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2021年上海市高二第一学期英语培优讲义第13讲 考纲词汇翻译&新题型与阅读【教案】
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这是一份2021年上海市高二第一学期英语培优讲义第13讲 考纲词汇翻译&新题型与阅读【教案】，共20页。
2021-2022学年高一升高二英语暑期讲义（上海通用版）
第13讲 考纲词汇翻译&新题型与阅读 教师版
教学内容
一、 上次课考纲词汇默写
高考英语词组测验5(P49-60)
1. 总工程师/总编/主厨
2. 赢得冠军头衔
3. 别无选择，只得…
4. 逐渐意识到…
5. 以…为特征
6. 头等舱/经济舱
7. 办理住宿手续;办理飞机的搭乘手续
8. ten degrees centigrade 10
9. 去做礼拜
10. 以支票付款
11. 恢复知觉，苏醒
12. under/in no circumstances
13. 迎接挑战
14. 从…中挑选
15. 把A 比作 B
16. 将某物更换为同种物品的一件
17. 去看电影
18. 下棋
19. 开/闭幕式
20. 古典音乐
21. 负责，掌管
22. 声称…
23. 错过机会
24. 得了（重）感
25. 有很多/没有共同之处
26. 连锁店
27. 陪伴某人
28. (天空)放晴
29. off the coast
30. 把A与B相结合
31. 点击鼠标
32. 收藏了大量的
33. 婚礼/毕业典礼/颁奖典礼
34. 常识
35. 凡事都有两面性
36. 选择做
37. 在童年
38. (使)振奋
39. 与…交流
40. …是确实的
41. 偶然遇到
42. 评论…
43. 在平安夜
44. 谴责/控告某人…
45. 精通…
46. 在21 世纪
47. 想出，找出（答案、计划等）
48. 免费
49. 炸鱼加炸土豆条
50. keep the change
二、
高考英语单词测验6(P61—72)
1. n.信心、confidence
2. n. 一对，一双；夫妇 couple
3. vt.包含 contain
4. 改正，纠正；批阅（试卷等）correct
5. adj.有创造力的 creative
6. adv.完全地 completely
7. n.合作 cooperation
8. v.贡献；捐献 contribute
9. n. 堂（或表）兄弟；堂（或表）姐妹 cousin
10. n.竞赛 competition/contest
11. n. 棉花 cotton
12. n.音乐会 concert
13. vt.抄写, 复印；模仿copy
14. adj.方便的 convenient .
15. n.封面 cover
16. n. 炊具 cooker
17. consult vt.请教,咨询，查阅
18. concept n.概念；观念
19. conflict n.冲突
20. conduct vt.进行（实验等）；指挥（乐团）;导(电、热等)
21. congratulation n.祝贺，道喜
22. compose vt.组成；创作(乐曲、诗歌等)
23. critical adj.批评的，评论的；危急的; 至关重要的
24. concerning prep.关于
25. confess vt.承认,坦白
26. creature n.生物（动物或人）
27. continuous adj.不断的
28. complaint n.抱怨；投诉
29. costly 昂贵的；代价高的
30. connection n,连接；联系
31. considerable adj.(数量、程度等)相当大的，可观的
32. crisis n.危机
33. context n.上下文，语境
34. confirm vt. 证实，确认
35. conquer vt. 征服，攻克；克服（困难），革除(坏习惯)
36. convey vt. 运送，传送；传递，传达（思想、感情、信息等）
37. constant adj.不断的;经常的
38. conference n.(正式的）会议
39. crash vi.(飞机)坠毁；（汽车)碰撞
40. comparison n.比较
41. continent n.大陆, 大洲
42. confusion n.混淆，混乱；闲惑，糊涂
43. consume vt. 消耗，消费;吃完，喝光
44. crew (车、船、飞机上的)全体工作人员
45. contract n.合同
46. computerize vt：使电脑化
47. conclude v.下结论称；结束
48. complicated adj.复杂的
49. content n.(常〜s)内容；（常〜s)目录; 含量；满足，满意
50. criminal n.罪犯
B字母重难点梳理
翻译同步练习：
1.高频单词 before
1.与我们预料的相反，学生们组织的游乐会是如此地有趣，不知不觉2个小时就过去了。(before) （14青浦一模）
Contrary to our expectation/what we had expected, the funfair organized by the students was so interesting that two hours had passed/gone by before we realized it.
2.不久以后，一些药品的价格就会再一次下调。（before) （13松江一模）
It will not be long before the price of some medicine is reduced again.
3.请完成作业后再和你的朋友聊天。(before) （12二模）
Please finish your homework before you chat with your friend.
4.在孩子们能够表达或理解一门语言之前的很长一段时间,他们靠面部表情和发出噪声和大人们交流。(before)(12奉贤一模)
Long before children are able to speak or understand a language, they can communicate with adults through facial expressions and by making noises.
Children can communicate with adults through facial expressions and by making noises long before they are able to speak or understand a language.
5.两周以后她才从事故的恐惧中恢复过来。（before）(11闸北二模)
It was two weeks before she recovered from the horror of the accident.
6.你不会等很长时间意味着过不了多久下一班车就来了。（before）(11崇明二模)
That you won’t wait for long means that it won’t be long before the next bus arrives.
7.进入丛林不远，只见一条清澈的小溪映入了我们的眼帘。 ( before ) (15嘉定一模)
A (little/small) clear stream came into view/met our eyes before we had traveled/gone far into the woods.
8. 必须清楚地意识到自己的长处和短处之后，才能合理的制定人生目标，无怨无悔地为之奋斗。（before）（2015年闸北二模）
A person must realize his strong and weak points before he can reasonably set up the goal for life and struggle for it without regrets or complaints.
9.趁一切还来得及，去赞美你爱着、关心着的人吧。（before)（16奉贤二模）
Compliment those you love and care for/about before it is too late.
2.高频单词belief
1. 因为人们坚信食物对健康是至关重要的，所以好的厨师总是努力在谷物、肉类和蔬菜之间取得平衡。（belief)
Because people hold a firm belief that food is vital for/to man’s health, good cooks are always making efforts to maintain balance between grains, meat and vegetables.
3.高频单词 because
1.由于粗心的新郎把那枚代表着爱情恒久远的钻戒落在了车上，所以新娘很不高兴。（Because）（13青浦一模）
Because the careless bridegroom left the diamond ring which represents the long lasting love behind on the car, the bride was very unhappy.
2.中国达人秀(China Talent Show) 吸引了成千上万名各个年龄层的人，因为它给普通人以展示自我的机会。(because) （12卢湾一模）
China Talent Show has attracted thousands of people of all ages, because it offers ordinary people opportunities to show themselves.
4.高频单词 busy
1.他正忙着准备面试。(busy)(11静安、杨浦、青浦、宝山二模)
He is busy (in) preparing for the interview.
2.整个周末他都在忙着复习备考，只在吃饭的时候才歇一歇。(busy) (11徐汇、松江一模)
He was busy reviewing his lessons and preparing for the exam the whole weekend, only taking a break at meal time.
5.高频单词base
1.这部电影的故事情节是根据真人改编的。（base）（11奉贤二模）
The story of the film is based on a real person.
2.基于真实故事的小说往往更能感动人心。（base）(15奉贤一模)
Novels based on true stories are more likely to touch readers.
6.其它考点
1.我敢肯定新政府将投资一大笔钱用以改善公共设施。（bet）（13青浦一模）
I bet the new government will invest a large amount of money to improve the public facilities.
2.他若是想在下一届奥运会夺金的话，就要提高他的技术水平。（be to do）（13金山一模）
If he is to win the gold medal at the next Olympics, he needs to improve his technique.
3.由谁来为这次事故承担责任？（blame）(12虹口一模)
Who is to blame for this accident?
