was cmpletely shcked that his daughter received a reply. But he wasn’t surprised that she decided t write the letter in the first place. “She’s gt determinatin. She desn’t see the barriers that we face every day，” he explained.“If she wants t d it, she will set ut t d it and nthing will stp her.”
The father remarked that his daughter began jumping up and dwn after receiving the letter. Still, he’s nt in a rush t send his eldest daughter ff t wrk. “Nw, my daughter is cnfident, althugh she hasn’t yet fully understd that it will take mre effrts than finishing her study t make it with Ggle，” he said.
[解题导语] 本文是一篇记叙文，七岁女孩Chle Bridgewater给谷歌CEO Sundar Pichai写信，没想到却收到了Sundar的回信。
1．Chle’s letter t Pichai shws us that she________.
A．expects t be ne f the Ggle members
B．has a talent fr making rbts
C．makes up her mind t study hard
D．buries herself in cmputer games
A 解析：细节理解题。根据第一段第二句中的“when I am bigger I wuld like a jb with Ggle”可知，她写信给谷歌CEO是希望长大后能在谷歌工作，故A项正确。
2．We can knw frm the text that________．
A．the girl wrte the letter t Pichai n February 3
B．there are tw children in Bridgewater’s family
C．Andy didn’t expect a reply frm Pichai at all
D．Ggle is sure t hire Chle after her graduatin
C 解析：推理判断题。根据第三段的第一句“Her father, Andy Bridgewater tld ABC News he was cmpletely shcked that his daughter received a reply.”可知，Andy对于他的女儿能收到回信很惊讶，据此可推知，Andy根本没有指望会收到谷歌CEO的回信，故C项正确。
3．What is the main idea f the text?
A．A 7­year­ld girl gets a jb with Ggle.
B．CEO f Ggle respnds t a girl’s letter.
C．A father frbids his girl t wrk fr Ggle.
D．Ggle decides t emply its yungest clerk.
B 解析：主旨大意题。本文主要讲述七岁女孩Chle Bridgewater给谷歌CEO写信，希望长大后在谷歌公司工作，没想到谷歌CEO给她回了信，鼓励她努力学习，实现梦想。故选B项。
B
(2017·江西名校联盟检测)Several decades ag, educatrs in the USA began t call attentin t a natinal prblem: mst students leave American schls withut the mathematical skills needed fr jbs r fr higher educatin.This was especially true fr female and minrity students.The Educatinal Testing Service reprted that, in an internatinal survey, American teenagers had the lwest math scres.
This situatin has been defined as “innumeracy”， r the inability t grasp the basic idea f mathematics.Mathematicians, teachers, and scientists were alarmed by these findings.They lked fr the reasns and decided that, in additin t pr educatin, there are many psychlgical blcks.
Embarrassment abut nt knwing math can lead t fear in the classrm.Fear can lead t silence because students d nt want t draw attentin t their lack f knwledge.As a result, thse students fall further and further behind.Lw__visibility__in__the__classrm__has__nt__always__been__recgnized__as__a__silent__call__fr__help.
Math educatrs decided t try t change that.Math refrm is beginning with the educatrs themselves.Teachers are nw being trained t recgnize and t help students wrk thrugh “math anxiety”—the radblck n their way t gaining cmpetence in mathematics.In additin, math textbks are being updated t help students understand that math is nt a srt f freign language f numbers.Math is a tl that helps us t analyze patterns and structures, and t discver relatinships.
Traditinal cmputing skills f additin, subtractin, multiplicatin and divisin are still being taught, f curse. Hwever, there is added emphasis n lgical thinking and creative prblem slving, t which there may be several equally valid slutins.
[解题导语] 本文讲述了美国学生无法掌握数学基本概念的现象、原因及相应的对策。
4．What des the underlined sentence prbably mean?
A．Students with lw scres fear t ask their teachers fr help.
B．Pr equipment in classrms limits teens’ chances t learn.
C．Math anxiety, hardly nticed, is actually a silent call fr help.
