全国版2021版高考英语大一轮备考复习第三部分高考题型突破题型一阅读理解4词义猜测题课件

这是一份全国版2021版高考英语大一轮备考复习第三部分高考题型突破题型一阅读理解4词义猜测题课件，共51页。PPT课件主要包含了高考帮·备考方向导航，考法帮·解题能力提升等内容，欢迎下载使用。

析考情 · 题型突破链高考 · 真题探究
考法1 猜测生僻词或短语的含义考法2 猜测熟词或短语的生僻含义考法3 猜测代词的指代意义考法4 猜测句子含义
析考情 · 题型突破
一 考情概述 词义猜测题是高考阅读理解的必考题型,也是考查考生英语语言能力和思维品质的重要形式。每套试卷中直接考查词义猜测的试题一般不超过两道。除了直接命题考查词义猜测外,在阅读理解文章中,有时会有一些
生僻的单词或短语,且文中没有附加注释,这时就需要考生根据上下文猜测词义,从而准确理解文章,这是对词义猜测的一种间接考查。 词义猜测题旨在考查考生根据上下文推断单词、词组、句子的本义或延伸义以及代词的指代意义的能力。要求猜测词义的词一般为动词、名词、形容词或代词等,这些词要么是生僻词,要么是考生比较熟悉的又有生僻义的词,有时还会要求考生猜测一句话的含义。二 命题特点1.常考的角度(1)熟词生义,即常用词在特殊语言环境中具有的特殊意义。(2)专业化程度较高的词的含义。
(3)生僻词的含义。(4)代词所指代的含义。2.常见的设问形式(1)What des the underlined wrd/phrase "..." in paragraph... prbably mean?(2)What des the underlined wrd"..." in t?(3)Which f the fllwing best explains "..." underlined in (4)Which f the fllwing culd replace the underlined phrase "..." in (5)Which f the fllwing is clsest in meaning t the underlined wrd "..."?
三 选项特点1.正确选项的特点(1)相应词语的同义词语。(2)对相应语句的解释、复述或概括。2.干扰项的特点(1)对原表达方式的不正确改写。(2)信息不全。(3)半对半错。(4)曲解原意。这些干扰项有时会使用较多原句中的表达,给人似是而非的误导,考生要多加注意。
链高考 · 真题探究
Passage 1　[2020全国Ⅱ,C]语篇类型:说明文　主题:海狸鼠皮毛时装　词数:324　难度:★★★　建议时间:7分钟高考真题 When yu were trying t figure ut what t buy fr the envirnmentalist n yur hliday list, fur prbably didn't crss yur mind. But sme eclgists and fashin(时装) enthusiasts are trying t bring back the market fr fur made frm nutria(海狸鼠). Unusual fashin shws in New Orleans and Brklyn have
shwcased nutria fur made int clthes in different styles. "It sunds crazy t talk abut guilt-free fur — unless yu understand that the nutria are destrying vast wetlands every year,"says Cree McCree, prject directr f Righteus Fur. Scientists in Luisiana were s cncerned that they decided t pay hunters $5 a tail.Sme f the fur ends up in the fashin shws like the ne in Brklyn last mnth.　　Nutria were brught there frm Argentina by fur farmers and let g int the wild."The ecsystem dwn there can't handle this
nn-native species(物种).It's destrying the envirnment.It's them r us,"says Michael Massimi,an expert in this field.　　The fur trade kept nutria in check fr decades, but when the market fr nutria cllapsed in the late 1980s, the cat-sized animals multiplied like crazy. Bilgist Edmnd Mutn runs the nutria cntrl prgram fr Luisiana. He says it's nt easy t cnvince peple that nutria fur is green, but he has n dubt abut it. Hunters bring in mre than 300,000 nutria tails a year, s part f Mutn's jb these days is
trying t prmte fur. Then there's Righteus Fur and its unusual fashins. Mdel Paige Mrgan says, "T give peple a guilt-free ptin that they can wear withut smene thrwing paint n them — I think that's ging t be a massive thing, at least here in New Yrk." Designer Jennifer Andersn admits it tk her a while t cme arund t the pinin that using nutria fur fr her creatins is mrally acceptable. She's trying t cme up with a label t attach t nutria fashins t shw it is ec-friendly.　　　　 　　　　　　 　　　　　　
