2022届新教材高考英语一轮复习语法专题提升第三部分理清常用句式3.1定语从句学案含解析新人教版

第三部分  理清常用句式

第一讲　定语从句

考点一  关系代词的用法

一、关系代词指代的对象及其作用

The TV organizers had planned to find four musicians who could act as well as sing.

电视制作人打算找4 位既能表演又能唱歌的音乐家。

She showed the visitors around the museum that/which had been constructed three years before.

她带着这些游客参观了那座三年前建造的博物馆。

[2017·天津卷]My eldest son, whose work takes him all over the world, is in New York at the moment.

我的大儿子的工作需要他奔波于世界各地，他现在在纽约。

We have found such materials as are used in their factory.

我们已经找到了像他们工厂里用的那种材料。

He is not the same man as he was.

他和过去不同了。

二、定语从句两处关注点

(一)关系代词that与which的区别

1．只用that不用which的情况

①先行词为不定代词anything，nothing，something，everything，all，some，none，little，few，the one等时。

I refuse to accept the blame for something that was someone else's fault.

我拒绝接受因别人的错误而对我进行的指责。

②先行词是形容词最高级或序数词，或先行词前有形容词最高级或序数词修饰时。

The first place that they visited in Guilin was Elephant Trunk Hill.他们在桂林参观的第一个地方是象鼻山。

③先行词被the only，the very，the last，the same，any，every，each，few，little，no，some，all等修饰时。

The only part of the meal that I really liked was the dessert.

这顿饭只有甜点是我真正爱吃的。

④先行词中既有表示人又有表示物的名词时。

They will never forget the things and persons that they've seen or heard of during their long journey.他们将永远不会忘记在他们的长途旅行中见到或听说过的人和事。

2．只用which不用that的情况

(1)关系代词前有介词时

Spend five to ten minutes thinking about the candidates' experiences, and the ways in which they showed courage.

用5 到 10分钟想想各位候选人的经历，以及他们是怎样展示勇气的。

(2)在非限制性定语从句中。

[2018·北京卷]She and her family bicycle to work, which helps them keep fit.

她和她的家人骑自行车上班，这有助于他们保持健康。

3．在从句中作定语或介词宾语时(如at which time/point，in which case)，只能用which。

Recently I bought a second­hand car, the price of which was reasonable.

最近我买了一辆二手车，价格很公道。

She might possibly come, in which case I'll tell you.

她有可能会来，那样的话我就告诉你一声。

(二)关系代词as和which的区别

关系代词as和which都可用来引导非限制性定语从句，指代主句或主句中的名词或短语，一般情况下二者可互换使用，但有下列区别：

1．which引导的非限制性定语从句只能位于主句之后，as引导的从句可位于主句之前、之中和之后。

As anybody can see, a computer can do almost everything people can.

＝A computer can do almost everything people can, as anybody can see.

任何人都明白，计算机几乎能做人所能做的一切事。

[2017·全国卷Ⅰ书面表达]Therefore，this time I will introduce Tang Poetry to you, which is of great help in learning Chinese.

因此，这次我将向你介绍唐诗，这将有助于你学习汉语。

2．as常用的这种类似插入语的句式有：as the saying goes，as is said above，as is mentioned above，as often happens，as is often the case，as is reported in the newspaper等。

She passed the exam, as was expected.

她通过了考试，这是预料之中的事。

◎题组微练(单句语法填空)

1．[2021·烟台市高考诊断性测试]Then，inspired by his baseball coach，T. Williquette，and those ________ were active in charity，he decided to take action and help.

2．[2021·潍坊市高考模拟]Last year China's total ticket sales fell a bit short of the North American box office，　 ________ is a healthy showing for China.

3．[2021·成都市高中毕业班诊断] If all goes as planned，Laos will be the first stop on one route of the Pan Asia Railway Network, ________ aim is to connect China with all of Southeast Asia.

4．[2021·山东省实验中学高三模拟]Although she already had four cats she adopted another one ________ had been hurt by a bear and nursed it back to health.

5．[2020·全国卷Ⅲ]Understanding her good intentions, I eat all the food ________ is provided by Mom with appreciation.

考点二  关系副词的用法

关系副词指代的先行词及其作用

①We live in an age when more information is available with great ease than ever before.

我们生活在一个比以前任何时候都更容易获得更多信息的时代。

②Ancient China was a place where states were often at war with each other.

古代中国是各诸侯国之间经常发生战争的地方。

③Can you tell me the reason why (＝for which) you are late again?

你能告诉我你再次迟到的原因吗？

名师点津　(1)先行词为有地点含义的抽象名词point，position，situation, stage, state, case, scene 等后也常用where引导定语从句。

He said if we ever got to the point where we needed to use life jackets, he would have already died of terror.

他说假定我们真的到了需要用救生衣的地步，他早就吓死了。

(2)the reason作先行词时，若引导词在从句中作主语或宾语，定语从句要用that或which引导。

[2019·天津卷]Their child is at the stage where she can say individual words but not full sentences.

