小升初英语语法专项培优突破 第6章：动词概说

这是一份小升初英语语法专项培优突破 第6章：动词概说，共12页。
中文：我是他的姐姐。
中文可以说“太阳红”、“这本书好”、“我们的教室大”，因为中文中“红”、“大”、“好”等可以用作谓语。但英语中，red，big，gd等不能作动词，一般只作形容词用。所以在英语中这些句子分别是：
The sun is red. 太阳红。
The bk is gd. 这本书好。
Our classrm is big. 我们的教室大。
动词是一个句子的重心，因此从动词的变化，可以看出该句是现在时或过去时。所以了解动词的时态，在英语学习上相当重要。
1) 动词的种类
动词可以分为以下五类：
2) 短语动词
动词加一个(或两个)介词或副词构成词组后，在意义上和原来的动词不同，这种词组叫短语运词或动词成语(成语动词)。英语里这种词组很多，而且非常有用。以下例子摘自初级中学教科书内文。
be abut 大约
be at …在……
be behind …在……后面
be frm 从……来，出生于某地，出生于……家庭
be gd at 在……擅长
be in …在……里面
be n …在……上面
be ver there 在那边
be under 在……下边
begin with 以……为开始
catch up with 赶上
climb up 爬上去
cme back 回来
cme dwn (a ladder) 爬下(梯子)
cme frm 来自……
cme here 过来
cme in 进来
cme n 加油
cme ut 开花
cme rund 来，前来
cme up (a ladder) 爬上(梯子)
crss ur 划叉
d with smething 处理……
excuse me 请原谅
fall behind 落后
fight abut 为……而斗争
find ut 弄清楚
fly away 飞走
fly up 高飞
get back 回来，回到……
get int (the lift ,car…) 进电梯(上小汽车……)
get ff the bus 下公共汽车
get n the bus 上公共汽车
get ut f ( the lift ,car…) 从(电梯、小汽车……)中出来
g alng (smething) 沿着……走
g dwn 下去
g hme 回家
g n ding sth. 继续做某事
g t wrk 上班
g up 上去
grw up 长大
hear f 听说
hld n (fr a mment) 请稍等一下(打电话用语)
jump int 跳入
laugh at 笑某人
learn frm… 向某人学习
listen t 听……，注意听……
lk after 照顾，关照
lk arund 四处看
lk at 看……
lk fr 寻找
lk in …仔细查看
lk like 看起来像
lk ver 检查(查看，医师看病人时用)
lk yung 看起来年轻
make telephne calls t smebdy 给某人打电话
mve away 移走
pass n t 传递某物给某人
pass n 传递某物
pay fr …为……付钱
pick up 拾起来
pint at …指向……
pull up 拉上来
put n (the suit ,a cap…)穿衣服，戴帽子
sell ut 卖完了(卖光了)
send fr 派人去请……
send up 射出，发送
sit dwn 坐下
stand up 起立
take ff (the sweater…) 脱掉(绒衣……)
take ut smething 拿出……
talk abut (smething) 谈论某事
talk t (smebdy) 跟某人谈话
thanks t …多亏了……，由于，因为
turn ff (the radi, gas ,TV…) 关上(收音机、煤气、电视)
turn n (the radi ,gas ,TV…) 打开(收音机、煤气、电视)
turn rund 转身
turn t 翻到……页，转向……
wait fr …等待
wake up 醒来
wrk hard 努力工作
wrry abut…为……而担心
write dwn 写下来
3) 动词的基本形式
动词有四种基本形式：动词原形(即前面不加t的动词不定式形式)、过去式、过去分词和现在分词。
1.动词的过去式及过去分词的构成
a.规则动词的变化
注意
词尾-ed在清辅音后读[t]，在元音和浊辅音后读[d]，在辅音t，d后读[id]。
b.不规则动词的变化()
2.动词的现在分词的构成
注意
以y结尾的动词变为现在分词时，y不变，直接加上ing。
如：playing，studying。
4) 动词的时态
1.时态概述
作谓语的动词用来表示动作(情况)发生时间的各种形式称为时态。而英语的时态，对我国学生来说，是相当困难的一个语法项目。原因之一是，中文动词和英语动词不一样。
2.英语动词十二种时态的形式
一般语法书列出的英语动词十二种时态为：“现在”、“过去”、“将来”三大类，每类中又分为“一般”、“进行”、“完成”、“完成进行”四种，共十二种。现以study为例，列表如下：
没有时态形式的变化。也就是说，中文动词不是用词形的变化，而是用特定的词语，例如，“现在”、“将来”、“过去”、“正在”、“经常”、“了”、“过”、“已经”等来说明一个动作发生的时间，而动词本身并无变化。在英语中，则用动词本身的词形变化或加助动词表示动作的时间。
中文：他每天看报纸。
英语：He reads newspapers every day.
