高考英语实用复习九名词和冠词优质课件PPT
展开名词
表示具体的人、事物、地点或机构的专有名称。如:Asia,Washingtn,English,the United Natins,WTO,WHO
表示某些人、某类事物、某种物质或抽象概念的名称。如:teacher,tea,peace,weapn普通名词又可进一步分为四类。(1)个体名称:表示单个的人和事物。如:hrse,car,rm,apple,picture(2)集体名称:表示一群人或一些事物的名称。如:peple,family,army,team,grup(3)物质名词:表示物质或不具备确定形状和大小的个体的物质。如:steel,air,milk,ink,gld,sugar(4)抽象名词:表示动作、状态、品质或其他抽象概念。如:infrmatin, advice,knwledge,wrd/news,traffic,weather
(1)不可数名词一般没有单、复数之分,包括物质名词和抽象名词。如:health,advice,glass,wd,English(2)表示学科名称的以ics结尾的名词常为不可数名词。如:mathematics,physics,plitics
可数名词包括个体名词和集体名词,有单、复数形式。复数名词构成方法如下:
(1)一般情况在名词后加s。如:desks,days
(2)以s,x,ch,sh结尾的名词后加es。如:bus—buses,watch—watches,bx—bxes,brush—brushes
(3)以结尾的名词变为复数时,常在词尾加s,但下列名词要加es,它们是:黑人英雄在回声中吃土豆、西红柿,即Negres,heres,eches,ptates,tmates。
(4)以f或fe结尾的名词变为复数时,一般将f或fe去掉加ves,如 thief—thieves,knife—knives,leaf—leaves。但下列以f或fe结尾的名词直接加s,它们是:屋顶上的首领信仰保险箱,即rfs,chiefs,beliefs,safes。
(5)合成名词变成复数时,通常只将里面所含的主体名词变为复数,如果没有主体名词,则将最后一部分变为复数。sns-in-law女婿;passers-by过路人;stry-tellers讲故事的人;breakfasts早餐;husewives家庭主妇。
(6)一些名词的复数形式是不规则的man—men wman—wmen ft—feet tth—teeth gse—geese child—children
(7)常见单复数同形的名词Chinese中国人;Japanese 日本人;sheep 绵羊;deer鹿;series 系列;means 方式;wrks 工厂等。
具有某种特性、状态、情感的抽象名词在表示具体的概念时,可以与不定冠词连用,常考到的有:
They regard verppulatin as a danger t sciety.他们把人口过剩视为对社会的威胁。
抽象名词与a (an)连用,淡化了抽象概念,转化为具体的动作、行为或类别。
Being able t affrd a drink wuld be a cmfrt in thse tugh times.在那些艰难的时期,能够买得起一杯饮料都会是一件令人感到欣慰的事。
表示有生命的事物的名词及某些表示时间、距离、星球、世界、国家、城市、团体机构等无生命的名词后加's来表示所有关系。
students' eyesight 学生的视力tday's newspaper 今天的报纸
f所有格修饰前面的名词,表示两个名词之间的所属关系,多用于无生命名词。
Frm the tp f the hill,yu can get a bird's view f the city.从山顶上,你可以鸟瞰整个城市。
指名词所有格或名词性物主代词同f构成的所有格,即“f+名词所有格”。
a play f Shakespeare's 莎士比亚的一个戏剧a friend f my wife's 我妻子的一个朋友
冠词
冠词作为一种虚词,在英语中只能和名词一起使用。英语中的冠词分为不定冠词和定冠词。不定冠词有两个,a 和 an。a用在辅音开头的单词前面;an用于以元音开头的单词前。如:a bk,an apple。
不定冠词最基本的用法是表示泛指,用在单数可数名词前表示“某一个”。
There is a pliceman at the dr.门口有个警察。
不定冠词用在单数可数名词之前,表示“任何,每个”。
A sldier must bey rders.军人必须服从命令。
不定冠词用于第一次出现的单数名词之前。
There is a bx in the rm. The bx is heavy.房间里有个箱子。这个箱子很重。
不定冠词用在价格、速度、比率等名词前,有every之意。
The car travels at sixty kilmeters an hur.汽车以每小时60公里的速度行驶。
用在序数词前,表示“再一,又一”。
He missed the gld medal in the high jump,but he will get a secnd chance in the lng jump.他在跳高比赛中错失了金牌,但是在跳远比赛中他还有机会。
用在形容词的比较等级前,表示“一个更· · · · · · 的”。
If we sit near the frnt f the bus,we'll have a better view.如果我们坐在公共汽车的前部,视野就会更好些。
用于物质名词或抽象名词具体化时。
物质名词或抽象名词仅表示概念时,是不可数名词,前面不加不定冠词。但如果表示具体的人或事,特别是前面有形容词修饰时,就变成了可数名词,前面可加不定冠词。I'm certain that his cncert this Sunday will be a success.我确信这个星期天他的音乐会一定成功。
不定冠词用于某些固定短语中。
have a try 试一下take a break 休息一下have a gd time 玩得痛快make a living 谋生as a matter f fact 事实上in a wrd 总而言之
定冠词和名词连用,表示某个或某些特定的人或事物。
Mther carved the meat int slices.妈妈把肉切成了片。
定冠词用于可数名词前,表示一类人或东西。
The panda is a rare animal. 大熊猫是一种稀有动物。[名师指津] 本句也可以用下列表达:A panda is a rare animal.Pandas are rare animals.
