高考英语一轮复习题型突破一阅读理解3推理判断题课件

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析考情 · 题型突破链高考 · 真题探究
考法1 推断隐含意义考法2 推断文章出处或读者对象考法3 推断写作意图考法4 推断观点态度考法5 预测文章内容
析考情 · 题型突破
一 考情概述 推理判断题在近几年高考阅读理解中的考查数量仅次于细节理解题,是历年高考英语阅读理解的核心考点和命题集中点,考查方向以推断细节隐含意义为主。在阅读测试中属于深层次理解题,它要求考生在理解全文的基础上,从文章本身所提供的信息出发, 运用逻辑思维,并借助一定的常
识进行分析、推理和判断。其答案一般不会在原文中直接呈现,要把文章提供的信息进行分析、提炼和归纳之后才能得出。 推理判断题涉及的范围很广,主要包括:推断细节隐含意义;推断文章出处或者读者对象;推断作者的写作意图;对文章内容进行预测;推断作者或文中人物对某个人或事物的态度或评价等。二 命题特点　　推理判断题涉及的文章内容可能是一句话或几句话,也可能是一个或两三个段落,甚至是整篇文章,所以此类题目难度比较大,考生很容易失分。其设问特点为:　　1.考查暗含的信息,文章中没有明说;
2.一般在文章中可以找到提示信息; 3.设问内容含义深刻,不像细节题那么直白。三 选项特点1.正确选项的特点(1)在文章中可以找到信息支持,并且可以推断出正确选项。(2)大多含义深刻,不是常识选项。2.干扰项的特点(1)颠倒是非:选项的结果与推断出来的正确结果相反。(2)照搬原文:原文里有相关的直接信息,不需要经过推断。(3)推理过度:把文章中的一些个案绝对化、扩大化。(4)无中生有:捏造原文中并不存在的信息,并以此作为依据进行推断。
链高考 · 真题探究
Passage 1　[2020全国Ⅰ,C]语篇类型:说明文　主题:竞走运动　词数:303　难度:★★★　建议时间:7分钟高考真题 Race walking shares many fitness benefits with running, research shws, while mst likely cntributing t fewer injuries. It des, hwever, have its wn prblem.　　Race walkers are cnditined athletes. The lngest track and field event at the Summer Olympics is the 50-kilmeter race walk,
which is abut five miles lnger than the marathn. But the sprt's rules require that a race walker's knees stay straight thrugh mst f the leg swing and ne ft remain in cntact (接触) with the grund at all times. It's this strange frm that makes race walking such an attractive activity, hwever, says Jaclyn Nrberg, an assistant prfessr f exercise science at Salem State University in Salem, Mass. Like running, race walking is physically demanding, she says. Accrding t mst calculatins, race walkers mving at a pace f
six miles per hur wuld burn abut 800 calries(卡路里) per hur, which is apprximately twice as many as they wuld burn walking, althugh fewer than running, which wuld prbably burn abut 1,000 r mre calries per hur.  Hwever, race walking des nt pund the bdy as much as running des, Dr. Nrberg says. Accrding t her research, runners hit the grund with as much as fur times their bdy weight per step, while race walkers, wh d nt leave the grund, create nly abut 1.4 times their bdy weight with each step.
As a result, she says, sme f the injuries assciated with running, such as runner's knee, are uncmmn amng race walkers. But the sprt's strange frm des place cnsiderable stress n the ankles and hips, s peple with a histry f such injuries might want t be cautius in adpting the sprt. In fact, anyne wishing t try race walking shuld prbably first cnsult a cach r experienced racer t learn prper technique, she says. It takes sme are race walkers cnditined athletes?A. They must run lng distances.B. They are qualified fr the marathn.
C. They have t fllw special rules.D. They are gd at swinging their advantage des race walking have ver running?A. It's mre ppular at the Olympics.B. It's less challenging physically.C. It's mre effective in bdy building.D. It's less likely t cause knee is Dr. Nrberg's suggestin fr smene trying race walking? A. Getting experts' pinins.