他们的孩子处于能说一些个别的单词但不能说完整句子的阶段。

◎题组微练(单句语法填空)

1．[2020·北京卷]Some university students carried out a campaign ________ they spent their whole day without cell phones.

2．[2021·甘肃第一次诊断]This is the reason ________ Jennifer and her colleagues have called for a global pause in any clinical application of the CRISPR technology in human embryos to give us time to really consider all of the various results of doing so.

3．[2020·天津卷5月]Mr. Smith owned this oil painting until the early 1990s, ________ he gave it to his grandson.

考点三  “介词＋关系代词”结构

1.“介词＋关系代词”结构的用法

“介词＋关系代词”既能引导限制性定语从句，又能引导非限制性定语从句。先行词指物时，关系代词用which；先行词指人时，关系代词用whom；关系代词whose与所修饰的名词也可同时放在介词之后。

The USA is a large country in which many different dialects are spoken.

美国是一个大国，有着许许多多不同的方言。

He is the person on whom you can depend.

他是你可以信赖的人。

He was the man from whose room the thief had stolen his bag.

他就是被小偷从房间里偷走包的那个人。

2．“介词＋关系代词”结构中介词的确定

(1)根据定语从句中动词、形容词所需要的某种习惯搭配来确定。

In the dark street，there wasn't a single person to whom she could turn for help.

在黑暗的街道上，没有一个她可以求助的人。(turn to sb. for help)

Physics is the subject in which every student in our school is interested.

物理是我们学校每个学生都很感兴趣的课程。(be interested in)

(2)根据与先行词搭配的具体含义而定。

I'll never forget the time during which I spent my childhood in the country.

我永远不会忘记我在乡下度过我的童年的那段时光。(during that time)

(3)根据所表达的意思来确定。

The colorless gas without which we can't live is called oxygen.

这种无色的气体就是氧气，离了它我们无法生存。

3．“名词/代词/数词＋介词＋关系代词”结构：

He told us a story in English, the meaning of which I couldn't understand completely.

他用英语给我们讲了一个故事，我不能完全理解它的意思。

There are about 400 students in our grade, most of whom are from Haidian District.

我们年级大约有400名学生，其中大多数来自海淀区。

语法填空解题技法

【典例感悟】

1．[2021·昆明市“三诊一模”]Up till now，the website has been continuously updated, ________ gives lovers of the ancient language from all over the world free access to browsing (浏览) in their free time.

2．[2021·太原市高三年级模拟]Anyone ________ is caught providing food for San Francisco's pigeons could face a heavy fine.

3．[2021·郑州市质量检测]All kinds of traditional Chinese herbal medicine can be found too，and there are Chinese tea shops, ________ visitors can taste and buy a variety of Chinese tea.

4．[2020·全国卷Ⅲ]In ancient China lived an artist ________ paintings were almost lifelike.

5．[2020·江苏卷]Many lessons are now available online, from ________ students can choose for free.

6．[2019·全国卷Ⅱ]Now Irene Astbury works from 9 am to 5 pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield, ________ she opened with her late husband Les.

7．[2020·全国卷Ⅰ]China first had to put a satellite in orbit above the moon in a spot ________ it could send signals to the spacecraft and to Earth.

【答题微点】

语法填空解题策略

1．确定定语从句关系词的解题要领：根据定语从句中所缺成分来确定是用关系代词还是关系副词。

2．关系词应遵循“缺什么，补什么”的原则。

(1)如果先行词指人，定语从句中缺少主语，限制性定语从句中用who/that；非限制性定语从句中用who。

(2)如果先行词指人，定语从句中缺少宾语，限制性定语从句中用who/that/whom；非限制性定语从句中用whom。

(3)如果先行词指物，定语从句中缺少主语或宾语，限制性定语从句中用which/that；非限制性定语从句用which。

(4)如果先行词指时间或地点，定语从句中缺少时间状语或地点状语，则用when或where；如果缺少主语或宾语，则用that或which。

(5)在“介词＋关系词”引导的定语从句中如果先行词指人，则关系词用whom；如果先行词指物，则用which。

语法填空

[2021·长沙高三统一模拟]According to 1.________ new study by the WHO(World Health Organization), about 25 percent of adults worldwide do not get enough exercise. Because of this, about 1.4 billion people are 2.________ greater risk of developing 3.________ (dead) diseases such as heart disease and cancer.

When it comes to 4.________ (exercise) more, experts say that people needn't go to the gym every day. There are other ways to exercise. For example, we can take the stairs instead of taking an elevator. And standing on one leg for 30 seconds each day 5.________ (be) also good for our health.

The study also finds that women are less active than men because 6.________ (them) tend to spend more time at home taking care of 7.________ (child) and doing housework.

Countries with higher incomes show higher rates of inactivity. For example, people in Kuwait and the United States exercise less 8.________ people in Uganda and Nepal. This is partly because in 9.________ (develop)areas, desk jobs have taken the place of physical labor and cars 10.________ (replace) walking.

