全国统考2022届高考英语一轮复习模块一需要变形的词名词形容词和副词第1讲名词讲义教案

模块一　需要变形的词: 名词、形容词和副词

第1讲　名词

Ⅰ. 语法填空

1. (2018·全国卷Ⅰ) The team transforms the family’s long weekend of celebration (celebrate) with less expensive but still tasty recipes.

2. (2020·浙江高考)Later, they learned to work with the seasons(season), planting at the right time and, in dry areas, making use of annual floods to irrigate (灌溉) their fields.

3. (2019·浙江高考)Other American studies showed no connection/connections (connect) between uniforms and school performance.

4. (2018·全国Ⅱ卷) This switch has decreased pollution (pollute) in the country’s major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people.

Ⅰ. 语法填空二谨记

1. 根据语境标志词判断名词

(1)看到冠词、形容词或形容词性物主代词时, 要想到名词;

(2)遇到介词或及物动词时要想到名词;

(3)当看到并列连词所连接的前或后是名词时要想到名词。

2. 根据规则确定名词单复数

(1)如果空格处被these, several, many和数词等修饰时, 要考虑用名词的复数形式;

(2)如果一般现在时的谓语动词是动词原形或are, 要考虑用名词的复数形式;

(3)在平时学习中要熟记名词单数变复数的规则, 方能解决好此类问题。

Ⅱ. 短文改错

1. (2020·全国Ⅰ卷)Next I broke the eggs into a bowl and beat them quickly with chopstick. (chopstick改为chopsticks)

2. (2020·全国Ⅲ卷) My mom is really concerned with the health of everyone in our families. (families改为family)

3. (2019·全国Ⅰ卷)All the football player on the playground cheered loudly. (player改为players)

4. (2018·全国Ⅰ卷)Last winter when I went here again, they had a big separate house to raise dozens of chicken. (chicken改为chickens)

Ⅱ. 短文改错二定法

1. 名词是否可数

(1)误把不可数名词当作了可数名词;

(2)在该用复数的地方误用为单数, 或反之。

2. 判断名词单复数及其所有格

根据名词本身属性及其前的修饰限定成分判断为可数名词, 还是不可数名词, 从而确定单复数; 根据其前后词汇, 判断是否用所有格; 根据上下句的逻辑关系来判断单复数和所有格。

一、可数名词的数

可数名词变复数的规则变化

　　可数名词变复数形式时一般在名词后面加-s或-es。变化形式如下表:

可数名词变复数的不规则变化

名词变复数不规则变化的形式如下表:

二、不可数名词

不可数名词

(1)不可数名词没有复数形式, 也不可以与不定冠词连用。最常见的不可数名词有: fun, baggage, change(零钱), furniture, hair, homework, information, knowledge, luggage, money, news, progress, traffic 等。

(2)不可数名词的量有两种表示方法:

①用some, much, a little, a lot of, a bit of, plenty of 等表示多少。

注意: 既可以与可数名词复数, 又可以与不可数名词连用的有: plenty of, some, a lot of, lots of, most of等。

②用单位词表示, 用a. . . of表示。

如a cup of tea, a piece of paper。

不可数名词与可数名词的转化

(1)有些物质名词表示不同种类时可以转化为可数名词。如:

※The potato is a vegetable, not a fruit.

土豆是一种蔬菜, 不是水果。

※My doctor told me to avoid fatty foods such as bacon or hamburgers.

我的医生叫我避免吃油腻的食物, 如咸肉或汉堡包。

(2)特殊物质名词的数量表示: 当要表示“一场/段/件/种……”等意思时, 某些物质名词前可用不定冠词, 但此时通常有形容词或of短语修饰。如:

※A heavy snow was falling. 当时正下着一场大雪。

※A fine rain began to fall. 开始下起一阵小雨。

另外, 表示“一杯/罐/瓶”的tea, coffee, drink, beer等, 可以用a(n)或数词修饰, 也有复数形式。如:

※Two teas and a coffee, please.

请来两杯茶和一杯咖啡。

※I ordered two coffees and an ice-cream.

我叫了两杯咖啡和一份冰淇淋。

(3)有些名词既是可数名词又是不可数名词, 但意思不同。如: work工作, a work著作; glass玻璃, a glass玻璃杯; wood木头, a wood小树林; room空间, a room房间; paper纸, a paper 一份试卷(文件, 报纸等) 等。

抽象名词具体化

通常可分为两类:

(1)表示情感、情绪的词, 强调具体的人或事时常将其具体化使用。常用的重点抽象名词可概括为如下11个字: 惊(surprise)、乐(pleasure)、幸(honour)、憾(pity)、傲(proud)、慰(comfort)、险(danger)、助(help)、成(success)、败(failure)、美(beauty)。例如:

※The new method has finally proved to be a success.