28.What is the purpse f the fashin shws in New Orleans and Brklyn?　A. T prmte guilt-free fur. B. T expand the fashin market.C. T intrduce a new brand D. T celebrate a winter are scientists cncerned abut nutria?A. Nutria damage the ecsystem seriusly.B. Nutria are an endangered species.C. Nutria hurt lcal cat-sized animals.D. Nutria are illegally hunted.
30.What des the underlined wrd "cllapsed" in paragraph 5 prbably mean?A. Bmed. B. Became mature.C. Remained stable. D. can we infer abut wearing fur in New Yrk accrding t Mrgan?A. It's frmal. B. It's risky.C. It's harmful. D. It's traditinal.
命题分析▶素养解读本文介绍了海狸鼠破坏生态平衡,人们可以无负罪感地穿海狸鼠皮毛制成的衣服,不会对环境造成威胁,从而引导考生关注生态平衡,辩证地看问题,同时也引导考生培养环境保护意识和思辨能力。这体现了学科核心素养中的思维品质和文化意识这两个方面。▶试题分析第30题考查对较为生僻单词含义的猜测,考生要结合上下文语境猜测cllapse的含义。
庖丁解牛▶词块积累crss ne's mind (想法等)掠过心头,出现在脑海keep ... in check 控制,制止cme arund (t sth.) 改变观点/看法(以接受……)▶难句突破句式分析:句中it tk 为省略了引导词that的宾语从句,it作形式主语,不定式短语t cme 为真正的主语;宾语从句中又包含有that引导的同位语从句(该从句解释说明其前的pinin)。句意:设计师詹妮弗·安德森承认,她花了一段时间才转而接受了这个观点,即用海狸鼠毛皮制作自己的作品在道德上是可以接受的。
解题思路28.A　考查推理判断。根据第二段中的"Unusual fashin shws in New Orleans and Brklyn have shwcased nutria fur""It sunds crazy t talk abut guilt-free year"可知,时装秀的意图是推销让人穿着无罪恶感的毛皮衣服。故选A。29.A　考查细节理解。根据第二段中的"the nutria are destrying vast wetlands every year"以及第四段中的"The ecsystem ... It's destrying the envirnment"可知,因为海狸鼠破坏湿地进而破坏了环境,所以科学家对它们很担心。故选A。
30.D　考查词义猜测。根据画线词前的but前的分句可知,海狸鼠的数量几十年来因为皮毛交易而受到控制,but前后分句所表示的意思相反,所以but后的内容应该说的是海狸鼠数量不再受控,故推断出皮毛交易市场出了问题。结合选项,再运用排除法可知,画线词cllapsed和crashed"倒闭"的意思最接近,故选D。31.B　考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的"T give peple a guilt-free massive thing, at least here in New Yrk"可知,在纽约,穿毛皮衣服有风险。故选B。
Passage 2　[2019全国Ⅱ,B]语篇类型:记叙文　主题:志愿者工作的意义　词数:302　难度:★★　建议时间:7分钟高考真题 "Yu can use me as a last resrt(选择), and if nbdy else vlunteers, then I will d it." This was an actual reply frm a parent after I put ut a request fr vlunteers fr my kids' lacrsse(长曲棍球) club. I guess that there's prbably sme demanding wrk schedule, r scial anxiety arund stepping up t help fr an unknwn sprt. She
may just need a little persuading. S I try again and tug at the heartstrings. I mentin the single parent with fur kids running the shw and I talk abut the dad caching a team that his kids aren't even n... At this pint the unwilling parent speaks up,"Alright. Yes, I'll d it." I'm secretly relieved because I knw there's real pwer in sharing vlunteer respnsibilities amng many. The unwilling parent rganizes the meal schedule, sends ut emails, and cllects mney fr end-f-seasn gifts. Smewhere alng the way, the same parent ends up becming an invaluable member f the team.
