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第一层级 抓牢“词法”——固基础 2021届高考英语二轮总复习课件
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这是一份第一层级 抓牢“词法”——固基础 2021届高考英语二轮总复习课件，共60页。PPT课件主要包含了内容索引，考点1 名词和冠词，探考点寻规律◇名词◇，探考点寻规律◇冠词◇，课课练随堂清，探考点寻规律◇代词◇，探考点寻规律◇介词◇，探考点寻规律◇数词◇，考点3 形容词和副词，探考点寻规律◇副词◇等内容，欢迎下载使用。
第三编 核心语法必备
第一层级 抓牢“词法”——固基础
英 语
2021
高考总复习优化设计
GAO KAO ZONG FU XI YOU HUA SHE JI
内容索引
考点1 名词和冠词
考点2 代词、介词和数词
考点3 形容词和副词
考点4 动词(时态和语态、主谓一致、情态动词、虚拟语气)
考点5 非谓语动词
考点1 名词和冠词
[考点清单]
探考点寻规律◇名词◇
1.名词复数的规则变化★一般在词尾加-s:miles,bridges,horses★以s,x,sh,ch结尾加-es:glasses,brushes,watches,foxes★以o结尾的:(1)加-s:pianos,photos,radios,zoos(2)加-es:heroes,potatoes,tomatoes,volcanoes★以“辅音字母加y”结尾,把y改为i,再加-es:factories,countries,abilities;以“元音字母加y”结尾的直接加-s:monkeys,toys★以f,fe结尾,把f,fe变为v再加-es:wolves,wives;个别直接加-s:beliefs,roofs,proofs
2.名词复数的不规则变化★变内部元音字母:men,women,teeth,feet★词尾加-en或-ren:oxen,children★单复数形式相同:deer,fish,sheep,means,Chinese,Japanese★复数变化较特殊的名词:bacterium→bacteria细菌,medium→media媒体,datum→data资料,phenomenon→phenomena现象★复合名词把中心词变为复数:lookers-on旁观者,passers-by过路人,editors-in-chief主编★由man或woman 构成的复合名词,man或woman与其他名词都要变复数:two men doctors,three women teachers提示:German(德国人)的复数为Germans
3.常用作不可数的名词advice建议,baggage行李,equipment仪器,fun乐趣,furniture家具,information信息,knowledge知识,luggage行李,news新闻,progress进步,strength力量,water水,wealth财富,weather天气,work工作4.可转化为可数名词的物质名词a wind一阵风,a rain一场雨,a cloth 一块布,a snow 一场雪,a tea一杯茶,a beer 一杯啤酒,a coffee一杯咖啡,a glass一个玻璃杯,a paper 一份论文/试卷/报纸5.常用作复数的物质名词brains智力,belongings所有物,congratulations贺词,customs海关,goods货物,savings储蓄,scissors剪刀,surroundings环境,waters 大片水域,woods 树林
6.可转化为可数名词的抽象名词beauty美人/美丽的事物,comfort令人感到安慰的人/事,danger 令人感到危险的人/事,death 死者/死亡人数,envy令人羡慕的人/事,failure失败的人/事,honour令人感到光荣的人/事,pleasure令人高兴的人/事,shock令人感到震惊的人/事,success成功的人/事,surprise令人感到吃惊的人/事
7.名词所有格★名词词尾加-’s:the doctor’s degree★以“s”结尾的复数名词后只加’:teachers’ office★不以“s”结尾的名词复数后加-’s:the Children’s Palace★and连接两个名词,表示两个名词共有某物时,只在后一个名词后加-’s;表示两个名词分别拥有时,名词后都要加-’s。Li Ming and Wei Fang’s deskLi Ming’s (father) and Wei Fang’s father★表时间、国家、城市等无生命的名词也可在词尾加-’s构成所有格:today’s newspaper,China’s culture
8.名词作定语★多数名词作定语用单数:shoe factory鞋厂,season ticket季票,baby clothes婴儿服★少数名词作定语用复数:a clothes shop 服装店,a sports meet运动会
[考点对练]
单句语法填空1.The tourist center is far away from here indeed.It’s two (hour) walk. 2.At the conference they discussed three different (approach) to dealing with COVID-19. 3.I haven’t seen Mary since she was a little girl,and she has changed beyond (recognize). 4.We’ve missed the last bus.I’m afraid we have no (choose) but to take a Didi Taxi. 5.Always read the (instruction) carefully before using the imported scanner.