中文：他昨天看过了这张报纸。
英语：He read the newspaper yesterday.
中文：他明天看这张报纸。
英语：He will read the newspaper tmrrw.
中文：他正在看报纸。
英语：He is reading the newspaper nw.
中文：他已经看完了这张报纸。
英语：He has read the newspaper.
注意
最常用的时态有五个，即一般现在时、现在进行时、一般过去时、一般将来时和现在完成时。必须熟记这些时态的构成，在下面五章中，将分别讲述各种时态的用法。
动词 练习题
1. Agriculture is the cuntry's chief surce f wealth, wheat ____ by far the biggest cereal crp.
A. is B. been C. be D. being
【答案】D
【解析】句意：农业是这个国家财富主要的来源，其中小麦是最主要的谷类作物。这是一个独立主格结构。wheat前用逗号，且没有连词，表示这一句起补充说明的作用，该空不能用动词的形式，则being为唯一之选。
2. Jack ____ frm hme fr tw days nw, and I am beginning t wrry abut his safety.
A. has been missing B. has been missed C. had been missing D. was missed
【答案】A
【解析】句意：到目前为止，杰克已经失踪两天了，我开始担心他的安全。由句中时间状语―fr sme time nw‖可知，这里要用现在完成时；选项A为现在完成进行时，表示动作从过去某一时间一直持续到现在，故为正确答案。
3. ____ if I had arrived yesterday withut letting yu knw befrehand?
A. Wuld yu be surprised B. Were yu surprised
C. Had yu been surprised D. Wuld yu have been surprised
【答案】A
【解析】句意：如果昨天没有提前通知你，我就来了，你会觉得奇怪吗？这是一个错综时间条件句。条件从句表示的动作和主句表示的动作，发生的时间是不一致的，动词的形式要根据表示的时间来调整。
4. If nt ____ with the respect he feels due t him, Jack gets very ill-tempered and grumbles all the time.
A. being treated B. treated C. be treated D. having been treated
【答案】B
【解析】句意：如果没有受到他觉得应得的尊敬，杰克的脾气就会变得很坏，并且不停地抱怨条件。 状语从句中的主语和谓语动词被省略了，全句应为 ―If (Jack is) nt treated…‖.故选项B为正确答案。
5. It was suggested that all gvernment ministers shuld ____ infrmatin n their financial interests.
A. discver B. uncver C. tell D. disclse
【答案】D
【解析】句意：所有的部长都得公开关于他们财政税收的信息。disclse意为 t make knwn publicly，―(公开的)说出，透露‖；而discver意为―发现‖；uncver意为―揭露，发现‖，与discver意思接近。故选项D为正确答案。
6. As my exams are cming next week, I’ll take advantage f the weekend t ____ n sme reading.
A. catch up B. clear up C. make up D. pick up
【答案】D
【解析】句意：下星期就要考试了，周末我会抽时间赶做些阅读。catch up(n)赶上(进度)；而选项B, C, D都不能和n搭配，clear up意为―解释；整理‖；make up意为―捏造‖；pick up意为―获得‖。由此可知，选项D为正确答案。
7. Mary hpes t be ____ frm hspital next week.
A. dismissed B. discharged C. expelled D. resigned
【答案】B
【解析】句意：玛丽希望下星期出院。discharge意为―离开，放(某人)走‖；而dismiss意为―派遣，解散‖；expel意为―抵制‖；resign意为―辞职‖。 根据句意，选项B为正确答案。
8. Jimmy earns his living by ____ wrks f art in the museum.
A. recvering B. restring C. renewing D. reviving
【答案】B
【解析】句意：吉米靠修复在博物馆的艺术品来度日。restre意为―(使)恢复原样，修复(健康，家具，艺术品)‖：而recver意为―康复‖，renew意为―翻新，更新‖，revive意为―复活，再流行‖，根据句意，选项B为正确答案。
9. I culdn’t sleep last night because the tap in the bathrm was ____.
A. draining B. drpping C. spilling D. dripping
【答案】D
【解析】句意：浴室水龙头的滴水声使我昨夜无法入眠。drip意为―滴水‖；drain意为―排水‖，spill意为―涌出，益出，‖。因此D项是正确答案。
10. He plays tennis t the ____ f all ther sprts.
A. eradicatin B. exclusin C. extensin D. inclusin
【答案】B
【解析】句意：他只打网球，其它的体育项目一律不参加。t the exclusin f意为―把…排斥在外‖；而选项A, C, D都没有这种搭配用法。因此B项是正确答案。





类别(英语缩写)
特点
举例
及物动词(vt.)
