全国统考2022届高考英语一轮复习模块四五彩缤纷的从句三大从句和特殊句式第8讲名词性从句讲义教案

第8讲　名词性从句

Ⅰ. 语法填空

1. (2020·浙江高考)Over thousands of years, they began to depend less on what could be hunted or gathered from the wild, and more on animals they had raised and crops they had sown.

2. (2019·全国卷Ⅰ)While they are rare north of 88°, there is evidence that they range all the way across the Arctic, and as far south as James Bay in Canada.

Ⅰ. 语法填空谨记

第1步判断是否属于名词性从句; 第2步判断名词性从句中的连接词; 若从句中缺少主语、宾语或表语, 用连接代词;  若缺少状语就用连接副词;  如果不缺少成分则要考虑意思是否完整, 是否需要用whether/if;  如果不缺少成分且意思完整用that。

Ⅱ. 短文改错

1. (2018·全国卷Ⅲ)I was afraid that to speak in front of a large group of people. (去掉that)

2. (2017·全国卷Ⅲ)When I look at this picture of myself, I realize of how fast time flies. (去掉第二个of)

Ⅱ. 短文改错五定法

1. 检查连接词是否误用:  尤其注意容易混淆的that与what、that与which、which与what、if与whether;  2. 检查连接词是否漏掉;  3. 检查宾语从句与主句的时态呼应是否正确;  4. 检查主语与谓语动词的数是否一致;  5. 检查主语从句后置时形式主语it是否出现。

　　名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。

引导词

名词性从句由不同的引导词引导, 从句一般保持陈述语序。

引导名词性从句的连接词可分为3类: 

 1. that引导的名词性从句

that只起连接主句和从句的作用, 在从句中不担任任何成分, 本身也没有词义。该从句作主语通常用it作形式主语, 而将从句置于句末。

※(2019·江苏高考)Scientists have obtained more evidence that plastic is finding its way into the human body. (同位语从句)

※It is suggested that we should limit the amount of cars and bicycles to improve our environment. (主语从句)

2. wh-引导的名词性从句

wh-包括who, whom, whose, whoever, what, whatever, which, whichever等连接代词和where, when, why等连接副词。wh-词既起连接作用, 还可充当介词宾语、宾语补语和间接宾语等。从句作主语也常用it作形式主语, 而将wh-从句置于句末。

※(2020·天津高考)The student completed this experiment to make come true what Professor Joseph had said.

※It remains to be seen how these obstacles will help or hurt its economy.

【点津】

(1)what引导的名词性从句

what作连接代词引导的名词性从句既可以表示一个问“什么……? ”的问题, 也可以表示相当于“名词/代词+关系代词引导的定语从句”结构的意思, 意思是“所……的事/物”, 相当于the thing(s) that/which. . . 。 如:

※This is what (=the thing that)we have been looking forward to for years.

(2)wh-ever既可引导名词性从句, 又可引导让步状语从句; 而no matter wh-只能引导让步状语从句。

※(2018·天津高考) The gold medal will be awarded to whoever (anyone who)wins the first place in the bicycle race.

※No one is allowed to break the regulations, whoever (anyone who)he is.

3. if, whether引导的名词性从句

(1)引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句时一般用whether, 不用if。

※The question is whether technology is going to be our servant or our master.

(2)whether与if引导宾语从句时大多数情况下可以互换, 但下列情况下只能用whether: 

①后面直接跟or not时用whether

※They now have two weeks to decide whether or not to buy.

②用于介词后引导宾语从句时用whether

※(2019·浙江高考) But if he’s out there every day and playing hard, you should praise his effort regardless of whether his team wins or loses.

【小题快练】 单句语法填空

①What struck me was that they have all suffered a lot.

②That you are coming to London is the best news I have heard this long time.

③People began looking across to see where the noise was coming from.

④I can’t say whether he is coming or not.

⑤Whoever did this will sooner or later be caught and will be punished.