D．Pr­sighted students can’t see clearly, which is a silent call fr help.
C 解析：句意理解题。根据上下文及画线句前面的“Embarrassment abut nt knwing math can lead t fear in the classrm.Fear can lead t silence because students d nt want t draw attentin t their lack f knwledge.”可知，学生会因自己不懂某些数学知识感到尴尬，而这又会使他们产生恐惧心理，恐惧可能导致沉默，因为学生不想让人注意到自己知识匮乏，相应地，老师也就会忽略学生这方面的不足，由此可知，C项最能传达该画线句的含义。
5．Which may lead t American students’ innumeracy?
A．The methds f teaching.
B．The difficulty f math itself.
C．Students’ lack f interest in math.
D．Schls’ nt attaching enugh value t it.
A 解析：细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的“in additin t pr educatin”及第四段的内容尤其是“Math refrm is beginning with the educatrs themselves.Teachers are nw being trained t recgnize and t help cmpetence in mathematics.”可知，教学方法可能是美国学生不能掌握数学基本概念的原因。
6．What may be discussed in the fllwing paragraph?
A．What t be taught in America’s revised math prgrams.
B．Hw t make math refrm actually benefit American students.
C．Hw t imprve teens’ lgical thinking and prblem­slving abilities.
D．Why traditinal cmputing skills are necessary in mathematics educatin.
C 解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“there is added emphasis n lgical thinking and creative prblem slving, t which there may be several equally valid slutins”可知，文章接下来可能会陈述有关怎样提高学生的逻辑思维能力及创造性地解决问题的能力方面的内容，故选C。
7．What is the passage mainly abut?
A．Mathematic skills needed fr higher educatin.
B．The features f America’s mathematics educatin.
C．Imprvements in mathematics educatin in the U．S.
D．The imprtance f mathematics educatin in the U．S.
C 解析：主旨大意题。通读全文可知，本文作者就美国学生无法掌握数学基本概念的现象、原因及相应的对策进行了陈述，故C项最能概括文章的主要内容。
专题强化训练15 主旨大意题——概括主旨大意/段落大意类[学生用书P105(单独成册)]
A
(2017·长春监测)Life in the Internet age is lnely—r is it? That’s what experts in human interactin are debating after a new Stanfrd University survey has been published.
Accrding t the study, the mre time peple spend nline, the less they can spare fr real­life relatinships with family and friends. The researchers asked 113 peple abut the Web’s influence n daily activities. 36% f thse peple are nline fr mre than five hurs a week. “As Internet use becmes mre widespread, it will have an increasingly islating(孤立的) effect n sciety，”says Rbert Kraut, ne f the researchers.
Schlars and Web lvers criticized the study fr stretching its data t make the “islating” pint. While 13% f regular Web users admitted the lss f time with lved nes，60% reprted watching less TV. The survey als shws that e­mail is the mst ppular nline activity. If sme f webheads(网虫) spend what was nce passive TV time keeping cmpany with friends via e­mails, “that’s a mve tward greater cnnectedness，” says Paul Resnick，a prfessr at the University f Michigan.
This isn’t the first claim that the Web shuld be criticized. A 1998 reprt mnitred 73 Pittsburgh­area families’ Internet use fr a year. Peple wh used the Internet mre “talked less t family members and reprted being lnelier and mre depressed，” says Rbert Kraut.
“It’s true that there have been big declines in scial cnnectedness ver the past decades, but thse declines began befre the Internet was invented，” says Thmas Putnam.
As Amitay Etzini says, the Internet gives us a different kind f scial life—nt better r wrse than befre, but just different.
[解题导语] 本文介绍了斯坦福大学的一项研究，即网络是否会导致社会孤立以及来自社会各界的讨论。
1．Wh claimed that the Web had negative influence?
A．Rbert Kraut. B．Paul Resnick.
C．Thmas Putnam. D．Amitay Etzini.