跟宾语
We lve ur cuntry.
不及物动词(vi.)
不跟宾语
Classes begin.
系动词(link-v.)
跟表语
I'm a student.
助动词(aux.v.)
跟动词原形或分词
(无特殊意思)
I have had my breakfast.
情态动词(md.v.)
跟动词原形
(有说话者的意思)
He must study hard.
构成法
例词
一般加-ed
wrk→wrked，wrked
以e结尾的词加-d
live→lived,lived
以“辅音字母+y”结尾的词，改y为i再加-ed
study→studied,studied
cry→cried,cried
以“元音字母+y”结尾的词，直接加-ed
play→payed,played
以重读闭音节或r音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母的词。要双写这个辅音字母，再加-ed
stp→stped,stpped
prefer→preferred,preferred
构成法
例词
一般加-ing
wrk→wrking
study→studying
以e结尾的词去e加-ing
live→living
以重读闭音节或r音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母的词，要双写这个辅音字母，再加-ing
stp→stpping
refer→referring
以ie为结尾的重读开音节的词，改ie为y，再加-ing
die→dying

一般时
进行时
完成时
完成进行时
现在
I study.
Yu study.
He studies.
We study.
They study.
I am studying.
Yu are studying.
He is studying.
We are studying
They are studying.
I have studied.
Yu have studied.
He has studied.
We have studied.
They have studied.
I have been studying.
Yu have been studying.
He has been studying.
We have been studying.
They have been studying.
过去
I studied.
Yu studied.
He studied.
We studied.
They studied.
I was studying.
Yu were studying.
He was studying.
We were studying.
They were studying.
I has studied.
Yu had studied.
He had studied.
We had studied.
They had studied.
I had been studying.
Yu had been studying.
He had been studying.
We had been studying.
They had been studying.
将来
I shall study.
Yu will study.
He will study.
We shall study.
They will study.
I shall be studying.
Yu will be studying.
He will be studying.
We shall be studying.
They will be studying.
I shall have studied.
Yu will have studied.
He will have studied.
We shall have studied.
They will have studied.
I shall have been studying.
Yu will have been studying.
He will have been studying.
We shall have been studying.
They will have been studying.
动词的不规则变化表
现在式
过去式
过去分词
现在式
过去式
过去分词
beat 打，敲
beat
beaten
leave 离开
left
left
becme 成为
became
becme
lend 借出
lent
lent
begin 开始
began
begun
let 让
let
let
bite 咬
bit
bitten / bit
lie 躺下
lay lst
lain
blw 吹
blew
blwn
lse 遗失
lst
lst
break 打破
brke
brken
make 做
made
made
bring 携带
brught
brught
meet 遇
met
met
build 建造
built
built
pay 支付
paid
paid
burn 燃烧
burned / burnt
burned / burnt
read 读
read
read
buy 买
bught
bught
rise 上升
rse
risen
catch 捉
caught
caught
run 跑
ran
run
chse 选择
chse
chsen
say 说
said
said
cme 来
came
cme
see 看见
saw
seen
drink 喝
drank
drunk
sell 售
sld
sld
drive 驾驶
drve
driven
send 送
sent
sent
eat 吃
ate
eaten
shine 照耀
shne / shined
shne / shined
fall 落下
fell
fallen
sht 发射
sht
sht
feed 喂
fed
fed
sing 唱歌
sang
sung
feel 觉得
felt
felt
sit 坐下
sat
sat
fight 打架
fught
fught
sleep 睡觉
slept
slept
find 找
fund
fund
smell 嗅
smelt / smelled
smelt / smelled
fly 飞
flew
flwn
speak 说
spke
spken
frget 忘记
frgt
frgtten / frgt
spell 拼字
spelt / spelled
spelt / spelled
frgive 原谅
frgave
frgiven
spend 花费
spent
spent
get 获得
gt
gtten / gt
stand 站立
std
std
give 给
gave
given
steal 偷窃
stle
stlen
g 去
went
gne
sweep 扫除
swept
swept
grw 生长
grew
grwn
swim 游泳
swam
swum
hang 挂
hung
hung
swing 摇摆
swung
swung
hear 听
heard
heard
take 取
tk
take
hit 击
hit
hit
teach 教
taught
taught
hld 持
held
held
tear 撕
tre
trn
hurt 伤害
hurt
hurt
tell 告诉
tld
tld
keep 保持
kept
kept
think 想
thught
thught
knw 知道
knew
knwn
thrw 投
threw
thrwn
lay 放置
laid
laid
understand 了解
understd
understd
lead 引导
led
led
wear 穿
wn
wn
learn 学习
learned / learnt
learned / learnt
win 赢
wrte
written



write 写