4.简单的生活方式有利于环保。(benefit) (12浦东一模)
Simple lifestyle benefits/ is of great benefit to environmental protection.
5.等这条铁路延伸至那座偏远的小城之后，当地的经济一定会得到迅猛的发展。（by the time）（12嘉定一模）
By the time this railroad has been extended to the remote small city, the local economy is sure to develop/be developed very fast.
6. 这个项目启动以来，已经消耗了相当多的时间和资金，但所有的任务能否按时完成还有待进一步观察。（but）(15徐汇一模)
Much time and fund has been spent since the project started, but it remains to be seen whether all the tasks can be finished on time.
7.我们希望上海所有的博物馆能向儿童和老人免费开放。（be free to）（11普陀二模）
We hope that all the museums in Shanghai will be open free to children and old people.
8.我是在一家二手书店里买的这本英汉词典。（buy）(11虹口二模)
I bought this English-Chinese dictionary in a second-hand bookshop.
9.暗淡的灯光和柔和的音乐会营造出浪漫的气氛。（be supposed）(11长宁一模)
Dim light and soft music are supposed to produce a romantic atmosphere.
10 将来过怎样的生活取决于你自己。(be up to) （14年上海高考真题）
It's up to you what kind of life you will lead in the future.
11 代表受害者，他期望社会给予他们更多的理解和帮助。(behalf) （14年崇明二模）
On behalf of the victims, he expected the society to give them more understanding and help.
12.街头艺术家运用创意将鲜艳明亮的色彩带进了老社区。(bring) （2015年上海高考真题）
Street artists have brought brilliant colours to old neibourhoods with their creativity.
13.语言运用需要足够的词汇量为基础。（base）（2015年闸北二模）
Language practice needs to be bases on enough vocabulary.
Passage 1
Forgiveness
To forgive is a virtue, but no one has ever said it is easy. When someone has deeply hurt you, it can be extremely difficult to let go of your hate. However, forgiveness is possible, and it can be surprisingly beneficial to your physical and mental health. People who forgive show less sadness，anger and stress and more hopefulness, according to a recent research.
__1__ Try the following steps：
Calm yourself. __2__ You can take a couple of breaths and think of something that gives you pleasure : a beautiful scene in nature, or someone you love.
Don't wait for an apology. Many times the person who hurt you does not intend to apologize. They may have wanted to hurt you or they just don't see things the same way. __3__ Keep in mind that forgiveness does not necessarily mean becoming friends again with the person who upset you.
Take the control away from your offender (冒犯者). Rethinking about your hurt gives power to the person who caused you pain. Instead of focusing on your wounded feelings, learn to look for the love, beauty and kindness around you.
__4__ If you understand your offender, you may realize that he or she was acting out of unawareness, fear, and even love. You may want to write a letter to yourself from your offender's point of view.
Don't forget to forgive yourself. __5__ But it can rob you of your self confidence if you don't do it.
A．Why should you forgive?
B．How should you start to forgive?
C．Recognize the benefits of forgiveness.
D. Try to see things from your offender's angle.
E. For some people, forgiving themselves is the biggest challenge.
F. To make your anger die away, try a simple stress management technique.
G. If you wait for people to apologize, you could be waiting an awfully long time.
解读：本文为说明文，主要向读者介绍了如何开始宽恕别人或自己的方法。
1.解析：第一段说明了宽恕的意义，该空格后的各段说明了宽恕的具体方法，由此可推断该空格处应为一承上启下的过渡句，故选B项。
答案：B
2.解析：根据段落中心句Calm yourself.和下文的关键信息think of something that gives you pleasure可确定答案。
答案：F
3.解析：根据关键词apology可迅速确定答案。
答案：G
4.解析：根据关键信息write a letter to yourself from your offender's point of view可确定答案。
答案：D
5.解析：根据段落中心句Don't forget to forgive yourself.中的关键信息forgive yourself可确定答案。
答案：E
Passage 2
Urbanization
Until relatively recently, the vast majority of human beings lived and died without ever seeing a city. The first city was probably founded no more than 5,500 years ago. __1__ In fact, nearly everyone lived on farms or in tiny rural(乡村的) villages. It was not until the 20th century that Great Britain became the first urban society in history—a society in which the majority of people live in cities and do not farm for a living.
Britain was only the beginning. __2__ The process of urbanization—the migration (迁徙 ) of people from the countryside to the city—was the result of modernization, which has rapidly transformed how people live and where they live.
In 1900 ，fewer than 40% of Americans lived in urban areas. Today，over 82% of Americans live in cities. Only about 2% live on farms. __3__
Large cities were impossible until agriculture became industrialized. Even in advanced agricultural societies, it took about ninety five people on farms to feed five people in cities. __4__ Until modern times，those living in cities were mainly the ruling elite(精英) and the servants, laborers and professionals who served them. Cities survived by taxing farmers and were limited in size by the amount of surplus food that the rural population produced and by the ability to move this surplus from farm to city.
Over the past two centuries, the Industrial Revolution has broken this balance between the city and the country. __5__ Today, instead of needing ninety five farmers to feed five city people, one American farmer is able to feed more than a hundred non farmers.
A．That kept cities very small.
B. The rest live in small towns.
C. The effects of urban living on people should be considered.
D. Soon many other industrial nations became urban societies.
E. But even 200 years ago, only a few people could live in cities.
F. Modernization drew people to the cities and made farmers more productive.
G. Modern cities have destroyed social relations and the health of human beings.
解读：本文为说明文，题材为社会与热点，主要讲述了城市化的进程。
1．解析：第一段主要讲述了在过去城市非常少，大多数人都是住在农场或乡村里，根据主旨可知应选择E项。
答案：E
2．解析：空格前一句中的beginning与D项中的soon相对应，英国只是个开始，之后一些其他的国家也开始成为城市化的社会，故选择D项。
答案：D
3．解析：空格所在的段落通过列举数据来体现现在城市化的扩大，绝大多数的美国人住在城市里，少部分住在农场里，因此此空说明剩下的人居住在何地，故选择B项。
答案：B
4．解析：此空之前在阐述过去为什么城市不可能大的原因，因此A项与前面的意思对应。
答案：A
5．解析：空格前一句阐述工业革命打破了此前城市和乡村的这种平衡，因此空格处是对前一句内容的进一步阐述，因此选择F项。
答案：F
Passage 3
Make the right choices
What is life's greatest gift? __1__ Choice is the ability to select one course of action from a set of alternatives to achieve a goal.What is so great about ch oice? It transforms us from dumb animals into artists.Each of us becomes another Michelangelo.Choice becomes nothing other than the tool we use to sculpt(雕刻) our life.The tool doesn't come free，however，for the price of choice is responsibility.__2__ The reward is happiness.
Life is not still.It is a flow. __3__ We constantly need to monitor where we are on our journey.We need to ask questions：Am I moving closer to my goals? If not，what corrective measures can I take? What action will I take now to readjust myself to my goals? Choice is power. Choice is at the heart of life. It is the creative power of life.
__4__ And your life becomes more convenient or comfortable because of them. For example, you decide which stores to shop at and which gas station to go to. But the decisions that we make to sculpt our life are far more important than deciding where to shop. The more we appreciate the difference between minor and major decisions, the greater the probabi lity that we will experience happiness and fulfillment.
All chess lovers realize that it isn't necessary to win to enjoy the game. The pleasure is in the playing. Life is like a chess game. __5__
A．It is free will or choice.
B．You have to make choices every day.
C．Make the best moves you can under the circumstances.
D．But when we accept and carry it out, we get a great return.
E．Every choice we make leads us closer to or farther from our goals.
F．Life is full of hard choices, and the bigger they are, the harder they get.
G．Choose to carry out responsibilities not because you have to, but because you want to.