⑥I didn’t realize how heavy that shopping was going to be.

⑦Whether they would support us was a problem.

⑧It is important to check when the laboratory can do the tests.

主语从句

　　主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句, 通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替, 而本身放在句子末尾。

【点津】it作形式主语的句型有:

①It is+名词+从句

It is a fact that. . . 事实是……;

It is good news that. . . ……是好消息;

It is a question that. . . ……是个问题;

It is common knowledge that. . . ……是常识

类似的名词还有: a pity; a wonder; a good thing;  no wonder;  a surprise等

※It is good news that our team has won the championship.

※It is a pity that I have missed a wonderful boxing match.

②It is+形容词+从句

It is necessary that. . . 有必要……;

It is clear that. . . 很清楚……;

It is likely that. . . 很可能……;

It is important that. . . 重要的是……

类似的形容词还有: strange;  natural;  obvious;  true;  good;  wonderful;  possible;  unlikely;  quiet;  unusual;  certain;  evident;  worthwhile;  surprising;  interesting;  astonishing。

※It is likely that the goods have met with some accident on the way.

※It is strange that he should have gone away without telling us.

③It is+过去分词+从句

It is said that. . . 据说……;

It is reported that. . . 据报道……;

It has been proved that. . . 已证明……;

It must be proved that. . . 必须指出……

类似的过去分词还有: known;  estimated;  expected;  believed;  thought;  hoped;  noted;  discussed;  required;  decided;  suggested;  demanded;  made clear;  found out等。

※It is reported that the affected area is under further detailed investigation.

※It has been proved that every substance, no matter what it is, is made up of atoms.

【小题快练】 单句语法填空

①Whoever wins the election is going to have a tough job getting the economy back on its feet.

②It was a pity that you didn’t go to the talk.  

③What shocked me was that all of these children had no parents.  

④It is reported (report)that the temperature will decline sharply in one or two days.  

宾语从句

　　宾语从句在复合句中起宾语的作用, 既可作动词的宾语, 也可作介词的宾语(作介词的宾语时必须由wh-疑问词引导)。

1. that的省略与否

that引导宾语从句时, that在句中不充当任何成分, 在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去, 但如果从句是并列句时, 第二个分句前的that不可省略。如:

※He said (that) you were too young to understand the matter and that he was asked not to tell you.

2. 句子的语序

由who, whom, which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoever, whichever等引导的宾语从句, 应注意句子的语序要用陈述语序。例如: 

※Can you explain why he didn’t come to the party last Sunday?

【点津】

①think, believe, imagine, suppose等动词引导的否定性宾语从句中, 要把上述主句中的动词变为否定式。即将从句中的否定形式移到主句中。

※I don’t think the food here agrees with me.

※We don’t believe he stole money from the stop.

②动词 doubt 用在疑问句或否定句中时, 其后宾语从句常用 that 作连接词; 用在肯定句中时, 连接词用 whether 或 if 皆可, 而不用 that。

※Do you doubt that he will win the match? 

※I don’t doubt that he can do a good job of it.

※He often doubts whether/if he is adequate as a father.

【小题快练】

Ⅰ. 单句语法填空

①He is quite strange, for everything he does is opposite to what is considered normal behavior.

②Before carrying out the plan, we must consider whether the new use of the drug needs further tests.

③I never doubt that you can remember ten or more sentences a day, but without using them, they’re not yours.

Ⅱ. 单句翻译

We don’t think he can operate this machine.

译: 我们认为他不能操作这台机器。

表语从句

表语从句除可用that, what, when, why, whether, how等引导外, 还可由because, as if(though)等引导。that 引导表语从句, 无词义, 只起连接作用, 不可省略。

※(2018·北京高考) Without his support, we wouldn’t be where we are now.

※(2018·江苏高考)By boat is the only way to get here, which is how we arrived.

※It looks as if a sandstorm is coming up.

※The fact of the matter is that most people consume far more protein than they actually need.