A 解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中的“As Internet use becmes mre widespread, it will have an increasingly islating(孤立的) effect n sciety，”says Rbert Kraut, ne f the researchers.可知，罗伯特·克劳特认为随着网络使用越来越广泛，网络会导致社会孤立效应。故选A项。
2．The underlined wrd “This” in Para.4 refers t ________．
A．the study cnducted by Stanfrd University
B．the survey made by the University f Michigan
C．the cnclusin in a reprt written in 1998
D．the pinin expressed in Bwling Alne
A 解析：词义猜测题。画线词所在句句意为：这不是第一次有人称网络应该受到批评。这仍然是罗伯特·克劳特的观点，也就是斯坦福大学开展的调查研究的结果。故选A项。
3．Frm the passage we learn that ________．
A．watching TV used t take time away frm staying nline
B．36% f Web users spend mre than five hurs a week nline
C．the Web was blamed mre than nce fr causing an islating effect
D．the Web has the same influence as the telephne and the televisin
C 解析：推理判断题。根据文章第四段第一句This isn’t the first claim that the Web shuld be criticized.可知，因为网络使人们之间的联系减少，不止一次有人对此进行谴责。故选C项。
4．The passage mainly discusses ________．
A．hw we can make a better use f the Internet
B．whether the Internet causes an islating effect
C．hw declines in scial cnnectedness appear
D．what a different life the Internet brings t us
B 解析：主旨大意题。文章以一项调查研究入题，进行了关于网络是否会导致社会孤立效应的讨论。故选B项。
B
(2017·广东佛山检测)The times are changing. On Thursday Octber 13th, singer­sngwriter Bb Dylan was awarded the Nbel Prize in Literature, marking the first time the highly­eyed­n literary award has gne t smene wh is mainly seen as a musician, and giving rise t heated discussins.
The 75­year­ld wn the prize “fr having created new petic expressins within the great American sng traditin”， the Swedish Academy said.
“Fr 54 years he has been at it, reinventing himself，” said Sara Danius, the academy’s permanent secretary. “Bb Dylan writes petry fr the ear. But it’s perfectly fine t read his wrks as petry.”
And while many Dylan’s fans have fund great delight at the news, thers nline and in the literary cmmunity are__crss__with the Cmmittee, saying the award has skipped ver fictin writers fr the secnd year.
New Yrk Times Bk Review editr Pamela Paul said it was gd news but pinted ut hw many “deserving” nvelists there are.
Directr Martin Scrsese put ut a statement saying he was “verjyed” that Dylan was awarded the prize.
“Dylan’s petry, his musical genius, has meant s much t me persnally and t generatins f peple arund the wrld，” Scrsese said. “His wrk has influenced and shaped culture, and he has never stpped explring and grwing as an artist. The Nbel Cmmittee has given Dylan a frm f recgnitin that fits his rle in ur culture—in wrld culture.”
Dylan wn a Pulitzer Prize in 2008 fr his “great influence n ppular music and American culture”. He’s the first American t win the literary Nbel since Tni Mrrisn in 1993.
[解题导语] 作为一名歌手，鲍勃·迪伦获得诺贝尔文学奖的消息让很多人大感意外，从而引发热议。
5．Why des Bb Dylan’s winning the Nbel Prize cause heated discussins?
A．He created petic expressins.
B．He is knwn as a musician.
C．He reinvents himself.
D．He is 75 years ld.
B 解析：细节理解题。根据第一段中的marking the first time the highly­eyed­n literary award has gne t smene wh is mainly seen as a musician可知，正是因为鲍勃·迪伦是一位歌手，所以获得诺贝尔文学奖才引发热议。故选B项。
6．Which is clsest in meaning t the underlined part in Paragraph 4?
A．Are thankful t. B．Are satisfied with.
C．Are angry with. D．Are wrried abut.