解读：每个人每天都要面临各种各样的选择。正确的选择究竟会给我们的人生带来些什么呢？
1.解析：根据上文的提问“生命中最珍贵的礼物是什么？”可知选A，it指代life's greatest gift，即生命中最珍贵的礼物是自由的意志或选择。
答案：A
2．解析：选项D中a great return与下文The reward前后照应，即当我们接受并执行它时，我们就获得了巨大的回报。这种回报就是幸福。
答案：D
3．解析：根据下文所提的三个问题可知该段在谈论选择对人生目标的影响，故E项为正确答案，即我们所做的每一个选择让我们更接近或者远离我们的目标。
答案：E
4．解析：根据下文可知，无论是日常生活中的小事，还是涉及人生的大事，都离不开选择。故B项“你每天都不得不做出选择”符合文意。
答案：B
5.解析：人生就像一盘棋。在我们身处的环境下，要尽最大可能走好每一步。
答案：C
Passage 4
Any car accident is frightening, but an accident in which your vehicle is thrown into the water, with you trapped inside, is absolutely terrifying. __1__ However, most deaths result from panic, without a plan or understanding what is happening to the car in the water. By adopting a brace (支撑) position, acting decisively and getting out fast，you can save yourself from a sinking vehicle.
Brace yourself for impact ( 撞击力). As soon as you're aware that you're going off the road and into a body of water, adopt a brace position. The impact could set off the airbag system in your vehicle, so you should place both hands on the steering wheel in the “ten and two” position.
Undo your seatbelt. __2__ Unbuckle the children, starting with the oldest first. Forget the cellphone call. Your car isn't going to wait for you to make the call.
__3__ Leave the door alone at this stage and concentrate on the window. A car's electrical system should work for up to three minutes in water, so try the method of opening it electronically first. Many people don't think about the window as an escape option either because of panic or misinformation about doors and sinking.
Break the window. If you aren't able to open the window, or it only opens halfway, you'll need to break it with an object or your foot. It may feel counter intuitive(有悖常理的) to let water into the car.__4__
Escape when the car has equalized. If it has reached the dramatic stage where the car cabin has been filled with water and it has become balanced, you must move quickly and effectively to ensure your survival. __5__ While there is still air in the car, take slow, deep breaths and focus on what you're doing.
A．Open the window as soon as you hit the water.
B．Surviving a sinking car is not as difficult as you think.
C．It takes 60 to 120 seconds for a car to fill up with water usually.
D．Such accidents are particularly dangerous to the risk of drowning.
E．In conclusion, if you know what to do in the water, you will be safe.
F．This is the first thing to attend to, yet it often gets forgotten in the panic.
G. But the sooner the window is open, the sooner you can escape directly through it.
解读：本文为说明文，主要介绍了当遇到汽车掉入水中时，人们应该如何应对。
1．解析：空格前的“an accident in which your vehicle is thrown into the water”与D项中的“Such accidents”对应，而空格处句子与空格后一句为转折关系，故选择D项。
答案：D
2．解析：空格前句“Undo your seatbelt.”与F项中的“This is the first thing to attend to”对应，故选择F项。
答案：F
3．解析：根据本段中的“concentrate on the window”和“Many people don't think about the window as an escape option either because of panic...”可知选择A项。
答案：A
4．解析：首先空格前句与空格处为转折关系，本段仍旧围绕“window”进行阐述，G项所表达的意思为打开窗户逃生，与本段主旨一致，故选择G项。
答案：G
5．解析：空格前的“car cabin has been filled_with_water”与C项中的“fill up with water”对应，而C项所表达的意思也与空格后的“While there is still air in the car”相关联，故此题选择C项。
答案：C
For most thinkers since the Greek philosophers, it was self-evident that there is something called human nature, something that constitutes the essence of man.There were various views about what constitutes it, but there was agreement that such an essence exists -- that is to say, that there is something by virtue of which man is man. Thus man was defined as a rational being, as a social animal, an animal that can make tools, or a symbol-making animal. （第一段文字主要讲述对人性的传统的看法。）
More recently, this traditional view has begun to be questioned.（这句话是承上启下哦。接下来开始分析传统看法被challenge的原因）One reason for this change was the increasing emphasis given to the historical approach to man. （原因之一：主题句，其中关键字眼是historical approach）An examination of the history of humanity suggested that man in our epoch is so different from man in previous times that it seemed unrealistic to assume that men in every age have had in common something that can be called "human nature." The historical approach was reinforced, particularly in the United States, by studies in the field of cultural anthropology. The study of primitive peoples has discovered such a diversity of customs, values, feelings,and thoughts that many anthropologists arrived at the concept that man is born as a blank sheet of paper on which each culture writes its text. Another factor contributing to the tendency to deny the assumption of a fixed human nature was that the concept has so often been abused as a shield behind which the most inhuman acts are committed. In the name of human nature, for example, Aristotle and most thinkers up to the eighteenth century defended slavery. Or in order to prove the rationality and necessity of the capitalist form of society, scholars have tried to make a case for acquisitiveness, competitiveness, and selfishnessas innate human traits. Popularly, one refers cynically to "human nature"in accepting the inevitability of such undesirable human behavior as greed, murder, cheating and lying.
Another reason for skepticism about the concept of human nature probably lies in the influence of evolutionary thinking. (原因之二：主题句：关键字眼是evolutionary thinking) Once man came to be seen as developing in the process of evolution, the idea of a substance which is contained in his essence seemed untenable. Yet I believe it is precisely from an evolutionary standpoint that we can expect new insight into the problem of the nature of man.
Summary：
The article reviews two reasons why traditional views about human nature by thinkers since the Greek philosophers are being challenged. One reason is that historical perspectives on man are increasingly emphasized, the other being the influence of evolutionary standpoint on human nature.
写摘要时可以采用下列几种小技巧：
1) 删除细节。只保留主要观点。
2) 把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子，那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可。
3) 避免重复。在原文中，为了强调某个主题，可能会重复论证说明。但是这在摘要中是不能使用的。应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。
4) 压缩长的句子。如下列两例：
“His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.”
可以概括为：”He was very brave in battle.”
“He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.”
可以概括为：“He was in financial difficulties.”
5) 你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。请看下面的例子：
“Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain, and Mount Huang, were visited by only a few people in the past. Today, better wages, holidays with pay, new hotels on these mountains, and better train and bus services, have brought them within reach of many who never thought of visiting them ten years ago.”
可以概括为：”Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, once visited by only a few people, are today accessible to many, thanks to better wages, paid holidays, new hotels and better transportation services.”
6) 使用概括性的名词代替具体的词，比如：
“She brought home several Chinese and English novels, a few copies of Time and Newsweek and some textbooks. She intended to read all of them during the winter vocation.”
可以概括为：”She brought home a lot of books to read during the vocation.”
7） 使用最短的连接词。
比如，可以使用but, then, thus, yet, though，不能使用at the same time, in the first place, because of these, on the other hand等较长的连接词。通常，使用分号就能够达成使用连接词的效果。
8) 文章中的第一人称说的话通常在摘要中转换成第三人称，从而把大段的对白简化，比如：
Kate looked at Paul disapprovingly: You use too much salt on your food, Paul — it’s not good for you!” Paul put down his knife and frowned:”Why on earth not! If you didn’t have salt on your food it would taste awful… like eating cardboard or sand… just imagine bread without salt in it, or potatoes or pasta cooked without salt!” Kate was patient. She didn’t want to quarrel with Paul. She wanted to persuade him. She said firmly:”But too much salt is bad for you. It cause high blood pressure and latter on, heart-attacks. It also disguises the taste of food, the real tastes which are much more subtle than salt, and which we have lost the sensitivity to appreciate any more.”
可以用第三人称概括为：
Kate suggested to Paul that he should eat less salt. She thought that eating too much salt would do harm to Paul’s health and that it could reduce the real tastes of food. But Paul disagreed. He said that food without salt would be tasteless.
