人教版 (2019)选择性必修 第四册Unit 4 Sharing学案

Unit 4　Sharing

Learning About Language

【语法精讲·素养提升】

短语(Phrases)

【情境探究】

观察上面对话说出下列句中的加黑部分的短语类型(NP,  VP,  AdjP,  AdvP, PrepP)

1. Being a freshman at senior high school(PrepP) is a really big challenge(NP).

2. It’s a little confusing(AdjP) to choose suitable courses and extra-curricular activities(NP).

3. To choose suitable courses,  I have to think(VP) very carefully (AdvP)and ask the school adviser for help.

【要义详析】

一、名词短语(NP)

　　名词短语的构成: (限定词)+(形容词、形容词短语、描述性名词)+名词+(介词短语) 。在句中当作名词用, 一般用作主语、宾语、表语或宾语补足语。

*More than 50 million people have been reported to be infected by the novel coronavirus globally. (作主语)

报告称全球已有逾5 000万人感染了新冠病毒。

*(2020·全国Ⅱ卷) A guide led us to the strawberry field. (作宾语补足语)

一名向导领着我们到了草莓地。

*Many people including doctors,  nurses and scientists are real heroes. (作表语)

很多人, 包括医生、护士和科学家是真正的英雄。

【名师点津】名词短语中的限定词

在名词短语的“构成”中, 限定词包括冠词(a/an/the)、指示代词(this、that、these、those等)、物主代词(my、your、his、her、our、their等)和不定代词(some、no、neither、both等)。

二、动词短语(VP)

　　动词短语的构成: 1. 动词+副词; 2. 动词+介词; 3. 动词+副词+介词; 4. 动词+名词+介词; 5. 动词+名词等。在句中作谓语。

*Putin said the vaccine has undergone proper testing and is safe.

普京说疫苗已经经过充分测试, 是安全的。

*(2020·新高考全国Ⅰ卷) Her husband worked two jobs to cover the bills.

她的丈夫做两份工作来还账单。

【即学活用】写出下列句中加黑短语的属性

1. I’m a member of our basketball club.                        (NP)

2. I take exercise every day to keep healthy.                      (VP)

3. Those days at the Autumn Camp are unforgettable.               (NP)

4. We’ll have a very good mood all day.                          (NP)

三、形容词短语(AdjP)

　　形容词短语的构成: (副词)+形容词+(介词短语)。 在句中当作形容词用, 可以修饰名词或代词, 还可以用作表语或者宾语补足语。

*(2020· 天津高考) I have found you charming and intelligent. (作宾语补足语)

我发现你很有魅力, 很聪明。

*A Chinese painting show is always attractive. (作表语)

国画展总是很有吸引力。

四、副词短语(AdvP)

　　副词短语的构成: (副词)+副词。在句中当作副词用可以修饰动词、形容词或副词。

*(2020·全国Ⅰ卷) He is so humorous,  responsible and selfless that I respect and love him very much.

他如此幽默、负责任、无私以至于我非常尊重并喜欢他。

*Equally importantly,  we should develop a good habit of living. 同样重要的是, 我们应该养成一种良好的生活习惯。

五、介词短语(PreP)

　　介词短语的构成: 介词+宾语, 能充当介词后宾语的主要有名词、宾格代词、动词的-ing形式等。在句中作表语、定语或状语。

*The world’s population is likely to peak at 9. 7 billion in 2064. (作状语)

世界人口可能会在2064年达到97亿的峰值。

*(2020·全国Ⅰ卷) Thanks to his efforts in epidemic prevention and control,  our neighborhood has been in a good state. (作表语)

幸亏他在疫情防控方面做的努力, 才使得我们社区状况良好。

【即学活用】

(1)Li Hua speaks English quite fluently as he has lived in England for many years.  

由于他在英国生活了许多年, 所以李华说英语很流利。

(2)The weather there is wet and warm.  

那里的天气又湿润又温暖。

(3)Let’s use shared bicycles as common transports.  

让我们用共享单车作为公共交通。

(4)(2020·新高考全国Ⅰ卷) The racing route began at our school gate and ended at the foot of the South Hill.  