C 解析：词义猜测题。第四段开头的And while many Dylan’s fans have fund great delight at the news中while表示“尽管”，引导让步状语从句，所以后面的thers nline and in the literary cmmunity are__crss__with the Cmmittee中的are crss with与fund great delight意思应该相反。再根据最后的saying the award has skipped ver fictin writers fr the secnd year可判断，are crss with应表示“对……生气”，而不是D项中的“担心……”。故选C项。
7．What can we knw abut Dylan accrding t Martin Scrsese?
A．Dylan influences Martin a lt.
B．Dylan is happy with the award.
C．Dylan is a pet rather than a musician.
D．Dylan benefits a lt frm wrld culture.
A 解析：细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的Dylan’s petry, his musical genius, has meant s much t me persnally and t generatins f peple arund the wrld可知，鲍勃·迪伦对他影响很大。故选A项。
8．What is the passage mainly abut?
A．A brief intrductin t Bb Dylan.
B．The reasn fr Bb Dylan’s success.
C．Bb Dylan’s influence n American culture.
D．Different views n Bb Dylan’s winning the Nbel Prize.
D 解析：主旨大意题。文章开头就点明了鲍勃·迪伦获得诺贝尔文学奖引起了热议，接着说明了不同的人对此事的不同态度。故选D项。
C
(2017·江西名校联盟检测)Bilgist Rbert Pitman and his clleagues tracked rcas，r killer whales, and humpback whales ff the cast f Western Australia. T research further, the scientists attached a tracker t a female rca, which allwed them t use satellites t mnitr her mvements. They fllwed her fr six days. During that time, the rca attacked eight yung humpback whales. During the seven attacks, the rca killed the humpback whale calf(幼兽) n three ccasins.
But the stry desn’t end there. Humpback whales themselves are ppularly thught t be large but generally, passive creatures. Pitman’s study findings may let peple think therwise.
When chased by rcas, humpback whales are knwn t try t utswim rcas. They are thught t d this at high speed s that the rcas can’t keep up. On sme ccasins, the humpback whales sught ut prtectin. They swam t shallw water, nearby reefs, r even under the researchers’ bats. These ways ften reduced the attack. But at ther times, the humpback whales decided t stay and fight.
As the rcas apprached, the mther humpback wuld smetimes mve her calf t her side, r lift it ut f the water using her head r flippers. She als blew huge breaths f air t disturb the rcas, and lunged r charged at them, slashing(劈) and slapping her tail and flippers. Perhaps mst surprisingly, humpback whales als have adult escrts(护卫队) that try t prtect calves that are nt their wn, jining the mther in defending the smaller whale. These escrt whales either charged at the rcas, r placed themselves between the attackers and calves, slashing their tails and flippers.
Despite the effrts f the mther whales and escrts, the rcas were mre ften than nt successful in their attacks. But the presence f the escrts did reduce hw many times a whale calf was killed.
[解题导语] 本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是科学家使用科学仪器来观察杀人鲸是如何追杀驼背鲸及后者是如何反击和保护幼小的驼背鲸的。
9．What’s the purpse f the scientists’ further research?
A．T keep a recrd f whales’ living habits.
B．T bserve rcas’ hunting humpback whales.
C．T see what life­r­death battles whales may face.
D．T find ut the techniques rcas use when hunting.
B 解析：细节理解题。根据文章第一段中的“T research further... t use satellites t mnitr her mvements. They fllwed her fr six days. During that time, the rca attacked eight yung humpback whales.”可知，科学家进行进一步研究的目的是观察杀人鲸追杀驼背鲸的活动。故选B。
10．Why did the humpback whales swim t shallw water?
A．T avid being attacked.
B．T hunt fr fd.
C．T prtect their yung.
D．T trick the chasers.
A 解析：细节理解题。根据文章第三段中的“On sme ccasins, the humpback whales sught ut prtectin. They swam t shallw water, nearby reefs, r even under the researchers’ bats.”可知，驼背鲸游至浅水区是出于自身的安全考虑，为了避免被攻击。故选A。
11．What is mainly talked abut in Paragraph 4?
A．Why humpback whales fall victim t rcas.