B. Having a medical checkup.C. Hiring an experienced cach. D. Ding regular wrd best describes the authr's attitude t race walking?A. Skeptical. B. Objective.C. Tlerant. D. Cnservative.命题分析▶素养解读本文选材符合课程标准提出的关于"培养德智体美劳全面发展的社会主义建设者和接班人"中对"体育"这一项的要求,引导考生关注体育运动,提高锻
炼意识,学会健康生活。文章对比分析了竞走与跑步,介绍了竞走相比跑步的好处,也指出了其危害,引导学生辩证地看问题,培养思辨能力。这主要体现了学科核心素养中的思维品质。▶试题分析第29题是细节推断题,考生要在原文中找准关键信息点,再进行分析和推断。 第31题是观点态度题,考生要在了解全文主旨内容的基础上,判断作者对竞走运动的态度。
庖丁解牛▶重难词汇demanding adj.费力的,需要高技能(或耐性等)的,要求高的apprximately adv.大约,大概 cnsiderable adj. 相当大的,相当多的 cnsult v.咨询,请教▶熟词生义pund 常见义:n. 英镑,磅 本文义:v. 反复击打▶词块积累cntribute t是……的原因之一 (be) assciated with与……有关
▶难句突破句式分析:mving at a pace f six miles per hur是动词-ing短语作后置定语,修饰主语race walkers,第一个which引导的非限制性定语从句修饰abut 800 calries per hur,第二个which引导的非限制性定语从句修饰running。句意:根据大多数计算,以每小时六英里的速度移动的竞走者每小时会消耗大约800卡路里,这大约是他们走路燃烧的卡路里的两倍,虽然它比跑步消耗的卡路里少,跑步可能每小时消耗大约1 000卡路里或更多。
解题思路28.C　考查细节理解。由题干中的关键词"cnditined athletes"可将解题信息定位至第二段,根据本段中的"But the sprt's rules require that a race walker's knees stay straight thrugh mst f the leg swing and ne ft remain in cntact(接触) with the grund at all times"可知,竞走者在竞走时必须遵循一些特殊的运动规则,故选C。29.D　考查细节推断。根据第五段中的"sme f the injuries assciated with running, such as runner's knee, are uncmmn amng race walkers"可知,一些与跑步有关的损伤,如跑步者的膝盖(受伤),在竞走者中并不常见。据此可知,竞走不太可能导致膝盖受伤,故选D。
30.A　考查细节理解。根据第五段中的"anyne wishing t try race walking shuld prbably first cnsult a cach r experienced racer t learn prper technique"可知, Nrberg博士建议任何想要尝试竞走的人或许应该首先咨询下教练或有经验的竞走者,以学习正确的技巧,故选A。31.B　考查观点态度。第一段总领全文,提出了竞走运动有利也有弊;下文主要对比了竞走运动与跑步的情况。通观全文,作者既提到了竞走这项运动的好处,也指出了它的一些危害,故作者对竞走的态度是客观的,本题应选B。
Passage 2　[2018浙江,A]语篇类型:说明文　主题:英国作家狄更斯　词数:314　难度:★★　建议时间:6分钟高考真题 In 1812, the year Charles Dickens was brn, there were 66 nvels published in Britain. Peple had been writing nvels fr a century — mst experts date the first nvel t Rbinsn Cruse in 1719 — but nbdy wanted t d it prfessinally. The steam-pwered printing press was still in its early stages; the literacy(识字)rate in England was under 50%. Many wrks f fictin appeared withut the names f
the authrs, ften with smething like "By a lady." Nvels, fr the mst part, were lked upn as silly, immral r just plain bad. In 1870, when Dickens died, the wrld murned him as its first prfessinal writer and publisher, famus and belved, wh had led an explsin in bth the publicatin f nvels and their readership and whse characters — frm Oliver Twist t Tiny Tim — were held up as mral tuchstnes. Tday Dickens' greatness is unchallenged. Remving him frm the panthen (名人堂) f English literature wuld make abut as much sense as the Luvre selling ff the Mna Lisa.