The cach is able t fcus n the kids while the ther parents are relieved t be ff the hk fr anther seasn. Handing ut sliced ranges t bldthirsty kids can be as exciting as watching yur wn kid scre a gal. Still, mst f us vlunteers breathe a sigh f relief when the seasn cmes t a clse. That relief is cupled with a deep understanding f why the same peple keep cming back fr mre: Cnnecting t the cmmunity (社区) as yu freely give yur time, mney, skills, r services prvides a real jy. Vlunteering just feels s gd.
In that sense, I'm pretty sure vlunteering is mre f a selfish act than I'd freely like t admit. Hwever, if thers benefit in the prcess, and I get sme reward t, des it really matter where my mtivatin lies? 24.What can we infer abut the parent frm her reply in paragraph 1? 　　　　　　 　　　　　　 　　　　　　 A. She knws little abut the club.B. She isn't gd at sprts.C. She just desn't want t vlunteer.D. She's unable t meet her schedule.
25. What des the underlined phrase "tug at the heartstrings" in paragraph 2 mean?A. Encurage teamwrk. B. Appeal t feelings.C. Prmte gd deeds. D. Prvide advice. 26.What can we learn abut the parent frm paragraph 3? A. She gets interested in lacrsse. B. She is prud f her kids. C. She'll wrk fr anther seasn. D. She becmes a gd helper. 27.Why des the authr like ding vlunteer wrk?A. It gives her a sense f duty. B. It makes her very happy.C. It enables her t wrk hard. D. It brings her material rewards.
命题分析▶素养解读文章介绍了作者参与并鼓励他人参与志愿者工作的经历,论述了志愿者工作的独特意义,让考生感受国外的志愿者文化,加深对中西方文化差异的理解,同时引导考生培养积极的责任意识。▶试题分析第25题考查对短语含义的猜测,该短语中tug和heartstrings都是生词,heartstrings可根据构词法猜测出含义,再结合上下文语境猜测该短语的含义。
庖丁解牛▶熟词生义cach 常见义:n.教练 本文义:v.训练,指导▶词块积累put ut a request提出要求step up采取行动(帮助某人或负责某事);走上前去breathe a sigh f relief松了一口气
▶难句突破句式分析:if引导条件状语从句,从句中并列连词and连接两个并列分句;主句是其后的一般疑问句,其中的it是形式主语,where my mtivatin lies是主语从句,作真正的主语。句意:然而,如果别人在这个过程中受益,而我也得到了一些奖励,那么我的动机是什么真的重要吗?