B．Hw humpback whales prtect their calves.
C．The great mther lve f humpback whales.
D．Smaller humpback whales’ ways f surviving.
B 解析：段落大意题。根据第四段的内容可知，本段主要讲的是在面对杀人鲸的攻击时，驼背鲸是如何进行反击来保护自己的幼崽的。故B项最能概括本段的主旨要义。
12．What des Pitman’s study find?
A．Orcas are successful in their attacks.
B．It’s nt easy fr rcas t btain fd.
C．Humpback whales swim faster than rcas.
D．Humpback whales culd be active animals.
D 解析：推理判断题。由第二段中的“Humpback whales themselves are ppularly thught t be large but generally, passive creatures. Pitman’s study findings may let peple think therwise.”可知，驼背鲸一般被认为是大型的、通常被动的生物，Pitman的研究发现可能会让人不这么认为。下文接着讲了面对杀人鲸的攻击时，驼背鲸所采取的一些应对方式，其中包含积极迎击。故选D。
专题强化训练16 主旨大意题——标题归纳类[学生用书P107(单独成册)]
A
(2017·江西师大附中、临川一中联考)“My neighbr desn’t speak English, but her kindness needs n translatin.”
Angie Mrris, an 81­year­ld Canadian wman wh grew up in wartime Britain and nw lives in Vancuver, British Clumbia, was describing hw her next­dr neighbr, Ms. Wing, a 68­year­ld Chinese wman, vluntarily cks meals fr her every day. She called it “the ultimate hme­delivery service”．
Mrris’s mving, first­persn narrative which was published last week by the Canadian newspaper The Glbe and Mail, has gne ppular，with mre than 24，000 nline repsts.
“I knw what is inside the paper carrier bag，” she wrte. “A therms with ht sup and a stainless­steel cntainer with a meal f rice, vegetables and either chicken, meat r shrimp，smetimes with a kind f pancake. This has becme an almst daily ccurrence.”
Wing started her act f kindness when she learned that Mrris had t underg heart surgery.She tk it upn herself t begin feeding her neighbr, even thugh the tw wmen have n way f cmmunicating verbally. Wing speaks nly Mandarin, and Mrris’s Mandarin is limited t ni ha(hell)．
“S here we are, tw grandmthers a wrld away frm where we were raised, neither f us able t speak the ther’s language, but cmmunicating ne way r anther(with sme help frm technlgy). The drbell keeps ringing and there is the familiar brwn paper carrier bag, handed smilingly t me by Wing，” Mrris wrte.
Readers and netizens arund the wrld have been tuched by this relatinship that crsses natinal bundaries and fcuses n human kindness.
“Yu knw that mst peple in this wrld just want t live a gd life，” ne reader cmmented. “I cme frm ld Ireland, s I can tell yu a thing r tw abut cnflict. The pint is, mst peple are very gd with big hearts and want their children t grw up safe and in places like this cuntry can ffer.”
[解题导语] 互为邻居的两位老人温女士与安吉·莫里斯虽然语言不通无法交流，但温女士在得知莫里斯要做手术的消息后，主动为其做饭。她的善举感动了很多读者和网友。
1．Why did Ms. Wing ck meals fr Mrris?
A．Mrris had sme health prblems.
B．Wing was an expert ck.
C．Ms. Wing had nthing else t d.
D．They were raised in the same place.
A 解析：细节理解题。根据文章第五段第一句Wing started her act f kindness when she learned that Mrris had t underg heart surgery.可知，温女士因为知道莫里斯要做手术，所以做饭给她吃。故选A项。
2．Which f the fllwing wrds can best describe Ms. Wing?
A．Kind­hearted. B．Sensitive.
C．Cmmunicative. D．Arrgant.
A 解析：推理判断题。通读文章可知，温女士一直自愿为邻居做饭，所以推断她是一位善良、热心的女士，故选A项。sensitive意为“敏感的”；cmmunicative意为“爱说话的，好社交的”；arrgant意为“傲慢的；自大的”。
3．What can be cncluded frm the last tw paragraphs?