Hw did Dickens get t the tp? Fr all the feelings readers attach t stries, literature is a numbers game, and the test f time is extremely difficult t pass. Sme 60,000 nvels were published during the Victrian age, frm 1837 t 1901; tday a casual reader might be able t name a half-dzen f them. It's partly true that Dickens' style f writing attracted audiences frm all walks f life. It's partly that his writings rde a wave f scial, plitical and scientific prgress. But it's als that he rewrte the culture f literature and put himself at the center. N ne will ever knw what mix f talent, ambitin, energy and luck made Dickens such a distinguished writer.
But as the 200th anniversary f his birth appraches, it is pssible — and imprtant fr ur wn culture — t understand hw he made himself a lasting ne. 21.Which f the fllwing best describes British nvels in the 18th century?　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　A. They were difficult t understand.B. They were ppular amng the rich.C. They were seen as nearly wrthless.D. They were written mstly by wmen.
22.Dickens is cmpared with the Mna Lisa in the text t stress　　 . A. his reputatin in FranceB. his interest in mdern artC. his success in publicatinD. his imprtance in literature23.What is the authr's purpse in writing the text?A. T remember a great writer.B. T intrduce an English nvel.C. T encurage studies n culture.D. T prmte values f the Victrian age.
命题分析▶素养解读本文通过对英国作家狄更斯文学创作历程的介绍,让考生了解国外优秀作家及其背景文化,激发学生阅读相关作品的兴趣,增加对世界优秀文化的理解和认同,并能够自主学习和领悟世界文化的多样性和丰富性。本文还要求考生在阅读的同时,对篇章的写作意图进行分析和推理,以此培养考生的逻辑思维能力。这主要体现了文化意识和思维品质这两个学科核心素养。▶试题分析第22题是细节推断题,考生要根据文章细节,通过语意转化和分析,才能得出答案。第23题是意图推断题,考生要总体把握文章内容,才能推断出作者的写作目的。
庖丁解牛▶文章结构第一段:在18世纪早期的英国,由于多种原因,文学并不受人待见。第二段:狄更斯死后,他被世人看作最早的专业作家,他在文学方面有着杰出的成就。第三段:狄更斯的写作风格和特色造就了他文学界泰斗的地位。▶熟词生义plain 常见义:n.平原 本文义:adv.(用于强调)简直,绝对地
▶难句突破句式分析:本句是一个主从复合句。要注意as引导的是时间状语从句,而主句中的and imprtant fr ur wn culture是插入语。句意:但是随着狄更斯200周年诞辰的到来,弄懂他如何让自己永垂不朽是有可能的,这对我们自己的文化来说很重要。解题思路21.C　考查细节理解。根据第一段中的"Nvels, fr the mst part, were lked upn as silly, immral r just plain bad"可知,在18世纪的英国,小说被人们看作是愚蠢的、不道德的或者简直就是糟糕的,故选C。
22.D　考查细节推断。根据第二段内容,尤其是"Tday Dickens' greatness is unchallenged. Remving him Luvre selling ff the Mna Lisa"可推知,狄更斯的伟大是不容置疑和无可辩驳的,把他从英国文学的名人堂中移出,就如同卢浮宫把《蒙娜丽莎》卖掉一样。由此可推断出,此处是在强调狄更斯在英国文学史上的重要性。故选D。23.A　考查写作意图。根据文章最后一段中的"N ne will ever knw…such a distinguished writer. But as the 200th anniversary f his birth appraches…a lasting ne"可推知,作者写本文主要是为了纪念伟大的英国作家狄更斯。故选A。
考法1 推断隐含意义
命题透视 推断隐含意义是高考阅读理解中必考的考查方向,要求考生根据文章的某个或某些句子、段落或全文所提供的信息进行逻辑推理,推断出作者没有明说的内容、可能发生的事情或某事物的特征等,旨在考查考生透过词语的字面意思去理解作者的言外之意的能力。常见设问形式:1.What can we infer f the fllwing statements des the passage supprt?3.What des the authr imply
方法点拨 1.先跳读,找到相关信息点;2.接着细读,理解相关信息点的字面意思;3.再分析推理,在理解字面意思的基础上进行符合逻辑的推断,理解作者的言外之意,切勿拿文章中非关键的细节内容作为推理的依据;4.最后结合选项,找到与文章信息点所表达意思相近的选项。 1 [2018全国Ⅰ,D]... S what's the slutin(解决方案)? The team's data nly went up t 2007, but the researchers als explred what wuld happen if cnsumers replaced ld prducts with new electrnics that serve
mre than ne functin, such as a tablet fr wrd prcessing and TV viewing. They fund that mre n-demand entertainment viewing n tablets instead f TVs and desktp cmputers culd cut energy cnsumptin by 44% des the text suggest peple d abut ld electrnic devices?A. Stp using them. B. Take them apart.C. Upgrade them. D. Recycle them.