课后作业
一、 做翻译句子
二、
Section C •
Directions: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences.
A. Be relevant to your audience
B. Expressing their happiness at being there is unnecessary as well.
C. Focus on one theme, and eliminate everything else.
D. After all, try to enjoy the experience.
E. Rely on your own judgment when deciding what to talk about.
F. You should first show your gratitude to your audiences.
How to give a great speech?
Forget fancy PowerPoint presentations and loads of data. Instead, keep your speech simple, with a clear beginning, middle and end. (67)_________”Speeches are an inefficient form of communication,” says Nick Morgan, the president of Public Words, Inc. “People don’t remember much of what they hear, so focus and keep it simple.”
Use stories. “ People struggle so hard writing speeches when all they have to do is find a message and three great stories to prove it,” says Jane Praeger, a Columbia University professor and the president of the speech presentation and coaching firm. “Those speeches are also easier to deliver because you can recall a story from memory and tell it from your heart.”
(68)_______ Ask yourself what problem the audience wants to solve, and talk about that problem first. “Then and only then, talk about what you are good at as the solution to that problem,” says Morgan. “Audiences start off by asking why. Why am I here? Why should I care? If you answer those questions early, then they’ll ask how. Your job is to answer the why question first and then address the how.”
Drop the thank you, and jump right in. People often make the mistake of starting speeches by thanking the introducer. (69)________ “Instead, jump right in with a framing story that suggests what the topic is without giving it all away, a statistic, a question or some kind of interaction with the audience,” says Morgan.
Practice your speech beforehand. “You would do better practicing in the shower and running hte speech in your head rather than practicing in front of a mirror, which is distracting,” Praeger says. “You do have to practice out loud, hopefully with a small audience.:
(70)_______”The real secret is to love what you’re doing in that moment,” says Morgan. “If you can relax and be happy about being there, the audience will feel that way, too. “
答案：
CABD
题型分析：
空格67沿袭前句意义， 需要填入一句能够说明如何简化演讲内容得句子；空格68所在位置揭示这是段落得主题句，总结后文可见应该考虑读者需求；空格69的后句由instead开头，说明此句内容和后句之间有转折关系；空格70可根据本段后两句推断出答案。 混淆项E针对空格68，内容与之相矛盾；混淆项F可能影响空格68和空格69.
Summary Writing：
Directions: Please read the following passage and write a summary of it in no more than 60 words.
New Solution to Computer Theft
“Get your hands off me, I have been stolen,” the laptop, a portable computer, shouted. That is a new solution to laptop computer theft: a program that lets owners give their property a voice when it has been taken.
The program allows users to display alerts on the missing computer’s screen and even to set a spoken message. Tracking software for stolen laptops has been on the market for some time, but this is thought to be the first that allows owners to give the thief a piece of their mind.
Owners must report their laptop missing by visiting a website, which sends a message to the model: a red and yellow “lost or stolen” sign appears on its screen when it is started. Under the latest version（版本）of the software, users can also send a spoken message.
The message can be set to reappear every 30 seconds, no matter how many times the thief closes it.” One customer sent a message saying,’ You are being tracked. I am right at your door’,” said Carrie Hafeman, chief executive of the company which produces the program, Retriever.
In the latest version, people can add a spoken message. For example, the laptop’s speakers will say: “Help, this laptop is reported lost or stolen. If you are not my owner, report me now.”
The Retriever software package, which costs $29.95 but has a free trial period, has the functions of many security software programs .Owners can remotely switch to an alternative password if they fear that the thief has also got hold of the access details.
If a thief accesses the internet with the stolen laptop, Retriever will collect information on the internet service provider in use, so that the police can be alerted to its location.
The Key:
Retriever is a program to help with laptop computer theft. It can display alerts on the missing computer’s screen, remotely switch to an alternative password or collect information on the Internet service provider in use to alert the police of its location. In addition, the latest version even allows the owner of the missing computer to send a spoken message.
题型分析：
以本文是一篇关于关于电脑防盗得说明文。为了防止电脑信息得盗取，商家生产了一种叫做retriever系统区帮助防盗。它有不少得功能，它可以在丢失的计算机屏幕上显示警报，远程切换到另一个密码或收集互联网服务提供商的信息，以提醒警方其位置。此外，最新版本甚至允许丢失的计算机的所有者发送口头消息。
\
Summary如何写（III）--说明文
On Earth, there's no doubt that they have highly developed senses to stay alive and thrive. But while some of their features may be compared to taste, sight, touch and smell in humans, have you ever wondered--can plants think?（这是整篇文章作者想要解决的问题）
On land, the cumulative mass of plants is 1000 times higher than that of animals. But these plants are immobile and can't move around in their environment; which is, seemingly, a pretty big evolutionary disadvantage. This has forced plants to adapt in amazing ways that often go unnoticed by the naked eye.
Smell something funny? Plants do too-and they react to these chemicals in the air. For example, when fruits start to ripen, they release a chemical called ethylene. And when neighboring fruits sense this pheromone, they ripen faster, so that all fruits mature at the same time.
Plants also give off scents which attract insects to spread their pollen. In particular, the amazing carrion flowers grow tiny hairs, feel warm and smell like rotting flesh in an attempt to mimic a dead corpse. This is to attract flies and beetles as pollinators. On the other hand, when a plant is attacked by an insect, animal or pathogen, it knows. When acacia trees are grazed by animals, they quickly react by producing chemicals called tannins, which make their leaves unappetizing and tough to digest. Some even produce enough toxin to kill the animal. Perhaps more impressive are some corn and cotton plants, which when eaten bycaterpillars, release chemicals in the air that attract parasitic wasps, who fly in and ultimately kill the insects. （以上这些文字讲植物会想方设法地解决他们遇到的一些问题。）
On some level, they communicate with the wasps. Crazy as it seems, even sound recordings of caterpillars chewing leaves, trigger this response. Without any from of touch, the plants react, as if they can hear.
（这段文字讲了植物也会和周围环境中的物种交流感情！这也太神奇了点。）
On a large scale, plants also work together. A web of underground fungi can connect tree roots in forests, allowing them to exchange nutrients and information.