A．Mst peple in this wrld are having a gd life.
B．Peple frm different cuntries easily have cnflicts.
C．Old Ireland is a place where children can grw up safe.
D．Peple are impressed and mved by Ms. Wing’s behavir.
D 解析：细节理解题。根据文章第七段以及第八段网友的留言可知，很多读者和网友都被温女士的善举所感动，感受到了跨越国界和语言的人性之善。故选D项。
4．What can be the best title f this passage?
A．A Vluntary Ck.
B．Serving Yur Neighbr.
C．Kindness Beynd Language.
D．Nutritius Meals.
C 解析：标题归纳题。文章主要讲述一位来自中国的温女士虽与邻居莫里斯言语不通，但是得知莫里斯要做手术的消息后，一直自愿为她做饭，这一超越语言和国界的善举感动了很多读者和网友。由此可知，C项最适合用作文章标题。
B
(2017·河北衡水中学高三大联考)Scientists in Britain have managed t teach bumblebees(大黄蜂) t pull strings t get t fd and then pass n what they have learned t thers in their clny(群体)—shwing a high level f intelligence despite their tiny brains.
Researchers at Queen Mary University f Lndn said the experiments, ften used t test the intelligence f apes(猿) and birds, shwed fr the first time that sme insects are up t the task，and can als pass skills n thrugh several generatins.
The findings add t the evidence suggesting the ability fr “culture spread”—the ability t learn and pass n knwledge and skills—may nt be exclusive t humans.
In the research, published in the jurnal PLOS Bilgy n Tuesday, the scientists were able t train 23 ut f a grup f 40 bees t pull strings with their legs and feet.
The strings were attached t discs—r artificial “flwers”—cntaining fd at their center but placed under a transparent screen. The bees, sptting the fd beneath the screen, learned t pull the “flwers” ut by pulling the string with their legs and feet t be able t get t it.
Frm anther grup f bees given the chance t slve the task withut any training, nly tw f 110 were successful.
Anther grup f bees was then allwed t bserve the trained bees pulling the strings, and 60 percent f them successfully learned the skill. Finally, trained bees were put in clnies, and the scientists fund the technique spread successfully t a majrity f the clny’s wrker bees.
Lars Chittka, a Queen Mary University prfessr wh guided the prject, said the team is interested in figuring ut the brain prcesses behind the bees’ learning and teaching skills.
[解题导语] 本文介绍了大黄蜂经过训练可以习得某种技能，还会传播自己所学的技能。
5．What des the underlined wrd “exclusive” in Paragraph 3 prbably mean?
A．Ordinary. B．Unique.
C．Beneficial. D．Widespread.
B 解析：词义猜测题。第二段中提出，不仅猿和鸟类有学习和传播知识的能力，一些昆虫也有这样的能力。第二段和第三段中的关键词als和add t the evidence提示，这种能力并非人类独有的。故选B项。
6．What did the researchers find abut bees?
A．Bees learn best in insects.
B．Bees are as clever as birds.
C．Bees are brn gd learners.
D．Bees can be trained t learn skills.
D 解析：细节理解题。依据第四段中的the scientists were able t train 23 ut f a grup f 40 bees t pull strings with their legs and feet可知，科学家发现大黄蜂经过训练可以学会技能。故选D项。
7．What may the research team fcus n next?
A．What else bees can d.
B．Where bees learn skills.
C．Hw bees teach thers.
D．Hw bees’ brains wrk.
D 解析：推理判断题。根据文章最后一句． team is interested in figuring ut the brain prcesses behind the bees’ learning and teaching skills.可知，科研团队对大黄蜂学习和传播技能的大脑思考过程很感兴趣，因此，接下来他们应该会研究大黄蜂大脑的工作原理。故选D项。
8．What may be the best title fr the text?