新方法最终试验成功了。

(2)表示“一次”“一场”“一段”等“一……”的概念, 常与动词连用构成短语, 名词前常有形容词修饰。如: have a good time, have a wonderful supper, have a good knowledge/understanding of, have a population of, cover an area of, reach a height of等。

三、名词所有格

　　表示有生命名词的所有格时, 在词尾加“’s”。the boy’s bag, men’s rooms。若名词已有复数词尾s, 只加“’”。the teachers’ reading-room。此外, 表示时间、距离、长度、重量、价格、世界、国家、城市等无生命名词的所有格也可在词尾加“’s”来表示所属关系, 意为“……的”。a ten minutes’ walk, a twenty miles’ journey, 　two tons’ weight, fifty dollars’ worth。

如果两个名词并列, 且分别加“’ s”, 则表示“分别有……”; 若只有后一个名词加“’ s”, 则表示两个“共有”。John’s and Mary’s rooms (两间); John and Mary’s room (一间)。

of属格: 无生命名词的所有格用of结构。a map of China, the end of this term, the capital of our country, the colour of the flowers。

省略格: 在表示店铺、教堂、诊所的名称或某人的家时, 名词所有格的后面常省略它所修饰的名词。at the doctor’s在诊所; at my sister’s在我姐姐(妹妹)的家。

双重所有格: of+名词“ ’s”结构。a friend of my brother’s, works of Mo Yan’s。

名词所有格用法口诀

名词所有格, 表物是“谁的”,

若为生命词, 加’s 即可行,

词尾有 s, 仅把逗号择;

并列名词后, 各自和共有,

前者分别加, 后者最后加;

若为无生命词, of所有格,

前后须倒置, 此是硬规则。

【点津】

如果是无生命的名词则用of表示所有格, 这里需要注意它们的顺序与汉语不同, “A of B”要翻译为“B的A”。

【小题快练】

Ⅰ. 单句语法填空

①(2019·北京高考)No matter what you like to do, there is a way to get involved in various activities (activity)on Earth Day.

②(2020·浙江高考)The results held true even after the scientists accounted for the participants’ (participant)overall health status.

③(2020·江苏高考)They tested the men’s(men)fitness and resting metabolic (新陈代谢的) rates and took samples (样品) of their blood and fat tissue.

④(2018·天津高考)The people in the hall seemed very nosy, keeping their eyes on me with curiosity(curious).

⑤(2018·浙江高考)Making Chinese dishes(dish) is seen as especially troublesome.

⑥(2019·全国Ⅰ卷)In recent years some Inuit people in Nunavut have reported increases in bear sightings around human settlements, leading to a belief (believe) that populations are increasing.

Ⅱ. 单句改错

①(2020·全国Ⅱ卷)Luckily, I will go home in two weeks for summer vacations. (vacations改为vacation)

②(2019·全国Ⅲ卷)I wish to have a chain of cafes in many different city. (city改为cities)

③(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)After supper, we would play card games of all sort in the sitting room. (sort改为sorts)

④(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)Since I was a kid, I’ve considered different job I would like to do. (job改为jobs)

Ⅰ. 语法填空

　　Chinese net users have found a new way to battle desertification by playing virtual (虚拟的) planting games. Ant Forest, 1. __________ is under Ant Financial of the Alibaba Group, told the Global Times that they had planted over 50 million trees covering about 507 square kilometers across China from 2016 to 2019.

　　Ant Forest is the first such game in China. In the Ant Forest plan, any activity 2. __________(consider) low carbon, including walking, taking public transport and online payments, will be converted into virtual “green energy”. The energy will be used to grow a virtual tree in the “forest” of the 3. __________(user). They exchange 4. __________ for a real tree by paying the corresponding energy. Ant Forest will plant the real trees in spring and autumn each year 5. __________ the help of local authorities in the desert areas. This way of planting trees 6. __________ (recognize) on October 23, 2018 by the National Afforestation Committee as 7. __________ means for citizens to fulfill their obligation of planting trees.

　　The Chinese government attaches great 8. __________ (important)to the protection of ecosystems. China aims 9. __________(increase)the forest cover to 23 percent by 2020, and to 26 percent by 2035. A new study using data from NASA satellite shows that the Earth becomes 10. __________(green) as a result of ambitious tree-planting programs in China.