比赛路线从我们学校门口开始, 到南山脚下结束。

【课时检测·素养达标】

Ⅰ. 单句语法填空

1. I suggest that you think about it very carefully (careful).

2. Mary and Jane are quite different (difference).

3. He spoke too quickly (quick) for me to understand.

4. It really (real) works very well.

5. Could you say it more slowly(slow).

6. The war killed millions (million)of people.

7. Our holidays in Hangzhou were really enjoyable(enjoy) and unforgettable.

8. The woman is working silently(silence) in the room.

Ⅱ. 判断下文中黑体部分的短语类型

　　A well-known old man(NP) was being interviewed(VP) and was asked if it was really correct(AdjP) that he had just celebrated his ninety-ninth birthday(NP). “That’s very right(AdjP), ”said the old man. “Ninety-nine years old, and I haven’t an enemy(NP) in the world(PrepP). They’re all dead. ”“Well, sir, ”said the interviewer(NP), “I hope very much(AdvP) to have the honor of interviewing you on your hundredth birthday(NP). ”The old man looked at the young man very closely(AdvP), and said, “I can’t see (VP)why you shouldn’t. You look fit and healthy! And aren’t you strong enough(AdjP)? ”

【语法主题应用】

　　根据提示翻译下列语段。

　　上周日, 你所在的志愿者小组到汽车站(PrepP)参加了一次服务活动。一到车站, 我们就受到了热烈的欢迎(NP); 有的同学打扫候车室(VP), 有的为旅客提供信息、搬运行李(VP)等; 虽然很累, 但是我们感到很开心(AdjP)。最为重要的是(AdvP), 我们能够为他人做些事情。

　　Last Sunday,  our volunteer group took part in a voluntary activity at the bus station(PrepP). On arriving there,  we were given a warm welcome(NP). Some students cleaned the waiting room(VP) while the others offered the passengers the information they needed and carried the luggage(VP) for them. Although we were tired,  we felt very happy(AdjP).  Most importantly(AdvP),  we can do something for others.  

十一　Unit 4　Learning About Language

Ⅰ. 判断下文中黑体部分的短语类型

1. Large-scale production of the vaccine will start in September.  (NP)

2. Beautiful and neat handwriting is beneficial to us students.  (NP)

3. All the students shout loudly and happily.  (AdvP)

4. If you can join us,  we will be very happy.  (AdjP)

5. More than 5, 800 Americans gave up their citizenship in the first six months of 2020. (PrepP)

6. You can get through this difficult period.  (VP)

7. I’m writing to invite you to join us in a visit to the oiled paper umbrella factory.               (PrepP)

8. I won a prize for creative writing in a city-level competition last year.  (VP)

Ⅱ. 单句语法填空

1. The most beautiful tourist attraction(attract) in China is the West Lake.

2. He was very confused(confuse) about the result of the exam.

3. I believe he will give up the bad habit.

4. Most importantly(importance),  everyone should have a positive attitude.

5. That’s all for my introduction(introduce).

6. Students of various cultures can communicate with each other.

7. (2020· 天津高考) Nothing can be achieved(achieve) without dedication and frustration.  

8. I am terribly(terrible) sorry to have you waiting for such a long time.

Ⅲ. 完成句子

1. I have three close friends.  

我有三个亲密的朋友。

2. It is very important for us to learn English well.  

对我们来说, 学好英语是很重要的。

3. We will try to make our country more beautiful.  

我们将努力使我们的国家更美丽。

4. I wish you a safe return.  

祝你平安归来。

5. I won the first prize in the Chinese speech contest.  

我获得了汉语演讲比赛的一等奖。

6. We are all entirely responsible for our actions.  

我们都要对自己的行为负全部责任。

Ⅰ. 阅读理解

(2021·赣州高二检测)

　　Addyson Moffitt is an 8-year-old from Kansas City,  Missouri.  Maurine Chelagat is a 9-year-old from a village in Kenya called Bartabwa. It might not seem as if the girls have much in common,  but when they met at a dinner two years ago,  in Kansas City,  they instantly hit it off. “We had this one little red ball to play with, ” Addyson told others. “We didn’t have any electronics or phones,  no iPads or TV. It was just us playing. ”Addyson and Maurine still keep in touch now.  

