2018版高考英语二轮专题复习突破讲义：专题一 Word版含答案

这是一份2018版高考英语二轮专题复习突破讲义：专题一 Word版含答案，共92页。

 专题一　阅读理解浙江新高考2年考点统计
卷别
篇目
体裁
主题
考查题型统计
细节题
推断题
词义题
主旨题
2017年6月
A
记叙文
美国绘画之父小时候的艺术启蒙
1
1
1
1
B
说明文
当年美国青少年晚睡的坏习惯
1
2
0
0
C
议论文
对移民语言测试项目的不同看法
1
2
0
0
2016年10月
A
记叙文
Kate阻止事故发生
2
1
0
0
B
说明文
皇家假日酒店的低碳环保项目
2
2
0
0
C
议论文
老板和员工对远程办公的不同态度
2
1
0
0
1.体裁、题材丰富
从上面的表格中可以看出，选文体裁、题材丰富，考查内容覆盖面广，与当代社会生活紧密相关。体裁有记叙文、议论文、应用文和说明文，题材涉及人物故事、名人传记、前沿科技、环境保护和历史文化等话题。在阅读时，考生既要能做到忠实于原文，也要能领会作者的言外之意，切记不要掺杂个人观点。
2.注重细节，变在其中
根据上述表格可知，题目设置以细节理解题和推理判断题为主，兼顾词义猜测题和主旨大意题。考生在今后的训练中要特别注重掌握不同题型的解题技巧。
3.选材新颖，时代性强
2017年6月浙江高考英语试题阅读理解题材涉及美国绘画之父Benjamin West、青少年的睡眠问题和意大利移民被要求参加语言测试。题目设置方面，信息定位具体，语言表达简洁。试题难度适中，考查角度全面。

先题后文法，即先看问题和选项再看文章，待看完文章后再做题。其实这种方法还可以细分为两种：一种是只看问题不看选项，即大致看看问题，然后带着问题再看文章；另一种是将问题和所有选项看完，再看文章。应用文一般使用这种方法。这种方法的特点是目的明确，在阅读时有所侧重，能节省时间。
原题呈现
(2017·全国卷Ⅰ·阅读A)
Pacific Science Center Guide
◆Visit Pacific Science Center’s Store
Don’t forget to stop by Pacific Science Center’s Store while you are here to pick up a wonderful science activity or souvenir to remember your visit.The store is located(位于) upstairs in Building 3 right next to the Laser Dome.
◆Hungry?
Our exhibits will feed your mind，but what about your body? Our café offers a complete menu of lunch and snack options, in addition to seasonal specials.The café is located upstairs in Building 1 and is open daily until one hour before Pacific Science Center closes.
◆Rental Information
Lockers are available to store any belongings during your visit.The lockers are located in Building 1 near the Information Desk and in Building 3.Pushchairs and wheelchairs are available to rent at the Information Desk and Denny Way entrance.ID required.
◆Support Pacific Science Center
Since 1962，Pacific Science Center has been inspiring a passion(热情) for discovery and lifelong learning in science, math and technology.Today，Pacific Science Center serves more than 1.3 million people a year and brings inquiry－based science education to classrooms and community events all over Washington State.It’s an amazing accomplishment and one we cannot achieve without generous support from individuals, corporations, and other social organizations.Visit pacificsciencecenter.org to find various ways you can support Pacific Science Center.
21.Where can you buy a souvenir at Pacific Science Center?
A.In Building 1.
B.In Building 3.
C.At the Laser Dome.
D.At the Denny Way entrance.
22.What does Pacific Science Center do for schools?
A.Train science teachers.
B.Distribute science books.
C.Inspire scientific research.
D.Take science to the classroom.
23.What is the purpose of the last part of the text?
A.To encourage donations.
B.To advertise coming events.
C.To introduce special exhibits.
D.To tell about the Center’s history.
答题流程
[流程模式]
第一步　快速浏览题干，找出题干中的关键词

第二步　根据题干中的关键词，锁定原文的信息源

第三步　对比选项与原文信息，确定答案
[流程应用]
21.细节理解题。
Step 1：找关键词
题干中的关键词为：souvenir 和 Science Center
Step 2：定位原文
查读原文，定位到原文第一段。
Step 3：确定答案
根据◆Visit Pacific Science Center’s Store中的关键词souvenir及“The store is located(位于) upstairs in Building 3 right next to the Laser Dome.”可知，这个商店位于Building 3。故选____。
22.细节理解题。
Step 1：找关键词
题干中的关键词为：Pacific Science Center 和schools
Step 2：定位原文
查读原文，定位到原文第四段。
Step 3：确定答案
根据◆Support Pacific Science Center中的Today Pacific Science Center...brings inquiry－based science education to classrooms可知，太平洋科学中心把科学带进了教室。故选____。
23.推理判断题。
Step 1：找关键词
题干中的关键词为：the last part
Step 2：定位原文
根据题干中的关键词，定位到原文最后一段。
Step 3：确定答案
根据最后一段的小标题◆Support Pacific Science Center以及这一段的最后一句可知，最后一段的目的是让人们给予太平洋科学中心更多的赞助和捐赠。故选____。
自我验证
21.B　22.D　23.A

对于记叙文、议论文等文体，运用“文→题→文”法更合适。具体解题步骤为：第一步，先快速阅读全文获得整体印象→第二步，逐个浏览阅读题目和选项，确定信息源→第三步，认真阅读文章相关信息源，比对选项，确定答案。
原题呈现
(2016年10月·浙江高考·阅读C)
Digital technology—email and smart phones especially—have vastly improved workers’ ability to be productive outside of a traditional office.Even so，most white－collar work still happens in an office. One reason is that，according to findings of a new survey(调查) of office workers conducted by Wakefield Research for the IT company Citrix，most bosses are doubtful about remote working. Half of the workers say their boss doesn’t accept it and only 35 percent say it’s tolerated.
Skeptical bosses will likely have their doubts reinforced(加深) by the same survey，which shows that 43 percent of workers say they’ve watched TV or a movie while “working” remotely，while 35 percent have done housework，and 28 percent have cooked dinner.
It is true，however，that working at home makes people much more efficient(高效的), because it allows workers to take care of annoying housework while still getting their jobs done. It’s much faster，for example，to shop for groceries at a quarter to three than to stand in line during the after－work rush.
The fact that such practices remain officially unaccepted reflects how far we haven’t come as a society from the days when we expected every full－time worker to be supported by a full－time homemaker.
More broadly the Wakefield survey suggests that employers may be missing a low－cost way to give workers something of value. Sixty－four percent of those survey participants who haven’t worked remotely would rather give up some bonus in order to get even one day a week working from home. Under such circumstances，smart firms need to find ways to let their employees have enough flexibility to manage their time efficiently.
28.Why do some employers hesitate to allow remote working?
A.They fear losing control of their workers.
B.They want to stick to their routine practice.
C.They have little trust in modern technology.
D.They are used to face－to－face communication.
29.What seems to be most workers’ attitude toward remote working?
A.Doubtful.　　　　　　　　　　 B.Favorable.
C.Reserved. D.Disapproving.
30.What does the author suggest smart firms do?
A.Shorten their office hours.
B.Give employees a pay raise.
C.Adopt flexible work patterns.
D.Reduce their staff’s workload.
答题流程
[流程模式]
第一步　快速浏览，把握大意。

第二步　逐个浏览阅读题目和选项，确定信息源。

第三步　根据信息源中的关键词，剖析逻辑；确定答案。
[流程应用]
第一步　把握大意
本文文章大意：本文是一篇议论文，对于远程办公，大部分老板持怀疑态度，因为他们认为员工会在家做与工作无关的事情。大部分员工持支持态度，因为这样可以兼顾工作与家务，提高自身效率，作者则认为公司应采取灵活的办公模式。

第二步　锁定信息源

第三步　确定答案
28.推理判断题。根据第一段中的most bosses are doubtful about remote working以及第二段可知，一些老板不愿意让员工远程办公是因为他们对此事持怀疑态度，认为员工会做一些与工作无关的事情，掌控不了员工。故选____。
29.推理判断题。根据最后一段中的Sixty－four percent of those survey participants who haven’t worked remotely would rather give up some bonus in order to get even one day a week working from home.可知，调查显示：从未远程办公的被调查者中有64%的人为了能每周有一天在家办公宁愿放弃一些奖金，由此可以推断出大部分人是支持在家办公的。故选____。
30.细节理解题。根据最后一段中的smart firms need to find ways to let their employees have enough flexibility to manage their time efficiently可知，作者建议公司采取灵活的办公模式。故选______。
自我验证
28.A　29.B　30.C

相对来说，细节理解题是比较简单的题目，主要包括直接信息题、间接信息题和正误判断题。做这类题最关键的是，根据题干和选项找对原文信息，仔细比对，就能得出正确答案。

直接信息题一般能在文中直接找到明确的信息，不需要进行任何推断，这类问题往往只考查文章中的个别事实，通常只涉及原文一两句话的信息。
[示例] (2016年10月·浙江高考· 阅读A节选)
Suddenly another thought went through Kate’s mind like an electric shock. An express train was due to go past about thirty minutes later. If it were not stopped，that long train，full of passengers，would fall into the stream. “Someone must go to the station and warn the station－master，” Kate thought. But who was to go？She would have to go herself. There was no one else.
21.What did Kate decide to do?
A.Stop the express train.
B.Check the signal light.
C.Meet the passengers.
D.Visit the station－master.
解题关键
(1)关键词：Kate’s decision
(2)定位：用Kate’s decision寻读，在文中找到If it were not stopped，that long train，full of passengers，would fall into the stream.“Someone must go to the station and warn the station－master，” Kate thought.But who was to go？She would have to go herself.
[尝试解答]据此可知，Kate决定亲自前往火车站向站长报警，阻止火车继续前行。 A项是原文的同义表述，故选A。

间接信息题一般无法在文中直接找到明确的信息，要求在理解的基础上，对原文信息进行加工或整理后得出结论。
[示例] (2017·全国卷Ⅱ·阅读B节选)
I first met Paul Newman in 1968, when George Roy Hill, the director of Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid, introduced us in New York City.When the studio didn’t want me for the film—it wanted somebody as well－known as Paul—he stood up for me.I don’t know how many people would have done that; they would have listened to their agents or the studio powers.
24.Why was the studio unwilling to give the role to the author at first?
A.Paul Newman wanted it.
B.The studio powers didn’t like his agent.
C.He wasn’t famous enough.
D.The director recommended someone else.
解题关键
(1)关键词：the studio和the role
(2)定位：用the studio和the role寻读，在文中找到“When the studio didn’t want me for the film— it wanted somebody as well－known as Paul— he stood up for me.”
[尝试解答]根据第一段的“When the studio didn’t want me for the film— it wanted somebody as well－known as Paul.”可知，电影公司不想让作者演这部电影，是因为他们想要一位像Paul一样出名的人来演，这说明我不出名。故选C。

在解答时要带着原题回到原文中，看它们之间的吻合性。这类题目头绪繁杂，在解题时一定要避免急躁心理。
[示例] (2015·福建高考·阅读A节选)
Food festivals around the world
Stilton Cheese Rolling
May Day is a traditional day for celebrations，but the 2，000 English villagers of Stilton must be the only people in the world who include cheese rolling in their annual plans.Teams of four，dressed in a variety of strange and funny clothes，roll a complete cheese along a 50－metre course.On the way，they must not kick or throw their cheese，or go into their competitors’ lane(赛道).Competition is fierce and the chief prize is a complete Stilton cheese weighing about four kilos (disappointingly，but understandably the cheeses used in the race are wooden ones).All the competitors are served with beer or port wine，the traditional accompaniment for Stilton cheese.
Fiery Foods Festival—The Hottest Festival on Earth
Every year more than 10，000 people head for the city of Albuquerque，New Mexico.They come from as far away as Australia，the Caribbean and China，but they all share a common addiction—food that is not just spicy(辛辣)，but hot enough to make your mouth burn，your head spin and your eyes water.Their destination is the Fiery Food and BBQ Festival which is held over a period of three days every March.You might like to try a chocolate－covered habanero pepper—officially the hottest pepper in the world—or any one of the thousands of products that are on show.But one thing’s for sure—if you don’t like the feeling of a burning tongue，this festival isn’t for you!
La Tomatina—The World’s Biggest Food Fight
On the last Wednesday of every August，the Spanish town of Buñol hosts La Tomatina—the world’s largest food fight.A week－long celebration leads up to an exciting tomato battle as the highlight of the week’s events.The early morning sees the arrival of large trucks with tomatoes—official fight－starters get things going by casting tomatoes at the crowd.
59.Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
A.The chief prize for the Stilton cheese rolling competition is beer or port wine.
B.More than 10，000 Chinese take part in the Fiery Food and BBQ Festival.
C.Thousands of spicy foods are on show in the Fiery Food and BBQ Festival.
D.An exciting tomato battle takes place at the beginning of La Tomatina.
解题关键
(1)选项中的关键词：A.The chief prize for the Stilton cheese rolling competition; B.More than 10，000 Chinese; C.Thousands of spicy foods are on show; D.An xciting tomato battle takes place。
(2)定位：查读原文，逐项排除。文中第一段第四句中的“...the chief prize is a complete Stilton cheese...”说明奖品是a complete Stilton cheese，故A项错误；根据文中第二段第一、二两句可知，参加者来自世界各地，故B项错误；根据文中第二段倒数第二句可知C项正确；根据第三段前两句可知，“西红柿大战”发生在节日结尾，而不是节日的开始，故D项错误。
[尝试解答]此题属正误判断题，故选C。

推理判断题考查学生根据字面意思，通过全篇逻辑关系，研究细节的暗示、推敲作者的态度、理解文章寓意的能力。

题干中常有infer, suggest, learn about等词。细节推断题考查的内容虽然也属于原文细节，但它要求考生在原文的基础上对文章信息进行分析、理解，立足于由已知推断未知。
[示例] (2016年10月·浙江高考·阅读B节选)
The plan，a world－first，will start on 19 April and run for a year. Only guests staying at the hotel will be able to take part. Frederikke Toemmergaard，hotel spokeswoman，said，“Many of our visitors are business people who enjoy going to the gym. There might be people who will cycle just to get a free meal，but generally I don’t think people will take advantage of our programme.”
26.Who are most likely to enter for the programme?
A.The poor local people.
B.The environment activists.
C.Health－conscious hotel guests.
D.Visitors fond of Copenhagen food.
解题关键
(1)定位：题干中的关键词为enter for the programme。查读原文，定位于文章第二句。
(2)详读：详读此段(即本段)，尤其是Only guests staying at the hotel will be able to take part.及酒店发言人的话：Many of our visitors are business people who enjoy going to the gym.
[尝试解答]由关键句、段推测出，那些喜欢健身、注重健康的酒店客人最有可能参加这项活动。故选C。

写作意图推断题要求考生在理解文章主旨的基础上明白作者的言外之意，推断出作者的写作意图。题干中常有purpose, in order to等词。不同文体的文章可能有不同的写作目的：to entertain readers常见于故事类的文章；to persuade readers常见于广告类的文章；to inform readers多见于科普类、新闻报道类、文化类或社会类的文章。
[示例] (2016·北京高考·阅读A节选)
December 15，2014
Dear Alfred，
I want to tell you how important your help is to my life.
Growing up，I had people telling me I was too slow，though，with an IQ of 150＋at 17，I’m anything but stupid.The fact was that I was found to have ADHD(注意力缺陷多动障碍).Anxious all the time，I was unable to keep focused for more than an hour at a time.
...
Thank you.You’ve given me hope that I can follow my heart.For the first time，I feel good about myself because I’m doing something，not because someone told me I was doing good.I feel whole.
This is why you’re saving my life.
Yours，
Tanis
58.Tanis wrote this letter in order to ________.
A.explain why she was interested in the computer
B.share the ideas she had for her profession
C.show how grateful she was to the center
D.describe the courses she had taken so far
解题关键
(1)定位：写作意图定位于第一段“I want to tell you how important your help is to my life.”。
(2)详读：作者在文章开头直接说明写信的目的“我想要告诉你，你的帮助对我的人生是多么重要”；选文中的“Thank you”再次表明本文的写作目的是：表达作者的感激之情。
[尝试解答]作者意在表明她对这个学习中心的感激。故选C。

题干中常有think of, attitude, opinion等词，我们要善于捕捉描写环境气氛，表达感情、观点态度和心理的词句来推断作者的观点态度。
[示例] (2017·全国卷Ⅱ·阅读C节选)
Inventors have been trying to make flying cars since the 1930s, according to Robert Mann, an airline industry expert.But Mann thinks Terrafugia has come closer than anyone to making the flying car a reality.The government has already permitted the company to use special materials to make it easier for the vehicle to fly.The Transition is now going through crash tests to make sure it meets federal safety standards.
30.What is the government’s attitude to the development of the flying car?
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　

A.Cautious. B.Favorable.
C.Ambiguous. D.Disapproving.
解题关键
(1)定位：由题干中的关键词“the development of the flying car”可定位于本段的“The government has already permitted the company to use special materials to make it easier for the vehicle to fly.”。
(2)详读：由此可知，政府对研制飞车持支持的态度。
[尝试解答]A.谨慎的；B.支持的；C.模棱两可的；D.反对的。故选B。

主旨大意题是阅读理解中考生失分最多的题目，因为该类试题不仅考查考生略读文章、领会大意的能力，也对考生的归纳、概括能力提出了较高的要求。
主旨大意题包括：
1.主要内容型：问某段或某篇文章的大意，题干中常含有main idea, subject, mainly discuss等词。
2.文章标题型：题干中常含有title。标题就是对文章主要意思的概括。
做主旨大意题的关键是要找到文章的主题句，找主题句的方法是略读法(skimming)，即快速阅读文首、文尾、每段的首尾句等。