Using radioactive isotopes, scientists discovered that trees share water and nutrients with others in need. Large trees nourish smaller shaded ones until they are tall enough to reach sunlight, And trees that stay green all year round share nutrients with trees that lose their leaves in winter, helping them through the season. Which is then repaid in the summer months, like a transactional exchange. Some scientist refer to this as the "wood-wide web". （这段文字讲了植物也懂得如何共生！合作！）
Perhaps the most shocking fact, is that some plants seem to have memory. Mimosa pedicab plants, are those leafy plants that close up when touched. This reflex is meant to scare away insects that land on them. In an experiment on these reflexes, scientists notice that when dropped from 15cm， they would close when they hit the ground, Not so surprising. But after repeating the drop 4 or 5 times, some of the plants stopped closing， as though they had realized the stimulus wasn't harmful. If they were shaken instead, they would close, but any time they were dropped from this same height, they stayed open. This effect lasted for weeks-the plants had memories. （这段文字讲了植物也是有记忆的。“千万别招惹他们，哈哈哈”）
Of course, plants don't have brains or other cells and organs that we deem necessary for intelligence. Brains and neurons are irreplaceable, but plants are immobile and often attacked, so they must be able to survive after part of them is eaten, or destroyed. A brain just wouldn't work. But if you measure intelligence or thought as the ability to solve problems, interact with an environment, and even work in groups, then plants are incredibly smart. （这段文字是总结，最后的一句尤其赞，基本概括好了前文所讲的内容，但有点搞不懂的是为什么对memory这两段文字视而不见呢？）
Summary:
This article focuses on whether plants are smart. Research has shown plants have intelligence because they are capable of dealing with problems they encounter, communicating with the environment, cooperating with other plants for survival and that they have memories. Though lacking brains or other cells, plants are intelligent. (48 words)
2021-2022学年高一升高二英语暑期讲义（上海通用版）
第13讲 考纲词汇翻译&新题型与阅读 教师版
教学内容
一、 上次课考纲词汇默写
高考英语词组测验5(P49-60)
1. 总工程师/总编/主厨
2. 赢得冠军头衔
3. 别无选择，只得…
4. 逐渐意识到…
5. 以…为特征
6. 头等舱/经济舱
7. 办理住宿手续;办理飞机的搭乘手续
8. ten degrees centigrade 10
9. 去做礼拜
10. 以支票付款
11. 恢复知觉，苏醒
12. under/in no circumstances
13. 迎接挑战
14. 从…中挑选
15. 把A 比作 B
16. 将某物更换为同种物品的一件
17. 去看电影
18. 下棋
19. 开/闭幕式
20. 古典音乐
21. 负责，掌管
22. 声称…
23. 错过机会
24. 得了（重）感
25. 有很多/没有共同之处
26. 连锁店
27. 陪伴某人
28. (天空)放晴
29. off the coast
30. 把A与B相结合
31. 点击鼠标
32. 收藏了大量的
33. 婚礼/毕业典礼/颁奖典礼
34. 常识
35. 凡事都有两面性
36. 选择做
37. 在童年
38. (使)振奋
39. 与…交流
40. …是确实的
41. 偶然遇到
42. 评论…
43. 在平安夜
44. 谴责/控告某人…
45. 精通…
46. 在21 世纪
47. 想出，找出（答案、计划等）
48. 免费
49. 炸鱼加炸土豆条
50. keep the change
二、
高考英语单词测验6(P61—72)
1. n.信心、confidence
2. n. 一对，一双；夫妇 couple
3. vt.包含 contain
4. 改正，纠正；批阅（试卷等）correct
5. adj.有创造力的 creative
6. adv.完全地 completely
7. n.合作 cooperation
8. v.贡献；捐献 contribute
9. n. 堂（或表）兄弟；堂（或表）姐妹 cousin
10. n.竞赛 competition/contest
11. n. 棉花 cotton
12. n.音乐会 concert
13. vt.抄写, 复印；模仿copy
14. adj.方便的 convenient .
15. n.封面 cover
16. n. 炊具 cooker
17. consult vt.请教,咨询，查阅
18. concept n.概念；观念
19. conflict n.冲突
20. conduct vt.进行（实验等）；指挥（乐团）;导(电、热等)
21. congratulation n.祝贺，道喜
22. compose vt.组成；创作(乐曲、诗歌等)
23. critical adj.批评的，评论的；危急的; 至关重要的
24. concerning prep.关于
25. confess vt.承认,坦白
26. creature n.生物（动物或人）
27. continuous adj.不断的
28. complaint n.抱怨；投诉
29. costly 昂贵的；代价高的
30. connection n,连接；联系
31. considerable adj.(数量、程度等)相当大的，可观的
32. crisis n.危机
33. context n.上下文，语境
34. confirm vt. 证实，确认
35. conquer vt. 征服，攻克；克服（困难），革除(坏习惯)
36. convey vt. 运送，传送；传递，传达（思想、感情、信息等）
37. constant adj.不断的;经常的
38. conference n.(正式的）会议
39. crash vi.(飞机)坠毁；（汽车)碰撞
40. comparison n.比较
41. continent n.大陆, 大洲
42. confusion n.混淆，混乱；闲惑，糊涂
43. consume vt. 消耗，消费;吃完，喝光
44. crew (车、船、飞机上的)全体工作人员
45. contract n.合同
46. computerize vt：使电脑化
47. conclude v.下结论称；结束
48. complicated adj.复杂的
49. content n.(常〜s)内容；（常〜s)目录; 含量；满足，满意
50. criminal n.罪犯
B字母重难点梳理
翻译同步练习：
1.高频单词 before
1.与我们预料的相反，学生们组织的游乐会是如此地有趣，不知不觉2个小时就过去了。(before) （14青浦一模）
Contrary to our expectation/what we had expected, the funfair organized by the students was so interesting that two hours had passed/gone by before we realized it.
2.不久以后，一些药品的价格就会再一次下调。（before) （13松江一模）
It will not be long before the price of some medicine is reduced again.
3.请完成作业后再和你的朋友聊天。(before) （12二模）
Please finish your homework before you chat with your friend.
4.在孩子们能够表达或理解一门语言之前的很长一段时间,他们靠面部表情和发出噪声和大人们交流。(before)(12奉贤一模)
Long before children are able to speak or understand a language, they can communicate with adults through facial expressions and by making noises.
Children can communicate with adults through facial expressions and by making noises long before they are able to speak or understand a language.
5.两周以后她才从事故的恐惧中恢复过来。（before）(11闸北二模)
It was two weeks before she recovered from the horror of the accident.
6.你不会等很长时间意味着过不了多久下一班车就来了。（before）(11崇明二模)
That you won’t wait for long means that it won’t be long before the next bus arrives.
7.进入丛林不远，只见一条清澈的小溪映入了我们的眼帘。 ( before ) (15嘉定一模)
A (little/small) clear stream came into view/met our eyes before we had traveled/gone far into the woods.
8. 必须清楚地意识到自己的长处和短处之后，才能合理的制定人生目标，无怨无悔地为之奋斗。（before）（2015年闸北二模）
A person must realize his strong and weak points before he can reasonably set up the goal for life and struggle for it without regrets or complaints.
9.趁一切还来得及，去赞美你爱着、关心着的人吧。（before)（16奉贤二模）
Compliment those you love and care for/about before it is too late.
2.高频单词belief
1. 因为人们坚信食物对健康是至关重要的，所以好的厨师总是努力在谷物、肉类和蔬菜之间取得平衡。（belief)
Because people hold a firm belief that food is vital for/to man’s health, good cooks are always making efforts to maintain balance between grains, meat and vegetables.
3.高频单词 because
1.由于粗心的新郎把那枚代表着爱情恒久远的钻戒落在了车上，所以新娘很不高兴。（Because）（13青浦一模）
Because the careless bridegroom left the diamond ring which represents the long lasting love behind on the car, the bride was very unhappy.
2.中国达人秀(China Talent Show) 吸引了成千上万名各个年龄层的人，因为它给普通人以展示自我的机会。(because) （12卢湾一模）
China Talent Show has attracted thousands of people of all ages, because it offers ordinary people opportunities to show themselves.
4.高频单词 busy
1.他正忙着准备面试。(busy)(11静安、杨浦、青浦、宝山二模)
He is busy (in) preparing for the interview.
2.整个周末他都在忙着复习备考，只在吃饭的时候才歇一歇。(busy) (11徐汇、松江一模)
He was busy reviewing his lessons and preparing for the exam the whole weekend, only taking a break at meal time.
5.高频单词base
1.这部电影的故事情节是根据真人改编的。（base）（11奉贤二模）
The story of the film is based on a real person.
2.基于真实故事的小说往往更能感动人心。（base）(15奉贤一模)
Novels based on true stories are more likely to touch readers.
6.其它考点
1.我敢肯定新政府将投资一大笔钱用以改善公共设施。（bet）（13青浦一模）
I bet the new government will invest a large amount of money to improve the public facilities.
2.他若是想在下一届奥运会夺金的话，就要提高他的技术水平。（be to do）（13金山一模）
If he is to win the gold medal at the next Olympics, he needs to improve his technique.
3.由谁来为这次事故承担责任？（blame）(12虹口一模)
Who is to blame for this accident?
4.简单的生活方式有利于环保。(benefit) (12浦东一模)
Simple lifestyle benefits/ is of great benefit to environmental protection.