hours’
approaches
recognition
choice
instructions
6.You’ll find this guidebook is of (valuable) in helping the visitors to get around the Palace Museum. 7.The head office of Huawei is in Shenzhen,but it has (branch) all over the world. 8.According to the latest law,personal (possess) of guns is now allowed in this island country. 9.The new-built mall has provided seats for the (convenient) of its customers. 10.I’m not surprised that your cousin has become a writer.Even as a child he had a rich (imagine).
value
branches
possession
convenience
imagination
[考点清单]
探考点寻规律◇冠词◇
1.不定冠词a/an的用法★a 用在以辅音音素开头的单词前,an用在以元音音素开头的单词前:an honest man,a university★泛指“某一个人或事物”:an English lecture,a professor★表示“类别”,指一类人或物★表示“一”的概念,但比one弱★表示频度,“每,每一”,相当于per,each,every★表示“某一个人或物”,相当于some或a certain:a Mr.Green一个叫格林的先生★用于固定短语中:as a rule通常、一般来说,in a way在某种程度上,in a hurry 急匆匆地,in a moment 立刻
2.定冠词the的用法★用于特指或双方都知道的或上文提到的人或物★用于单数可数名词前表示一类人或物★用于表示独一无二的事物的名词前★用于形容词或副词的最高级前,或用于序数词前表示顺序★用于乐器名词前、姓氏的复数前(表示全家人或夫妇)、表示年代的名词前:the Browns 布朗一家人,in the 1970s在20世纪70年代
★用于形容词、分词前表示一类人或物:the rich穷人,the unemployed失业者★用于江、河、海、洋、海湾、岛、山等的专有名词前:the Yangtze River长江★用于由普通名词构成的专有名词前:the History Museum 历史博物馆,the Middle East中东★用于固定短语中:on the right在右边,at the age of在……岁时,on the whole总起来说,in the long run从长远看
3.不用冠词的情况★不可数名词或复数名词前表泛指,或表示类别时★物质名词、抽象名词前:water,luck★专有名词(人名、地名、国家名、城市、街道、词首为Mount的山)前:China,Qingdao,Mount Tai★季节、月份、星期以及节日、假日的名词前不用冠词,但特指季节、日期和传统中国节日时多使用定冠词:the Spring Festival,the spring of Beijing★表示三餐、球类或棋类运动等的名词前
★学科、语言的名词前★表示职位、头衔、称呼的名词在句中作表语、同位语、补足语时★man,mankind泛指“人类”时,word 指“消息”时★by taxi/bus/train/boat/ship/plane/email等表示通信、交通方式时★两个相同的或对应的名词由介词连接表示特定概念时:face to face面对面地,hand in hand手拉手地★某些固定短语中:at home and abroad国内外,in debt欠债
[考点对练]
单句语法填空1.My roommate is newcomer to AI,but she has already made some advances.2.Wouldn’t it be wonderful world if all nations lived in peace with one another? 3.It’s a shame that many tourists are still in habit of writing silly things in public places. 4.Many people agreed that knowledge of a foreign language is a must in one’s life.
a
a
the
in the habit of是固定短语。
a
a knowledge of...是固定短语。
5.It’s evident that little money he earns can hardly support family as large as his. 6.I don’t know who invented robot,but it’s really most wonderful invention. 7.Of all reasons for my decision to become a university professor,my father’s advice was most important one. 8.Let’s go to new-opened science museum—that will take your mind off the problem for while.
the
a
little money表示特指;第二空后family泛指任何一个大家庭。
the
a
表示发明物的名词前一般用定冠词the;不定冠词与最高级连用表示“非常”。
the
the
the
a
9.Being able to afford drink would be comfort in those tough times. 10.The athlete missed gold in the high jump,but will get second chance in the long jump.
a
a
a drink意为“一杯饮料”;a comfort意为“令人感到舒适的一件事”。
the
a
第一空后gold特指跳高比赛中的金牌,其前用the;第二空后second表示“还有一次机会”,其前用a。
课课练随堂清
语法填空The population of the milu deer around China’s Poyang Lake has been grown from 47 to 55 since a group of the rare 1. (deer) was released(释放) there about a year ago.Yang Qibo,who is in charge of Poyang County’s wildlife 2. (protect) station,told the public that they had recorded 3._______ birth of 8 deer over the past year.Last April,to improve biodiversity in the local wetland ecosystem,China released 47 deer into the wild around Poyang Lake,4.____ county’s largest freshwater lake.The species’ sudden 5. (disappear) occurred around 1,000 years ago in this area.Local 6. (official) said the deer adapted well to the new environment and coexisted peacefully with local villagers.