[示例] (2016·全国卷Ⅰ·阅读D节选)
The meaning of silence varies among cultural groups.Silences may be thoughtful, or they may be empty when a person has nothing to say.A silence in a conversation may also show stubbornness，uneasiness, or worry.Silence may be viewed by some cultural groups as extremely uncomfortable; therefore attempts may be made to fill every gap (间隙) with conversation.Persons in other cultural groups value silence and view it as necessary for understanding a person’s needs.
Many Native Americans value silence and feel it is a basic part of communicating among people, just as some traditional Chinese and Thai persons do...
Other cultures may use silence in other ways...
Nurses and other care－givers need to be aware of the possible meanings of silence...
35.What may be the best title for the text?
A.Sound and Silence
B.What It Means to Be Silent
C.Silence to Native Americans
D.Speech Is Silver; Silence Is Gold
解题关键
(1)寻找主题句：第一段第一句。
(2)通读全文，概括主旨，结合文体，全盘考虑。注意最佳标题的特点：精准性强，涵盖性强，语言精练，有吸引力。
[尝试解答]由第一段第一句“The meaning of silence varies among cultural groups”以及每段的第一句可知，本文是讲沉默在不同文化背景下的不同内涵。故选B。

[示例] (2017年6月·浙江高考·阅读A节选)
Benjamin West，the father of American painting，showed his talent for art when he was only six years of age.But he did not know about brushes before a visitor told him he needed one.In those days，a brush was made from camel’s hair.There were no camels nearby.Benjamin decided that cat hair would work instead.He cut some fur from the family cat to make a brush.
...
In 1747，when Benjamin was nine years old，Mr.Pennington returned for another visit.He was amazed at what Benjamin had done with his gift.He asked Benjamin’s parents if he might take the boy back to Philadelphia for a visit.
In the city，Mr.Pennington gave Benjamin materials for creating oil paintings.The boy began a landscape (风景) painting.William Williams，a well－known painter，came to see him work.Williams was impressed with Benjamin and gave him two classic books on painting to take home.The books were long and dull.Benjamin could read only a little，having been a poor student.But he later said，“Those two books were my companions by day，and under my pillow at night.” While it is likely that he understood very little of the books，they were his introduction to classical paintings.The nine－year－old boy decided then that he would be an artist.
21.What is the text mainly about?
A.Benjamin’s visit to Philadelphia.
B.Williams’ influence on Benjamin.
C.The beginning of Benjamin’s life as an artist.
D.The friendship between Benjamin and Pennington.
解题关键
(1)用略读法抓大意：根据文章第一段首句“Benjamin West...when he was only six years of age”以及第四段首句“In 1747，when Benjamin was nine years old...”和最后一段可知，本文主要讲述的是美国绘画之父本杰明小时候如何最终下定决心要成为一名画家的。
(2)对照各选项选出答案
[尝试解答]A、B、D三个选项以偏概全，故选C。

[示例] (2016·浙江高考·阅读C节选)
Viewing childhood development as a scientific investigation throws light on how children learn，but it also offers an inspiring look at science and scientists.Why do young children and scientists seem to be so much alike? Psychologists have suggested that science as an effort—the desire to explore，explain，and understand our world—is simply something that comes from our babyhood.Perhaps evolution(进化) provided human babies with curiosity and a natural drive to explain their worlds，and adult scientists simply make use of the same drive that served them as children.The same cognitive(认知的) systems that make young children feel good about figuring something out may have been adopted by adult scientists.As some psychologists put it，“It is not that children are little scientists but that scientists are big children.”
53.What is the main idea of the last paragraph?
A.The world may be more clearly explained through children’s play.
B.Studying babies’ play may lead to a better understanding of science.
C.Children may have greater ability to figure out things than scientists.
D.One’s drive for scientific research may become stronger as he grows.
解题关键
(1)用略读法找主题句，段落主题句就是第一句话“Viewing childhood development as a scientific investigation throws light on how children learn, but it also offers an inspiring look at science and scientists.”(把儿童发展看作是一项科学调查使了解儿童如何学习更清楚了，但是它也提供了一种令人鼓舞的对科学和科学家的看法。)
(2)根据主题句选出答案。
[尝试解答]根据主题句及最后一句话“It is not that children are little scientists but that scientists are big children.”(不是孩子是小科学家而是科学家是大孩子。)可知选B。

词义猜测题着重考查考生根据上下文猜测词义的能力，这也是一个从“已知”得出“未知”的过程，即利用上下文的已知部分(尤其是该词或短语前后的句子)进行推理，有时还需要依靠常识和经验来猜测词义。考查范围涉及单词意义理解、短语意义理解、句子意义理解或代词指代对象的确定等。
解答这类题型最重要的方法是理解含画线词的这一句，以及上下文或上下句的意思，无论是“猜义”题还是指代题，都可从句子逻辑关系或上下文联系去寻求答案。
注意：如果需要推测意思的词语是考纲内的熟词，我们必须通过上下文得出其在特定场合下的特殊意思，那些常规含义的选项往往不是所要选择的正确答案。

[示例] (2017·全国卷Ⅲ·阅读C节选)
Gray wolves once were seen here and there in the Yellowstone area and much of the continental United States, but they were gradually displaced by human development.By the 1920s, wolves had practically disappeared from the Yellowstone area.They went farther north into the deep forests of Canada, where there were fewer humans around.
9.What does the underlined word “displaced” in Paragr－aph 2 mean?
A.Tested. B.Separated.
C.Forced out. D.Tracked down.
解题关键
这是一道词义猜测题，猜测词义离不开上下文语境，所以可以根据上下文语境对画线词进行合乎逻辑的推断。
[尝试解答]前句说明在黄石公园和美洲大部分地区曾有许多的灰狼，连词but转折了句子意义，由此可推断出此句意为人类的发展逐渐地使灰狼“离开，排出，挤出”，故选C。

[示例] (2017年6月·浙江高考·阅读A节选)
The brush did not last long.Soon Benjamin needed more fur.Before long，the cat began to look ragged (蓬乱).His father said that the cat must be sick.Benjamin was forced to admit what he had been doing.
The cat’s lot was about to improve. That year，one of Benjamin’s cousins，Mr.Pennington，came to visit.He was impressed with Benjamin’s drawings.When he went home，he sent Benjamin a box of paint and some brushes.He also sent six engravings (版画)by an artist.These were the first pictures and first real paint and brushes Benjamin had ever seen.
In 1747，when Benjamin was nine years old，Mr.Pennington returned for another visit.He was amazed at what Benjamin had done with his gift.He asked Benjamin’s parents if he might take the boy back to Philadelphia for a visit.
22.What does the underlined sentence in Paragraph 3 suggest?
A.The cat would be closely watched.
B.The cat would get some medical care.
C.Benjamin would leave his home shortly.
D.Benjamin would have real brushes soon.
解题关键
(1)本题问：第三段中的画线句隐含着什么意思？
(2)通过分析上下文语境来理解。
[尝试解答]第二段提到本杰明剪猫的毛来制作画笔，导致猫惨遭“毁毛破相”，而下文又提到本杰明的堂兄Pennington给他送来了颜料和画笔。由此可以推知，画线句说明“猫的命运得到了改善”，隐含着“本杰明将得到真正的画笔”，故选D。

[示例] (2016·四川高考·阅读C节选)
His black－and－white pictures present a world almost lost in time.These pictures show people seemingly pushed into a world that they were unprepared for.These local citizens now have to balance their traditional self－supporting hunting lifestyle with the lifestyle offered by the modern French Republic, which brings with it not only necessary state welfare, but also alcoholism, betrayal and even suicide.
31.What does the underlined word “it” in the last paragraph refer to?
A.The modern French lifestyle.
B.The self－supporting world.
C.The uncivilized hunting.
D.The French Republic.
解题关键
理清人物及事物间的逻辑关系是解答代词指代题的关键。考生可利用上下文，采用逻辑关系梳理法，使人物或事物的关系明朗化。要记住代词永远出现在原词之后，根据这条原则可快速排除选项中出现在代词之后的词汇，锁定答案。
[尝试解答]本题画线部分为it，指代上文出现的名词，即指前面的“the lifestyle offered by the modern French Republic。”故选A。
课 堂 限 时 练
(限时：20分钟)

A
(2017·杭州地区四校联考)
Goodreads recommends the following books you want to read for the event to come.
1.The Lyrics：1961—2012
By Bob Dylan
Simon & Schuster，$60
What it’s about: This heavy，well－timed publication contains lyrics by the songwriter who just won the Nobel Prize in Literature，from his first album，Bob Dylan，through Tempest.
What’s to love：The times may be changing，but Dylan’s fans are constant，traditional devotees who will want this epic collection for their shelves，to sit beside those beloved old large papers.
2.Taylor Swift：This Is Our Song
By Tyler Conroy
Simon & Schuster，$28
What it’s about：An elegant fanzine celebrating all things about Taylor Swift，especially the pop star’s countless fans.
What’s to love：Mom and/or Dad，the fan of Taylor Swift，will think you’re pretty cool if he or she discovers this temple to Taylor under the Christmas tree(even if it is a book).
3.Misty Copeland
By Gregg Delman
Rizzoli，$39.95
What it’s about：Star－figure female ballet dancer Misty Copeland strikes a pose(95，to be exact) in photos taken between 2011 and 2014，in the casual setting of dance studios.
What’s to love：Since becoming the first African American woman to be named a principal dancer with the American Ballet Theatre，Copeland has become a cultural phenomenon，and Delman’s arresting pictures capture (捕捉) her muscular power and elegance.
4.@ NatGeo：The Most Popular Instagram Photos
By National Geographic
National Geographic，$19.95
What it’s about：National Geographic’s popular Instagram account (nearly 63 million followers)comes to book form in this title filled with eye－popping images from around the world.
What’s to love：Here’s proof that NatGeo’s talented photographers have conquered social media while maintaining the usual quality of their work.And for fans of more traditional coffee－table－size books，check out National Geographic’s Wild，Beautiful Places：Picture－Perfect Journeys Around the Globe($40).
【语篇解读】　本文主要推荐了几本在圣诞节期间值得阅读的书。
1.Which author is noted for literature achievements?
A.Bob Dylan.
B.Tyler Conroy.
C.Gregg Delman.
D.National Geographic.
答案　A　[细节理解题。根据第一本书下的“This heavy，well－timed publication contains lyrics by the songwriter who just won the Nobel Prize in Literature，from his first album，Bob Dylan，through Tempest”可知，Bob Dylan在文学方面的造诣很高。]
2.For what event are the books most probably recommended?
A.New Year’s Day.
B.Christmas Day.
C.One’s anniversary.
D.Literature awards.
答案　B　[推理判断题。根据第二本书下的“Mom and/or Dad，the fan of Taylor Swift，will think your’re pretty cool if he or she discovers this temple to Taylor under the Christmas tree(even if it is a book)”可推知，本文所介绍的书都是为即将到来的圣诞节而推荐的。]
3.How much would a photographer normally spend on his favourite books listed?
A.$39.95. B.$19.95.
C.$59.9. D.$99.9.
答案　D　[细节理解题。根据第三本书下的“and Delman’s arresting pictures capture(捕捉)her muscular power and elegance”和第四本书及其下的“And for fans of more traditional coffee－table size books，check out National Geographic’s wild，Beautiful Places：Picture－Perfect Journeys Around the Globe($40)”可知，摄影爱好者买这三本书要花$39.95＋$19.95＋$40＝$99.9。]
4.Which book would a pop star’s fan probably buy?
A.The Lyrics：1961－2012
B.Taylor Swift：This Is Our Song.
C.Misty Copeland.
D.@ NatGeo：The Most Popular Instagram Photos.
答案　B　[细节理解题。根据第二本书下的“An elegant fanzine celebrating all things about Taylor Swift，especially the pop star’s countless fans”可知，流行音乐歌手的粉丝们会买Tyler Conroy写的书。]
B
Taktak tabulaba?
You probably don’t know how to answer that question—unless you happen to be one of the about 430 people in the world who speak a language called Matukar Panau.Then you would know it means“What are we doing？”Matukar Panau is one of the world’s rarest languages.It is spoken in just two small coastal villages in Papua New Guinea.
Several years ago，David Harrison，a language expert，didn’t know much about Matukar Panau either.No one had ever recorded or even studied its words and rules.With so few speakers，the language risked disappearing soon.It was endangered.
Harrison didn’t want that to happen to Matukar Panau.So in 2009，he set out for Papua New Guinea.His goal：use modern technology to help the remaining speakers preserve their native tongue.
But Matukar Panau is far from the only language facing loss.Studies suggest that by the end of this century，nearly half of the 7，000 languages now spoken worldwide could disappear.They’re in danger partly because the only people left speaking them are elderly adults.When those individuals die，their language will die with them.In addition，children may discard a native language and instead use more common global languages，such as Chinese，English or Spanish.
In the United States alone，134 native American languages are endangered.“Language hotspots” exist all over the world.These are places with endangered languages that haven’t been recorded.They include the state of Oklahoma，pockets of central and eastern Siberia，parts of northern Australia and communities in South America.
【语篇解读】　本文是说明文。Matukar Panau语是一种稀有的语种，由于讲这种语言的人很少，这种语言面临消亡的危险；与此类似，到本世纪末世界上将有近一半的语言面临消亡，仅美国就有134种本地语言濒临消亡。
5.What did Harrison go to Papua New Guinea for?
A.Learning their native language.
B.Helping preserve their endangered tongue.
C.Learning their modern technology.
D.Teaching the natives a new language.
答案　B　[细节理解题。根据第三段的“Harrison didn’t want that to happen to Matukar Panau.So in 2009，he set out for Papua New Guinea.”和“help the remaining speakers preserve their native tongue”可知，为了不让Matukar Panau语消亡，语言学家Harrison去了Papua New Guinea，帮助保护该语言，故B项正确。]
6.The underlined word“discard”in Paragraph 4 means “________”.
A.hear of B.pick up
C.get rid of D.learn about
答案　C　[词义猜测题。根据画线词后的“a native language and instead use more common global languages，such as Chinese，English or Spanish”可以判断，那里的孩子们可能不说这种本地方言，而是更多地讲汉语、英语和西班牙语等国际通用语言，故画线词意为“摆脱，丢弃”，故C项正确。]
7.The last two paragraphs imply that endangered languages are ________.
A.dying quickly in Siberia
B.becoming a worldwide problem
C.popular in some special places
D.some native tongues
答案　B　[推理判断题。根据第四段第二句“Studies suggest that by the end of this century，nearly half of the 7，000 languages now spoken worldwide could disappear”及最后一段的“‘Language hotspots’exist all over the world”可以判断，濒危语言正在成为世界性难题，故B项正确。]
8.According to the passage，the author is ________ about the endangered languages.
A.indifferent B.suspicious
C.supportive D.concerned
答案　D　[观点态度题。根据第四段第一、二句“But Matukar Panau is far from the only language facing loss.Studies suggest that by the end of this century，nearly half of the 7，000 languages now spoken worldwide could disappear”并结合全文内容可知，除了Matukar Panau语之外，到本世纪末，7 000种现存的世界范围内所使用的语言中将有近一半可能濒临消亡。据此可以判断，作者很担心这些濒危语言的消亡，故D项正确。]
C
(2017·宁波十校联考)
Uggs(雪地靴)are certainly ugly，or at least inelegant.The shapeless boots，pulled on in a hurry，can make anyone look like a slob(懒惰又邋遢的人)，which has made them the target of disrespect.It hasn’t been hard to find someone strongly condemning them.“Ugg boots are not sexy，”The Independent declared in 2003，“unless you’re Mrs.Bigfoot on a lone mission across Antarctica to find Mr.Bigfoot.”When wearing the boots，a writer of The Gloss complained，“There’s nothing to indicate that you don’t have square，horrible shoeboxes in place of human feet.”In 2015，one coffee shop on Brick Lane in east London even banned ugg－wearers.
And yet，over the years，plenty of strange and unattractive shoes have met with the approval of the fashion establishment.The problem with uggs wasn’t that they were ugly；it’s that they were common.
But a funny thing happened on the way to fashion’s tomb：the universal ugg has not gone anywhere.Uggs have quietly stayed here since their best time.Once you start paying attention，you’ll be shocked to discover how many people are still wearing them.They are worn by mothers in town and in the country，by teenagers on Saturday shopping trips and by people in fashion.
Perhaps the secret of uggs’ unstoppable success is that，if there is a dividing line between public appeal and private style，it might be a pair of cosy boots.They are certainly comfortable，soft and warm，as if your feet were in the hugging of someone who really loves you.At $150 a pair，they are neither cheap nor entirely out of range.They are casual and indulgent(纵容的).
Somehow uggs，the boots that so many people hate，have managed to challenge the cruel logic of the fashion cycle and carry on whether you approve of them or not.
【语篇解读】　本文是说明文。文章分析了雪地靴被人们认为不好看但又非常受欢迎的原因。
9.What is the best title of the passage?
A.Uggs Refuse to Die
B.Uggs Have Existed So Long
C.Uggs Enter the Fashion Circle
D.Uggs Have Gone Somewhere
答案　A　[标题归纳题。根据全文内容可知，文章分析了雪地靴被大家认为不好看，但又非常受欢迎的原因。A选项“Uggs Refuse to Die”为幽默的说法，说明雪地靴为人们所接受。]
10.Why does the author quote many media’s words in the first paragraph?
A.To prove uggs’ toughness.
B.To prove uggs’ popularity.
C.To prove people’s approval.
D.To prove people’s condemning.
答案　D　[细节理解题。根据第一段中的“It hasn’t been hard to find someone strongly condemning them”可知，下文的例子用来表明雪地靴受到很多人的批评。]
11.What does the author think very strange?
A.Uggs are very common.
B.Uggs stay there regardless.
C.Uggs are worn by teenagers.
D.Uggs are inelegant and ugly.
答案　B　[推理判断题。根据第三段第三句“Once you start paying attention，you’ll be shocked to discover how many people are still wearing them”可知，作者感到奇怪的是，现在穿雪地靴的人还是很多。故选B项。]
12.What is the secret to the success of uggs according to the passage?
A.They are very cheap.
B.They own private style.
C.They have public appeal.
D.They are very comfortable.
答案　D　[细节理解题。根据第四段第一句“Perhaps the secret...it might be a pair of cosy boots”可知，雪地靴成功的原因在于它的温暖舒适。]

从近几年高考来看，高考阅读理解主要考查应用文、记叙文、说明文和议论文四种文体，这四种文体在行文方式上各异，在阅读和解题方式上也不尽相同。本部分从四种文体入手，剖析文体特点，点拨解题技巧，从而更有针对性的提高考生的阅读能力。