第三部分　理清常用句式

第一讲　定语从句

突破高考重点　点拨易错易混

考点一

1．答案与解析：who　考查定语从句。此处表示那些在慈善活动中积极的人。先行词指人，所以关系词用who。

2．答案与解析：which　考查定语从句。空处引导非限制性定语从句，关系词指代前面的整个主句，因此需要填关系代词which。

3．答案与解析：whose　考查关系代词。分析句子结构可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是“the Pan Asia Railway Network”，关系词在从句中作定语，此处表示“它的目的”，故填whose。

4．答案与解析：that　考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空格处引导定语从句，先行词是another one(指另外一只猫)，指物，关系词在从句中作主语；one是不定代词，只能用that引导该从句。故填that。

5．答案与解析：that　先行词被all, every, any, much, little(少), few, no等修饰时，关系代词用that。

考点二

1．答案与解析：where　考查定语从句。 分析句子结构可知， 空格处引导定语从句， 先行词为campaign, 空格处在从句中作地点状语， 故填where。

2．答案与解析：why　考查定语从句。句意：这就是珍妮弗和她的同事们呼吁全世界暂停将CRISPR技术用于人类胚胎有关的所有临床应用的原因，这给了我们时间去认真考虑这项技术应用可能带来的各种后果。分析句子结构可知，设空处在句中引导定语从句，先行词是reason，从句中缺少原因状语，应选择关系副词。故填why。

3．答案与解析：when　考查定语从句。 句意：史密斯先生拥有这幅油画，直到20世纪90年代初，后来他把它给了他的孙子。when引导定语从句修饰先行词the early 1990s, 并在从句中作时间状语。

刷经典试题　明晰解题技法

语法填空解题技法

1．答案与解析：which　考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导一个定语从句，且在从句中作主语，指代前面整个主句，所以填which。

2．答案与解析：who　考查关系词。分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，且在从句中作主语，修饰代词Anyone，所以填who。

3．答案与解析：where　考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，先行词为Chinese tea shops，空处在从句中作地点状语，所以填where。

4．答案与解析：whose　考查定语从句。本句主句为倒装句，主语an artist为先行词，后接定语从句，空处与其后名词paintings之间构成所属关系，故用whose。

5．答案与解析：which　考查定语从句。句意：现在许多课程都可以在网上找到，学生们可以从中选择免费课程。分析该句结构可知，介词from和空处引导定语从句，修饰先行词Many lessons，故填which。

6．答案与解析：which　考查非限制性定语从句的引导词。分析句子结构可知，逗号后是非限制性定语从句，the pet shop是先行词，定语从句中缺少opened的宾语，故用which引导非限制性定语从句。

7．答案与解析：where　考查定语从句。先行词是spot，后跟定语从句，关系词在从句中作地点状语，故用关系副词where。

对点跟踪检测　提升应试能力

语法填空

【解题导语】　本文是一篇说明文。世界卫生组织的一项新的研究发现， 全世界大约有25%的成年人缺乏足够的锻炼；女性由于要照顾孩子和做家务，与男性相比锻炼得更少。此外，高收入国家的人比低收入国家的人锻炼得少。

1．答案与解析：a　考查冠词。根据语境可知，该处泛指“一项新的研究”，故用不定冠词；又“new”的发音以辅音音素开头，故用a。

2．答案与解析：at　考查介词。此处表示正因为如此，约有14亿人有较大的患心脏病和癌症等致命疾病的风险。at risk of... 意为“有……的风险”。

3．答案与解析：deadly　考查形容词。该处指“致命的疾病”，故用形容词deadly意为“致命的”，修饰名词diseases。

4．答案与解析：exercising　考查非谓语动词。When it comes to doing sth. 意为“当涉及做某事时”为固定用法，故空处应用动名词形式。

5．答案与解析：is　考查动词的时态和主谓一致。此处为客观描述，应用一般现在时，又该句主语为动名词短语“standing on one leg for 30 seconds each day”，谓语动词应用单数形式，故填is。

6．答案与解析：they　考查人称代词。空处作从句的主语，故用主格they。

7．答案与解析：children　考查名词的单复数。从句的主语为复数，故此处照顾的孩子也不止一个，故该处用名词的复数形式children。

8．答案与解析：than　考查比较级的标志词。根据空前的副词比较级“less”可知，该处表示比较，意为“比”，故用than。

9．答案与解析：developed　考查形容词。由上文可知，科威特人和美国人比乌干达人和尼泊尔人锻炼得少；结合常识可知，这是因为在发达地区，伏案工作已经取代了体力劳动，汽车已经取代了步行。故空处用形容词developed意为“发达的”。

10．答案与解析：have replaced　考查动词的时态和主谓一致。此处与该句中的现在完成时相呼应，应用现在完成时；又主语“cars”为复数，故填have replaced。