英语Grammar and usage集体备课课件ppt

这是一份英语Grammar and usage集体备课课件ppt，共23页。PPT课件主要包含了Lead in等内容，欢迎下载使用。
Grammar and usage
Past perfect tense
Past perfect Lk at the sentences and answer the questins.1　In sentence (a), which actin happened first, “suspected” r “evlved frm a cmmn ancestr”?
In sentence (a), “evlved frm a cmmn ancestr” happened first.
a　Darwin suspected that the finches had evlved frm a cmmn ancestr, ... b　Many peple refused t believe that living things, including humans, had evlved frm lwer frms f life.
Past perfect Lk at the sentences and answer the questins.2　In sentence (b), which actin happened first, “refused t believe” r “evlved frm lwer frms f life”?
In sentence (b), “evlved frm lwer frms f life” happened first.
Past perfect Lk at the sentences and answer the questins.3　What des the structure had dne indicate?
It indicates the actin happened befre a certain past actin.
Cmplete the paragraphs with the infrmatin frm the given sentences. The sentences are in the rder in which they happened.
1　a Natural disasters led t fd shrtages in the 1960s. b Yuan Lngping began t d research n hybrid rice. c Yuan Lngping develped a better type f rice.
Yuan Lngping 1　　　　　 t d research n hybrid rice because natural disasters 2　　　　　 fd shrtages in the 1960s. In the end, he 3　　　　　 a better type f rice.
had led t 　
2a Gregr Mendel chse t study pea plants because their characteristics were easy t cntrl. b Gregr Mendel made imprtant discveries abut genetics.c Gregr Mendel died in 1884.
Gregr Mendel 4　　　　　 study pea plants because their characteristics were easy t cntrl. By the time f his death in 1884, he 5　　　　　 imprtant discveries abut genetics.
Belw is the shrt life stry f Jseph Pulitzer. Find the sentences that use the past perfect tense and fill in the bx belw. The first ne has been dne fr yu.
Explring the rules
•Pulitzer quickly became a successful jurnalist and by the age f 25，he had becme a publisher. • He used the same business strategy he had emplyed at the St Luis Pst-Dispatch...
Wrking ut the rules
• We ften use the past perfect tense t talk abut smething that happened (1) ____________ (befre/after) a past time.• The verb frm f the past perfect tense is “(2) _________ (have/had)dne”.Grammar ntes → page 98
Applying the rules
1 Pulitzer knew that he had learned very little English, s he had started t wrk hard at the language.2 Pulitzer was very hard-wrking. Quite ften, when he arrived hme at midnight, he was wrking fr ver 10 hurs.3 Fr the time he was 25, Pulitzer had becme a jurnalist and publisher.4 Many f the best reprters have wrked fr his paper befre its failure in 1931.
Circle the mistakes and crrect them in the blanks belw.
____________ had wrked
___ By
___________ had wrked
Belw is a passage abut the Pulitzer Prizes. Cmplete it with the crrect frms f the verbs in the bx belw.
The Pulitzer Prizes are a set f awards hnring excellence in jurnalism andthe arts. The prizes were established largely due t the effrts f Jseph Pulitzer, wh (1) _________ his reputatin as a newspaper publisher. He left mney in his 1904 will t fund the establishment f the prizes, stating that he wanted fur awards in jurnalism, fur in letters and drama, ne fr educatin, and five traveling schlarships. Since the first prizes (2) _______________ in 1917, there have been many winners and sme peple have wn mre than nce. Past winners include such famus names as Eugene O’Neill. When O’Neill received the Pulitzer Prize in Drama in 1957, it was the furth time he (3) ____________ it.
were awarded
There have been a number f changes t the Pulitzer Prizes ver time. Smef these resulted frm advances in technlgy. Fr example, nline cntentfrm newspaper websites (4) ___________________ in all f the jurnalism categries since 2006. The Pulitzer Prizes have als expanded t include such categries as phtgraphy and music. Nevertheless, jurnalism is still what the Pulitzer Prizes are best knwn fr. Tday, winning the Pulitzer Prizes is cnsidered by many t be the highest achievement pssible in jurnalism—just as Pulitzer (5) ____________.
has been allwed
Zu Tafen was a famus Chinese jurnalist and publisher. Read the timeline belw and describe his life stry using the past perfect tense. Use the example belw t help yu.
Zu Tafen was a famus Chinese jurnalist and publisher. He was brn in Fujian in 1895. By the time he was 26，he had graduated frm university. By the time he was 27，he had becme an editr. By the time he was 31，Zu Tafen had becme the chief editr f Life Weekly. By the time he was 36，he had started campaigning against the Japanese invasin. By the time he was 40，he had started a new jurnal called Life f the Masses. In 1944，he died in Shanghai.