高考阅读理解中的应用文是指通知、布告、海报、广告等。这类文章的特点是文字简约，篇幅不长，但信息量较大。针对此类文章，命题者会设置较多的细节理解题，设题相对简单。
做此类阅读理解，一般会用到查读这一阅读技巧，即先读试题，明确目标，进而快速阅读文章并捕捉关键信息。对于无关紧要的生词、信息等一带而过，以节省宝贵的答题时间。
课 堂 限 时 练
(限时：20分钟)
A
(2017·浙东北三校联考)
Uber
Uber is available in over 70 cities throughout 40 countries worldwide.You can either choose a typical Uber unmarked car or a regular taxi.The app can show you where drivers are，so you know how long you’ll be waiting.You can also get fare quotes(报价) in advance.Your payment source is linked to the app and is automatically charged，so no physical money is ever needed.
Lyft
Lyft is a service that is also available in many large cities in the US.However，it offers something different，one of which is Lyft Line.With this service，you can find people that take the same route on a daily basis as you and split the fare with them.Lyft’s regular service lets you easily see where rides are，catch one，and easily pay right within the app.
Easy Taxi
Easy Taxi is available in 86 cities across 26 countries and lets you quickly browse through maps and find locations you’d like to be picked up at.From there，just make sure there are taxis in your area.Confirm your ride and then pay for it within the Easy Taxi app.Once you book a ride，you should see the taxi’s plate number and phone number appear on the map，making it easy for you to pick out both the car and the driver.
Curb
Curb，formerly Taxi Magic，is currently available in around 60 cities across the United States as well as select cities in the United Kingdom，Canada，and Mexico.It ties in with taxi companies and their drivers.As your taxi makes its way to your location，you’ll be able to track its progress inside the app.You can link a payment account to Curb to pay your fare through the app.You can also pay in cash.
【语篇解读】　本文介绍了四种不同的打车软件。
1.Which app is available in the most countries?
A.Uber. B.Lyft.
C.Easy Taxi. D.Curb.
答案　A　[细节理解题。通读全文可知，文章每一段的第一句都介绍了不同软件的使用范围，Uber可以在40个国家使用，Lyft可以在美国的很多大城市使用，Easy Taxi可以在26个国家使用，Curb可以在美国、英国、墨西哥、加拿大使用。据此可知，可使用Uber软件的国家最多，故A项正确。]
2.What’s the special service of Lyft?
A.You can pay the fare in cash.
B.You can see where your ride is.
C.You can get fare quotes in advance.
D.You can find someone to share the fare.
答案　D　[细节理解题。根据第二段的“With this service，you can find people that take the same route on a daily basis as you and split the fare with them”可知，使用Lyft软件的特别之处是你可以找到与你同路的人分担路费，故D项正确。]
3.What do the four apps have in common?
A.They are available worldwide.
B.They are tied to taxi companies.
C.They allow users to pay via app.
D.They can identify your location.
答案　C　[推理判断题。根据第一段最后一句可知，可以使用Uber软件支付；根据第二段最后一句可知，可以使用Lyft软件支付；根据第三段第三句可知，可以使用Easy Taxi软件支付；根据第四段最后两句可知，可以使用Curb软件支付，也可以用现金支付。据此可以判断，四个软件的相同之处是都可以用软件支付费用。]
B
Traveling to Europe to see its famous monuments like the Eiffel Tower in Paris and the Colosseum (古罗马竞技场) in Rome，is not exactly the ideal vacation for kids.Fortunately，Europe has more to offer than lots of old churches and ancient history.You can enjoy some fun with your kids in the sun at some of the famous beaches of the continent.
Mykonos，Greece
The closer you get to the equator，the longer the beach season is，and Greece is wonderful for that.You can enjoy beautiful green water，public chairs and lovely umbrellas at the beaches in Mykonos.
Dubrovnik，Croatia
There’s nothing more attractive than the beautiful beaches bordering Dubrovnik，Croatia’s most beautiful city.It’s surrounded by stone walls like a castle.It almost makes you feel like you’re suntanning(晒黑皮肤)at Hogwarts，where the hero Harry Potter of the story is trained!
Sicily，Italy
Rabbit Beach on the island of Sicily offers shallow and crystal clear waters，making it a perfect beach for families with young children.And if you want to add interest to your experience，try snorkeling (徒手潜水).
Nice，France
Lined with palm trees and first－class hotels，the city of Nice，located on the French Riviera，offers a whole coastline of Mediterranean beaches.Because they’re in the heart of the city，these beaches attract a large crowd.So if you’re looking for something more private，you’ll have to travel a few miles outside of the city center.
Ribadeo，Spain
At low tide，Playa de las Catedrales in Ribadeo，Spain is the perfect beach to take in the natural wonders without urban amusements like restaurants，bars or huge crowds.It boasts beautiful wild flowers and unique rock formations making it truly a picture worthy.
【语篇解读】　本文主要介绍了几个适合孩子去度假的欧洲旅游胜地。
4.What makes Dubrovnik so special?
A.It is surrounded by stone walls.
B.It has the most attractive coastline.
C.It has the longest beach season.
D.It is the training center of Harry Potter.
答案　A　[细节理解题。根据第三段的“There’s nothing more attractive...It’s surrounded by stone walls like a castle”可知，Dubrovnik的特别之处就是它像城堡一样被石墙所围绕。]
5.If you plan to go to a beach in the city，where should you go?
A.Mykonos. B.Sicily.
C.Nice. D.Ribadeo.
答案　C　[细节理解题。根据倒数第二段的第二句“Because they’re in the heart of the city，these beaches attract a large crowd”可知，选C。]
6.Which of the following is true about Ribadeo?
A.Visitors can try snorkeling there.
B.It offers visitors first－class hotels.
C.It has restaurants，bars and huge crowds.
D.Visitors can enjoy unique rock formations there.
答案　D　[细节理解题。根据最后一段的最后一句“It boasts beautiful wild flowers and unique rock formations making it truly a picture worthy”可知，游客们可以欣赏到Ribadeo独一无二的岩石结构。]
7.What do all the beaches have in common?
A.They have beautiful wild flowers.
B.They are famous European beaches.
C.They are well－known for their green water.
D.They provide visitors with urban amusements.
答案　B　[细节理解题。根据文章第一段多处出现的Europe和“You can enjoy some fun...the continent”可知，文章中介绍的所有景点都在欧洲，结合全文可知，这些景点都是海滩。]
C
Here are the responses from parents to the posts (帖子) about toys.
● Michele Manhire
My son Aaron is 8.It’s been 8 birthdays and 9 Christmases of “What can we get，Aaron？” without proper toys along the way.He is just simply particular about toys.I can honestly tell you，I am printing this list，and heading to a couple of stores (some online) that I can get some of these items! Maybe this won’t be such a depressing Christmas.
● Vera
Do you have any yam balls (纱球)？I bought a giant one for my classroom but ended up keeping it for my own kids.They’re strong enough to throw but soft enough to use as a doll bed.
● Natalie
Excellent post！Thank you so much for putting this together.I have been looking through special needs toy lists to find one that I thought would be most helpful to my followers.This post agrees to our personal experience most closely.I have shared it with many other groups and the feedback has been wonderful.
● Meagan
This is a great list my son loved his egg chair and empty bottles are always a win.He also loves to turn a globe and look at wonder tubes.Wonder tubes are about $6 on Amazon.This year one of his gifts is a gel (凝胶) filled medicine ball.
【语篇解读】　本文是应用文。短文主要介绍了四位父母对关于儿童玩具所发帖子的回复。
8.What are the four posts responding to?
A.A game list. B.A party list.
C.A toy list. D.A food list.
答案　C　[细节理解题。由开头“Here are the responses from parents to the posts (帖子) about toys.”一句可知答案为C。]
9.What is Michele’s problem?
A.She has no money for toys.
B.She can’t find good toys for herself.
C.Her son has a special taste for gifts.
D.Her son missed too many birthdays.
答案　C　[推理判断题。根据第二段“He is just simply particular about toys.”一句可知，米歇尔的儿子对玩具十分挑剔，由此可以推断答案选C。]
10.Who suggests a good toy which can be used as a bed for dolls?
A.Michele Manhire. B.Natalie.
C.Meagan. D.Vera.
答案　D　[细节理解题。由第三段最后一句“...but soft enough to use as a doll bed.”可知答案非D莫属。]
11.Which of the following can we learn from the text?
A.Vera works as a teacher herself.
B.Michele Manhire only buys toys online.
C.Meagan is puzzled by her son’s changing toys.
D.Natalie follows many groups in choosing toys.
答案　A　[推理判断题。根据第三段“I bought a giant one for my classroom but ended up keeping it for my own kids.”可以推测Vera是一名教师。]

记叙文就是叙述经历或讲述故事。它包括日记、游记、传说、新闻、故事等。阅读这类文章，一要搞清“5Ws and 1H”，即何人、何时、在何地、因何原因、干了何事、结果怎么样，有何启示或感悟；二要弄清写作目的。
课 堂 限 时 练
(限时：22分钟)

A
(2017·金华十校联考)
I had been following the yellowish－green markers for a“popular and easy” three－mile out－and－back hike(远足).Immediately after the trailhead，the trail (小径) became very rocky and steep.But having read about the hike，I knew within five minutes，I was supposed to reach the hike’s first overlook.
However，the overlook never arrived.Instead，I found myself lost in the woods.Pulling out my cell phone，I saw it read“no service”.I checked the last text message I’d sent to my mom.It read，“Conference ended...going for a small hike before my flight home this afternoon.”I put my phone away and kept moving and yelling，“Help！Is anybody out there？”Every so often，I’d stop to listen，but I never heard a reply.
I got out my phone again.The battery was running out fast as it searched for a signal.I struggled to find a place where I could get service.When I did，I called my mom.It went through！In a shaky voice，I said，“Mom？”And then the call dropped.More than 1，500 miles away，my mom instantly knew something was wrong.She called the Denver Police Department and was directed to the US Forest Service.
This was how I was introduced to John，an operator from the US Forest Service.Following John’s instruction on the phone，I finally escaped from the woods.I breathed a sigh of relief.Then my phone rang，and it was John，making sure I was still going in the right direction.“By the way，”he said，“we’ve had your mother on hold this whole time.So once you get down the mountain，you will absolutely want to give her a call.”
【语篇解读】　本文是记叙文。“我”在森林里远足时迷路。手机信号微弱，电量也即将耗尽。在接通妈妈的电话后，通话便断了。妈妈意识到了危险，立即联系警察救“我”走出森林。
1.What did the author do while finding the trail rocky and steep?
A.He yelled for help.
B.He continued walking.
C.He returned to the start.
D.He found the first overlook.
答案　B　[细节理解题。根据第一段的“But having read about the hike，I knew within five minutes，I was supposed to reach the hike’s first overlook”可知，“我”认为在五分钟内就可以到达目的地；据此可知，尽管石径陡峭，“我”仍然继续向前，故B项正确。]
2.When did the author tell his mom about the hiking?
A.After he got lost.
B.After John’s call.
C.After a conference.
D.After the call dropped.
答案　C　[细节理解题。根据第二段的“Conference ended...going for a small hike before my flight home this afternoon”可知，“我”是在会议结束后告诉妈妈“我”将远足的，故C项正确。]
3.How did the author’s mom know he was in danger?
A.The author called and told her about it.
B.The author’s flight didn’t arrive on time.
C.She learned it from the US Forest Service.
D.She sensed something unusual on the phone.
答案　D　[推理判断题。根据第三段的“‘Mom？’And then the call dropped...my mom instantly knew something was wrong”可知，在“我”叫了一声“妈妈”之后，通话便断了，妈妈立即意识到了危险；据此可以判断，D项正确。]
4.What can we learn from the last paragraph?
A.John came to the woods for the author.
B.The author’s mom was on line waiting.
C.John lost touch with the author’s mom.
D.The author went in the wrong direction.
答案　B　[推理判断题。根据最后一段的“We’ve had your mother on hold this whole time”可知，接线员们让“我”的妈妈一直在线等候，据此可以判断，B项正确。]
B
(2017·丽水高三模拟)
My elder brother Steve gave me important lessons in values that helped me grow into an adult after our father died when I was six.
For instance，Steve taught me to face the results of my behavior.Once when I returned in tears from a Saturday baseball game，Steve took time to ask me what had happened.When I explained that my baseball had broken Mrs.Holt’s basement window，Steve encouraged me to confess to it.After all，I should have been playing in the park and not in the path between buildings.Although my knees knocked as I explained to Mrs.Holt，I offered to pay for the window if she would return my ball.I also learned from Steve that personal property(财产)is a sacred thing.After I found a shiny silver pen in my fifth－grade classroom，I wanted to keep it，but Steve explained that it might be important to someone else.I returned the pen to my teacher，Mrs.Davids，and she praised me.
Yet of all the instructions Steve gave me，his respect for life is the most vivid in my mind.When I was twelve，I killed an old brown sparrow in the yard with a BB gun.Excited with my accuracy，I screamed to Steve to come from the house to take a look.I shall never forget the way he stood for a long moment and stared at the bird on the ground.Then in a dead，quiet voice，he asked，“Did it hurt you first，Mark？”I didn’t know what to answer.He continued with his eyes firm，“The only time you should even think of hurting a living thing is whether it hurts you first.And then you think a long，long time.”I really felt terrible then，but that moment stands out as the most important lesson my brother taught me.
【语篇解读】　本文是记叙文，介绍了“我”的哥哥陪伴“我”成长的经历：他鼓励“我”勇于承担打碎窗户的责任；向老师送回捡到的钢笔；他还教育“我”尊重生命。
5.What does the underlined word“confess”in Paragraph 2 mean?
A.Cover. B.Admit.
C.Deny. D.Agree.
答案　B　[词义猜测题。根据画线处上文“When I explained that my baseball had broken Mrs.Holt’s basement window，Steve encouraged me to”和下文内容可知，“我”玩棒球时打破了Holt夫人家的窗户，哥哥鼓励“我”向Holt夫人承认错误。据此可以判断，画线词意为“承认”，故B项正确。]
6.How did the author feel when he faced Mrs.Holt?
A.He was unwilling.
B.He felt frightened.
C.He appeared challenging.
D.He was light－hearted.
答案　B　[细节理解题。根据第二段的“Although my knees knocked as I explained to Mrs.Holt，I offered to pay for the window if she would return my ball”可知，“我”在向Holt夫人解释情况时双腿打颤。据此可知“我”很害怕，故B项正确。]
7.Which was the most important lesson the author learned from his brother?
A.Care for the property of others.
B.The value of honesty.
C.Responsibility for one’s actions.
D.Respect for living things.
答案　D　[细节理解题。根据最后一段的第一句“Yet of all the instructions Steve gave me，his respect for life is the most vivid in my mind”可知，在所有的教育中，最令“我”难忘的是哥哥对生命的尊重，故D项正确。]
8.What technique does the author mainly use to organize the text?
A.Time order. B.Cause and effect.
C.Examples. D.Logical reasoning.
答案　C　[写作手法题。通读第二段可知，文章列举了哥哥鼓励“我”勇于承担打破窗户的责任、向老师送回捡到的钢笔这两件事，说明哥哥教育“我”要对自己的行为负责；通读第三段可知，哥哥教育“我”要尊重生命。据此可以判断，本文通过举例法组织全文，故C项正确。]
C
(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)I work with Volunteers for Wildlife, a rescue and education organization at Bailey Arboretum in Locust Valley. Trying to help injured, displaced or sick creatures can be heartbreaking; survival is never certain. However, when it works, it is simply beautiful.
I got a rescue call from a woman in Muttontown. She had found a young owl(猫头鹰) on the ground. When I arrived, I saw a 2－to 3－week－old owl. It had already been placed in a carrier for safety.
I examined the chick(雏鸟) and it seemed fine. If I could locate the nest, I might have been able to put it back, but no luck. My next work was to construct a nest and anchor it in a tree.
The homeowner was very helpful. A wire basket was found. I put some pine branches into the basket to make this nest safe and comfortable. I placed the chick in the nest, and it quickly calmed down.
Now all that was needed were the parents, but they were absent. I gave the homeowner a recording of the hunger screams of owl chicks. These advertise the presence of chicks to adults; they might also encourage our chick to start calling as well. I gave the owner as much information as possible and headed home to see what news the night might bring.
A nervous night to be sure，but sometimes the spirits of nature smile on us all! The homeowner called to say that the parents had responded to the recordings. I drove over and saw the chick in the nest looking healthy and active. And it was accompanied in the nest by the greatest sight of all—LUNCH！The parents had done their duty and would probably continue to do so.
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇记叙文。主要讲述了作者拯救一只猫头鹰雏鸟的故事。
9.What is unavoidable in the author’s rescue work according to Paragraph 1?
A.Efforts made in vain.
B.Getting injured in his work.
C.Feeling uncertain about his future.
D.Creatures forced out of their homes.
答案　A　[细节理解题。根据第一段第二句 “Trying to help injured, displaced or sick creatures can be heartbreaking; survival is never certain.”可知，作者在拯救野生动物时，不一定能救活， 一切努力可能会白费。]
10.Why was the author called to Muttontown?
A.To rescue a woman.
B.To take care of a woman.
C.To look at a baby owl.
D.To cure a young owl.
答案　C　[细节理解题。根据第二段中的“I got a rescue call from a woman in Muttontown. She had found a young owl(猫头鹰) on the ground. When I arrived, I saw a 2－to 3－week－old owl.”可知，作者被叫去Muttontown的目的是去看一只猫头鹰雏鸟。]
11.What made the chick calm down?
A.A new nest. B.Some food.
C.A recording. D.Its parents.
答案　A　[细节理解题。根据第四段中的“I put some pine branches into the basket to make this nest safe and comfortable. I placed the chick in the nest, and it quickly calmed down.”可知，作者把猫头鹰雏鸟放进新巢之后，它平静了下来。]
12.How would the author feel about the outcome of the event?
A.It’s unexpected. B.It’s beautiful.
C.It’s humorous. D.It’s discouraging.
答案　B　[推理判断题。根据最后一段可知，猫头鹰雏鸟的父母发现了它，并给它带来了午餐，作者认为这很可能会继续持续下去，所以由此推断作者对这一结果非常高兴(beautiful)。]