A．Small Bees, Great Abilities
B．Bees Can Learn and Teach
C．Bees Are Smarter
D．Let Bees Learn
B 解析：标题归纳题。综合全文尤其第一段可知，文章主要介绍了一项科学发现，即大黄蜂经过训练可以学习并传播所学技能，故选B项。
C
(2017·安徽百所重点高三二模)I had the hnur f being elected chief f my tribe(部落)．With the title came great respnsibility. It was my jb t make peace with the Mari Tamaki tribe, whse village we visited. Their sldiers jumped frm a cane and faced us dwn with fierce crying, sticking eyes and much nise f sticks. They laid a palm leaf n the grund and, as head, I was frced t accept this peace ffering by picking it up, then tuching nses with their chief. “Kia ra，” he said, welcming us int the wdland hme f his peple.
My “tribe” was my New Zealand cach tur grup, wh had frced me int being their leader. We’d been warned that the ceremny was a serius ccasin and that t laugh r even smile wuld be cnsidered rude t the Tamaki. After that it was nn­stp fun as they demnstrated their ancient custms and I received instructin in perfrming the haka, the war dance immrtalized(使不朽) by the All Blacks rugby team.
Then they pulled ur dinner f lamb, beef and vegetables ut f the grund. It had been slw­cked in the heat just belw the surface in the gethermal(地热的) area f Nrth Island, a Mari traditin knwn as a hangi that ges back an extremely lng perid f time.
Obviusly, this frm f it is put n fr turists but it was hugely enjyable. The jurney back t the htel was alne wrth the effrt, ur elder Mari driver being deserving f his wn televisin shw. “The wheels n the bus g rund and rund，” he gt us singing, while he circuited a rund abut three times.
A cuple f days frm the end f ur trip, there was still smething missing, a New Zealand icn I wanted t see t make my grand tur cmplete. Riding ver a ridge, there it was—Ateara. The Mari name fr New Zealand translates as “the land f the lng white clud”. Can I say “Kia ra, Ateara？” Yu bet I can.
[解题导语] 本文是一篇记叙文，作者讲述了他去新西兰旅游时接触到的毛利文化。
9．Hw were the visitrs greeted in the tribe?
A．The sldiers made a palm leaf rad.
B．The sldiers tuched their nses.
C．The sldiers shk sticks fiercely.
D．The sldiers made nise with shut eyes.
C 解析：细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Their sldiers jumped frm a cane and faced us dwn with fierce crying, sticking eyes and much nise f sticks. They laid a palm leaf n the grund and”可知，毛利部落的勇士们从独木舟上跳下来，用狂热的叫喊、瞪大的眼睛和巨大的棍棒晃动声将作者一行人镇住了，他们还在地面上放置一片棕榈叶。这些都是毛利人对游客表示欢迎的方式。故选C。
10．Which refers t the Mari cking custm?
A．Kia ra. B．Haka.
C．Hangi. D．Tamaki.
C 解析：细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Then they pulled ur dinner f lamb, beef and vegetables ut f the grund. It had been slw­cked in the heat... a Mari traditin knwn as a hangi...”可知，在地下土炉中烹制食物是毛利饮食传统，这被称为hangi。
11．What des the authr think f the driver?
A．He was gd at singing.
B．He made the jurney memrable.
C．He was nt familiar with the rad.
D．He perfrmed well n a TV shw.
B 解析：推理判断题。根据第四段的“The jurney back t the htel was alne wrth the effrt，ur elder Mari driver being deserving f his wn televisin shw.”可知，作者一行人的回宾馆之旅让他们难忘：有表演天赋的毛利老司机让作者他们一路欢歌，故选B。
12．What is the best title fr the text?
A．A Taste f Mari Culture
B．Hell, New Zealand
C．The Hnur f Being a Tribe Chief
D．The Best f New Zealand
A 解析：标题归纳题。作者作为赴新西兰的旅游团的队长，在旅游中有幸接触毛利文化，这给作者留下了深刻的印象，故A项“体验毛利文化”作标题最佳。