解析 考查细节推断。根据所给材料中的"but the researchers als explred what wuld happen if cnsumers replaced ld prducts with new electrnics that serve mre than ne functin"可推断出,文章建议用多功能的新设备来替换老旧设备,即停止使用老旧设备。take apart"拆卸";upgrade"使升级";recycle"回收利用"。故选A。
考法2 推断文章出处或读者对象
命题透视 文章出处推断题要求考生能够根据文章的特点推断文章的出处,该题型在高考阅读理解中较常考查。读者对象推断题要求考生根据文章内容和措辞推断文章的读者对象是什么人,该类题目在高考试题中较少考查。常见设问形式:1.Where is the text mst likely frm?2.Frm which is the text prbably taken?3.In which sectin f a newspaper may this text appear?4.Wh is the passage prbably intended fr?
方法点拨 文章出处推断题和读者对象推断题都要求考生有一定的常识,对报纸、杂志、小说、广告、说明书、旅游指南等有基本的了解,这样在做题时才能根据文章特点选出答案。
2 [2019全国Ⅰ,C]As data and identity theft becmes mre and mre cmmn,the market is grwing fr bimetric(生物测量)technlgies — like fingerprint scans — t keep thers ut f private e-spaces. At present,these technlgies are still expensive, thugh. Researchers frm Gergia Tech say that they have cme up with a lw-cst device(装置)that gets arund this prblem: a smart keybard. This smart keybard precisely measures the cadence(节奏)with… …
31.Where is this text mst likely frm?A. A diary.　　　　　　　B. A guidebk.C. A nvel. D. A magazine.解析 考查文章出处。迅速浏览选段,结合选段内容及关键信息"technlgies""Researchers""device(装置)"可知,文章介绍的是一款新的科技产品,是典型的科技类说明文;再结合选项可推断,这篇文章最可能出现在杂志上。故选D。　　　　　　　　　
3 Luxury (奢华的)Csta Rica This grand adventure thrugh Csta Rica will ffer the perfect cmbinatin f luxury travel and thrilling encunters with the natural wrld. Travelers will visit the impressive Arenal Vlcan, the magical Mnteverde Clud Frest, and the mysterius Manuel Antni Natinal Park. ...
23.This passage is intended fr 　　　. A. English learners　　　　B. travelers liking adventures C. exchange students D. senir citizens解析 考查对象推断。根据选段中的"This grand adventure thrugh Csta Rica will ffer the perfect cmbinatin f luxury travel and thrilling encunters with the natural wrld. Travelers will..."可推断,本文是向喜欢冒险的人介绍哥斯达黎加探险之旅。故选B。
考法3 推断写作意图
命题透视 写作意图推断题要求考生根据文章的论述,揣测作者的写作意图及作者运用某种写作手法的目的,在阅读理解中较常考查。这类题目要求考生不仅要理解文章的大意,还要具备对作者阐述的内容进行分析和归纳总结的能力,因为作者一般不直接表明自己的意图,而是通过文章所提供的事实,客观地向读者传达某种想法或观点。常见设问形式:1.What is the purpse f the text?2.What des the stry intend t tell us?3.What des the writer f the stry want t tell us?4.What is the authr's purpse in writing the text?