说明文是用平实的语言客观地解说事物、阐明事理、给人以知识的文体。说明文的大体结构有：
(1)总体叙述＋细节或过程说明＋概括评述
(2)现象＋原因＋后果/启示/措施
阅读说明文的关键是：抓住说明对象的本质特征；注意说明的顺序，了解文章的结构，把握文章的脉络。
课 堂 限 时 练
(限时：23分钟)
A
The fact that ants are fascinating insects has been known for some time.Now，scientists have discovered a large number of wood ants living in an abandoned underground storehouse in Templewo，Poland，despite having no obvious source of food.
Polish zoologist Wojciech Czechowski and his team began studying the underground colony in 2013.They found the ants built a 60 cm high nest in the soil directly over the storehouse’s vertical air pipe.As years passed，the metal covering on the pipe eroded，leaving behind a hole that thousands of worker ants accidentally slip into each day as they go about their daily chores.The scientists say that there are no sources of food in the storehouse.This means that the insects live in a state of near starvation.
In July 2015，the researchers disturbed part of the ant nest in search of larvae (幼虫)，empty cocoons (茧)，and queens.They found nothing，leading them to suspect that the lack of food and cold temperatures made reproduction impossible and that the group tending the nest is entirely made up of non－reproductive female workers.Their population is refilled every year，by a new rain of unfortunate ants that slide down the hole.The researchers say that when they returned in January 2016，the nest had been repaired.It appears that despite the terrible conditions，the worker ants do not stop constructing their nest.
Wood ants are known for their ability to adapt to bad living conditions.In this case，the millions of worker ants trapped in the storehouse have no choice.But instead of losing hope，they are making the best of the situation—a classic example of“when life gives you lemons，make lemonade”.
【语篇解读】　本文是科普说明文。科学家在波兰的一个废弃的地下储藏室发现了大量的蚂蚁；研究发现，这些蚂蚁是在寻食时偶然滑进来的；这里没有足够的食物，它们是饿着肚子生存的。
1.How did the wood ants arrive in the storehouse?
A.They fell down there by accident.
B.The research team brought them there.
C.The storehouse builders left them there.
D.They were attracted by the environment.
答案　A　[细节理解题。根据第二段的“As years passed，the metal covering on the pipe eroded，leaving behind a hole that thousands of worker ants accidentally slip into each day as they go about their daily chores”可知，工蚁在日常寻食时偶然滑进通向地下储藏室的管道，故A项正确。]
2.What does the underlined word“eroded”in Paragraph 2 probably mean?
A.Expanded. B.Rotted.
C.Exploded. D.Melted.
答案　B　[词义猜测题。根据该句中的“As years passed，the metal covering on the pipe”以及“leaving behind a hole”可以判断，年复一年，管道外的金属被腐蚀了，留下了一个洞口使得工蚁们在日常寻食时偶然滑进了里面。据此可知，画线词意为“腐蚀”，故B项正确。]
3.What did the researchers find in the nest?
A.Larvae. B.Cocoons.
C.A queen. D.Worker ants.
答案　D　[细节理解题。根据第三段的第一、二句可知，研究人员在蚁穴里寻找幼蚁、茧和蚁后，却一无所获；他们只发现工蚁。故D项正确。]
4.Why did the population of wood ants remain steady?
A.They had enough food.
B.They were able to reproduce.
C.They adapted to the conditions.
D.They had newcomers to join them.
答案　D　[细节理解题。根据第三段的“Their population is refilled every year，by a new rain of unfortunate ants that slide down the hole”及第二段的“the insects live in a state of near starvation”可知，有许多不幸的工蚁滑进这个洞穴，使得蚁群的数量保持稳定。故D项正确。]
B
(2017·金丽衢十二校联考)
Mike Godwin is an American lawyer and author who invented “Godwin’s Law” in 1990 when he made the following statement：As an online discussion grows longer，a comparison involving Nazis or Hitler is very likely to be made.
Godwin’s Law is applicable to online discussions in forums，chat rooms and on blogs.The term has earned a place in the Oxford English Dictionary：Godwin’s Law，noun.A facetious aphorism (有趣的格言) maintaining that as an online debate increases in length，it becomes certain that someone will eventually compare someone or something to Adolf Hitler or the Nazis.
Although coined to describe an Internet phenomenon，the term is being applied to the use of “the Nazi card” in other contexts.
A complaint by many forum users is that the so－called law is ending the discussion.One makes a Nazi comparison and another cries，“You said Hitler，so I win！”At that point，the discussion ends.The term has created a verb “to Godwin”as in “You Godwined this discussion！”
The mention of Godwin’s Law has come to be seen as a way to end an online discussion.Here is a complaint voiced by a forum user：It seems like Godwin’s Law is becoming a real problem for any sort of discussion on the internet.Whenever Hitler，or Nazis，is brought up in a discussion，the discussion is then over and the poster who mentioned the subject is laughed at. This would be a problem if people mention Godwin’s Law when the Hitler/Nazi mention is relevant to the topic at hand.
【语篇解读】　本文是说明文，介绍了高德温法则的来历及意义，并举例对其进行了说明。
5.What will certainly happen according to“Godwin’s Law”if the online discussion is lengthened?
A.The debaters will maintain their justice.
B.The debaters will mention Hitler or Nazis.
C.The debaters will earn a place in the forum.
D.The debaters will become very sick and tired.
答案　B　[推理判断题。根据第二段中的“as an online ...it becomes certain that someone will eventually compare someone or something to Adolf Hitler or the Nazis”可知，如果在线讨论的时间变长，那么参加讨论的人肯定会提到希特勒或者纳粹分子，故选B。]
6.What does the underlined word“coined”in the third paragraph mean probably?
A.Built. B.Adapted.
C.Classified. D.Invented.
答案　D　[词义猜测题。画线词所在句的主语为the term，指Godwin’s Law，虽然创造这个术语的目的是描述一种网络现象，但是现在它正在被用在其他地方。故画线词表示“创造(新词语)”，选D。]
7.What is the mention of “Godwin’s Law” viewed as in a discussion?
A.A way of objection.
B.A way of complaint.
C.A way of ending it.
D.A way of creating words.
答案　C　[细节理解题。根据倒数第一段中的“The mention of Godwin’s Law has come to be seen as a way to end an online discussion”可知选C。]
C
(2017·温州十校联考)
Can dogs and cats live in perfect harmony in the same home? People who are thinking about adopting a dog as a friend for their cats are worried that they will fight.A recent research has found a new recipe of success.According to the study，if the cat is adopted before the dog，and if they are introduced when still young(less than 6 months for cats，a year for dogs)，it is highly probable that the two pets will get along swimmingly.Two－thirds of the homes interviewed reported a positive relationship between their cat and dog.
However，it wasn’t all sweetness and light.There was a reported coldness between the cat and dog in 25% of the homes，while aggression and fighting were observed in 10% of the homes.One reason for this is probably that some of their body signals were just opposite.For example，when a cat turns its head away it signals aggression，while a dog doing the same signals submission (服从).
In homes with cats and dogs living peacefully，researchers observed a surprising behavior.They are learning how to talk each other’s language.It is a surprise that cats can learn how to talk“dog”，and dogs can learn how to talk“cat”.
What’s interesting is that both cats and dogs have appeared to develop their intelligence.They can learn how to read each other’s body signals，suggesting that the two may have more in common than we previously suspected.Once familiar with each other’s presence and body language，cats and dogs can play together，greet each other nose to nose，and enjoy sleeping together on the sofa.They can easily share the same water bowl and in some cases groom(梳理) each other.
The significance of the research on cats and dogs may go beyond pets—to people who don’t get along，including neighbors，colleagues at work，and even world superpowers.If cats and dogs can learn to get along，surely people have a good chance.
【语篇解读】　本文是说明文。研究表明，狗和猫通过相互学习和理解彼此的语言是可以和平相处的。其实人类也可以如此。
8.Which below is closest in meaning to the word“swimmingly” in Paragraph 1?
A.Smoothly. B.Briefly.
C.Quickly. D.Early.
答案　A　[词义猜测题。根据第一段的最后一句“Two－thirds of the homes interviewed reported a positive relationship between their cat and dog”可知，被采访的家庭中有三分之二的家庭说他们的猫和狗能建立良好的关系。get along swimmingly和该句中的“a positive relationship”表达的意思相同；据此可以判断，画线词意为“顺利地，顺畅地”，故A项正确。]
9.When are some cats and dogs likely to fight with each other?
A.They are introduced at an early age.
B.They are cold to each other.
C.They misunderstood each other’s signals.
D.They stared at each other.
答案　C　[细节理解题。根据第二段的倒数第二句“One reason for this is probably that some of their body signals were just opposite”可知，猫和狗打架的原因可能是它们的有些肢体语言表达的意思相反，故C项正确。]
10.It is suggested in Paragraph 4 that cats and dogs ________.
A.are less different than we thought
B.have common interests
C.are less intelligent than we expected
D.have a common body language
答案　A　[细节理解题。根据第四段的第二句“They can learn how to read each other’s body signals，suggesting that the two may have more in common than we previously suspected”可知，猫和狗可以互相学习肢体语言，它们比我们预料的有更多的相同之处，故A项正确。]
11.What can we human beings learn from cats and dogs?
A.To live in peace with animals.
B.To live in harmony.
C.To know more about animals.
D.To learn body signals.
答案　B　[推理判断题。根据第五段“The significance of the research on cats and dogs may go beyond pets—to people who don’t get along，including neighbors，colleagues at work，and even world superpowers.If cats and dogs can learn to get along，surely people have a good chance”可推出人与人之间也可以和谐相处，故B项正确。]


议论文的典型结构模式是：提出论点＋提供论据(例证)＋明确结论，也就是按提出问题、分析问题、解决问题的逻辑顺序来安排层次。阅读议论文的关键是：抓论点。体现论点的主旨句多在文首或文尾、段首或段尾，这些都是阅读的重点部分。
课 堂 限 时 练
(限时：20分钟)
A
(2017·西湖高级中学模拟)
Researchers say current exercise guidelines are unrealistic and argue that doctors should sometimes advise small increases in activity instead.They warn the 150－minute weekly target is beyond the reach of some people—particularly older individuals.And trying to reach these goals could mean the benefits of lighter exercise are overlooked.But public health officials say current recommendations have proven benefits in lowering the risk of heart disease.
There is increasing evidence that inactivity is linked to heart disease，type 2 diabetes (糖尿病) and some types of cancer.UK guidelines for adults recommend at least two－and－a－half hours of moderate activity a week，in short periods of 10 minutes or more.
But in two separate articles in The BMJ，experts argue the message needs to change，with greater emphasis on making inactive people move more.Prof.Philipe de Souto Barreto at the University Hospital of Toulouse，advises people who are sedentary (久坐不动的) to make small increases in their activity levels—rather than pushing to achieve current goals.He points to previous studies which show even short periods of walking or just 20 minutes of energetic activity a few times a month can reduce the risk of death, compared to people who do no exercise.
In the second article，Prof.Philipe Sparkling of the Georgia Institute of Technology，says doctors should tailor their advice—particularly for older patients. He suggests using GP visits for people over 60 to discuss “realistic options”to increase activity—such as getting people to stand up and move during TV commercial breaks.
Prof.Kevin Fenton at Public Health England says，“Everyone needs to be active every day—short periods of 10 or more minutes of physical activity have proven health benefits，but getting 150 minutes or more of moderate activity every week is the amount we need to positively impact on a wide range of health conditions.”This includes reducing the risk of heart disease and type 2 diabetes.
【语篇解读】　本文主要讨论了人们对现行锻炼指导原则的不同看法。
1.What is the current exercise goal mentioned in the passage?
A.10－minute exercise.
B.20－minute exercise.
C.60－minute exercise.
D.150－minute exercise.
答案　D　[细节理解题。根据第一段中的“They warn the 150－minute weekly target...particularly older individuals”及“And trying to reach these goals”可知，现行的锻炼目标是每周150分钟的运动量，故选D。]
2.What can we learn from the second paragraph?
A.10－minute exercise has little effect on the health.
B.Heart disease happens easily to the old in activity.
C.Two－and－a－half hours of exercise is not necessary.
D.Inactivity easily brings about many serious diseases.
答案　D　[细节理解题。根据第二段的第一句“There is increasing evidence...some types of cancer”可知，不活动会引发很多疾病，故选D。]
3.What is the suggestion of Prof.Philipe de Souto Barreto according to the third paragraph?
A.People should spend less time on exercise.
B.People should lower their activity levels.
C.People should increase exercise properly.
D.People should achieve their current goals.
答案　C　[细节理解题。根据第三段的第二句“Prof.Philipe de Souto Barreto...achieve current goals”可知，Philipe de Souto Barreto教授建议人们要适当增加锻炼，故选C。]
4.Which of the following is TRUE about current exercise guidelines?
A.They are impractical.
B.They are reasonable.
C.They have no effect on us.
D.They are popular with people.
答案　A　[细节理解题。根据第一段的第一句“Researchers say current exercise...in activity instead”可知，现行的锻炼指导原则并不实用，故选A。]
B
(2017·长兴中学模拟)
At some time in your life you may have a strong desire to do something strange or terrible.However，chances are that you don’t act on your impulse (冲动)，but let it pass instead.You know that to commit the action is wrong in some way and that other people will not accept your behavior.
One of the newest taboos in American society is the topic of fat.Unlike many other taboos，fat is a topic that Americans talk about constantly.It’s not a taboo to talk about fat；it’s a taboo to be fat.The “in” look is thin，not fat.In the work world，most companies prefer youthful－looking executives to sell their image as well as their products to the public.The thin look is associated with youth，vigor and success.The fat person，on the other hand，is thought of as lazy and lacking in energy，self－discipline and self－respect.In an image－conscious society like the US，thin is “in” but fat is “out”.
It’s not surprising that millions of Americans have become crazy about staying slim and “in shape”.The pursuit of a youthful physical appearance is not，however，the only reason for America’s fascination with diet and exercise.Recent research has shown the importance of diet and exercise for personal health.As in most technologically developed nations，the life style of North Americans has changed dramatically during the course of the last century.Modern machines do all the physical labor that people were once forced to do by hand.Cars and buses transport us quickly from point to point.As a result of inactivity，people’s bodies can easily become weak and vulnerable (易受攻击的) to disease.In an effort to avoid such a fate，millions of Americans are spending more of their time exercising.
【语篇解读】　本文是议论文。作者阐述了身体发胖在美国文化中成了一种禁忌，并分析了越来越多的人喜欢锻炼和节食的原因。
5.From the text we can infer a taboo is considered________.
A.popular with people
B.unacceptable in people’s eyes
C.favorable impression left on other people
D.a crime committed on impulse
答案　B　[推理判断题。由第二段开头几句可知，肥胖是美国人经常谈论的话题。入时的外表是瘦，而不是发福。再结合第一段末句中“...other people will not accept your behavior.”这一信息可知B项正确。]
6.According to the text we can conclude in American society “being fat”__________.
A.hasn’t been a taboo
B.will remain a taboo
C.can’t be a taboo
D.is not considered a taboo by most people
答案　B　[推理判断题。由短文末句可知，为了避免身体虚弱而易感染疾病，数百万美国人在锻炼上投入的时间越来越多，由此可以推断身体肥胖将依然是一种禁忌。故答案选B。]
7.In the US，thin is “in” but fat is “out” most probably mean________.
A.thin is “lazy” but fat is “kind”
B.thin is “old” but fat is “youthful”
C.thin is “unsuccessful” but fat is “successful”
D.thin is “popular” but fat is “unpopular”
答案　D　[推理判断题。第三段第一句意为“数百万美国人热衷于保持苗条身材也就不足为奇了”。再联系上文所述，显然D项正确。]
8.Why are so many Americans exercising more?
A.To keep strong and free from disease.
B.To find good jobs in the companies.
C.To encourage their children.
D.To avoid becoming old.
答案　A　[细节理解题。由短文最后一段“Recent research has shown the importance of diet and exercise for personal health.”一句可知正确答案为A。]
C
Many people delight in gossiping，and the more they know about someone else，the more powerful they feel—at someone else’s expense.While at the end of the day no good will come of it and someone is bound to get hurt，try telling that to someone who’s excited to relay the latest piece of juicy news.
Most people have some awareness when saying something we know we shouldn’t.As it is slipping out of our mouths，we start to feel uncomfortable.We have a sense of conflict between finishing the sentence that may draw attention but won’t make anyone look good and awkwardly stopping midstory.There are those who after spreading gossip end with a well－meaning，“I shouldn’t have said anything and I can’t really tell you how I heard it.”Not any better.Once out，they may feel good for a moment，but they’re just as likely to regret their decision.By this time，it is too late.
That said，some people just don’t notice or pay attention to the voice in their head saying“Don’t”，and others actively ignore it.In the end，the results are the same.With our lack of sensitivity，we say things that should never be said and often don’t stop long enough to realize that we have not only hurt others，but we have unintentionally hurt ourselves.Given this，why do people gossip？For some，it feels good to be in control of knowledge that others may not know.
Talking about others can become a habit and unless you work hard to break it，you may discover that others distance themselves from you.After all，if you can’t be trusted to keep secrets and not share information，people may choose not to have you as their friend.We have two ears and just one mouth.When in doubt，it is always better to listen than to speak.
【语篇解读】　本文是议论文，论述了有些人热衷于说闲话的原因，并说明这种习惯的坏处以及如何改正这一不良习惯。
9.What’s the closest meaning of the underlined word“relay”？
A.show B.cover
C.spread D.get
答案　C　[词义猜测题。根据画线词所在句中的“someone who’s excited to”和“the latest piece of juicy news”可知，尽管这到头来没有什么好处，并且有人很可能会受到伤害，但是人们还是试图告诉某个热衷于传播最新有趣消息的人。据此可以判断，画线词意为“传播”，故C项正确。]
10.Which statement is NOT the reason for people being conscious of saying something they know they shouldn’t?
A.They feel not good when they leak out it.
B.They aren’t interested in it.
C.They have a sense of conflict during saying it.
D.They probably regret saying it.
答案　B　[细节理解题。根据第二段的第二句“As it is slipping out of our mouths，we start to feel uncomfortable”可知，一旦说出口，我们便感到不舒服；根据第二段第三句中的“We have a sense of conflict”可知，我们对是否要说出口会感到很矛盾；根据第二段的倒数第二句“Once out，they may feel good for a moment，but they’re just as likely to regret their decision”可知，他们会对说出去的话感到后悔。B项没有提及，故选B项。]
11.Why do people say something that should never be said and can hurt others?
A.Because they want to hurt others.
B.Because they hate this kind of people.
C.Because they don’t know each other well.
D.Because they are lack of sensitivity.
答案　D　[细节理解题。根据第三段的第三句“With our lack of sensitivity，we say things that should never be said and often don’t stop long enough to realize that we have not only hurt others，but we have unintentionally hurt ourselves”可知，由于我们缺乏敏感性，所以我们才会说出不应该说的话，故D项正确。]
12.From the last paragraph，we can know that ________.
A.we should speak less and listen more
B.we can’t keep secrets
C.we haven’t many friends
D.we should talk about others as much as possible
答案　A　[细节理解题。根据最后一句“When in doubt，it is always better to listen than to speak”可知，我们应当多听少说，故A项正确。]
纵观近几年的高考阅读理解试题，涵盖的题材包括政治、经济、文化和社会生活的方方面面，但细究起来，主要考查以下题材：即人物故事类、科普说明类、生态环保类和社会生活类。本部分从这四种常见的题材入手，帮助考生在考前进一步熟悉这类文章，从而更有效地备考。