过去完成时1 过去完成时的构成和用法构成：had + 动词的过去分词 用法： （1）表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成的动作，即“过去的过去”。这一过去时间可用by，befre 等构成的短语及when， befre，after，by the time 等引导的状语从句表示，也可以用一个表示过去的动作或上下文来表示。By the end f last year, we had prduced 20,000 cable cars. 到去年年底，我们已经生产了两万辆缆车。The barber had shaved himself befre attending yesterday’s wedding. 理发师在参加昨天的婚礼前剃了胡子。By the time we gt there, the film had already begun. 我们到达那里时，电影已经开始了。She fund she had left her luggage n the bus. 她发现她把行李忘在公共汽车上了。
（2）表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到过去另一时间的动作，这个动作可能还要延续下去，常与fr，since 构成的表示一段时间的短语或since 引导的表示一段时间的从句连用。The wrker said he had wrked fr the emplyer since last year. 这个工人说他从去年开始就为雇主工作。I met Wang Ta n a cable car yesterday. We hadn’t seen each ther since he went t Beijing. 我昨天在缆车上遇见了王涛。自从他去了北京，我们就没有见过面。（3）表示过去未曾实现的愿望、打算或意图等。常用had hped/ planned/meant/intended/thught/ wanted/expected 等，相当于上述动词过去式接不定式完成式，即“hped/planned/... + t have dne”。I had planned t cme, but I was prevented by the bad weather. 我本来打算来的，但被坏天气阻止了。They had hped t talk abut cperatin, but they had a tight schedule. 他们本想谈谈合作的事，但他们的日程很紧。I had intended t call n yu, but I had an unexpected visitr. 我本打算去拜访你的，但是来了一位不速之客。
◆单句语法填空（1）By the end f last year, he 　 　　　 　（cllect）mre than 10 freign recrds. （2）I 　　　　 　（finish）my hmewrk befre I had supper. （3）Jhn and Jane 　　　　 　（knw）each ther fr a lng time befre they gt married. （4）He said that great changes 　　　　 　（take） place in his hmetwn since 1990. （5）It was six and he was tired because he 　　　　 　 （wrk）since the day brke. （6）When the plice fund him, the criminal 　　　　 　（be） in the cave fr nearly a mnth. （7）They 　　　　 　（want）t help but culdn’t get there in time. （8）He 　　　　 　（hpe）t catch the 8:00 bus, but he fund it gne. ◆完成句子（9）When he reached the nearby shp, it 　　　 　　　　　　　　　　（已经关门了）. （10）I 　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　 （原本想做一个蛋糕）, but I ran ut f time. （11）They 　　 　　 　　　 （原本计划休息）in the café, but smething unexpected happened.
had cllected
had planned t have a rest
had finished
had wanted
had already been clsed
had intended t make a cake
2 常用过去完成时的句式 （1）It/This/That was the that sb. had dne sth. 这/ 那是某人第一次/ 第二次……做某事。It was the third time that he had made the same mistake. 那是他第三次犯同样的错误了。This was the secnd time that he had lst his jb that year. 这是他那一年第二次失业。（2）表示“一……就……”的，n 句式中，含hardly/scarcely，n sner 的分句常用过去完成时，且当hardly，scarcely，n sner 置于句首时，句子要用部分倒装。I had hardly/scarcely answered the teacher when he interrupted me. =Hardly/Scarcely had I answered the teacher when he interrupted me. 我还没来得及回答老师的问题，他就打断了我的话。We had n sner been seated than the bus started. =N sner had we been seated than the bus started. 我们刚坐下，公共汽车就开了。（3）虚拟语气中表示与过去事实相反的假设，if 从句和wish/wuld rather/nly if后的从句中用过去完成时。I wish I had been at yur party last Tuesday. 我希望上周二我参加了你的聚会。
◆单句语法填空（1）This was the secnd time that the musician 　　　　 　（tur）Eurpe. （2）The audience had hardly been seated 　　　　 　 the saxphne sl started. （3）If he 　　　　 　（take）yur advice, he wuld have passed the driving test. （4）I wuld rather yu 　　　　 　（be）here yesterday. ◆句型转换 （5）I had n sner finished the wrk than the light went ut. = 　　　 　　　　 　　　 （） = 　 　　　　 　　　　 　（倒装句）
I had hardly finished the wrk when the light went ut.
N sner had I finished the wrk than the light went ut.
3 过去完成时与其他时态的区别 （1）过去完成时与一般过去时的区别： ①过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成的动作，即 “过去的过去”；而一般过去时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态。Mr. Smith died yesterday. He had been a gd friend f mine. 史密斯先生昨天去世了。他以前是我的好友。The plice stpped me n my way hme last night. 昨晚我在回家的路上被警察拦住了。②在含有after 或befre 引导的时间状语从句的主从复合句中，由于主句和从句的动作先后关系明显，所以可用一般过去时代替过去完成时。After he（had） left the rm, the emplyer came in. 他离开房间后，老板进来了。We（had）arrived hme befre it snwed. 我们在下雪前到了家。③“时间名词 + befre”在句子中作状语，句子用过去完成时；“时间名词 + ag”在句中作状语，句子用一般过去时。He said the cmpser had died 10 years befre. 他说这位作曲家已于十年前去世。He left schl three years ag. 他三年前离开了学校。
（2）过去完成时和现在完成时的区别： 现在完成时以“现在”作为时间参照来谈论过去；而过去完成时则以“过去”作为时间参照来谈论更远的过去。I have lived in Beijing fr ne year. 我已经在北京住了一年了。（到现在为止） I had lived in Shanghai fr three years befre I went t Beijing. 在去北京之前我曾在上海住了三年。（动作发生在去北京之前）
◆单句语法填空（1）My friend Andrew 　　　　 　（live）in a freign cuntry fr many years befre he returned t England. （2）He nce 　　　　 　（wrk）as a lecturer， but nw he is a manager. （3）［词汇复现］His brther 　　　　 　（be）the cnductr f the rchestra fr many years. （4）He 　　 　　 　（learn）maths all by himself by the age f furteen. ◆完成句子（5）Andrew 　　　　　　　　 　（犯了一个大错误）because he had thught f everything except the weather. （6）I didn’t knw a thing abut the verbs, fr I 　　　　 　　　（没有好好学我的功课）.◆翻译句子（7）他们5 点钟已经完成了他们的作业。______________________________________________（8）他们是5 点钟完成的作业。 ______________________________________________
had learned
made a big mistake
had nt studied my lessn well
They had finished their hmewrk at five ’clck.
They finished their hmewrk at five ’clck.