　　The dinner was hosted by the nonprofit group World Vision International. In some parts of the world people must walk several miles each day to collect water from a stream or another water source. Often,  the water is polluted,  World Vision builds wells,  pipelines,  and rain catchers in these communities. Addyson was at the dinner because her family supports World Vision. Maurine was there because her village had been without clean water. World Vision fixed that by building a water station there. Addyson was inspired by Maurine. “People helped Maurine so she could have clean water,  and kids are dying because they don’t have it. ”she says, “I want to help. ”

　　Races are one way World Vision raises money to pay for its water projects. Runners pledge to run a race,  often a 26-mile marathon or 13-mile half marathon. They ask people to support them by donating to World Vision. Addyson decided to run the 2017 Kansas City Half Marathon for World Vision. At age 7,  she was one of the youngest-ever runners in the race,  and had to get special permission to participate.

　　Addyson spent four months training with her parents,  waking up before 6 a. m. to run. Meanwhile,  she started fundraise. She carried a jug of water around her neighborhood,  to park conversation about World Vision’s work.  She cleared the plates at a restaurant for tips. She asked friends to make donations as birthday presents. By October 2017,  when Addyson ran the race,  she’d raised more than $20, 000. She’s the youngest person in World Vision history to raise more than

$10, 000. In 2018,  she ran again and raised $36,  000. But Addyson’s work is not finished. “My goal is for every kid to have clean water, ” she says.

【文章大意】八岁的女孩Addyson通过参加马拉松比赛代表世界宣明会为水利项目筹集资金, 呼吁全世界的人们支持他们, 让每个孩子都有干净的水喝。

1. What does the underlined phrase “hit it off” in the first paragraph mean?

A. had a quarrel

B. did homework together

C. played jokes on each other

D. got along well with each other

【解析】选D。词义猜测题。根据下文可知“我们有一个小红球玩,  ” Addyson告诉其他人。“我们没有任何电子产品或手机, 没有iPad或电视。只是我们在玩。”Addyson和Maurine现在仍然保持联系。由此可推知, 看似没有共同点的Addyson和Maurine , 两年前在堪萨斯城的一次宴会上, 他们一见如故, 相处融洽。故可推测画线短语意思为“友好相处”。故选D。

2. Why could Addyson and Maurine meet at a dinner?

A. They met each other only by chance.

B. Both of their villages were in need of clean water.

C. They both were invited by World Vision International.

D. Addyson wanted to help Maurine through World Vision.

【解析】选A。推理判断题。根据第二段四、五句可知Addyson出席了晚宴, 因为她的家人支持世界宣明会; Maurine在晚会上是因为她的村庄没有干净的水, 可推测, 她们二人的见面是一次偶然。故选A。

3. What does the last paragraph mainly tell us?

A. Addyson tried her best to raise money.

B. Addyson trained hard to run Half Marathon.

C. World Vision held many races to raise money.

D. Addyson had donated lots of money to World Vision.

【解析】选A。段落大意题。根据最后一段可知她提着一壶水在她的社区里转, 在公园里和别人谈论世界宣明会的工作。她在餐厅收盘子挣小费。她邀请朋友们捐款作为生日礼物。可推知, 本段主要讲述Addyson 为了筹款所付出的努力。A. Addyson tried her best to raise money. ( Addyson尽自己的全力筹款)符合以上说法, 故选A。

4. Which word can best describe Addyson?

A. brave　　　　　　　　 B. caring

C. understanding    D. grateful

【解析】选B。推理判断题。根据最后一段可知她提着一壶水在她的社区里转, 在公园里和别人谈论World Vision的工作。她在餐厅收盘子挣小费。她邀请朋友们捐款作为生日礼物。她说: “我的目标是让每一个孩子都可以用到干净的水”。可推测, Addyson是一个非常有爱心、关心别人的女孩。B. caring(关心他人的)符合以上说法, 故选B。

Ⅱ. 完形填空

(2021·泰安高二检测)

　　I was very fortunate to be chosen by Kindspring to receive $100 for the monthly kindness competition. This past October I　 1　 some Inspiration Trees and they have helped to make a 　2　 in people’s lives.  