【点津】

①whether可引导表语从句, 但与之同义的if不用于引导表语从句。

②That is because. . . 指原因或理由。

That is why. . . 指由于各种原因所造成的后果。

※The question is whether he will join us next time.

※He did not see the film last night. That is because he had to help his little sister with her homework.

※He had seen the film before. That is why he did not see it last night.

③当主语是reason时, 表语从句要用that引导而不是because。

※The reason why I was late was that my car broke down on the way.

【小题快练】 单句语法填空

①One of the glorious moments in my school life was when I was awarded the Mayor’s Award.

②What we can learn from the story is that you mustn’t blame children for the mistakes of their parents.

③That is where our problems lie.

④My car goes faster than yours, which is why I want to keep it.

同位语从句

同位语从句用于对前面出现的名词作进一步说明, 一般用连词that引导。由于名词的意义不同, 也可用whether, who, when, where, what, why, how等引导。常见的名词有fact, idea, belief, news, hope, conclusion, evidence, suggestion, order, problem, report, decision, word等。例如:

※We came to the decision that we must act at once.

※I have no idea when he will come back.

※We don’t understand the problem why this is the best choice.

【点津】　that引导同位语从句和定语从句的区别:

同位语从句的that不充当句子成分, 且不可省略; that引导的定语从句成分是残缺的, that代替先行词在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语成分, 充当宾语时可省略。

※We are glad at the news that he will come. 听到他要来这个消息我们很高兴。(news的内容就是that he will come, 故that引导的是同位语从句)

※We are glad at the news that he told us. 听到他告诉我们的这个消息我们很高兴。(that从句是限制the news的内容的, 即我们高兴只是因为他告诉的这个news而不是其他的news, 故that从句为定语从句)

【小题快练】 单句语法填空

①The question whether it is right or wrong depends on the result.

②The manager put forward a suggestion that we should have an assistant. There is too much work to do.

③He has an idea that he can finish his project better.

④I have no doubt that he will overcome all these difficulties.

Ⅰ. 语法填空

　　Nowadays, before we upload a photo of ourselves to social media, chances are that we’ll use 1. __________ app to smooth our skin, make our eyes bigger, eyelashes longer and lips fuller.

　　With a couple of taps on our mobile phones, we’re able to get a quick fix and present our own best version to the world. 2. __________, the problem is, when we 3. __________(simple) edit our imperfections away, we’re also changing the way we look at 4. __________(we).

　　Last month, 5. __________(research) from the Boston University 6. __________(publish) an article which analyzed photo 7. __________(edit) apps’ bad impacts on people’s self-esteem and their potential to cause appearance anxieties. They warned that such apps are blurring( 难 区 分 ) the lines between reality and fantasy. These apps allow one 8. __________(change) his or her appearance in minutes and follow a(n) 9. __________(realistic) standard of beauty.

　　Now we’ve got this daily comparison of the real self with this intentional or unintentional self that we present on social media. This is 10. __________ many young people suffer an identity crisis when it comes to how they look.

【文章大意】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍目前人们将自己的照片上传到社交媒体之前, 我们很有可能会使用一款应用程序来美化我们的皮肤, 让我们的眼睛更大, 睫毛更长, 嘴唇更丰满, 波士顿大学(Boston University) 的研究人员发表了一篇文章, 分析了照片编辑应用程序对人们自尊的负面影响, 以及它们可能导致的外表焦虑。这就是许多年轻人在外貌问题上遭遇身份危机的原因。

1. 【解析】an。考查不定冠词。此处表示“一款”应用程序, app为可数名词表泛指, 故用不定冠词, 且app是以元音音素开头的单词。故填an。

2. 【解析】However。考查副词。设空处前一句句意: 在我们的手机上轻敲几下, 我们就能快速解决问题, 向世界展示我们最好的版本。设空处后的句意: 问题是, 当我们简单地编辑我们的缺点时, 我们也改变了我们看待自己的方式。可知前后句意为转折关系。故填However。