方法点拨 推断作者的写作意图时,考生要综合考量文章的主旨和文体特点:1.通过文章主旨来推断作者的写作目的。通常议论文和说明文的主旨在文章开头,用略读法找出文章的主旨,可以快速推断出作者的写作目的。2.通过文章的文体推断作者的写作意图。一般情况下,作者写文章的目的可分为三类:t entertain readers,常见于故事类记叙文;t persuade readers,常见于广告类应用文或议论文;t infrm readers,常见于文化类、社会类、科普类说明文。
4 [2016丙卷(全国Ⅲ),C]If yu are a fruit grwer — r wuld like t becme ne — take advantage f Apple Day t see what's arund. It's called Apple Day but in practice it's mre like Apple Mnth. The day itself is n Octber 21, but since it has caught n, events nw spread ut ver mst f Octber arund Britain. Visiting an apple event is a gd chance t see, and ften taste, a wide variety f apples. T peple wh are used t the limited chice f apples such as Glden Delicius and Ryal Gala in supermarkets, it can be quite an eye pener t see the range f
classical apples still in existence, such as Deci which was grwn by the Rmans. Althugh it desn't taste f anything special, it's still wrth a try, as is the knbbly(多疙瘩的) Cat's Head which is mre f a curisity than anything else. There are als varieties develped t suit specific lcal cnditins. One f the very best varieties fr eating quality is Orleans Reinette, but yu'll need a warm, sheltered place with perfect sil t grw it, s it's a pipe dream fr mst apple lvers wh fall fr it.
At the events, yu can meet expert grwers and discuss which nes will best suit yur cnditins, and because these are family affairs, children are well catered fr with apple-themed fun and games. Apple Days are being held at all srts f places with an interest in fruit, including stately gardens and cmmercial rchards(果园). If yu want t have a real rchard experience, try visiting the Natinal Fruit Cllectin at Brgdale, near Faversham in Kent.
31.What is the authr's purpse in writing the text?A. T shw hw t grw apples.B. T intrduce an apple festival.C. T help peple select apples.D. T prmte apple research.解析 考查写作意图。通读全文可知,作者向读者介绍了一个节日——苹果节。故选B。
考法4 推断观点态度
命题透视 观点态度推断题旨在考查考生是否了解作者或文中人物对某人/事物所持的观点或态度,它要求考生具备在正确理解文意的基础上,对观点或态度倾向进行分析、判断的能力。在高考阅读理解中较常考查。常见设问形式:1.Which wrd best describes the authr's attitude is the authr's attitude des the authr think des the authr feel is sb.'s attitude
方法点拨1.通过文章主旨推断作者的观点或态度。作者的观点或态度一般与文章主旨相关联,考生应先通读全文,结合文章内容抓住文章的主旨,再结合作者提供的细节来判断作者的观点或态度。2.通过细节描述推断观点或态度。观点或态度通常隐藏在对人物的语气、肢体动作、面部表情或性格倾向等的描述中,或者隐藏在作者对文中事物进行描述时所用的词汇或句子中。因此,考生要通过分析文中的用词、语气或对细节的描述等来推断作者或文中人物的观点或态度。3.牢记试题中常出现的表达观点或态度的词语。
(1)表示积极态度的词有:favrable(赞同的), supprtive(支持的), apprving(赞同的), ptimistic(乐观的),psitive(积极的),pleasant(令人愉快的),humrus(幽默的),cnfident(自信的),impressive(给人印象深刻的),beneficial(有利的), hpeful(抱有希望的),reasnable(合理的)等。(2)表示反对、否定、批评等消极态度的词有:skeptical(怀疑的),disapprving(不赞同的),critical(批判的),negative(否定的),dubtful(怀疑的),disappinted(失望的),pessimistic(悲观的),ppsed(反对的),uncaring(冷漠的),unwilling(不愿意的)等。
(3)表示中立、客观以及其他态度的词有:bjective(客观的),factual(根据事实的),uninterested(不感兴趣的), indifferent(漠不关心的), cautius(谨慎的),neutral(中立的),impartial(不偏不倚的),cnservative(保守的),tlerant(宽容的,容忍的)等。特别提醒　 解此类题目时应注意:1.要区分开作者的态度和作者阐述的他人的态度;2.切勿用自己的观点代替作者的观点或文中人物的观点;3.要特别留意那些描写环境、气氛的语言以及表达感情、态度或观点的词语。