定冠词用于第二次出现的名词之前。
I gt a letter yesterday. The letter was sent by email.我昨天接到了一封信。那信是电子邮件。
定冠词用于某些名词或者形容词前,表示一类人,一个民族,阶级或阶层。
the Chinese 中国人 the rich 富人the dead 死者 the deaf 聋人
定冠词用于指说话双方都知道的人或事。
Please clse the dr.请把门关上。
用在世界上独一无二的人或物、自然现象、表示方位或表示发明物等名词前。
the sun 太阳the mn 月亮 the earth 地球 the sky 天空 the wrld 世界
注意:有些物体虽然也是独一无二的,但习惯上却不用冠词。space太空 nature自然 man人类
用在序数词、形容词最高级前。
The first truck is carrying a few baskets.第一辆卡车装运了一些筐。 This is the mst interesting bk I have ever read. 这是我所读过的书中最有趣的一本。
用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前。
the Great Wall长城the Summer Palace颐和园the Peple's Farm人民农场the Science Museum科学馆
用在姓氏复数形式前,表示“全家人”或“夫妇俩”。
The Turners are ging hme n a train.特纳一家要乘火车回家。
n the left/right 在左/右边 in the east/west/nrth/suth 在东/西/北/南方 at the back f 在· · · · · ·的后面
用在乐器特别是西洋乐器名词前。
My brther is playing the vilin while my sister is chatting n the Internet.我弟弟在拉小提琴而我妹妹正在网上聊天。
用在表示海洋、河流、山脉、群岛及国家和党派名词前。
the East China Sea 东海 the Huai River 淮河 the Jinggang Muntains 井冈山the United States f America 美国
(1)表示泛指的不可数名词或复数名词前。Keeping a diary is a gd habit,by which yu'll make great prgress.记日记是一个可以让你取得巨大进步的好习惯。Telephnes are still playing an imprtant rle in peple's life.电话在人们的生活中仍然起着重要的作用。
(2)表示月、季、星期、节假日、洲、三餐、球类、学科、棋类名词前。in spring 在春天 n Sunday 在星期天play ftball 踢足球 play chess下象棋have breakfast/lunch/supper吃早饭/午饭/晚饭
(3)与by连用的表示交通工具名词前。by car 坐汽车 by ship 坐船by plane 坐飞机 n ft 步行
(4)系动词turn后的单数名词作表语时。After years f hard wrk,Tm turned engineer while Mary gd manager.多年的努力之后,汤姆成了工程师而玛丽成了一位好经理。
(5)表示头衔和职务的名词作表语、同位语或补足语时。Li Ming,mnitr f ur class,is a warmhearted persn.我们的班长李明是一个热心的人。
固定结构及固定短语中的零冠词
(1)固定结构中的零冠词“零冠词+单数名词+as/thugh+主语+谓语,主句”,意为“虽然· · · · · ·但是· · · · · ·”。Yung man as he is,he has seen much f the wrld.尽管他很年轻,但他阅历很丰富。
(2)固定短语中的零冠词n purpse 故意地 by chance 碰巧catch fire 着火 at dawn 在黎明face t face 面对面 ut f date 过时的
四、冠词的几个注意事项
表示世界上独一无二的事物的名词前一般加定冠词the; 但如果名词前有修饰语,也可能用不定冠词a,an。
the wrld,a peaceful wrld the mn,a bright mn
表示一日三餐的名词前面一般不用冠词,但前面如果有了定语修饰,也可能用不定冠词a,an。
Have yu had supper?We had a wnderful supper.
表示乐器的名词前一般用定冠词the,但前面如果出现定语修饰,也可能用不定冠词a,an。
He starts his day by playing the vilin.He is playing a brrwed vilin.
介词与表示交通工具的名词连用表示笼统的方式,前面一般不用冠词,但如果名词的前面出现了修饰语,前面需加冠词。
He went t the statin by car.He went t the statin in a black car.