deer
protection
the
the
disappearance
officials
Whenever a deer was spotted,7. (villager) would always report it to wildlife authorities.There were some cases where the villagers’ crops were damaged by the deer,but they usually chose to drive 8. deer away instead of hurting them.The milu,also known as Père David’s deer,is native to China.In China it has the humorous name “sibuxiang” or “like none of the four” for its unique feature.The wetland deer species is put under 9. A-level state protection after overhunting and habitat (栖息地) loss led to its nearly dying out in 10. early 20th century.Now about 6,700 deer live across the country,including 1,500 in the wild.
villagers
the
an
the
考点2 代词、介词和数词
[考点清单]
探考点寻规律◇代词◇
1.人称代词★主格形式(I,you,he,she,it,we,they)在句中作主语或表语。★宾格形式(me,you,him,her,it,us,them)在句中作动词或介词的宾语。2.物主代词★形容词性物主代词(my,your,his,her,its,our,their)放在名词前作定语。★名词性物主代词(mine,yours,his,hers,its,ours,theirs)相当于名词,在句中作主语、表语或宾语,但不能作定语。
3.反身代词★反身代词(myself,yourself,himself,herself,itself,ourselves,yourselves,themselves)在句中作宾语、表语或同位语。★反身代词用在短语中enjoy oneself过得快乐;devote oneself to 致力于;make oneself at home别拘束;teach oneself自学;be oneself(人)处于正常状态4.相互代词★相互代词(each other,one another),意为“互相,相互”,each other用于两者之间,one another用于三者或三者以上之间。所有格形式为each other’s和one another’s。
5.指示代词★this,these指时间或空间较近的人或物;that,those则指时间或空间较远的人或物。★this,these多指下面将要讲到的事物;that,those则指前面提到的事物。★that,those常用来代替已提到过的名词,以避免重复。6.不定代词★one 既可指人,也可指物,既可单独使用,也可放在单数可数名词之前作定语;其复数形式为ones,所有格形式为one’s,反身代词为oneself。★no one只能指代人,回答以who开头的问题。★none 指代人或物,可代替可数名词的单数和复数,也可代替不可数名词,回答how many/much开头的问题。
★neither 表示“两者中任何一个都不”。★either指“两者中任何一个”。★either...or...意为“要么……要么……,或者……或者……”。★neither...nor...意为“既不……也不……”。★all指三个或三个以上的人或物。★both指两个人或物。★each指两个或两个以上的人或物中的每一个,而every指三个或三个以上的人或物中的每一个。★every与not连用表示部分否定,意为“并非每一个”。
★“other+可数名词复数”,意为“另外……,其他……”;some...others...表示“一些……,另一些……”。★the other指两者中的另一个或另一部分;the others用作代词,表示“剩下的,其余的”,特指一定范围内的其他的人或物。★another泛指“另一个,再一个”,后接可数名词单数;another two/three/few表示“另外两个/三个/几个”。★few,a few,little与a little都表示“少”的概念,(a) few与复数名词搭配,(a) little与不可数名词搭配。a little和a few带有肯定含义,little和few带有否定含义。★many修饰或指代可数名词,much修饰或指代不可数名词。
★some和any都表示“一些”,前者多用于肯定句,后者多用于否定句、疑问句、条件句。两者都既可以修饰可数名词复数,也可修饰不可数名词。★some可以用于疑问句中,表示说话者的肯定语气或希望得到对方肯定的回答;any可用于肯定句中,表示“任何一个,任何一些”。★somebody,someone表示“某人”,多用于肯定句中;anybody,anyone表示“任何人”,多用于否定句和疑问句中;something意为“某事(物)”,多用于肯定句中,或用于表示征求意见、邀请并期望对方给予肯定答复的疑问句中;anything意为“任何事(物)”,多用于否定句、疑问句以及条件句中。
7.it的用法★指代前面提到的事物或上文提到的事件。★指代baby,child等。★指代时间和季节、天气、距离或某种情况。★用作形式主语或宾语,替代不定式、动词-ing形式或that从句。★hate,dislike,enjoy,appreciate等心理方面的动词后面接it,然后再跟从句,it代指从句所表达的内容。★it用于“It takes sb+时间+to do...”,make it(成功,赶上)等固定搭配中。★“It is/was+被强调部分+that/who+句子的其他成分”是强调句型。
[考点对练]
单句语法填空1.If the seniors do everything for the juniors,we won’t acquire the ability of protecting (we). 2.Your captain is the team star!Working with (other) is really a piece of cake. 3.I prefer this house with a big swimming pool,but I don’t have enough money to buy .