5 [2017丙卷(全国Ⅲ),C]... The gvernment spent nearly 30 years cming up with a plan t reintrduce the wlves. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service carefully mnitrs and manages the wlf packs in Yellwstne. Tday, the debate cntinues ver hw well the gray wlf is fitting in at Yellwstne. Elk, deer, and cyte ppulatins are dwn, while beavers and red fxes have made a cmeback. The Yellwstne wlf prject has been a valuable experiment t help bilgists decide whether t reintrduce wlves t ther parts f the cuntry as well.
31.What is the authr's attitude twards the Yellwstne wlf prject? A. Dubtful. B. Psitive. C. Disapprving. D. Uncaring.解析 考查观点态度。本文是一篇说明文。经过几年的争议,黄石国家公园把灰狼重新引入公园,以保持公园内的生态平衡。根据选段最后一句话中的"The Yellwstne wlf prject has been a valuable experiment"可知,作者认为这项工程很有价值,因此他的态度应当是积极肯定的。故选B。
考法5 预测文章内容
命题透视 对文章内容进行预测要求考生根据语篇猜测下文可能涉及的内容或对事件可能出现的结局进行预测,此类题目难度较大,在近些年的高考试题中较少考查。常见设问形式:1.What d yu think will happen when/if…?2.At the end f this passage, what might the writer cntinue t write?3.What will the paragraph fllwing the passage mst prbably be abut?4.Which f the fllwing statements is mst likely t be talked abut in the fllwing paragraph?
方法点拨 考生做题时一般要通读全文,把握作者的写作思路、文章的篇章结构和末段含义,找准段落之间的联系或事情发展的趋势,从而作出科学合理的推测。 6 Bees play a vital rle in the wrld. Unfrtunately, bees are dying very fast.　　The main purpse f keeping bees is t make hney. Hney, shckingly, isn't used fr human cnsumptin; it is essential t the insects. Bees stre hney in their hives(蜂箱) in rder t have energy fr their flight muscles and fr heating the hives in the
winter. They cllect pllen(花粉) which supplies prtein fr yung bees t grw. Accrding t hney.cm, the prductin and quality f crpsas a result f pllinatin by bees have increased a lt. These insects are respnsible fr ver 70 kinds f the fruits and vegetables we eat tday, including apples, grapes, beans and brccli(西兰花).　　S if they are s valuable t agriculture, why d they keep dying ff? A key factr seems t be pesticides(杀虫剂). Bees wh
are expsed t pesticides suffer frm the damage t their neurlgical(神经系统的) functins, specifically t their memry r behavir. And that's why the majrity f wrker bees disappear and leave behind a queen bee, plenty f fd and a few nurse bees t care fr the remaining immature bees and the queen bee. There are several ther causes f the decline f bees, including the destructin f natural habitat, like wdlands, frests and ther habitats fr bees. The climate change is als a factr in the decline f the bees' ppulatin.
Actually, there are a variety f methds t help the bees' ppulatin grw. One way is t start yur wn rganic garden by planting bee-friendly plants. Pesticides are used in bth industrial practices and even in yur hme, s it is best t find rganic wuld the authr prbably discuss in the paragraph that fllws? A. Anther way t save bees.B. Other tips fr chsing seeds.