3. 【解析】simply。考查副词。此处edit是动词, 由副词修饰, 所给词simple是形容词, 其副词形式是simply。故填simply。

4. 【解析】ourselves。考查反身代词。根据句意应用反身代词。主语为we, 故填ourselves。

5. 【解析】researchers。考查名词复数。该空格处作句子主语, 指波士顿大学的“研究人员们”, 所以这里用名词复数, 故填researchers。

6. 【解析】published。考查时态。根据Last month可知句子用一般过去时, 故填published。

7. 【解析】editing。考查形容词。photo editing apps “照片编辑应用程序”, editing意为“用于编辑的”。故填editing。

8. 【解析】to change。考查非谓语动词。根据句子结构可知句子的谓语是allow, change为非谓语; allow sb. to do sth. 是固定短语“允许某人做某事”。故填to change。

9. 【解析】unrealistic。考查形容词。此处standard是名词, 由形容词修饰, 结合句意, 该空填unrealistic。

10. 【解析】why。考查表语从句。此处表示结果, 是why引导的表语从句。故填why。

Ⅱ. 短文改错

　　Hello, boys and girls!  Today, I am going to talk with what you should do when a fire alarm go off. If you hear the alarm, stand in line at the door and wait your teacher to lead you outside. Stay close to your teacher and classmate. Don’t panic or get out of line, and trying to remain quiet and calmly. Soon the firefighters will come and put out a fire. If it’s a false alarm and there is no fire, your teacher will lead us back to the classroom. If you notice that when someone is missing and hurt, tell your teacher immediately.

1. 【解析】第二句with→about。考查固定结构。“和某人谈论某事”talk to/with sb. about sb. /sth. 。故将with 改为about。

2. 【解析】第二句go→goes。考查主谓一致。该句主语为a fire alarm, 时态为一般现在时, 所以go改为goes。

3. 【解析】第三句wait后加for。考查动词的用法。wait为不及物动词, 后接宾语时要加for。故在wait后加for。

4. 【解析】第四句classmate→classmates。考查名词的数。classmate为可数名词, 此处又为复数意义, 所以改为classmates。

5. 【解析】第五句trying→try。考查时态。此处为and连接的并列谓语, 且前面为祈使句。故将trying改为try。

6. 【解析】第五句calmly→calm。考查形容词。因为remain作“仍然是……, 保持……不变”时为系动词, 所以其后接形容词。calmly改为calm。

7. 【解析】第六句a→the。考查冠词。本句的火灾, 已在上文中被提到了, 故此处为特指, 所以用定冠词the。

8. 【解析】第七句us→you。考查代词。根据上下文的逻辑关系, 整篇文章都是以“我”的口吻, 告诉“你”该怎么做。故将us改为you。

9. 【解析】第八句去掉when。考查名词性从句。文中if引导的状语从句中, 谓语notice后的宾语从句 someone is missing and hurt句意完整、结构完整, 所以只需要连接词that。故去掉when。

10. 【解析】第八句and→or。考查连词。此处missing和hurt为选择关系, 翻译成“或是”。 故将and改为or。

Ⅲ. 写作运用

补全下面写作, 注意名词性从句的运用。

The Moment I Take Pride in

Where there is a will, there is a way. When I began to learn to cook three years ago, I failed many times. But in the end,1. ________________________________(我所做的饭菜很可口), because I carried on with it. The first dish was fried eggs. At first, 2. __________________________________(我不好控制油的温度). In order to learn it well, I wasted a great number of eggs. I never gave up until I fried eggs better.

3. ____________________________________________(我学做饭的原因是让我妈妈做完工作后可以休息). I will keep the moment in my heart.

答案: 1. what was cooked by me was very delicious

2. it was difficult for me to control the temperature of oil

3. The reason why I learned to cook was that my mother could rest after she finished her work.