解题思路24.C　考查推理判断。根据第一段中的"Yu can use me as a last resrt(选择), and if nbdy else vlunteers,then I will d it"和第二段中的"the unwilling parent"可推断,这位家长不想做志愿者工作。故选C。25.B　考查词义猜测。根据前一句"She may just need a little persuading"以及后文作者在劝这位家长时所列举的其他家长做志愿者时奉献爱心的事例可知,tug at the heartstrings的意思是诉诸情感,即"用情感打动对方"。故选B。
26.D　考查细节理解。根据第三段第三句中的"the same parent ends up becming an invaluable member f the team"可知,这位家长最后成了一个好帮手。故选D。27.B　考查细节理解。根据第四段中的"Cnnecting t the cmmunity(社区)as yu freely give yur time, mney, skills, r services prvides a real jy. Vlunteering just feels s gd"可以看出,作者觉得做志愿者工作很快乐。故选B。
考法1 猜测生僻词或短语的含义
命题透视 词义猜测题的重点就是对于生僻词汇及短语含义的理解,这也是高考中词义猜测题最常见的类型。方法点拨 若画线词完全是生词,考生能采用的方法主要有三种:一是依据构词法知识;二是靠文章显性或者隐性的逻辑关系、语法关系;三是利用上下文语境。当然,在很多情况下,这三种方法可以共同使用,以确保答案正确。 1 [2021四川成都毕业班摸底测试]... I had been educated in the rhythms f the muntain, rhythms in which change was never fundamental, nly cyclical. The same
sun appeared each mrning, swept ver the valley and drpped behind the peak. The snws that fell in the winter always melted in the spring. Our lives were a cycle — the cycle f the day, the cycle f the seasns — circles f lasting change that, when cmplete, meant nthing had changed at all. I believed my family was a part f this immrtal(永生的) pattern, and that we were, in sme sense, eternal(永恒的). But eternity belnged nly t the muntain. des the underlined wrd "cyclical" in the passage mean?　　　 　　　　　　 　　　　　　 A. Nrmal. B. Irregular.C. Circular. D. Traditinal.
解析 根据构词法可知,cyclical是cycle(周期,循环)的派生词,所以可以猜测cyclical表示"周期的,循环的"。再结合选项可知,A、D两项意思不符,可排除。regular意为"规则的",irregular是由regular加否定前缀ir-构成的,意为"不规则的",意思与cyclical不符,可排除。circular由circle(圆圈)变化而来,所以可猜测其含义为"环形的,圆形的"。然后再将C项代入语境并结合文中"Our lives were a cycle — the cycle f the day, the cycle f the seasns — circles f lasting change"中的"circles"可知,该题选C项。
方法总结　　　　　利用构词法猜测词义　　构词法是英语单词形成的重要途径,根据构词法猜测出的词义一般比较接近单词的真实意思,准确度较高。合成法、派生法和转化法是英语的三种构词法,根据这些可以准确猜测单词意思。 1.合成法 一般来讲,我们可以先识别合成词的组成部分,再通过组成部分的词义推断出合成词的词义。但是有时合成词的词义不是各个组成部分意思的简单叠加,可能还需要借助语境猜测其具体含义。　 2.派生法 词根是英语单词最基本的部分,表达单词的基本含义。在词根前或
后加上词缀(即前缀或后缀),可以改变原词的意义或词性。 掌握前缀和后缀的意义有助于理解词义。如un-,im-,in-,dis-,il-等前缀与-less等后缀可构成反义词,后缀-ful,-ly,-ism,-ness等可改变词性。　　3.转化法　　把一种词性的词用作另一种词性而词形不变的方法叫作转化法。如: "He insisted n staying up t nurse the child."中的nurse常用作名词"护士",在这里用作动词"护理,看护"。又如:"Dn't let yur persnal feelings clud yur judgment."中的clud常用作名词,意为"云",此处用作动词,意为"把……搞糊涂"。(注:转化法可用于猜测熟词生义。链接考法2猜测熟词或短语的生僻含义)
2 [2018江苏,B]... Lighting matters, t. When Berlin restaurant custmers ate in darkness, they culdn't tell hw much they'd had: thse given extra-large shares ate mre than everyne else, but were nne the wiser — they didn't feel fuller, and they were just as ready fr dessert.   underlined phrase "nne the wiser" in paragraph 3 mst prbably implies that the custmers were 　　　　. 
A. nt aware f eating mre than usualB. nt willing t share fd with thersC. nt cnscius f the fd qualityD. nt fnd f the fd prvided解析 根据本段内容可知,在餐馆里,顾客在黑暗中吃东西时,判断不出自己吃了多少,那些被给予超大份量食物的人吃的比其他所有人都多,但是他们是"nne the wiser",破折号后面的内容对"nne the wiser"进行了解释说明,即他们没有感觉到更饱,而且他们还准备着吃饭后甜点;由此可知,他们没有意识到自己比平时吃得多,故选A。
方法总结　　　　 利用语法关系猜测词义　　利用语法关系猜测词义是指利用语言表述中的下定义、同位关系、举例、定语从句等猜测词义。 1.下定义:refer t, is, that is,t be defined as,t be called,meaning等后的内容往往是对前面内容的注解性说明,相当于对前面的词汇下定义,可以帮助猜测词义。如:　　Ventilatin, as yu knw, is a system r means f prviding fresh air. It plays a very imprtant part in the field f engineering.