人物故事类文章在高考阅读理解中经常出现，此类文章常常为情感类故事，所以要关注作者表达的个人感悟，或故事中出其不意的变化，而这些往往体现文章的中心或写作意图，属于必考点。总体来说，故事类文章的难度通常不会太大，考生只要跟随作者的思路，就能掌握文章大意。
课 堂 限 时 练
(限时：22分钟)
A
(2017·台州期末评估)
Claudio Viera de Oliveira is from Brazil.He was born with an upside down head and deformed(畸形的) legs.His mother was told by doctors that she should allow him to die，but she ignored their advice.Oliveira grew up and now he has written a book about his life after the age of 40.
Since he was a child，Oliveira has liked to keep himself busy.He didn’t like to depend totally on others.He learned to do things all by himself.At eight，Oliveira began to walk on his knees.His family had to change the floor of the house，so he could walk without injuring himself.His bed，plugs and lights had to be made lower so that he could do things for himself.
He couldn’t use a wheelchair because of his unusual shape，making it hard for him to be independent outside the home，but he begged his mother to allow him to go to school and learn with other children.He learned to use a pen with his mouth to type words and even use his lips to operate a mouse or a phone.He also went on to qualify as an accountant and gave speeches at special events.Now Oliveira has published his first book，called “El mundo esta a contramano (The world is the wrong way around)”.
Oliveira said，“Throughout my life I was able to adapt my body to the world.Right now，I don’t see myself as being different.I am a normal person.I don’t see things upside down.Nowadays I can say that I am a professional，international public speaker and that I receive invitations from all over the world.”
【语篇解读】　本文主要讲述了天生残疾的Oliveira获得成功的励志故事。
1.What was the doctors’ attitude towards Oliveira’s disease?
A.Concerned. B.Hopeless.
C.Confident. D.Doubtful.
答案　B　[推理判断题。根据第一段的第三句“His mother was told by doctors that she should allow him to die，but she ignored their advice”可推知，医生对Oliveira的病不抱任何希望，故选B。]
2.What do we know about Oliveira?
A.He adapted himself to society.
B.He managed to walk on foot at eight.
C.He used a normal bed and lights at home.
D.He controlled a wheelchair with his mouth.
答案　A　[细节理解题。根据最后一段的“Throughout my life I was able to adapt my body to the world”可知，Oliveira成功地适应了社会。]
3.What does Oliveira do at present?
A.A doctor. B.A publisher.
C.An accountant. D.A professor.
答案　C　[细节理解题。根据第三段的第三句“He also went on to qualify as an accountant and gave speeches at special events”可知，目前Oliveira的职业是会计，故选C。]
4.Which saying can best describe Oliveira’s experience?
A.All that glitters is not gold.
B.Where there is a will，there is a way.
C.Health is not valued till sickness comes.
D.It is more blessed to give than to receive.
答案　B　[推理判断题。根据全文的整体内容可知，本文主要讲述了一个天生残疾的人克服生活中的重重困难，最终成功地适应社会的励志故事，启迪读者：有志者，事竟成。故选B。]
B
I wanted to have tea with Nirad in a tea break during a retreat(静养).I was holding the cup so he could sip(小口喝)tea.I was being careful and poured a small quantity in his mouth.I enjoyed concentrating on each moment and listening deeply to do a good job with serving tea.
We were immediately connected and befriended each other during this time.Two other retreat participants joined and then there were four us people talking about varieties of topics which ranged from how Nirad progressed in his education to cool ones like how he maintains his weight，etc.These conversations brought smiles and it seemed we all knew each other from long time ago.In subtle(巧妙的)ways，we quietly felt the connection.
When we finished tea，I felt like tying a wrist thread for Nirad.The wristband had the letters that read“WE”on one side and“ME”on the other if read upside down.This beautiful gift was received from the Moved By Love team(a non－profit volunteer organization in India).I told Nirad that my youngest brother is about his age，and he gave me a sweet，calm smile.
I felt deep content during this teatime.I had actually lived those moments，being sympathetic and friendly.It was an experience of joy.Later，during the retreat，each time myself and Nirad happened to greet or talk，we smiled naturally and felt connected.
It’s sad that we don’t connect deeply，even with our family or friends.We are just too busy running after things，going nowhere.We don’t seem to concentrate or care enough for people during our conversations.I had these valuable realisations later.
On the last day of the retreat，I told Nirad，“This was the best teatime I ever had in my life.”He gave me a warm，unforgettable smile.
【语篇解读】　本文主要讲述了作者在静养期间结交好友的故事。
5.What can we learn about Nirad from Paragraph 1?
A.He was healthy.
B.He may be disabled.
C.He worked in the retreat.
D.He liked serving tea.
答案　B　[推理判断题。根据第一段第二句“I was holding the cup so he could sip(小口喝)tea”可推知，Nirad可能是残疾人。]
6.When did the author make friends with Nirad?
A.When they were at school.
B.When the author cared for him.
C.When they were tying the wrist thread.
D.When they were in Moved By Love team.
答案　B　[推理判断题。根据第一段的内容及第二段的“We were immediately connected and befriended each other”及“it seemed we all knew each other from long time ago”可推知，作者和Nirad以前不认识，只是在作者照顾Nirad喝茶时，建立了良好的感情。]
7.How did the author find the teatime with Nirad?
A.Calm. B.Sad.
C.Boring. D.Happy.
答案　D　[细节理解题。根据第四段的“I felt deep content during this teatime”及“It was an experience of joy”可知，作者与Nirad一起喝茶时很开心。]
8.What can we learn from the text?
A.Running after things is very important.
B.Going everywhere is very important.
C.Connecting is very important.
D.Drinking tea is very important.
答案　C　[推理判断题。根据文章第五段第一句“It’s sad that we don’t connect deeply，even with our family or friends”可推知，作者对人们与自己的家人、朋友联系不密切感到难过，因此本文凸显了联系的重要性。]
C
(2017·宁波质量评估)
When The New Republic magazine predicted who would win the 2016 Nobel Prize in Literature on Oct.6th，it said：“Not Bob Dylan.That’s for sure.”However，the award came as a surprise to many.On Oct.13th，the famous US musician was named the Nobel laureate(获奖者)by the Swedish Academy.He has created new poetic expressions within the great American song tradition，according to the organization.
Although Dylan，75，is not really thought to be a literary(文学的)writer，he has given the world a lot of creative works over 50 years，especially when it comes to his folk songs.
In his 1985 album Biograph，Dylan wrote about the appeal of folk music to him.Rock songs weren’t serious enough or didn’t reflect life in a realistic way，according to Dylan.But folk was a more serious type of thing.The songs are filled with more sadness，more joy and much deeper feelings.
Dylan’s music and lyrics spoke to many people during the 1960s.His lyrics were often about great political issues，such as the Civil Rights Movement.The 1960s was a time of change when the young were making sure that their voices were heard.The idea is most famously expressed in Dylan’s “The Times They Are a－Changin’”(1964)，which warns the world，“You’d better start swimming or you’ll sink like a stone，for the times they are a－changin’！”
There were complaints that a literary prize had been given to a singer，but ancient Greek poets Homer and Sappho wrote poetic works that were meant to be listened to，that were meant to be performed，often with instruments，and it’s the same way with Dylan，the Swedish Academy’s permanent secretary Sara Danius told CNN.
It could even be said that giving the important prize to Dylan has brought back an old literary tradition.The millions whose lives Dylan’s words and music have changed will surely welcome the award.
【语篇解读】　本文主要介绍了2016年诺贝尔文学奖获得者Bob Dylan的相关故事。
9.Why did people feel surprised when Dylan got the Nobel Prize?
A.Because he was not excellent.
B.Because people didn’t think he was a literary writer.
C.Because he was only interested in singing folk songs.
D.Because people didn’t believe in him.
答案　B　[细节理解题。根据第二段“Although Dylan，75，is not really thought to be a literary(文学的)writer，he has given the world a lot of creative works over 50 years，especially when it comes to his folk songs”可知， 人们认为Dylan不是文学作家，因此认为他不大可能得奖。]
10.What can we learn from the text?
A.Folk music reflects a real life.
B.Songwriters shouldn’t get the prize.
C.People like rock music more.
D.Dylan is a very serious person.
答案　A　[推理判断题。根据第三段和第四段的内容可推知，民俗音乐曲与摇滚乐形成对比，反映了真实的生活。]
11.From Dylan’s writing，we know he cares more about ________.
A.music B.his voice
C.politics D.change
答案　C　[细节理解题。根据第四段第二句“His lyrics were often about great political issues，such as the Civil Rights Movement”可知，Dylan的作品大多关乎政治事件，因此，Dylan很关心政治。]
12.According to Sara Danius，________.
A.Dylan is worth the prize
B.Sappho should get the prize
C.the Academy is worth the prize
D.Homer should win the prize
答案　A　[推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段的整体内容可推知，Sara Danius认为Dylan获得诺贝尔奖是实至名归。]

科普说明类阅读的取材与当前科学技术等方面的发展密切相关。此类文章将知识、科学、人文融为一体。
要想做好科普说明类阅读理解试题，考生在平时要做到三多：多读科普类读物，多了解科学知识和多积累常见的科普词汇。
课 堂 限 时 练
(限时：21分钟)
A
Wouldn’t it be wonderful to travel to a foreign country without having to worry about the headache of communicating in a different language?
In a recent article from The Wall Street Journal，technology policy expert Alec Ross argued that，within a decade or so，we’ll be able to communicate with one another via small earpieces with built－in microphones.That’s because technological progress is extremely rapid.It’s only a matter of time.Indeed，some parents are so convinced that this technology is imminent that they’re wondering if their kids should even learn a second language.
It’s true that an increase in the quantity and accuracy of the data loaded into computers will make them cleverer at translating“No es bueno dormir mucho”as“It’s not good to sleep too much”.Replacing a word with its equivalent(对应词)in the target language is actually the“easy part”of a translator’s job.But even this seems to be a discouraging task for computers.
It’s so difficult for computers because translation doesn’t—or shouldn’t—involve simply translating words，sentences or paragraphs.Rather，it’s about translating meaning.And in order to infer meaning from a specific expression，humans have to interpret a mass of information at the same time.
Think about all the related clues that go into understanding an expression：volume，gesture，situation，and even your culture.All are likely to convey as much meaning as the words you use.
Therefore，we should be very skeptical of a machine that is unable to interpret the world around us.If people from different cultures can offend each other without realizing it，how can we expect a machine to do better？Unless engineers actually find a way to breathe a soul into a computer，undoubtedly when it comes to conveying and interpreting meaning using a natural language，a machine will never fully take our place.
【语篇解读】　技术专家说随着技术的进步，即时翻译机器将在十年左右在市场上出现。但是，由于翻译包括很多方面，因此电脑翻译不会精确，也不会完全取代人类的翻译。
1.What does the underlined word“imminent”in Paragraph 2 probably mean?
A.Ready. B.Approaching.
C.Helpful. D.Advanced.
答案　B　[词义猜测题。根据画线词所在句的前一句“It’s only a matter of time”并结合第二段的第一句可知，这种产品在十年左右会在市场上出现，再结合画线词后的“that they’re wondering if their kids should even learn a second language”可以判断，这种产品即将出现，家长们在考虑他们的孩子是否要学习一门外语。据此可知，画线词意为“即将发生的，临近的”，故B项正确。]
2.Why is it hard for computers to replace a word with its equivalent?
A.Their data is not adequate enough.
B.The real meaning of words can vary.
C.Their accuracy needs big improvement.
D.A soul hasn’t been breathed in them.
答案　B　[细节理解题。根据第四段的“It’s so difficult for computers because translation doesn’t—or shouldn’t... paragraphs”并结合第五段的内容可知，由于一个词的意思可能有很多，电脑难以用某个对应词代替这个词，故B项正确。]
3.What view does the author hold about translation?
A.Proper translation can be tough for humans.
B.Slight distinctions matter little in translation.
C.Some machines will interpret our world properly.
D.Cultures deserve more attention than words used.
答案　A　[推理判断题。根据最后一段的“If people from different cultures can offend each other without realizing it，how can we expect a machine to do better”可知，来自不同文化背景的人会互相冒犯却没有意识到；据此可以判断，由于文化背景不同，正确的翻译对于人来讲是很困难的，故A项正确。]
4.What is the best title for the text?
A.An Expert’s Precise Prediction
B.The Complexity of Translation
C.Who Will Be a Better Translator
D.Will Language Barrier Actually Fall
答案　D　[标题归纳题。通读全文可知，本文主要介绍了未来的一种即时翻译机器，但是同时提出由于语言中有许多对应词，这种机器无法精确翻译，另外因为文化背景的不同，有时人们自己也无法精确地翻译。据此可以判断，作者旨在说明在将来能否消除语言障碍，故D项最适合作本文标题。]
B
(2017·嘉兴质量检测)
Crossing your legs is an extremely common habit；most people don’t even notice that they’re doing it when they sit down.While you may find it comfortable to sit with one knee crossed over the other，it might be causing health problems that you are not aware of.
A study published in Blood Pressure Monitoring stated that sitting with your legs crossed can increase your blood pressure.The reason for this is that the blood in your legs has to work against gravity to be pumped back to your heart and that crossing one leg over the other increases resistance，making it even harder for the blood to circulate.This causes your body to increase your blood pressure to push the blood back to the heart.You won’t feel any immediate effects，but repeated，drawn－out increases in blood pressure can cause long－term health issues.So，planning to sit for a long period of time，don’t keep your legs crossed.
Crossing your legs at the knee can also cause pressure on the major nerve in your leg that passes just below your knee and along the outside of your leg，explains Richard Graves，a medical expert.This pressure can cause numbness and temporary paralysis (麻痹) of some of the muscles in your foot and leg，preventing you from being able to raise your ankle—what we know as that “pins and needles” sensation. While the feeling of discomfort may only last a minute or two，repeatedly crossing your legs until they feel numb can cause permanent nerve damage.
So next time you sit down，try to get yourself in the habit of sitting with both of your feet on the floor.Not only will it help your posture and stability，but it will also save your health in the long run.
【语篇解读】　本文是科普小品文。短文告诉我们，翘二郎腿是人们常见的一个习惯性的动作，殊不知，这一习惯会导致很多健康问题。
5.What can we learn about crossing one’s legs?
A.It is a very bad social habit.
B.It is usually practiced deliberately.
C.It can do harm to people’s health.
D.It can make others feel uncomfortable.
答案　C　[细节理解题。由第一段末句中“...it might be causing health problems that you are not aware of.”可知答案为C。]
6.According to the study，sitting with your legs crossed can ________.
A.affect your blood pressure
B.resist gravity effectively
C.lead to heart attacks easily
D.improve the function of legs
答案　A　[推理判断题。根据第二段首句中“increase your blood pressure”这一信息可知答案非A莫属。]
7.In the third paragraph“pins and needles”probably means ________.
A.slight sharp pains
B.being a little nervous
C.serious muscle injuries
D.being highly flexible
答案　A　[词义猜测题。由所在句开头的“cause numbness and temporary paralysis”及下一句“the feeling of discomfort”，再结合pin(大头针)和needle(针)的词义，可知该短语意为“轻微的刺痛”。故选A。]
8.What is the main purpose of the text?
A.To compare common habits.
B.To give readers some advice.
C.To evaluate effects of an experiment.
D.To introduce research methods.
答案　B　[写作意图题。短文从翘二郎腿这一生活习惯讲起，然后分析了其对健康的危害，最后表明写作目的：建议大家坐下时把双脚平放在地上，这样做从长远看大有裨益。故B项为正确答案。]
C
Scientists have found living organisms trapped in crystals(晶体)that could be 50，000 years old.
The organisms were found in a hot，but beautiful cave system in Naica，Mexico.These ancient life forms can be seen only with a microscope.Penelope Boston，who leads the Astrobiology Institute at NASA，the space agency of the United States，says the ancient microbes were able to live by eating minerals such as iron.
She spoke about the discovery recently at a meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.If the findings are confirmed，they will show how microbes can survive in extreme conditions.Forty different kinds of microbes and some viruses were found in the underground area.The genetic structures of these organisms are 10 percent different from those of their nearest relatives.
The caves in Naica are 800 kilometers deep.They were once used for mining lead.Before the miners began working in the caves，the area was separated from the surface and the outside world.Some of the caves are as big as the large religious centers built during Europe’s Middle Ages.There are crystals covering the walls.The caves are so hot that scientists must wear special clothing to keep cool.The clothing keeps the crystals safe from human germs(病菌)or other damage.Boston said the researchers could only work for about 20 minutes at a time before they had to go to a room that was 38 degrees Celsius to cool down.
NASA officials would not let Boston share her findings with scientific experts before last week’s announcement.So scientists could not say much about the findings.But Norine Noonan，a biologist with the University of South Florida，said she believed them.“Why are we surprised？”Noonan asked.“As a biologist，I would say life on Earth is extremely tough and extremely colorful.”
Boston is also studying microbes commonly found inside caves in other countries，such as Ukraine and the United States.These microbes appear to be impossible to kill.Boston said they show how difficult life on Earth can be.
【语篇解读】　本文是科普说明文。科学家们在墨西哥的洞穴中发现了存在于晶体中的微生物。这种只有在显微镜下才能看得见的微生物已存活了50 000年。
9.The existence of the ancient microbes relies on ________.
A.surrounding insects B.diverse plants
C.eating minerals D.absorbing air
答案　C　[细节理解题。由第二段 “the ancient microbes were able to live by eating minerals such as iron”可知C项正确。]
10.What can we infer about the caves in Naica from the passage?
A.The temperature in the caves is quite low.
B.The caves have been explored since they were formed.
C.The walls are covered by crystals.
D.The environment in the caves is difficult to adapt to.
答案　D　[推理判断题。根据第四段“The caves are so hot that scientists must wear special clothing to keep cool.”和“the researchers could only work for about 20 minutes at a time”可推知，洞穴内的环境很糟糕，不适合进入。故正确答案为D。]
11.What is the biologist Norine Noonan’s attitude towards the findings?
A.Neutral. B.Positive.
C.Doubtful. D.Indifferent.
答案　B　[观点态度题。根据倒数第二段 “she believed them”和她的话“Why are we surprised？”以及“life on Earth is extremely tough and extremely colorful”可推知，Norine Noonan对这个发现的态度是肯定的，故B项正确。]
12.What’s the main idea of the passage?
A.Living organisms bring hope to scientific research.
B.Scientists discover 50，000－year－old“super life”in Mexico.
C.Microbes show great power to survive in terrible conditions.
D.Caves provide living environment for living organisms.
答案　B　[主旨大意题。短文第一段由“Scientists have found living organisms trapped in crystals(晶体)that could be 50，000 years old.”引入，接下来的段落都围绕这个生物体和研究发现展开描述，故B项正确。]