5.等这条铁路延伸至那座偏远的小城之后，当地的经济一定会得到迅猛的发展。（by the time）（12嘉定一模）
By the time this railroad has been extended to the remote small city, the local economy is sure to develop/be developed very fast.
6. 这个项目启动以来，已经消耗了相当多的时间和资金，但所有的任务能否按时完成还有待进一步观察。（but）(15徐汇一模)
Much time and fund has been spent since the project started, but it remains to be seen whether all the tasks can be finished on time.
7.我们希望上海所有的博物馆能向儿童和老人免费开放。（be free to）（11普陀二模）
We hope that all the museums in Shanghai will be open free to children and old people.
8.我是在一家二手书店里买的这本英汉词典。（buy）(11虹口二模)
I bought this English-Chinese dictionary in a second-hand bookshop.
9.暗淡的灯光和柔和的音乐会营造出浪漫的气氛。（be supposed）(11长宁一模)
Dim light and soft music are supposed to produce a romantic atmosphere.
10 将来过怎样的生活取决于你自己。(be up to) （14年上海高考真题）
It's up to you what kind of life you will lead in the future.
11 代表受害者，他期望社会给予他们更多的理解和帮助。(behalf) （14年崇明二模）
On behalf of the victims, he expected the society to give them more understanding and help.
12.街头艺术家运用创意将鲜艳明亮的色彩带进了老社区。(bring) （2015年上海高考真题）
Street artists have brought brilliant colours to old neibourhoods with their creativity.
13.语言运用需要足够的词汇量为基础。（base）（2015年闸北二模）
Language practice needs to be bases on enough vocabulary.
Passage 1
Forgiveness
To forgive is a virtue, but no one has ever said it is easy. When someone has deeply hurt you, it can be extremely difficult to let go of your hate. However, forgiveness is possible, and it can be surprisingly beneficial to your physical and mental health. People who forgive show less sadness，anger and stress and more hopefulness, according to a recent research.
__1__ Try the following steps：
Calm yourself. __2__ You can take a couple of breaths and think of something that gives you pleasure : a beautiful scene in nature, or someone you love.
Don't wait for an apology. Many times the person who hurt you does not intend to apologize. They may have wanted to hurt you or they just don't see things the same way. __3__ Keep in mind that forgiveness does not necessarily mean becoming friends again with the person who upset you.
Take the control away from your offender (冒犯者). Rethinking about your hurt gives power to the person who caused you pain. Instead of focusing on your wounded feelings, learn to look for the love, beauty and kindness around you.
__4__ If you understand your offender, you may realize that he or she was acting out of unawareness, fear, and even love. You may want to write a letter to yourself from your offender's point of view.
Don't forget to forgive yourself. __5__ But it can rob you of your self confidence if you don't do it.
A．Why should you forgive?
B．How should you start to forgive?
C．Recognize the benefits of forgiveness.
D. Try to see things from your offender's angle.
E. For some people, forgiving themselves is the biggest challenge.
F. To make your anger die away, try a simple stress management technique.
G. If you wait for people to apologize, you could be waiting an awfully long time.
解读：本文为说明文，主要向读者介绍了如何开始宽恕别人或自己的方法。
1.解析：第一段说明了宽恕的意义，该空格后的各段说明了宽恕的具体方法，由此可推断该空格处应为一承上启下的过渡句，故选B项。
答案：B
2.解析：根据段落中心句Calm yourself.和下文的关键信息think of something that gives you pleasure可确定答案。
答案：F
3.解析：根据关键词apology可迅速确定答案。
答案：G
4.解析：根据关键信息write a letter to yourself from your offender's point of view可确定答案。
答案：D
5.解析：根据段落中心句Don't forget to forgive yourself.中的关键信息forgive yourself可确定答案。
答案：E
Passage 2
Urbanization
Until relatively recently, the vast majority of human beings lived and died without ever seeing a city. The first city was probably founded no more than 5,500 years ago. __1__ In fact, nearly everyone lived on farms or in tiny rural(乡村的) villages. It was not until the 20th century that Great Britain became the first urban society in history—a society in which the majority of people live in cities and do not farm for a living.
Britain was only the beginning. __2__ The process of urbanization—the migration (迁徙 ) of people from the countryside to the city—was the result of modernization, which has rapidly transformed how people live and where they live.
In 1900 ，fewer than 40% of Americans lived in urban areas. Today，over 82% of Americans live in cities. Only about 2% live on farms. __3__
Large cities were impossible until agriculture became industrialized. Even in advanced agricultural societies, it took about ninety five people on farms to feed five people in cities. __4__ Until modern times，those living in cities were mainly the ruling elite(精英) and the servants, laborers and professionals who served them. Cities survived by taxing farmers and were limited in size by the amount of surplus food that the rural population produced and by the ability to move this surplus from farm to city.
Over the past two centuries, the Industrial Revolution has broken this balance between the city and the country. __5__ Today, instead of needing ninety five farmers to feed five city people, one American farmer is able to feed more than a hundred non farmers.
A．That kept cities very small.
B. The rest live in small towns.
C. The effects of urban living on people should be considered.
D. Soon many other industrial nations became urban societies.
E. But even 200 years ago, only a few people could live in cities.
F. Modernization drew people to the cities and made farmers more productive.
G. Modern cities have destroyed social relations and the health of human beings.
解读：本文为说明文，题材为社会与热点，主要讲述了城市化的进程。
1．解析：第一段主要讲述了在过去城市非常少，大多数人都是住在农场或乡村里，根据主旨可知应选择E项。
答案：E
2．解析：空格前一句中的beginning与D项中的soon相对应，英国只是个开始，之后一些其他的国家也开始成为城市化的社会，故选择D项。
答案：D
3．解析：空格所在的段落通过列举数据来体现现在城市化的扩大，绝大多数的美国人住在城市里，少部分住在农场里，因此此空说明剩下的人居住在何地，故选择B项。
答案：B
4．解析：此空之前在阐述过去为什么城市不可能大的原因，因此A项与前面的意思对应。
答案：A
5．解析：空格前一句阐述工业革命打破了此前城市和乡村的这种平衡，因此空格处是对前一句内容的进一步阐述，因此选择F项。
答案：F
Passage 3
Make the right choices
What is life's greatest gift? __1__ Choice is the ability to select one course of action from a set of alternatives to achieve a goal.What is so great about ch oice? It transforms us from dumb animals into artists.Each of us becomes another Michelangelo.Choice becomes nothing other than the tool we use to sculpt(雕刻) our life.The tool doesn't come free，however，for the price of choice is responsibility.__2__ The reward is happiness.
Life is not still.It is a flow. __3__ We constantly need to monitor where we are on our journey.We need to ask questions：Am I moving closer to my goals? If not，what corrective measures can I take? What action will I take now to readjust myself to my goals? Choice is power. Choice is at the heart of life. It is the creative power of life.
__4__ And your life becomes more convenient or comfortable because of them. For example, you decide which stores to shop at and which gas station to go to. But the decisions that we make to sculpt our life are far more important than deciding where to shop. The more we appreciate the difference between minor and major decisions, the greater the probabi lity that we will experience happiness and fulfillment.
All chess lovers realize that it isn't necessary to win to enjoy the game. The pleasure is in the playing. Life is like a chess game. __5__
A．It is free will or choice.
B．You have to make choices every day.
C．Make the best moves you can under the circumstances.
D．But when we accept and carry it out, we get a great return.
E．Every choice we make leads us closer to or farther from our goals.
F．Life is full of hard choices, and the bigger they are, the harder they get.
G．Choose to carry out responsibilities not because you have to, but because you want to.