分析:句中画线词是个生僻词, is 后面的内容是对该词的解释——一种提供新鲜空气的系统或工具。所以不难猜出 ventilatin 的意思,它在此表示"通风设备"。 2.同位关系:常见的表示同位关系的方式有同位语从句或者用标点符号(包括破折号、逗号、冒号或括号等)隔开。如上述典例2通过破折号解释说明前面的短语。再如: As a matter f fact, nly abut 80 celts, an endangered wild cat, exist in the tday. 分析:an endangered wild cat是画线词celts的同位语,解释了
它的意思,即一种濒危野猫。 3.举例:作者在解释比较难以理解的内容的时候,往往会举例阐述,这也能帮助我们准确把握文章内容,进而猜测词义。 4.定语从句:定语从句通过对前面的名词进行修饰限定,让我们大致明白这个名词的含义。
考法2 猜测熟词或短语的生僻含义
命题透视 高考近几年开始侧重于考查熟词生义,如2020年全国Ⅰ第26题考查了课标词汇currency在具体语境中的生僻含义,这就要求考生掌握并灵活运用课标词汇。方法点拨 在猜测熟词的生僻含义时,我们可以依据上下文语境、文章的逻辑关系等来判断正确答案。 3 [2019天津,D]… We've all knwn peple wh run ut f steam befre they reach life's halfway mark. I'm nt talking abut thse wh fail t get t the tp. We can't all get there. I'm talking abut peple
wh have stpped learning n grwing because they have adpted the fixed attitudes and pinins that all t ften cme with passing years. …52.What des the underlined part in Paragraph 3 prbably mean? A. End ne's struggle fr liberty. B. Waste ne's energy taking risks.C. Miss the pprtunity t succeed. D. Lse the interest t cntinue learning.
解析 画线部分中的run ut f原本意为"用完;耗尽",steam原本意为"蒸汽"。此时考生会发现,每个单词都认识,但连在一起就不知所云了。此时可借助逻辑关系来猜测词义。下文使用了"I'm nt talking abut… I'm talking abut…"这种暗含转折的表达来解释这个短语的意思,根据"I'm talking abut"后面的内容"peple wh have stpped learning n grwing"可推出,画线部分表示"失去了继续学习的兴趣"。故选D。 方法总结　　　　　利用逻辑关系猜测词义　　1.同义逻辑关系 als, , similarly, and, r, just as, likewise等表示前后意思相同或者相近,我们可利用它们表示的同义逻辑关系推测生词意思。如:
Like her yunger sister wh is gregarius, Alice als likes t make friends. 分析: 根据句中的"Like"和"als"可知,Alice和她的妹妹一样喜欢交朋友,由此可推测gregarius与"喜欢交朋友"意思相近,意为"合群的,爱交朋友的"。 2.反义逻辑关系　　in cntrast, n the cntrary, unlike, hwever, but, despite, while, quite the reverse等常用来表示前后意思相反,我们可以根据它们表示的反义逻辑关系推断单词或短语的意思。如: Unlike the United States, where many different natinalities make up the ppulatin, Japan's ppulatin is quite hmgeneus.