“人与自然和谐发展”是时代的主题，生态环保的话题也越来越多地出现在新试题中。
解题策略：
1.读首句：生态环保类文章段落清楚，先读懂每段的首句以确保清楚文章的主要脉络。
2.读题目：读题目来确认每题所在的段落。
3.回查文章：找到所在段落后细读文章来确定答案。
课 堂 限 时 练
(限时：21分钟)
A
(2017·浙江省四校联考)
Famous people have a lot of influence on cultural trends，like it or not.When Amal Clooney wears a Stella McCarney dress，sales go way up.However，one trend that seems harmless—but is actually damaging—is the pressure on stars to have their photos taken with rare animals.
Famous people who are asked to have photos taken with wild animals for a magazine spread or who do so while on vacation always have good intentions and even love animals.This makes them easy targets for the often greedy amusement parks and fake animal centers.These businesspeople love the thought of sharing pictures of a star hugging a baby tiger or a whale.Kind people are naturally drawn to places that claim to offer rare animals safety and are eager to see elephants paint，to hug baby bear or to swim with dolphins.However，it has shown that many of these businessmen are breeders，dealers or exhibitors that are using Hollywood’s goodwill for their own ends.
At the recently closed Tiger Temple in Thailand，40 dead tiger cubs(幼崽) were found in a freezer，secretly killed to make tiger wine and other folk medicine for sale on the black market.But it isn’t just the“tiger temples”that are being closed down.The number of tourist traps using word like“rescue”in their names has increased greatly in recent years.
Many businessmen continually breed the animals just so they’ll have a constant supply of young animals in order to charge money for photos to people.Of course the babies are cute but they grow fast，and within a few weeks they are too big to handle.They’ll spend the rest of their lives，sometimes decades，in small and empty cages—or even be killed.
In some Asian countries，elephants are kept in camps.A few camps are working to help elephants in trouble，but the vast majority are not，and training methods are cruel.As soon as the cameras are gone after someone like Prince William takes a photo with an elephant，the chains go back on.
Fans，tell the stars：Stay away from rare animal photos，and the animals will be grateful.Of course，you don’t have to be famous to make a difference.Whether right here at home or at a place abroad，every one of us must fight the temptation to take a photo with an elephant or hug a baby tiger.
【语篇解读】　本文的主要目的是想要唤起我们保护稀有动物的意识，并且告诉人们，特别是明星：远离稀有动物，不要再和它们合照，这样它们将感激不尽。
1.The author intends to make an appeal that ________.
A.all people including stars should refuse to take photos with rare animals
B.measures should be taken to protect the rare animals
C.bans should be issued to limit celebrities’ behavior
D.warns of wild animals should be given to the public
答案　A　[写作意图题。通读全文，特别是最后一段谈到了本文的写作意图：Fans，tell the stars: Stay away from rare animal photos，and the animals will be grateful，由此可判断出，本文的写作意图是呼吁包括明星在内的所有人不要再和稀有动物合照。故选A。]
2.It can be inferred that ________.
A.tiger wine and folk medicine made from tiger babies are sold in the supermarket
B.most of the elephants in Asia are treated well in camps
C.people are attracted to amusement parks and fake animal centers where celebrities share photos
D.when the baby animals that take photos with tourists grow up，they will be set free
答案　C　[推理判断题。根据第二段可知，一些贪婪的商人把人们吸引到有名人和稀有动物合照的游乐场和虚假动物中心，以获得高额利润。故选C。]
3.Businessmen use the following tricks to make profits EXCEPT ________.
A.in the name of rescuing rare animals
B.take advantage of famous people to take photos with animals
C.claim to offer rare animals safety
D.protection of rare animals
答案　D　[细节理解题。根据三、四、五段可知，这些贪婪的商人打着拯救稀有动物的旗号，利用名人和稀有动物的合照以及宣称给稀有动物提供安全的生存环境来谋取高额利润，但他们并没有真正保护这些稀有动物。]
4.Which of the following do you think is the best title?
A.Tell stars to stop!
B.Be careful when sharing photos on media!
C.No sale，no killing!
D.Rescue the endangered animals!
答案　A　[标题归纳题。根据最后一段中的总结性的句子Fans，tell the stars：Stay away from rare animal photos，and the animals will be grateful可知，告诉明星们不要再与动物合照，作为本文标题合适，故选A。]
B
Twenty years ago，Sitesh Ranjan Deb was on a routine hunt for wild pigs in northeastern Bangladesh.He never thought it would change his life forever.
Walking through the forest with his gun，Mr.Deb was tracking crop－destroying wild pigs after complaints from local farmers.But as he advanced towards his target，Mr.Deb stepped on a bear.The bear awoke and attacked him，and its claws tore through his face.Instinctively，he shot the bear and it fell down dead.
“As a result of the bear attack，I lost my right eye，most of my nose and several teeth.My tongue was also torn apart，” he said.
But the near－death experience also changed the hunter forever.“For me it was a new start life.I wanted to do something meaningful.So I decided to use the opportunity to protect wild animals rather than hunt them.”said Mr.Deb.
Villagers today will inform him when any animal or rare bird strays(误入) into their area from the nearby forest.Sometimes they bring injured animals for him to nurse at his rescue center and then，if possible，release back into the wild.In the past 20 years，he has set free thousands of wild animals and birds back into the forest.
Those animals and birds which cannot be released end up staying in his rescue center close to his home.“I can’t set all the animals free—some are too old and others are seriously injured.Besides，the forests around this area are no longer large enough to support them.”he says.“The black bear came to me as a cub(幼崽) and it was raised here.Now，it doesn’t know how to hunt.So it will not get enough food in the forest and it can be easily hunted by poachers(偷猎者).”
The rescue center is home to a bear，a rare albino(白化病)fishing cat，rock pythons，gibbons，monkeys，spotted deer，vultures and various types of wild birds.The animals are inside cages but are kept in clean conditions and are regularly fed.
Mr.Deb runs the center with his own money and occasional financial help from well－wishers.The mini－zoo also attracts hundreds of local tourists who pay a small entry fee.
【语篇解读】　本文是记叙文。Mr.Deb是孟加拉国的一名猎人，专门猎杀破坏庄稼的野猪。一次遭遇熊的经历彻底改变了他的生活。他从此不再猎杀野猪，而是终生致力于保护野生动物。
5.Mr.Deb hunted for wild pigs because ________.
A.wild pigs sold well on the market
B.wild pigs could be kept as pets
C.wild pigs ruined farmers’ crops
D.Mr.Deb needed animals for his min－zoo
答案　C　[细节理解题。由第二段首句“...was tracing crop－destroying wild pigs after complaints from local farmers.”可知答案为C。]
6.What was the bear doing when Mr.Deb stepped on it?
A.It was sleeping. B.It was eating pigs.
C.It was drinking. D.It was fighting.
答案　A　[推理判断题。根据第二段“The bear awoke and attacked him...”可知，Mr.Deb一脚将熊踩醒了。故答案为A。]
7.Which of the following is the result of the bear attack？A.Mr.Deb is lame in his right leg.
B.Mr.Deb lost his right eye.
C.Mr.Deb can’t make a sound.
D.Mr.Deb is deaf in both ears.
答案　B　[细节理解题。由第三段“As a result of the bear attack, I lost my right eye...”可知B项正确。]
8.Wild animals are kept in his rescue center for the following reasons EXCEPT ________.
A.serious injury B.old age
C.lack of hunting ability D.good appearance
答案　D　[推理判断题。由倒数第三段中的“too old”、“seriously injured”、“It doesn’t know how to hunt”可知，留在救护中心的动物要么年老体衰，要么伤势严重，不能猎食。故答案选D。]
C
(2017·杭州二中测试)
Food production does great harm to our environment.There are many procedures involved in the manufacture of food that result in greenhouse gases and other pollutants.Some procedures require the consumption of large amounts of fossil fuels，such as the transportation and storage of food products.Other factors that cause great damage to our environment include the overuse of fresh water.
The production of beef is more damaging to the environment than that of any other food we consume.Raising large numbers of cattle requires the production of large amounts of food for the animals.It’s estimated that producing one pound of beef requires seven pounds of feed.
Land use is also a problem.If the cattle are free－range cattle，large areas of land are required for them to live on.This has led to disastrous forest cutting and the loss of rare plants and animal species，particularly in tropical rain forests in Central and South America.
Another problem specific to beef production is methane emissions (甲烷排放).Although many people are aware of the damaging effects of carbon dioxide，they don’t realize methane’s global warming potential is 25 times worse，making it a more dire problem.
Unfortunately，beef consumption is growing rapidly.This is the result of simple supply and demand factors.Specifically，there are two main causes of demand that are encouraging the production of more supply.First，the increase in the world population means there are more people to consume meat.The second factor is socioeconomic advancement.As citizens in developing nations become financially stable，they can afford to buy more meat.
Therefore，one way to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions is for people around the world to significantly cut down the amount of beef they eat.
【语篇解读】　本文是议论文。短文从牛肉的生产过程，喂养牛大量消耗食物、食物消化过程中又要产生大量甲烷释放到大气中，从而危害环境等方面加以阐述。作者呼吁人们减少牛肉消耗，以达到保护环境的目的。
9.Which of the following is TRUE?
A.Raising free－range cattle is eco－friendly.
B.People cut down trees for animal habitats.
C.Producing beef can damage the environment.
D.Carbon dioxide causes far more harm than methane.
答案　C　[推理判断题。根据第二段“The production of beef is more damaging to the environment than that of any other food we consume.”一句可知答案为C。]
10.The underlined word“dire”in Para.4 means________.
A.urgent B.common
C.typical D.avoidable
答案　A　[词义猜测题。由第三段可知，牛体内的某些微生物在进行所谓的甲烷生成过程中会产生大量的甲烷，而甲烷的危害是我们已知的二氧化碳危害的25倍还多，因此这个问题应该更迫切需要大家的关注。故答案为A。]
11.Beef production is growing rapidly because________.
A.more people are in demand of beef
B.developing countries raise more cattle
C.more land is available to raise cattle
D.the cost of raising cattle is relatively low
答案　A　[细节理解题。由第五段“This is the result of simple supply and demand factors.”一句可知答案为A。]
12.The author writes this article to________.
A.describe the booming of the beef production
B.emphasize the advantages of beef production
C.condemn the deforestation of the rainforest
D.argue for a decrease in beef consumption
答案　D　[写作意图题。最后一段总结全文，表明了本文的写作目的。由“cut down the amount of beef people eat”可知，作者呼吁人们减少牛肉的食用量，从而减少对环境的破坏。因此答案为D。]

社会生活类阅读文章在高考中的出现频率较高。它涉及人们衣、食、住、行等方面的社会万象、生活经历、饮食与健康、休闲与娱乐等内容。这类文章考生读起来感觉轻松、试题做起来也比较得心应手。读这类文章要特别注意做好事实细节题。
课 堂 限 时 练
(限时：23分钟)
A
(2017·台州高三调研)
Despite being used by 1.34 billion people each year，traveling on the Tube in London can actually be quite lonely.
One citizen，however，is trying to change this.“You get on the Tube and it’s completely silent and it’s weird，”says Jonathan Dunne，who has started a worldwide dialogue after giving out badges (徽章) with the words“Tube chat？”last month，encouraging passengers in London to get talking to one another.“I handed out 500 badges during rush hour in a city of 8 million，expecting most of them to be thrown away，but after about 24 hours it completely snowballed，”he says.Dunne and his“Tube chat”campaign have since been reported by media across the world，seeing TV interviews in Sweden，Brazil and the UK，as well as countless website，newspaper and magazine appearances.
Although Dunne says he’s received mostly positive feedback，not everyone agrees with his idea.Londoner Brian Wilson responded with a campaign of his own，handing out 500 badges with the words“Don’t even think about it”on them.Michael Robinson，24，a student from London，agrees，“Being on the Tube is the only peace and quiet some people get on their journeys to and from work.It doesn’t need to be spoiled by people coming up and chatting to you，”he says.
“People assume that I just walk up and talk to strangers，which I don’t，but it’s been a great way to meet people you would never have normally spoken to，”Dunne says.
So if you ever end up using public transport in the West，why not say hello to the person next to you？Just make sure to check for a badge first.
【语篇解读】　每年乘坐伦敦地铁的乘客众多，可是人们仍然感到孤独；为此Jonathan Dunne发起了一个旨在鼓励乘客相互交谈的运动，此举引起了世界媒体的关注。尽管如此，人们对此仍有不同的态度。
1.How did Dunne encourage London passengers to talk with each other?
A.By putting up posters on the tube.
B.By advocating his idea on the media.
C.By offering passengers special badges.
D.By starting a dialogue with passengers.
答案　C　[细节理解题。根据第二段的“who has started a worldwide dialogue after giving out badges(徽章)with the words‘Tube chat？’”可知，Dunne用给乘客们分发写着“Tube chat？”的徽章来鼓励乘客聊天，故C项正确。]
2.How is Dunne’s campaign getting along?
A.It has caught international attention.
B.It has become a worldwide campaign.
C.Most passengers have refused to accept it.
D.Wilson has made great efforts to promote it.
答案　A　[细节理解题。根据第二段的“‘Tube chat’ campaign have since been reported by media across the world，seeing TV interviews in Sweden，Brazil and the UK，as well as countless website，newspaper and magazine appearances”可知，Dunne和他的“Tube chat”运动引起了世界各种媒体的关注，故A项正确。]
3.According to Michael Robinson，what should tube passengers do?
A.Hand in their feedback in time.
B.Walk up and talk to strangers.
C.Stop using public transport.
D.Enjoy the peace quietly.
答案　D　[细节理解题。根据第三段的“Being on the Tube is the only peace and quiet some people get on their journeys to and from work.It doesn’t need to be spoiled by people coming up and chatting to you”可知，Michael Robinson认为乘伦敦地铁是人们上下班时享受安静的时刻，而不是交谈的时刻，故D项正确。]
4.What can be the best title for the text?
A.Tube Chat or Not
B.Lonely Travel in the London Tube
C.Silence on the Tube
D.Tube Passengers Wearing Badges
答案　A　[标题归纳题。通读全文可知，文章第二段介绍Dunne和他的“Tube chat”运动引起了世界各种媒体的关注；第三段介绍一些人持不同的观点；最后一段建议如果要跟陌生人打招呼，先看看他有没有徽章。据此可以判断，文章主要介绍了人们对于是否在伦敦地铁相互交谈持不同的观点，故A项最能概括文意。]
B
(2017·宁波九校联考)
A new study by the British government has discovered the mental health of the country’s teenage girls has become worse.
The survey，which included 30，000 14－year－old students in 2005 and 2014，showed 37 percent of girls with psychological stress，up from 34 percent in 2005.British boys’ stress level was actually seen to fall over the same time period，from 17 percent to 15 percent.
The report’s authors pointed out the“advent of the social media age”could be a major contributing factor for increased stress among teenage British girls.
“The adolescent years are a time of rapid physical，cognitive (认知的) and emotional development，”Pam Ramsden，a lecturer in psychology at the University of Bradford in the United Kingdom，wrote in a recent blog post.“Teenagers interact with people in order to learn how to become competent(有能力的)adults.In the past，they would engage with parents，teachers and other adults in their community as well as extended family members and friends.Now we can also add social media to that list of social and emotional development.”
Throughout adolescence，girls and boys develop characteristics like confidence and self－control.Since teenage brains have not completely developed，teens don’t have the cognitive awareness and impulse (冲动) control to keep from posting inappropriate content.Furthermore，this content can easily be spread far and wide with disastrous influences.
Social media can also feed into girls’ insecurities about their appearance，Ramsden said.These sites are often filled with images of people with body type unattainable to the normal person.However，these images and the messages tied to them gradually become societal standards.
【语篇解读】　一项新研究发现，英国少女的心理健康状况变得更糟；分析表明，社交媒体时代的到来可能是造成英国少女心理压力加大的主要因素。
5.The statistics in the second paragraph show that ________.
A.more and more children in Britain have mental health problems
B.few girls in Britain suffered from psychological stress in 2005
C.more boys in Britain are suffering from mental pressure now
D.more British girls feel psychologically stressed than boys do now
答案　D　[推理判断题。根据第二段的第一句可知，调查显示，2014年37%的英国少女有心理压力，而2005年只有34%；根据第二段的第二句可知，同期调查显示，英国少男有心理压力的从2005年的17%降到2014年的15%，据此可以判断，英国少女有心理压力的比少男多，故D项正确。]
6.Contrary to traditional ways of interaction，social media ________.
A.helps teenagers develop qualities like confidence and self－control
B.has many negative effects on girls’ characteristic development
C.makes teens aware of potential danger of the inappropriate content
D.teaches girls to care about their appearance to meet societal standards
答案　B　[细节理解题。根据第五段的最后一句“Furthermore，this content can easily be spread far and wide with disastrous influences”和最后一段第一句的“Social media can also feed into girls’ insecurities about their appearance”可知，由于青少年的思想还不成熟，自控能力有限，社交媒体对英国少女的心理健康和她们对外表美丑的判断产生了消极的影响。故B项正确。]
7.The underlined word“advent”in Paragraph 3 can be replaced by“________”.
A.arrival B.end
C.disappearance D.invention
答案　A　[词义猜测题。结合该段内容和下文关于传统交流方式和社交媒体的比较可知，报告的作者指出，“社交媒体时代的到来”可能是造成英国少女心理压力增加的主要因素。据此可知，画线词意为“到来”，故A项正确。]
C
If you’ve ever been to a social gathering，you might feel awkward and uncomfortable.While social gatherings can be very enjoyable，especially when you are surrounded by people whose company you enjoy，there are social events that you sometimes find yourself wishing you were someplace else.Such occasions can sometimes be the cause of much anxiety and self－consciousness.You may even feel like everyone else is having a good time except for you.Yet the truth is that everyone has felt shy and awkward on occasion.One of the best ways to overcome self－consciousness or get past your feelings of shyness at social gatherings is to focus on the people around you.If you can remember that other people might also be feeling awkward or shy，you might find the thought of speaking to them less overwhelming.
The next time there is a social event you feel nervous about attending，you may want to try this exercise：Spend some time with your eyes closed and breathe deeply.When you feel ready，create your own zone of comfort by visualizing yourself surrounded in a warm white light that is protective yet accepting of others.Imagine people at the event being drawn to you because of the open and warm feelings that you are showing.When you arrive at the event，take a moment to spread this same light of loving acceptance to everyone around you.
Smile and greet people warmly.Try going up to someone who is standing alone and introduce yourself.When you show acceptance and openness，people can’t help but respond to you in kind.
Focusing on how we can make other people at a social gathering feel at ease can help us forget about our own insecurities.The next time you attend a social gathering，invite people to join you in your zone of comfort that you have so lovingly and intentionally created.Let yourself enjoy being encircled in the warmth of their friendships.
【语篇解读】　本文是说明文。主要向读者介绍了克服社交恐惧症的方法。
8.In the author’s opinion，people feel awkward at a social gathering because ________.
A.they may feel they are different from others
B.they don’t like the people there
C.they are too proud to talk with others
D.the atmosphere is unpleasant
答案　A　[推理判断题。根据第一段第四句“You may even feel like everyone else is having a good time except for you.”一句可知，患有社交恐惧症的人通常认为别人都不会像他们那样，故正确答案为A。]
9.The underlined word “visualizing” in Paragraph 2 probably means ________.
A.introducing B.imagining
C.persuading D.forcing
答案　B　[词义猜测题。由第二段“Spend some time with your eyes closed and breathe deeply.When you feel ready，create your own zone of comfort by visualizing yourself surrounded in a warm white light that is protective yet accepting of others.Imagine people at the event...”可知，作者建议先闭上眼睛深呼吸，想象一些场景，因此答案为B。]
10.If you feel uncomfortable about attending a social event，the author advises you to ________.
A.invite some friends
B.arrive ahead of time
C.be open and warm to others
D.talk with others nonstop
答案　C　[细节理解题。第三段“Smile and greet people warmly...When you show acceptance and openness，people can’t help but respond to you in kind.”可知，作者建议应主动向别人介绍自己，这样别人也会热情的回应。故答案选C。]
11.What is the text mainly about?
A.How to make a good impression on others.
B.How to make friends with others.
C.How to prepare for a social gathering.
D.How to feel at ease at a social gathering.
答案　D　[主旨大意题。文章主要介绍了如何克服社交恐惧症的方法，故D正确。]
仿 真 模 拟 练
(每组限时22分钟)