解读：每个人每天都要面临各种各样的选择。正确的选择究竟会给我们的人生带来些什么呢？
1.解析：根据上文的提问“生命中最珍贵的礼物是什么？”可知选A，it指代life's greatest gift，即生命中最珍贵的礼物是自由的意志或选择。
答案：A
2．解析：选项D中a great return与下文The reward前后照应，即当我们接受并执行它时，我们就获得了巨大的回报。这种回报就是幸福。
答案：D
3．解析：根据下文所提的三个问题可知该段在谈论选择对人生目标的影响，故E项为正确答案，即我们所做的每一个选择让我们更接近或者远离我们的目标。
答案：E
4．解析：根据下文可知，无论是日常生活中的小事，还是涉及人生的大事，都离不开选择。故B项“你每天都不得不做出选择”符合文意。
答案：B
5.解析：人生就像一盘棋。在我们身处的环境下，要尽最大可能走好每一步。
答案：C
Passage 4
Any car accident is frightening, but an accident in which your vehicle is thrown into the water, with you trapped inside, is absolutely terrifying. __1__ However, most deaths result from panic, without a plan or understanding what is happening to the car in the water. By adopting a brace (支撑) position, acting decisively and getting out fast，you can save yourself from a sinking vehicle.
Brace yourself for impact ( 撞击力). As soon as you're aware that you're going off the road and into a body of water, adopt a brace position. The impact could set off the airbag system in your vehicle, so you should place both hands on the steering wheel in the “ten and two” position.
Undo your seatbelt. __2__ Unbuckle the children, starting with the oldest first. Forget the cellphone call. Your car isn't going to wait for you to make the call.
__3__ Leave the door alone at this stage and concentrate on the window. A car's electrical system should work for up to three minutes in water, so try the method of opening it electronically first. Many people don't think about the window as an escape option either because of panic or misinformation about doors and sinking.
Break the window. If you aren't able to open the window, or it only opens halfway, you'll need to break it with an object or your foot. It may feel counter intuitive(有悖常理的) to let water into the car.__4__
Escape when the car has equalized. If it has reached the dramatic stage where the car cabin has been filled with water and it has become balanced, you must move quickly and effectively to ensure your survival. __5__ While there is still air in the car, take slow, deep breaths and focus on what you're doing.
A．Open the window as soon as you hit the water.
B．Surviving a sinking car is not as difficult as you think.
C．It takes 60 to 120 seconds for a car to fill up with water usually.
D．Such accidents are particularly dangerous to the risk of drowning.
E．In conclusion, if you know what to do in the water, you will be safe.
F．This is the first thing to attend to, yet it often gets forgotten in the panic.
G. But the sooner the window is open, the sooner you can escape directly through it.
解读：本文为说明文，主要介绍了当遇到汽车掉入水中时，人们应该如何应对。
1．解析：空格前的“an accident in which your vehicle is thrown into the water”与D项中的“Such accidents”对应，而空格处句子与空格后一句为转折关系，故选择D项。
答案：D
2．解析：空格前句“Undo your seatbelt.”与F项中的“This is the first thing to attend to”对应，故选择F项。
答案：F
3．解析：根据本段中的“concentrate on the window”和“Many people don't think about the window as an escape option either because of panic...”可知选择A项。
答案：A
4．解析：首先空格前句与空格处为转折关系，本段仍旧围绕“window”进行阐述，G项所表达的意思为打开窗户逃生，与本段主旨一致，故选择G项。
答案：G
5．解析：空格前的“car cabin has been filled_with_water”与C项中的“fill up with water”对应，而C项所表达的意思也与空格后的“While there is still air in the car”相关联，故此题选择C项。
答案：C
For most thinkers since the Greek philosophers, it was self-evident that there is something called human nature, something that constitutes the essence of man.There were various views about what constitutes it, but there was agreement that such an essence exists -- that is to say, that there is something by virtue of which man is man. Thus man was defined as a rational being, as a social animal, an animal that can make tools, or a symbol-making animal. （第一段文字主要讲述对人性的传统的看法。）
More recently, this traditional view has begun to be questioned.（这句话是承上启下哦。接下来开始分析传统看法被challenge的原因）One reason for this change was the increasing emphasis given to the historical approach to man. （原因之一：主题句，其中关键字眼是historical approach）An examination of the history of humanity suggested that man in our epoch is so different from man in previous times that it seemed unrealistic to assume that men in every age have had in common something that can be called "human nature." The historical approach was reinforced, particularly in the United States, by studies in the field of cultural anthropology. The study of primitive peoples has discovered such a diversity of customs, values, feelings,and thoughts that many anthropologists arrived at the concept that man is born as a blank sheet of paper on which each culture writes its text. Another factor contributing to the tendency to deny the assumption of a fixed human nature was that the concept has so often been abused as a shield behind which the most inhuman acts are committed. In the name of human nature, for example, Aristotle and most thinkers up to the eighteenth century defended slavery. Or in order to prove the rationality and necessity of the capitalist form of society, scholars have tried to make a case for acquisitiveness, competitiveness, and selfishnessas innate human traits. Popularly, one refers cynically to "human nature"in accepting the inevitability of such undesirable human behavior as greed, murder, cheating and lying.
Another reason for skepticism about the concept of human nature probably lies in the influence of evolutionary thinking. (原因之二：主题句：关键字眼是evolutionary thinking) Once man came to be seen as developing in the process of evolution, the idea of a substance which is contained in his essence seemed untenable. Yet I believe it is precisely from an evolutionary standpoint that we can expect new insight into the problem of the nature of man.
Summary：
The article reviews two reasons why traditional views about human nature by thinkers since the Greek philosophers are being challenged. One reason is that historical perspectives on man are increasingly emphasized, the other being the influence of evolutionary standpoint on human nature.
写摘要时可以采用下列几种小技巧：
1) 删除细节。只保留主要观点。
2) 把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子，那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可。
3) 避免重复。在原文中，为了强调某个主题，可能会重复论证说明。但是这在摘要中是不能使用的。应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。
4) 压缩长的句子。如下列两例：
“His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.”
可以概括为：”He was very brave in battle.”
“He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.”
可以概括为：“He was in financial difficulties.”
5) 你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。请看下面的例子：
“Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain, and Mount Huang, were visited by only a few people in the past. Today, better wages, holidays with pay, new hotels on these mountains, and better train and bus services, have brought them within reach of many who never thought of visiting them ten years ago.”
可以概括为：”Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, once visited by only a few people, are today accessible to many, thanks to better wages, paid holidays, new hotels and better transportation services.”
6) 使用概括性的名词代替具体的词，比如：
“She brought home several Chinese and English novels, a few copies of Time and Newsweek and some textbooks. She intended to read all of them during the winter vocation.”
可以概括为：”She brought home a lot of books to read during the vocation.”
7） 使用最短的连接词。
比如，可以使用but, then, thus, yet, though，不能使用at the same time, in the first place, because of these, on the other hand等较长的连接词。通常，使用分号就能够达成使用连接词的效果。
8) 文章中的第一人称说的话通常在摘要中转换成第三人称，从而把大段的对白简化，比如：
Kate looked at Paul disapprovingly: You use too much salt on your food, Paul — it’s not good for you!” Paul put down his knife and frowned:”Why on earth not! If you didn’t have salt on your food it would taste awful… like eating cardboard or sand… just imagine bread without salt in it, or potatoes or pasta cooked without salt!” Kate was patient. She didn’t want to quarrel with Paul. She wanted to persuade him. She said firmly:”But too much salt is bad for you. It cause high blood pressure and latter on, heart-attacks. It also disguises the taste of food, the real tastes which are much more subtle than salt, and which we have lost the sensitivity to appreciate any more.”
可以用第三人称概括为：
Kate suggested to Paul that he should eat less salt. She thought that eating too much salt would do harm to Paul’s health and that it could reduce the real tastes of food. But Paul disagreed. He said that food without salt would be tasteless.
课后作业
一、 做翻译句子
二、
Section C •
Directions: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences.