1. 【解析】which。考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知, 先行词为Ant Forest, 在非限制性定语从句中充当主语, 指物, that不能引导非限制性定语从句, 故用which。

2. 【解析】considered。考查非谓语动词。分析句子成分可知, 该句中主语为any activity, 其后所填词汇与主语之间为被动关系, 作后置定语, 故填considered。

3. 【解析】users。考查名词复数。根据其前的定冠词the可知, 此处用名词, 根据句意“用户”, 可知用复数, 故填users。

4. 【解析】it。考查代词。根据句意可知, 此处替代前一句a virtual tree, 为特指, 故填it。

5. 【解析】with。考查介词搭配。该句中使用with the help of. . . 为固定搭配, 意为“在……的帮助下”, 故填with。

6. 【解析】was recognized。考查动词的时态语态。分析句子成分可知, 该句中This way of planting trees为主语, 是单数, 其与所给词汇为被动关系, 用被动语态。根据时间状语on October 23, 2018, 可知用一般过去时态, 故填was recognized。

7. 【解析】a。考查不定冠词。根据句意可知, 此处意指“一种方式”, 为泛指, means的首字母发音是辅音, 故填a。

8. 【解析】importance。考查名词。该句使用固定短语attach importance to. . . , 意为“重视, 认为……重要”, 故填importance。

9. 【解析】to increase。考查不定式。aim to do sth. 为固定搭配, 意为“目标是, 旨在……”故填to increase。

10. 【解析】greener。考查形容词比较级。根据句意可知, 植树在中国取得了成效, 地球变得更加绿色, 暗含“比较”含义, 用比较级, 故填greener。

Ⅱ. 短文改错

　　Nowadays my schoolwork becomes much heavier than ever before, thus force me to stay up deep into the night. I seldom do sports. For this reason I often felt sleep in class. Bad health caused my poor memory. Things have been changed after I followed my teacher’s advices. I get up earlier to do morning exercises. During the 10 minutes break I go out the classroom to relax my brain and muscles. At five o’clock in the afternoon I often go to the playground to have sports. All this makes myself fresh and full of energy. It is sports that improves my health. I have made a rapid progress in my studies.

答案:

1. 【解析】第一句中force→forcing。考查非谓语动词。分析此句句子结构可知本句的谓语为becomes , 而后面也没有出现连词, 因此, force不能用原形, 而这部分表示造成的结果, 所以用非谓语作结果状语。学业压力大, 迫使我晚上熬夜, 这是顺其自然的结果, 且表示主动关系, 所以用现在分词, 故force要改为forcing。

2. 【解析】第二句do→did。考查时态。根据语境可知本文讲的是作者运动前后的变化, 所以, 不做运动时是过去, 因此应该用过去时, 所以do要改为did。

3. 【解析】第三句sleep→sleepy。考查形容词。因为熬夜, 我上课经常昏昏欲睡。feel为系动词, 后面用形容词作表语。sleep是动词, 所以sleep要改为sleepy。

4. 【解析】第五句after→since。考查连词。分析本句可知表示自从听从了老师的建议之后, 情况发生了改变。所以after要改为since。

5. 【解析】第五句advices→advice。考查名词的可数与不可数。advice为不可数名词, 因此advices要改为advice。

6. 【解析】第七句minutes→minutes’。考查名词所有格。根据语境, 在10分钟的课间休息时, “10分钟的”要用所有格, 所以minutes要改为minutes’。

7. 【解析】第七句out 后加of。考查介词。“走出教室”应该用go out of , 不加of没法加宾语the classroom, 所以要在out 后加of。

8. 【解析】第九句myself→me。考查代词。根据语境, 这使得我浑身充满活力。主语是做的所有的体育锻炼, 宾语是我, 不是同一概念, 所以不能用反身代词, 而应该用代词的宾格, 所以myself要改为me。

9. 【解析】第十句improves→improve。考查主谓一致。运动改变了我的健康。此句为强调句, 强调的是句子的主语sports, 它是复数所以谓语improve不能用第三人称单数, 所以improves要改为improve。

10. 【解析】第十一句去掉a。考查冠词。progress不可数, 所以前面不能加a, 因此要去掉a。

Ⅲ. 写作运用

根据汉语提示补全作文, 并注意其中名词的使用。

To whom it may concern:

1. I’m one of your customers(我是你的一个顾客). I ordered a set of Bookworm Series on your website two weeks ago, but I didn’t receive them until yesterday. 2. And much to my disappointment (令我十分失望的是), the books were so poorly packed up that 3. the cover of one book was torn(其中一本书的书皮破损了). To make matters worse, it is not a complete set, as I found one book missing.

I’m sorry to have received such poor service, and I believe I have every right to ask you to deal with this problem. I hope that you either return my money 4. or deliver a new set of books to me (或者给我派送一套新书). Besides, I’d like to be informed of the process of your dealing with my complaint.

5. Looking forward to your reply(期盼你的回复).

Li Hua