A
The State of Rhode Island has become a popular family seaside destination.In addition to beach activities and water sports，kids can participate in supervised activities at cultural centers and tourist attractions around the state.
The Kayak(皮艇) Centre of Rhode Island
The Kayak Centre of Rhode Island offers Oceanplay to kids，a program for children between 9 and 14 years old.The course teaches basic kayak skills and safety protocol(协议) on the waters around historic Wickford Village.The all－day program includes games and skill－building activities at all skill levels.The package includes equipment，instructions and lunch.
The Courthouse Centre for the Arts
The Courthouse Centre for the Arts offers summer camp educational workshops and fine arts programs to kids who want to learn about theatre，dance，classical music and different art mediums.Kids and families can also enjoy concerts，film screenings and theatre performances.
The Providence Children’s Museum
The Providence Children’s Museum hosts daily drop－in programs for kids between 5 and 11 years of age and museum adventure classes.Kids can learn how water moves in the Water Ways exhibit，listen to music and learn about plants in the Children’s Garden exhibit.
The RISD Museum
The RISD Museum hosts family workshops and activities for kids between 5 and 12 years of age on alternating Sunday afternoons.Kids can learn different types of art techniques and work with different mediums in a supervised setting.Families taking a self－guided tour of the museum can see exhibits.
【语篇解读】　本文是应用文。本文主要介绍了罗得岛州适宜孩子们去的几个旅游目的地。
1.What can families do at the Kayak Centre of Rhode Island?
A.Take adventure classes.
B.Take a self－guided tour.
C.Learn theatre performances.
D.Join in skill－building activities.
答案　D　[细节理解题。根据The Kayak (皮艇)Centre of Rhode Island中的“The all－day program includes games and skill－building activities at all skill levels”一句可知D项正确。]
2.What will a child interested in plants probably visit?
A.The Kayak Centre of Rhode Island.
B.The Courthouse Centre for the Arts.
C.The Providence Children’s Museum.
D.The RISD Museum.
答案　C　[细节理解题。根据The Providence Children’s Museum中的“Kids can learn...plants in the Children’s Garden exhibit”一句可知C项正确。]
3.Where does this text probably come from?
A.A tourist guide. B.A science textbook.
C.A museum handbook. D.A news report.
答案　A　[文章出处题。本文主要介绍了罗得岛州适宜孩子们去的几个旅游目的地，故最有可能出自旅行手册。]
B
(2017·浙江三市联考)
Deliberately making a road icy sounds like a method for disaster，but in 16th－century China it helped things run smoothly.Repairs to the Forbidden City in Beijing in 1557 called for huge stones from a quarry(采石场)more than 70 km away.The biggest was the 300－ton“Large Stone Carving.”Such stones were too heavy for any cart，and too fragile for rollers.The builders adopted a wise alternative approach to carry the heavy stone.
They dug a series of wells，spaced a few hundred metres apart，along the route to the quarry.Then，in the depth of winter，when temperatures reached around—4℃，buckets of water were poured on to the dirt track，transforming it into an ice road.
The stone blocks were pushed along the road on wooden sledges(雪橇).Modern engineers have calculated that it would take 1，500 workers to drag a sledge on the dirt road，but only 300 on ice.Ancient texts suggested the ice was made slippery with more water；this reduced the friction further and just 50 men could pull a sledge.This technique only works when the temperature is close to zero，otherwise the film of water freezes too quickly.
The researchers at Princeton University estimated that the blocks could be moved at six metres a minute，and the journey could be completed in 28 days.This would be well before the spring when the ice would melt.
It was once suggested that similar ice－sledges transported Stonehenge stones，but the ground that had a lot of holes and comparatively mild conditions probably rule this out.
【语篇解读】　本文是记叙文。1557年北京故宫修缮时需要从70千米之外采石场搬运巨石。这在当时来说是一件非常困难的事。但聪明的建造者们巧妙地利用冰面摩擦力较小的物理现象解决了这一难题。
4.Why did people dig some wells along the road to the quarry?
A.They wanted to build frozen roads.
B.They wanted to break up large stones.
C.They wanted to make the dirty track clean.
D.They wanted to get a lot of holes on the road.
答案　A　[推理判断题。由第二段内容可知，工匠们在搬运石头的途中挖了许多眼井，是为了利用水形成冰冻的路面。故答案为A。]
5.What did people do to reduce the friction?
A.They made stone blocks much smaller.
B.They poured more water on the ice road.
C.They waited until the temperature was very low.
D.They asked more than 1，500 workers to clean the dirty road.
答案　B　[细节理解题。根据第三段“...the ice was made slippery with more water，this reduced the friction further and just 50 men could pull a sledge.”可知，为了减少摩擦力，他们往结冰的路面上泼了更多的水。因此答案选B。]
6.How did the researchers at Princeton University think of Stonehenge stones?
A.They were not likely to be carried on the icy road.
B.They had a longer history than stones in Beijing.
C.They were carried for over twenty－eight days.
D.They were broken up in the depth of winter.
答案　A　[推理判断题。由最后一段“...but the ground that had a lot of holes and comparatively mild conditions probably rule this out.”可知，巨石阵所在地相对温和的气候及地面多洞的事实排除了利用冰滑路面搬运巨石的可能性。故答案A。]
7.What does the author intend to tell us in the text?
A.Making a road slippery on purpose may be a bad idea.
B.The mild weather helped to carry Stonehenge stones.
C.Stonehenge stones were too heavy to carry.
D.Ancient Chinese transported huge stones wisely
答案　D　[主旨大意题。纵观全文可知，短文主要讲的是，中国聪明的工匠们利用冰冻路面解决了搬运巨石的难题。故答案选D。另外，由第一段末句的主题句也能得出答案。]
C
(2017·杭州四校联考)
The Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco，California is one of the world’s most beautiful bridges.It is also one of the most visited places in the world.More than 1，800 hundred million vehicles have used the bridge since it opened more than 70 years ago.
The bridge was painted “International Orange” because that color went well with the natural surroundings.The color also is easier to see in the heavy fog that often covers the area.But the Golden Gate Bridge was not named for its orange color.It was named for the body of water that it crosses，the Golden Gate Strait，which is the entrance to the San Francisco Bay from the Pacific Ocean.
Planning for the bridge began in the 1920s when the area around San Francisco was growing.People living in the area needed another way to get to the city besides small ferries.Joseph Strauss was the chief engineer for the project.Work began in 1934.Mr.Strauss demanded the strongest safety protections in the history of bridge building.These included the first use of“hard hats”to protect the workers’ heads and special glasses to protect their eyes.A special safety net was suspended under the bridge.This net saved the lives of 19 men during the construction.
The Golden Gate Bridge opened in 1937.It extends 1，280 meters across the water.The total length is 2，737 meters.It was the largest suspension bridge(吊桥) in the world until 1964.That is when the Verrazano Narrows Bridge opened in New York City.Today，the Golden Gate Bridge is the ninth longest suspension bridge in the world.
【语篇解读】　本文主要介绍的是美国旧金山市的金门桥，它是世界最著名的桥梁之一。金门桥于1937年完工，在1964年以前是世界上最长的吊桥。
8.What was the Golden Gate Bridge named after?
A.The Strait it crosses.
B.The color of paint.
C.The local climate.
D.Its natural surroundings.
答案　A　[细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句话可知，金门桥得名于它所跨越的金门海峡。]
9.Why was a special safety net suspended under the bridge?
A.Because it can protect the environment，
B.Because it can prevent workers from falling.
C.Because it can make construction easier.
D.Because it can save building materials from falling.
答案　B　[推理判断题。根据第三段最后两句话可知，建金门桥时，桥下悬挂着一张特制的安全网，目的是阻止建筑工人坠落。故选B。]
10.What do we know about Joseph Strauss?
A.He built the first suspension bridge in the world.
B.His safety measures were not of practical value.
C.He attached importance to the workers’safety.
D.He demanded strong measures to ensure the safety of the bridge.
答案　C　[推理判断题。根据第三段中的“Mr.Strauss demanded the strongest safety protections in the history of bridge building”可知，负责修金门桥的工程师Joseph Strauss非常注重保护建筑工人的安全。故选C。]

A
(2017·杭州地区四校联考)
Rhubarb loved everyone and every dog.Whenever someone came to the house，she was always happy.We had an older Samoyed named Willie，and Rhubarb got along well with him.She wanted to play，but was very respectful of Willie and left him alone when he was tired and needed to rest.Willie was not well and died about a year later，but I believe Rhubarb’s interaction helped him keep going for longer than if he had been alone.
But the interesting thing about Rhubarb was that she never barked.She would sometimes get excited when she saw a mouse and make a little crying sound.One hot night when she was about 4 years old，we went to bed with the windows open and the doors unlocked.At about 3 a.m.，I woke up to the sound of Rhubarb barking and growling.I woke Donald and we got out of bed.
Rhubarb was coming toward us with her hackles(颈背毛) up.We turned on the lights and noticed the door to the kitchen was open.Then we saw the door leading into the house from the garage was also open.We quickly locked all the doors，and we did not get any sleep that night.
The next day I called the police to report a break－in.I told them nothing had been taken，but they sent a police officer over to talk with us anyway.While he was here，we found out several local homes had been burglarized over the weekend.Most people had their wallets and purses stolen.
My purse was right next to the door，but Rhubarb had scared the robber away before he or she could steal it.When the police officer left，he said we should keep our doors locked and reward Rhubarb with a big steak dinner.
Rhubarb lived to be almost 12，but that night was the only time she barked in her entire life.Fortunately，she never saw the need to warn us of any other danger.We loved her like a member of the family and still miss our sweet dog.
【语篇解读】　本文为记叙文。Rhubarb是一只很友好但却不会叫的狗。让人诧异的是小偷“光顾”时，它有生以来第一次吠叫，并且吓跑了小偷。
1.What can we learn from the first paragraph?
A.Willie was good at communicating.
B.Rhubarb and Willie fought at times.
C.Willie was alone before his death.
D.Rhubarb helped Willie live longer.
答案　D　[细节理解题。根据第一段“Willie was not well and died about a year later，but I believe Rhubarb’s interaction helped him keep going for longer than if he had been alone.”一句可知，Rhubarb帮助Willie活了更长时间。]
2.Why did Rhubarb bark on a hot night?
A.She got scared.
B.A thief broke into the house.
C.She saw a mouse.
D.The doors were unlocked.
答案　B　[推理判断题。由第四段“I called the police to report a break－in”以及第五段“My purse was right next to the door，but Rhubarb had scared the robber away before he or she could steal it”可知，Rhubarb叫的原因是有小偷潜入。]
3.Which of the following words can be best used to describe Rhubarb?
A.Smart but fierce. B.Brave and flexible.
C.Friendly and alert. D.Gentle but clumsy.
答案　C　[推理判断题。根据第一段“Rhubarb loved everyone and every dog.Whenever someone came to the house，she was always happy”可知，Rhubarb很友好；再由下文Rhubarb把潜入家里的小偷吓跑的内容可知，Rhubarb很警觉。故选C项。]
4.What made the author feel fortunate?
A.Rhubarb scared the robber away.
B.She had such a family member as Rhubarb.
C.Rhubarb barked once in her entire life.
D.There was no need for Rhubarb to bark.
答案　D　[推理判断题。由最后一段“Fortunately，she never saw the need to warn us of any other danger”一句可知，作者之所以感到幸运是因为自那以后，Rhubarb再也没有遇到需要它叫的任何其他危险的情况了。故选D项。]
B
We can achieve knowledge either actively or passively.We achieve it actively by direct experience，by testing and proving an idea，or by reasoning.
We achieve knowledge passively by being told by someone else.Most of the learning that takes place in the classroom and the kind that happens when we watch TV or read newspapers or magazines is passive.Conditioned as we are to passive learning，it’s not surprising that we depend on it in our everyday communication with friends and co－workers.
Unfortunately，passive learning has a serious problem.It makes us tend to accept what we are told even when it is little more than hearsay(传闻) and rumor.
Did you ever play the game Rumor？It begins when one person writes down a message but doesn’t show it to anyone.Then the person whispers it，word for word，to another person.That person，in turn，whispers it to still another，and so on，through all the people playing the game.The last person writes down the message word for word as he or she hears it.Then the two written statements are compared.Typically，the original message has changed.
That’s what happens in daily life.The simple fact that people repeat a story in their own words changes the story.Then，too，most people listen imperfectly.And many enjoy adding their own creative touch to a story，trying to improve on it，stamping it with their own personal style.Yet those who hear it think they know.
This process is also found among scholars and authors: A statement of opinion by one writer may be restated as fact by another，who may in turn be quoted by yet another; and this process may continue，unless it occurs to someone to question the facts on which the original writer based his opinion or to challenge the interpretation he placed upon those facts.
【语篇解读】　本文主要谈论的是积极学习和消极学习。作者用实例说明了消极学习是不可靠的。
5.What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 2 refer to?
A.classroom B.newspapers
C.active learning D.passive learning
答案　D　[代词指代题。根据前面的“Conditioned as we are to passive learning”可知，此处it指代的是“消极学习”。故选D。]
6.The game Rumor is mentioned in Paragraph 4 in order to tell readers that ________.
A.playing games can make people more active
B.people tend to like telling lies when playing games
C.a message may be changed when being passed on
D.people may have problems with their sense of hearing
答案　C　[推理判断题。根据第四段对Rumor游戏的介绍可知，一个人写下信息，然后口述给另外一个人，再依次口述下去，最后所传达的内容被完全改变了。故选C。]
7.What can be inferred from the text?
A.Scholars and authors can’t be trusted.
B.Passive learning may not be reliable.
C.People like spreading rumors in daily life.
D.Active learning is more important than passive learning.
答案　B　[推理判断题。根据作者所举的例子可知，消极学习会改变说话者原来想要表达的意思，所以消极学习是不可靠的。故选B。]
C
(2017·温州十校联考)
When Columbus“sailed the ocean blue in 1492”he wasn’t looking for America，he was searching for a route from Spain to China；America just got in the way.
The Spanish were after the riches of Asia：silk，dates，spices.Until later adventurers discovered how to sail to the Far East，trade with China depended on the Silk Road.The trade between China and Europe brought huge wealth，so the Spanish had a strong desire to find a new way to the East.Eventually a way appeared；as sea traffic developed from the 17th century onwards，the overland route diminished.
Now China is seeking to revive(复兴)the Silk Road and is preparing to invest 4 trillion pounds in new roads，rail links，oil pipelines and other basic facilities.It is hoped that goods can be shipped westwards by land far more quickly and economically than by sea.
But the plan is also to attract more tourists.Actually，China does pretty well for tourists already；it’s the world’s fourth most visited country.Two cities—Beijing and Shanghai—possess the tourism business，with significant interest in destinations such as Xi’an and Chengdu.While Beijing is modern，cities such as Lanzhou and Dunhuang have one foot planted firmly in old China.
Other places featured include Xi’an，the former capital of China，where you can come face to face with the Terracotta Army built to protect China’s first emperor in the afterlife.From Lanzhou tour members take the train to Jiayuguan，China’s western gateway and a key location on the Silk Road.
There is also a four－day coach journey along the original Silk Route through the Xinjiang region to Kashgar.Along the way，at Kurla，you can visit the ruins of the Iron Fortress.
【语篇解读】　本文是说明文。主要向读者介绍了中国政府复兴丝绸之路的计划和举措。
8.What does the underlined word “diminished” in Paragraph 2 mean?
A.Discovered. B.Disappeared.
C.Disturbed. D.Displayed.
答案　B　[词义猜测题。由前一分句可知，从17世纪开始，海上交通就发展起来了，再结合下一段“Now China is seeking to revive(复兴)the Silk Road...”一句可知，中国正在复兴丝绸之路。由此可以推断陆路交通削弱甚至消失了。因此答案选B。]
9.What is the purpose of reviving the Silk Road?
A.To rebuild the ruins of the Iron Fortress.
B.To construct new roads and other basic structures.
C.To make transportation westwards faster and cheaper.
D.To draw more inland tourists’ attention to the western gateway.
答案　C　[细节理解题。根据第三段末句，尤其是“far more quickly and economically”这些信息词可知，经由陆路将货物运输到西方比海上更加快捷、更加便宜。故答案选C。]
10.What can we learn about the Silk Road?
A.It is nothing but a trade route.
B.It may destroy some cities’ ancient style.
C.It attracts foreign investment of ￡4 trillion.
D.It promotes the tourism industry of China.
答案　D　[推理判断题。根据第四段开头两句可知，中国复兴丝绸之路的计划会吸引更多的游客。据此可以推断丝绸之路促进了旅游业的发展。因此答案为D。]