A. Be relevant to your audience
B. Expressing their happiness at being there is unnecessary as well.
C. Focus on one theme, and eliminate everything else.
D. After all, try to enjoy the experience.
E. Rely on your own judgment when deciding what to talk about.
F. You should first show your gratitude to your audiences.
How to give a great speech?
Forget fancy PowerPoint presentations and loads of data. Instead, keep your speech simple, with a clear beginning, middle and end. (67)_________”Speeches are an inefficient form of communication,” says Nick Morgan, the president of Public Words, Inc. “People don’t remember much of what they hear, so focus and keep it simple.”
Use stories. “ People struggle so hard writing speeches when all they have to do is find a message and three great stories to prove it,” says Jane Praeger, a Columbia University professor and the president of the speech presentation and coaching firm. “Those speeches are also easier to deliver because you can recall a story from memory and tell it from your heart.”
(68)_______ Ask yourself what problem the audience wants to solve, and talk about that problem first. “Then and only then, talk about what you are good at as the solution to that problem,” says Morgan. “Audiences start off by asking why. Why am I here? Why should I care? If you answer those questions early, then they’ll ask how. Your job is to answer the why question first and then address the how.”
Drop the thank you, and jump right in. People often make the mistake of starting speeches by thanking the introducer. (69)________ “Instead, jump right in with a framing story that suggests what the topic is without giving it all away, a statistic, a question or some kind of interaction with the audience,” says Morgan.
Practice your speech beforehand. “You would do better practicing in the shower and running hte speech in your head rather than practicing in front of a mirror, which is distracting,” Praeger says. “You do have to practice out loud, hopefully with a small audience.:
(70)_______”The real secret is to love what you’re doing in that moment,” says Morgan. “If you can relax and be happy about being there, the audience will feel that way, too. “
答案：
CABD
题型分析：
空格67沿袭前句意义， 需要填入一句能够说明如何简化演讲内容得句子；空格68所在位置揭示这是段落得主题句，总结后文可见应该考虑读者需求；空格69的后句由instead开头，说明此句内容和后句之间有转折关系；空格70可根据本段后两句推断出答案。 混淆项E针对空格68，内容与之相矛盾；混淆项F可能影响空格68和空格69.
Summary Writing：
Directions: Please read the following passage and write a summary of it in no more than 60 words.
New Solution to Computer Theft
“Get your hands off me, I have been stolen,” the laptop, a portable computer, shouted. That is a new solution to laptop computer theft: a program that lets owners give their property a voice when it has been taken.
The program allows users to display alerts on the missing computer’s screen and even to set a spoken message. Tracking software for stolen laptops has been on the market for some time, but this is thought to be the first that allows owners to give the thief a piece of their mind.
Owners must report their laptop missing by visiting a website, which sends a message to the model: a red and yellow “lost or stolen” sign appears on its screen when it is started. Under the latest version（版本）of the software, users can also send a spoken message.
The message can be set to reappear every 30 seconds, no matter how many times the thief closes it.” One customer sent a message saying,’ You are being tracked. I am right at your door’,” said Carrie Hafeman, chief executive of the company which produces the program, Retriever.
In the latest version, people can add a spoken message. For example, the laptop’s speakers will say: “Help, this laptop is reported lost or stolen. If you are not my owner, report me now.”
The Retriever software package, which costs $29.95 but has a free trial period, has the functions of many security software programs .Owners can remotely switch to an alternative password if they fear that the thief has also got hold of the access details.
If a thief accesses the internet with the stolen laptop, Retriever will collect information on the internet service provider in use, so that the police can be alerted to its location.
The Key:
Retriever is a program to help with laptop computer theft. It can display alerts on the missing computer’s screen, remotely switch to an alternative password or collect information on the Internet service provider in use to alert the police of its location. In addition, the latest version even allows the owner of the missing computer to send a spoken message.
题型分析：
以本文是一篇关于关于电脑防盗得说明文。为了防止电脑信息得盗取，商家生产了一种叫做retriever系统区帮助防盗。它有不少得功能，它可以在丢失的计算机屏幕上显示警报，远程切换到另一个密码或收集互联网服务提供商的信息，以提醒警方其位置。此外，最新版本甚至允许丢失的计算机的所有者发送口头消息。
\
Summary如何写（III）--说明文
On Earth, there's no doubt that they have highly developed senses to stay alive and thrive. But while some of their features may be compared to taste, sight, touch and smell in humans, have you ever wondered--can plants think?（这是整篇文章作者想要解决的问题）
On land, the cumulative mass of plants is 1000 times higher than that of animals. But these plants are immobile and can't move around in their environment; which is, seemingly, a pretty big evolutionary disadvantage. This has forced plants to adapt in amazing ways that often go unnoticed by the naked eye.
Smell something funny? Plants do too-and they react to these chemicals in the air. For example, when fruits start to ripen, they release a chemical called ethylene. And when neighboring fruits sense this pheromone, they ripen faster, so that all fruits mature at the same time.
Plants also give off scents which attract insects to spread their pollen. In particular, the amazing carrion flowers grow tiny hairs, feel warm and smell like rotting flesh in an attempt to mimic a dead corpse. This is to attract flies and beetles as pollinators. On the other hand, when a plant is attacked by an insect, animal or pathogen, it knows. When acacia trees are grazed by animals, they quickly react by producing chemicals called tannins, which make their leaves unappetizing and tough to digest. Some even produce enough toxin to kill the animal. Perhaps more impressive are some corn and cotton plants, which when eaten bycaterpillars, release chemicals in the air that attract parasitic wasps, who fly in and ultimately kill the insects. （以上这些文字讲植物会想方设法地解决他们遇到的一些问题。）
On some level, they communicate with the wasps. Crazy as it seems, even sound recordings of caterpillars chewing leaves, trigger this response. Without any from of touch, the plants react, as if they can hear.
（这段文字讲了植物也会和周围环境中的物种交流感情！这也太神奇了点。）
On a large scale, plants also work together. A web of underground fungi can connect tree roots in forests, allowing them to exchange nutrients and information.
Using radioactive isotopes, scientists discovered that trees share water and nutrients with others in need. Large trees nourish smaller shaded ones until they are tall enough to reach sunlight, And trees that stay green all year round share nutrients with trees that lose their leaves in winter, helping them through the season. Which is then repaid in the summer months, like a transactional exchange. Some scientist refer to this as the "wood-wide web". （这段文字讲了植物也懂得如何共生！合作！）
Perhaps the most shocking fact, is that some plants seem to have memory. Mimosa pedicab plants, are those leafy plants that close up when touched. This reflex is meant to scare away insects that land on them. In an experiment on these reflexes, scientists notice that when dropped from 15cm， they would close when they hit the ground, Not so surprising. But after repeating the drop 4 or 5 times, some of the plants stopped closing， as though they had realized the stimulus wasn't harmful. If they were shaken instead, they would close, but any time they were dropped from this same height, they stayed open. This effect lasted for weeks-the plants had memories. （这段文字讲了植物也是有记忆的。“千万别招惹他们，哈哈哈”）
Of course, plants don't have brains or other cells and organs that we deem necessary for intelligence. Brains and neurons are irreplaceable, but plants are immobile and often attacked, so they must be able to survive after part of them is eaten, or destroyed. A brain just wouldn't work. But if you measure intelligence or thought as the ability to solve problems, interact with an environment, and even work in groups, then plants are incredibly smart. （这段文字是总结，最后的一句尤其赞，基本概括好了前文所讲的内容，但有点搞不懂的是为什么对memory这两段文字视而不见呢？）
Summary:
This article focuses on whether plants are smart. Research has shown plants have intelligence because they are capable of dealing with problems they encounter, communicating with the environment, cooperating with other plants for survival and that they have memories. Though lacking brains or other cells, plants are intelligent. (48 words)
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