　　The idea is simple. I took a lot of fallen branches that I had been　 3　 on walks and hung them from the ceiling with the help of volunteers and friends. Then we 　4　 strings with pins (大头针) attached to them from the branches. I got a lot of art supplies and as people came in for the art exhibit,  they were 　5　 to create a piece of art or a 　6　 message to hang from the branches.  

　　The tree changed into this really funny way of 　7　 positive messages. If you hung a message up,  you had to take one down for you to 　8　. The experience was really 　9　. People of all ages and from all walks of life were sharing art and inspiration through the 　10　.  

　　With the $100 I　 11　 from Kindspring,  I made more Inspiration Trees. I’m 　12　 them all over our community,  such as classrooms and youth shelters for homeless teens. The act is to create communication that is positive and can 　13　 people’s lives by just doing a 　14　 act of kindness. The message people receive can be kept with them as a reminder of the 　15　 in the world.  

【文章大意】文章主要记叙了作者通过制作灵感树, 让人们在树上悬挂积极信息, 这一简单的善举影响了人们生活的故事。

1. A. showed　　　　　 B. bought

C. found     D. made

【解析】选D。句意: 去年10月, 我制作了一些灵感树, 它们帮助改变了人们的生活。showed展示; bought购买; found发现; made制作。结合后文I took a lot of fallen branches. . . 可知灵感树是作者制作的。故选D。

2. A. difference B. mark

C. rule    D. promise

【解析】选A。difference不同; mark标志; rule规则; promise承诺。此处表示“改变, 有影响”, 短语为make a difference, 故选A。

3. A. counting  B. collecting

C. accepting  D. placing

【解析】选B。句意: 在志愿者和朋友们的帮助下, 我把收集来的很多掉落的树枝挂在天花板上。counting计算; collecting收集; accepting接受; placing放置。结合上文I took a lot of fallen branches可知作者收集了很多掉落的树枝。故选B。

4. A. hung  B. bought

C. removed D. threw

【解析】选A。句意: 然后我们把带有别针的绳子挂在树枝上。hung悬挂; bought买; removed去除; threw扔。结合上文树枝挂在天花板上。故选A。

5. A. ordered  B. allowed

C. encouraged  D. chosen

【解析】选C。结合后文to create a piece of art可知来参观的人们被鼓励创作一件艺术品。故选C。

6. A. short  B. hidden

C. positive  D. important

【解析】选C。句意: 我得到了很多艺术用品, 当人们来参加艺术展的时候, 他们被鼓励创作一件艺术品, 或者把积极的信息挂在树枝上。short短的; hidden隐藏的; positive积极的; important重要的。故选C。

7. A. carrying  B. sending

C. leaving   D. exchanging

【解析】选D。句意: 这棵树变成了交换积极信息的有趣方式。carrying搬运; sending邮寄; leaving离开; exchanging交换。故选D。

8. A. remember B. keep

C. deliver   D. rewrite

【解析】选B。句意: 如果你挂了一条信息, 你就必须取下一条信息来保存。remember记住; keep保存; deliver递送; rewrite重写。故选B。

9. A. amazing  B. strange

C. direct   D. painful

【解析】选A。句意: 这次经历真的很奇妙。amazing令人惊异的; strange奇怪的; direct直接的; painful痛苦的。结合上文作者叙述灵感树改变人们生活可知这是一次奇妙的经历。其他选项不符合语境, 故选A。

10. A. room  B. tree

C. card    D. pen

【解析】选B。句意: 来自各行各业、各个年龄段的人们通过这棵树分享艺术和灵感。故选B。

11. A. raised  B. earned

C. borrowed  D. received

【解析】选D。句意: 用来自Kindspring的100美元, 我制作了更多的灵感树。故选D。

12. A. running  B. organizing

C. putting   D. storing

【解析】选C。句意: 我把它们放在我们社区的各个地方, 比如教室和为无家可归的青少年设立的青少年庇护所。故选C。

13. A. limit B. expand

C. influence D. replace

【解析】选C。limit限制; expand扩大; influence影响; replace代替。结合上文People of all ages and from all walks of life were sharing art and inspiration. . . 可知灵感树创造了一种积极的交流方式, 而这种方式可以影响人们的生活。故选C。