A
Wu celebrates birthday with return to music career
Chinese－Canadian singer－actor Wu Yifan，known to his fans as Kris Wu，has released a documentary(纪录片) that goes backstage at his 26th birthday party.
The documentary S.A.U.C.E was recorded at his fans meeting party，held earlier this month in Shanghai to celebrate Wu’s birthday.
The party was streamed live online，and has attracted over 16 million views.
Composed of five sections，Stage，Attitude，Urban，Crossover and Encore，the documentary features Wu’s latest single，July，a hip－hop English track，which was written and co－produced by Wu.
The single also marks Wu’s return to music after starring in big selling movies，including Mr.six by director Feng Xiaogang and The Mermaid by director Stephen Chow.
Born in Guangzhou，Guangdong province，Wu immigrated(移民) to Vancouver at ten years old with his mother.
He started his music career with South Korean－Chinese boy group，EXO.
In 2014，he launched his solo career，which has ranged from music and movies to the fashion industries.
After making his first appearance on the runway for Burberry men’s collections in London，Wu was selected as the British luxury brand’s first non－British ambassador.
【语篇解读】　本文主要讲述的是加拿大籍华人歌手吴亦凡。他举办了庆祝自己26岁生日的粉丝见面会，并回归音乐生涯。
1.What can we know about Wu Yifan according to the passage?
A.Wu has released a documentary that goes backstage at his 16th birthday party.
B.Wu immigrated to Canada at ten years old with his father.
C.Wu played an important part in producing his latest single，July.
D.Wu was selected as the British luxury brand’s last non－British ambassador
答案　C　[细节理解题。根据第四段中的“...Wu’s latest single，July...which was written and co－produced by Wu”可知，吴亦凡在他的最新单曲“七月”中起了非常重要的作用。故选C。]
2.Which of the following can replace the underlined word“stream” in Paragraph 3?
A.perform B.broadcast
C.hold D.celebrate
答案　B　[词义猜测题。根据上下文可知，这句话的意思是：这场粉丝见面会在网上直播，吸引了1 600多万人观看。由此可判断出画线单词的意思是“播放”。故选B。]
3.What can we infer about Wu’s career?
A.Wu started his music career with South Korean boy group EXO.
B.Wu left EXO and began his own career in music，movies and the fashion industries.
C.Wu has been singing since he started his music career.
D.Wu returned to music before he released his latest single.
答案　B　[推理判断题。根据倒数第二、三段可知，吴亦凡离开了EXO乐队，在音乐、电影和时尚产业上开始自己的职业生涯。故选B。]
B
(2017·温州十校联考)
Life in the Internet age is lonely—or is it？That’s what experts in human interaction are debating after a new Stanford University survey has been published.
According to the study，the more time people spend online，the less they can spare for real－life relationships with family and friends.The researchers asked 113 people about the Web’s influence on daily activities.36% of those people are online for more than five hours a week.“As Internet use becomes more widespread，it will have an increasingly isolating (孤立的) effect on society，”says Robert Kraut，one of the researchers.
Scholars and Web lovers criticized the study for stretching its data to make the“isolating”point.While 13% of regular Web users admitted the loss of time with loved ones，60% reported watching less TV.The survey also shows that E－mail is the most popular online activity.If some of webheads (网虫)spend what was once passive TV time keeping company with friends via E－mails，“that’s a move toward greater connectedness，”says Paul Resnick，a professor at the University of Michigan.
This isn’t the first claim that the Web should be criticized.A 1998 report monitored 73 Pittsburgh－area families’ Net use for a year.People who used the Internet more“talked less to family members and reported being lonelier and more depressed.”says Robert Kraut.
“It’s true that there have been big declines in social connectedness over the past decades，but those declines began before the Internet was invented，”says Thomas Putnam.
As Amitay Etzioni says，the Internet gives us a different kind of social life—not better or worse than before，but just different.
【语篇解读】　本文是议论文。讲述的是对于斯坦福大学进行的一项关于网络是否导致“社会孤立效应”的研究以及社会各界对此展开的讨论。
4.Who claimed that the Web had negative influence?
A.Robert Kraut. B.Paul Resnick.
C.Thomas Putnam. D.Amitay Etzioni.
答案　A　[细节理解题。根据第二段中“As Internet use becomes more widespread，it will have an increasingly isolating(孤立的)effect on society，”says Robert Kraut可知答案为A。]
5.The underlined word“This”in Para.4 refers to________.
A.the study conducted by Stanford University
B.the survey made by the University of Michigan
C.the conclusion in a report written in 1998
D.the opinion expressed in Bowling Alone
答案　A　[代词指代题。该句意为“这并不是批评网络(的消极影响)的第一个论断。”This指代的是Stanford University开展的调查研究。可知答案为A。]
6.From the passage we learn that________.
A.watching TV used to take time away from staying online
B.36% of web users spend more than five hours a week online
C.the Web was blamed more than once for causing an isolating effect
D.the Web has the same influence as telephones and televisions
答案　C　[推理判断题。由文章第四段第一句话可知，因为网络使人们之间的联系减少了，有人不止一次针对这一现象进行过调查研究。由此可以推断答案为C。]
7.The passage mainly discusses________.
A.how we can make a better use of the Internet
B.whether the Internet causes an isolating effect
C.how declines in social connectedness appear
D.what a different life the Internet brings to us
答案　B　[主旨大意题。文章以一项调查研究导入话题，展开关于网络是否导致“社会孤立效应”的辩论。故答案为B。]
C
(2017·鲁迅中学质检)
Tipping isn’t a big part of British culture，unlike in North America，where waiters and waitresses are paid below minimum wage.Tips are usually appreciated，but offering a tip of some services can cause confusion.
In casual restaurants，where you pay for your order at a counter but food is brought to your table，tipping is uncommon.You are welcome to leave a pound or two if you wish.In restaurants where you place your order with a waiter or a waitress and receive your food and bill at your table，it’s customary to tip around 10 percent.In some restaurants，a service charge may be added to the bill automatically，typically 10 or 12.5 percent.In this case，you don’t need to add a further tip.When you pay by credit card，the machine may ask if you want to add a tip.Check your bill to see if a service charge has already been added before paying—if so you don’t need to add a tip on the machine.You can request the service charge be removed from your bill if you are unhappy with the service.In some cases a restaurant may print “service not included” on the bill or menu.This is a request for a tip.You’re not forced to offer anything，but 10 percent would be normal in this situation.Tipping in cafes and fast food restaurant is not expected.
If you use a taxi，round the fare up to the nearest pound shown on the meter.On a journey from or to the airport in a booked minicab you might wish to tip 2 or 3 pounds if the driver helps with your bags.
Be sure to check a country’s tipping culture before you start your tip.For more information，visit TripAdvisor.com.
【语篇解读】　本文主要介绍的是在英国文化中如何恰当地给小费的一些常识。
8.When you pay by credit card，________.
A.the service charge can be added on the machine
B.the service charge must have been included in the bill automatically
C.the service charge can’t be refused
D.the service charge needn’t be checked before you pay
答案　A　[细节理解题。根据第二段中的When you pay by credit card，the machine may ask if you want to add a tip.可知，用信用卡付款时，服务费可以加到账单里。故选A。]
9.If the British taxi meter shows 58.4 pounds，you are expected to pay ________.
A.58.4 pounds B.59 pounds
C.61 pounds D.64 pounds
答案　B　[细节理解题。根据第三段第一句话可知，乘坐出租车，给计价器所显示的最接近的整数英镑就可以了。由此可判断出与58.4英镑最接近的整数是59英镑。]
10.What is the best title for the text?
A.Introduction of TripAdvisor.com
B.Occasions for Tipping
C.Advice on Tipping in Restaurants
D.British Ways to Tipping
答案　D　[标题归纳题。通读全文可知，本文主要介绍的是在英国文化中如何给小费的一些常识。故选D。]

A
(2017·丽水高三模拟)
A couple of years ago I graduated from art school.After graduation I was unsure of what to do with my degree.I had majored in Illustration(插图) and loved it，but didn’t really feel interested in doing illustrations for any companies.This left me with few options other than freelance(自由作家) and a nannying(保姆) job.
I spent two years working as a nanny doing freelance illustration on the side.It just wasn’t quite enough to pay rent，but I loved it，so I worked well over 50 hours a week trying to keep up with both.
Just under a year ago I went to a friend’s wedding.I couldn’t think of a gift for them and really didn’t have a lot of money to spare so I used my talents to create a portrait for them.It wasn’t much，and I hoped it would be a good gift.When I handed the portrait to them and they unwrapped it，the looks on their faces were something I did not expect.There were joyful tears in their eyes as they cried，“That’s us！This is so beautiful！”
It’s funny because when I was in art school portraits were always my least favorite assignment.I hated drawing people and was always so much more interested in drawing little furry creatures.Once I saw the looks on my friends’ faces after giving them their portrait it was all over.I suddenly loved portraits and wanted to do more.
I now take portraits to every wedding I go to and have given them as gifts to the families I nannied for.Every time the reaction makes all of the hard work and time I put into them so worth it.
I’ve just started offering couple，family and pet portraits as an item on my shop.
【语篇解读】　本文主要讲述的是作者一次参加朋友婚礼时，送新婚夫妻一幅肖像画作为礼物，他们激动的表情让她喜欢上了创作肖像画。作者现在参加婚礼都带去肖像画，并把它作为自己的一种谋生方式。
1.Why did the author decide to draw a portrait for her friends as a wedding present?
A.Her friends requested her to do so.
B.She thought it was meaningful.
C.She hadn’t enough money available to buy one.
D.She was fond of drawing people best.
答案　C　[细节理解题。根据第三段中的I...really didn’t have a lot of money to spare so I used my talents to create a portrait for them可知，作者为朋友创作肖像画作为新婚礼物是因为作者当时没有钱买礼物。故选C。]
2.How did the customers feel when they received their portrait?
A.Delighted B.Frightened
C.Embarrassed D.Shocked
答案　A　[推理判断题。根据倒数第二段最后一句话Every time the reaction makes all of the hard work and time I put into them so worth it.可推断出，他们收到肖像画都特别开心。故选A。]
3.What may be the best title of the passage?
A.Your major is your future career.
B.I gave a gift and it turned into a career.
C.I sacrificed a lot for my job.
D.You are to do what you desire to do.
答案　B　[标题归纳题。通读全文可知，本文主要讲述的是作者送一个结婚的朋友肖像画时，朋友出乎意料的反应让她喜欢上了创作肖像画，并最终把它变成自己的职业。故B作为标题最佳。]
B
(2017·东阳中学模拟)
Are you addicted to computer games？Do you stay up all night playing them？Do you feel happy after you play computer games?
There’s no doubt that the excitement and appealing of games these days make them hard to put down.We are attracted by the choice when it comes to gaming：You can roleplay—creating your own fantasy characters and stories，giving you a chance to step out of everyday life into an imaginary world.And there are shooting games where you can let out your anger and depression in violent situations where you kill people with guns.You can get excited from the games.
However，can these kinds of games really be fun and can being absorbed in virtual reality be good for us？Should we worry about their effects on our health？Popular games like Grand Theft Auto have been blamed for everything from falling results at school to causing acts of extreme violence.Internet safety advisor，Alan MacKenzie，thinks any people will just understandably think that a game is just a game and not realizing the exact content that’s in there.He gives an example of the violence，which he says is wholly inappropriate for anybody，not to mention children.
Others will argue that gaming is a harmless form of entertainment.There is evidence that playing video games could actually be good for us.Some games like Game of Thrones and World of Warcraft are educational and using games certainly can help children learn good qualities.Studies have also shown that the skills used in playing games can cause growth in certain areas of the brain，the ability to think in 3D and even improve our eyesight.
Video game players are also no longer just simple creatures.For some，gaming is having a positive effect on their social lives with games like Halo and World of Warcraft often being played in groups.When your group works together to win the game，your sense of achievement is higher than when winning by yourself.
So every coin has two sides.It seems today，gaming isn’t just for game fans and if used in a proper way，we can all take part.If video games have two sides，which side do you stand by?
【语篇解读】　本文是议论文，论述了电脑游戏的积极作用和消极作用，并提出应当正确看待电脑游戏，选择有益于自己身心健康的游戏。
4.The writer used a lot of questions at the beginning to ________.
A.lead into the topic of the passage
B.show his worries about the effect on health
C.doubt the advantage of playing computer games
D.ask the reader for their own opinions about games
答案　A　[写作意图题。根据第一段的三个问题以及第二段的内容可知，文章开头用三个问句的目的是引出本文话题：我们该如何看待电脑游戏，故A项正确。]
5.Paragraph 3 mainly tells us that ________.
A.games contain extreme violence
B.the contents of the game are complex
C.gaming is a harmful form of entertainment
D.popular games lead to students’ falling results at school
答案　C　[段落大意题。通读第三段可知，该段的主题句是第一、二句“However，can these kinds...effects on our health？”，结合第四段的第一句“Others will argue that gaming is a harmless form of entertainment”可知，该段主要论述电脑游戏是一种有害的娱乐方式，故C项正确。]
6.According to the passage，which of the following shows computer games’ good influence on social lives?
A.Li Hua learnt many English words from playing games.
B.Han Meimei passed the exam after playing the games.
C.Yang Li let out his anger and depression.
D.Sun Yan worked well with his teammates.
答案　D　[推理判断题。根据第五段的最后一句“When your group works together to win the game，your sense of achievement is higher than when winning by yourself”可知，如果你的团队团结一致并且赢得了游戏，则你的成就感要比独自赢得游戏更强烈；据此可知，通过电脑游戏我们可以培养团队精神。故D项符合题意。]
C
The history of Teachers’ Day traces back to the Han Dynasty (206 BC—220 AD).According to the Han record，during the Han and Jin dynasties，on August 27 each year，the birthday of Confucius，the emperor would go to the Confucius’ temple and pay tribute (敬意) to the ancient philosopher followed by court officials，and would also invite royal teachers to the imperial court for a banquet.On this day，teachers around the nation enjoyed a day’s vacation and were given dried meat as gifts.
The capital，all states and counties would also hold ceremonies to worship Confucius.Excellent performing teachers would be chosen from academies and learning institutions nationwide，reporting to the royal court and given 500 liang (两) silver coins as awards.
Until the Qing Dynasty，the ceremony，on August 27，was of a larger scale.The teachers’ salaries in schools and academies around the nation were raised，and well－performing teachers would be awarded official titles or promoted to higher positions.
Normally，an ancient teacher’s income included salary，accommodation and festival gifts.There was no fixed tuition fee.Generally the parents paid teachers according to their household income.Both money and basic foodstuff could be paid in exchange for tuition.
In private schools，teachers always received money or gifts from the host family at certain festivals or at the beginning and end of each semester.
The festivals in which teachers received gifts varied from region to region，while the most valued ones were the Duanwu，Mid－Autumn and Chinese New Year festivals，as well as Confucius’ birthday and the private tutor’s birthday.
Among all the gift－giving festivals，the first meeting gift was a must.When students met their private tutors for the first time，they had to kneel down to Confucius’ spirit tablet and then to their private tutors，before presenting a“gift”.
【语篇解读】　本文是说明文，主要介绍了中国教师节的由来。
7.The passage mainly talks about ________.
A.the teachers in ancient China
B.the Teachers’ Day in ancient China
C.the teachers’ high positions in ancient China
D.the teachers’ salaries in ancient China
答案　B　[主旨大意题。根据全文大意可知，本文主要讲了中国教师节的历史，包括其由来、礼仪等。所以选B。]
8.How long has the Teachers’ Day been in China?
A.1，500－2，500 years. B.2，000－3，000 years.
C.3，000－4，000 years. D.4，000－5，000 years.
答案　A　[推理判断题。根据第一段的第一句“The history of Teachers’ Day traces back to the Han Dynasty(206 BC—220 AD)”可知，应选A。]
9.What is the special gift for the teachers on the Teachers’ Day during the Han and Jin dynasties?
A.a higher position B.a day free
C.500 liang silver coins D.days’ vacation
答案　B　[细节理解题。根据第一段的最后一句“On this day，teachers around the nation enjoyed a day’s vacation and were given dried meat as gifts”可知，在教师节这一天，全国的教师都可以休假一天，并且得到肉干作为礼物。]
10.What’s the main idea of the last four paragraphs?
A.Where teachers could get gifts in ancient China.
B.Why teachers got gifts in ancient China.
C.How teachers were presented with gifts in ancient China.
D.When teachers received gifts in ancient China.
答案　C　[段落大意题。文章后四段主要介绍了教师收学生礼物的情况，在哪些时间和场合收礼。A、D两项都只提到一方面，应排除。B项文章未提及。]