表示语言的名词前一般不用冠词,但后面如果出现language一词,前面需加定冠词the。
English=the English languageFrench=the French language
高考中常见的纯不可数名词,它们是:baggage,luggage,furniture,health,weather,fun,space(太空),advice,wrd(=news),prgress,infrmatin,news,luck,wealth(财产)等。以上不可数名词永远不能与不定冠词连用。
1.This trend has sme unintended side __________________ (effect) such as verweight and heart disease.(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)2.The undergrund railway in Lndn ran fr just under seven kilmeters and allwed peple t avid terrible __________________ (crwd) n the rads abve.(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)3.This develpment was nly pssible with the __________________ (intrduce) f electric-pwered engines and lifts.(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)4.Handle the mst imprtant tasks first s yu'll feel a real sense f _______________ (achieve).(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)5.Recent __________________ (study) shw that we are far mre prductive at wrk if we take shrt breaks regularly.(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)
intrductin
achievement
studies
6.Nw,years later,this river is ne f __________________ mst utstanding examples f envirnmental cleanup.7.Nwadays,hw we can take gd care f __________________ ld is becming a ht and serius tpic.8.It was raining hard,s I had t brrw __________________ umbrella.9.My friend Mary cmes frm __________________ Eurpean cuntry.10.As a matter f fact, __________________ rich aren't always happy.
11.Wmen live lnger than men in mst __________________ (cuntry).12.These __________________ (child)spend a lt f time watching TV.13.There are branch __________________ (library) in many villages.14.We may be ne family and live under __________________ same rf.15.The tree measuring ver 100 __________________ (ft) high has a histry f 1,000 years.
cuntries
children
libraries
16.It's __________________ pleasure fr me t be here t speak t such a distinguished grup frm all ver the wrld.17.N ne knws exactly hw __________________ mn came int existence,as it happened s lng ag.18.We ften watch ftball __________________ (match) n TV tgether.19.I used t lve science __________________ (class),including bilgy,chemistry,gegraphy and physics.20.Annan will be remembered fr his ability and his __________________ (warm).
matches
classes
1.The instructr kept repeating the wrd,“Speed up!” “Slw dwn!” “Turn left!”(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)2.Besides, they ften get sme useful infrmatins frm the Internet. (2017·全国卷Ⅱ)3.The airs we breathe in is getting dirtier and dirtier. Many rare animals are dying ut.(2015·全国卷Ⅰ)4.This afternn I went t see my grandfather by a bus.
5.I hpe that yu tw culd cme and visit us sme times sn.6.On the way up I was busy taking picture since the scenery was s beautiful. 7.Withut enugh knwledges,yu can never teach well. 8.He made his the first time visit t China when he was 18.
pictures
knwledge
9.After a hur r s we began t feel very frightened.10.Mdern peple knw mre abut the health,have better fd,and live in clearer surrundings.11.There is n dubt that English has becme an universal language nwadays.12.If yu want t make a prgress,yu need t put yur heart int yur study and wrk hard.
1.我永远不会忘记我们在海南度过的那个夏天。2.我很失望这次试验又以一次失败而告终。3.婚礼早宴是在她父亲家举行的。4.我对他的第一印象是他是一个善良且有思想的年轻人。
I will never frget the summer we spent in Hainan.
I'm disappinted that the experiment turned ut t be a cmplete failure again.
The wedding breakfast was held in her father's huse.
My first impressin f him was that he was a kind and thughtful yung man.
5.无论什么时候我犯了错误,老师总是耐心地把它们指出来。6.这个校园占地20平方公里。7.今天我在赶着去上班的路上遇到了你的一位朋友。8.你可以向任何人求助,这里的每个人都乐意帮助你。
Whenever I made mistakes,the teacher pinted them ut with patience.
The campus cvers an area f twenty square kilmetres.
I met a friend f yurs tday as I hurried ff t wrk.
Yu can ask anyne fr help. Everyne here is willing t lend yu a hand.
Studying abrad is an exciting experience,giving yu the pprtunity t learn mre abut the traditins and cultures f the hst cuntry and its peple. Apart frm the excellent 1.________ (educate) I received during my three years in England,I als made a wide circle f friends and imprved my language skills. I learned hw 2.________ (deal) with varius prblems,and as a result,I have becme mre 3.________ (depend) and self-cnfident. I studied English Literature and when I first arrived I had truble 4.________ (understand) sme f the accents and the slang (俚语) 5.________ are in everyday use. Hwever,making many friends and ding a part-time jb have helped imprve my English. Nw I am a much mre fluent and natural speaker.
independent
understanding
6.________ biggest prblems I faced were finding smewhere t live when I did nt knw the area well,getting the electricity and phne 7.________ (cnnect) and learning t lk after myself. I had t get used t shpping,cking and ding the husewrk,as well as studying and wrking,s I mastered the art f planning my time 8.________ (wise).Althugh adjusting t living in a new cuntry 9.________ (be) nt easy,learning t take care f myself helped me grw as a persn. I feel I can deal with any prblem nw 10.________ a calm and cnfident manner,withut having t immediately ask smene fr help.
Every year,my schl hld summer camps. I lve it very much,because I can have a lt fun with my friends. What's mre,I can take a break frm study times. Last year,we went t a cuntry farm and experienced different life. I was s impressed by the clear river and fresh air here. We wke up early and then walked n the cuntry rad,what was extremely quiet. I am s clse t nature and culd appreciate its beauty. I felt peacefully in my heart. I am lking frward t the summer camp n this year.
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