14. A. private  B. simple

C. creative   D. brave

【解析】选B。句意: 这样做是为了创造一种积极的交流方式, 通过一个简单的善举就能影响人们的生活。private私人的; simple简单的; creative有创造性的; brave勇敢的。故选B。

15. A. good B. honesty

C. politeness D. richness

【解析】选A。句意: 人们收到的信息可以保存在身边, 作为对世界美好事物的提醒。故选A。

Ⅲ. 语法填空

　　Max Bobholz was only 12 years old when he came up with the idea of creating a charity to provide baseball equipment to children in Africa.

　　While 1. 　　　　　 (watch) baseball,  his favorite sport,  on TV in 2012,  Max learned that teams from Africa didn’t have proper equipment to play.  

　　They either made equipment themselves or had to share 2. 　　　　　 very few items they had among all the children.  

　　Max thought about all the extra bats,  balls and equipment he and his friends had in their garages and homes. Then,  inspired by his baseball coach,  T. Williquette,  and those 3. 　　　　　 were active charity,  he decided to take action and help. Thus,  an 4. 　　　　　 (influence) charity was started.

5. 　　　　　 (know) as Angels at Bat.  Max’s charity has donated over 10, 000 pieces of equipment to kids in need since its founding!  Along with this,  Max has traveled to Africa several times 6. 　　　　　 (donate) equipment and coach the kids,  developing Angels at Bat into 7. 　　　　　 it is today.  

　　Angels at Bat has now grown to include nine 8. 　　　　　 (branch) in eight states around the USA. And it is the primary source of baseball equipment for the entire country of Kenya.  

　　Max 9. 　　　　　 (honor) as one of the 5 CNN Young Wonders of 2018 for his inspiring spirit of giving and service. “Anybody at any age can make a difference. So if you are passionate about something,  stick to it and through hard work,  you 10. 　　　　　 (true) can make your dream come true. ” says Max.  

【文章大意】文章主要讲述了一个叫马克斯的男孩创办慈善组织的励志故事。

1. 【解析】watching。考查现在分词。while后的动词watch与主句主语Max构成了主动关系, 此时while后应使用现在分词形式, 表示“正在做……的时候”。故填watching。

2. 【解析】the。考查冠词。句意: 他们要么自制器材, 要么只能所有孩子一起共享那几件器材。very few之前的冠词应使用the, 表示特指。故填the。

3. 【解析】who/that。考查定语从句关系代词。句意: 他受教练和那些活跃于慈善的人的鼓舞。此处是限定性定语从句, 先行词是those, 指那些人, 关系词在从句中做主语, 应使用who/that引导, 在those后接关系代词who比接that常见。故填who/that。

4. 【解析】influential。考查形容词。句意: 因此一个很有影响力的慈善组织成立了。修饰名词charity, 应使用形容词。故填influential。

5. 【解析】Known。考查过去分词作状语。此处与主句中的主语Max’s charity构成被动关系, 应使用过去分词形式, known as表示“以……而著称、出名”。故填Known。

6. 【解析】to donate。考查非谓语动词。句意: 马克斯已经去了几次非洲来捐赠器材和训练孩子。此处指他去非洲, 目的是捐赠器材和训练孩子, 应使用动词不定式to do表达目的。故填to donate。

7. 【解析】what。考查名词性从句。句意: 把它发展到今天的样子。此处是what引导的宾语从句, 引导词在从句中作表语, what指代“它今天的样子”。故填what。

8. 【解析】branches。考查名词复数。branch为可数名词, 接在数量词nine之后应使用复数。故填branches。

9. 【解析】was honored。考查被动语态。句意: Max因其鼓舞人心的奉献和服务精神而被评为2018年CNN五大青年奇迹之一。主语Max与动词honor构成被动关系, 应使用被动语态; 根据2018可知, 此处描述的是过去的事情, 应使用一般过去时的被动语态。故填was honored。

10. 【解析】truly。考查副词。句意: 你真的可以实现你的梦想。此处修饰谓语动词can make, 应使用副词。故填truly。