分析: 本句通过Unlike将美国和日本进行对比,美国的人口由多个民族组成,根据反义关系推测,hmgeneus的意思应是"由同类人组成的"。 3.因果逻辑关系 也可以借助因果关系来猜测词义。英语中常用的表示因果关系的词或短语有since,as, because, fr, s, thus, cnsequently, therefre, hence, due t, wing t, thanks t, n accunt f, result in, result frm, as a result, fr this reasn, accrdingly, s/such…that…等。如: Tm is cnsidered an autcratic administratr because he makes decisins withut seeking the pinins f thers. 分析: because表明主从句是因果关系,从后面的原因"他不征求别人的意见就作出决定"可以推测,autcratic的意思为"独裁的,专制的"。
考法3 猜测代词的指代意义
命题透视 纵观近五年高考阅读理解中的代词指代题可以看出,高考中常考的是人称代词(I, it, them)以及指示代词that的指代对象, 2020年新高考Ⅰ(山东)第9题考查了指示代词that的指代, 2019年全国Ⅱ第21题考查了人称代词I的指代。方法点拨 1.文章中的代词it, that, them等通常指代上文提到的人或事物,因此其指代含义也通常在其前的内容中寻找。2.有时代词与指代的对象相隔较远,要认真查找;有时需要对前面提到的内容进行总结,才能得出代词所指代的事物。3.一般来讲,代词指代题不会单纯从语法角度考查指代对象,都需要借助上下文语境以及逻辑关系来进行猜测。
4 [2020浙江,B]The traffic signals alng Factria Bulevard in Bellevue, Washingtn, generally dn't flash the same length f green twice in a rw, especially at rush hur. At 9:30 am, the full red/yellw/green signal cycle might be 140 secnds. By 9:33 am, a burst f additinal traffic might push it t 145 secnds. Less traffic at 9:37 am culd push it dwn t 135. Just like the traffic itself, the timing f the signals changes. That is by design. Bellevue, a fast-grwing city just east f Seattle, uses a system that is gaining ppularity arund the US: intersectin (十字路口) signals that can adjust in real time t traffic
cnditins. These lights, knwn as adaptive signals, have led t significant declines in bth the truble and cst f travels between wrk and hme. des the underlined wrd "that" in paragraph 2 refer t?A. Increased length f green lights.B. The shrtened traffic signal cycle.C. Flexible timing f traffic signals.D. Smth traffic flw n the rad.
解析 根据第一段尾句"Just like the traffic itself, the timing f the signals changes"并结合前文可知,华盛顿该地区的交通信号灯会根据交通情况灵活安排红绿灯时间,同时根据画线词后的"by design"可知,这种灵活时间是专门设计的,故that指的是灵活的交通信号灯时间安排。故选C。
考法4 猜测句子含义
命题透视 猜测句子含义题是近几年新出现的一种设问方式。一般来讲,画线句中生词不占主导地位,但无法单独通过字面意思理解句子的隐含意义。如2018全国Ⅲ第32题猜测"mre is mre"在文中的含义,2017全国Ⅱ第33题猜测"the tables are turned"在文中的含义。方法点拨 针对猜测句子含义的试题,考生必须回归原文,将画线句的前后句,甚至前后段进行归纳总结,再将自己理解的意思与选项的意思逐个比较,选出最为接近的选项。解答此类试题的线索主要有两个:一是上下文语境,二是句子的字面含义。
5 [2020四川成都三诊] Archelgy(考古学) isn't the dusty science which was a generatin ag. New technlgies that nce seemed ut f sci-fi are nw lcating buried traces f buildings and revealing the ruins f cities... Nw Sarah Parcak and her team are abut t take n a new challenge as they fcus GlbalXplrer citizen-science prject n India. ... In the future, she hpes ther cuntries will cntact her t launch their wn satellite surveys. The pssibilities are huge. Parcak
estimates that there are at least 12 millin ptential archaelgical sites yet t be discvered. That means the sky is the limit fr her prject ... 11.What des the underlined sentence "The pssibilities are huge" mean?A. Parcak's prject will becme successful.B. Few cuntries will start satellite surveys.C. There will be amazing discveries in India.D. Mre archaelgical sites will be identified.