ourselves
主语为we,根据句意此处应填we的反身代词ourselves。
others
由句意可知,应填others,泛指“其他人”。
it
由句子结构和意义可知,空格处应填it代指前面提到的this house。
4.The witness was asked a lot of questions by the policeman,but she didn’t answer of them. 5.When you introduce me to the businessman,could you please say for me? 6.The fact that she was foreign made difficult for her to get employed in that country.
any
由后一句的转折和否定意义可知,空格处应填any。
something
something用在疑问句中表示建议或请求,或期待得到对方的肯定答复。
it
由句子结构和意义可知,此处填it作形式宾语,代替真正的宾语“to get employed in that country”。
7.It was hard for him to learn English in a family,in which of his parents spoke the language. 8.I’ll spend half of my holiday practicing my oral English and the half programming.
neither
由前一句意义可知,父母两人都不说英语,因而空格处应填neither。
other
句中half表示“一半时间”,根据句意应填other,the other指假期中的“另一半时间”。
9.If you’re going to buy today’s evening paper from the stand,could you get for me? 10.It seems that the cost of renting a house in Tokyo is much higher than in any other city.
one
从句中paper表示可数意义“报纸”,因而空格处应填one,代指a paper。
that
根据句意空格处应填that,that代指“the cost of renting a house”。
[考点清单]
探考点寻规律◇介词◇
★on表示在具体的某一天,某一天的上午、下午或晚上,或表示在节日的当天。on Monday afternoon,on that day,on the morning of June 1★during表示“在……期间”,还可指在某项活动过程中。during the past five years在过去的五年里,during my life在我一生中★“in+一段时间”用于将来时;“after+一段时间”表示从过去某一时间点算起的一段时间之后,用于过去时,当after后接一个具体时间点时,也可用于将来时。
★“for+时间段”表示“(延续)……之久”,“since+时间点”表示“自从(过去某时)以来”,两者与现在完成时连用。★over表示在某一物体正上方,而above强调在上方,不一定在正上方,还可指温度、海拔等刻度。★under强调在正下方,是over的反义词;below强调在下方,不一定是正下方,可指温度、海拔等刻度,是above的反义词。★in,to,on都表示两地之间的方位关系:in指在范围内部;to表示在范围之外,相对或相隔;on表示毗邻或接壤。★between强调“两者之间”;among指“三者或三者以上之间”。★through和across都表示“经过”,through表示从内部穿过,与in有关;across表示从某物体的一端到另一端,在表面上通过,与on有关。
★in front of和in the front of都表示“在……的前面”,in front of指在某物体外部的前面,而in the front of表示在某物体内部的前面。★表示“用”的介词:with表示具体、有形的工具、身体部位或器官的“用”;in表示材料、方式、方法、度量、单位、语言、声音的“用”;by表示通过某种方法或手段。★except 意为“除……之外”,其后的宾语被排除在外,与but通用。★besides用于肯定句,表示“除了……还有(包括在内)”。★including表示部分包含于全体之中。★as意为“以……身份,当作”;like表示“像,如,似”,侧重于比较,并不意味着同一类或完全相似。
[考点对练]
单句语法填空1.The mayor feels that one of his main duties an official is to lift the locals out of poverty. 2.I wonder why the boss as well as several women workers was left by the police. 3.The woman secretary suggested an earlier date the video conferencing.
as
as an official“作为一名官员”。
behind
leave sb behind“把某人留下”。
for
the date for...是习惯搭配,表示“……的日期”。
4.The sunlight streamed in the windows in the roof and warmed up the whole living room. 5.It’s wise of you to take a few days work;you’re not looking energetic at all. 6.I’m really fortunate to have been offered an ideal job,which has been my wildest dream.
through
表达“透过窗户”应使用介词through。
off
take a few days off work表示“请几天假不上班”。
beyond
beyond my wildest dream意为“我做梦也想不到”。
7.Environmentalists at the net-meeting are discussing the effects of tourism the wildlife in the area. 8.Volunteer requirements can be found at the official website or calling the hotline at 8610-1238. 9.This is a top secret and you must commit to me that you keep it you and me. 10.It has been declared that the price of online courses will be raised another 15% at the beginning of next month.
on
the effects on...意为“对……的影响”。
by
by doing...“通过……手段”。
between
keep it between you and me表示“只你我两人知道”。
by
by与数字连用表示增加或减少的程度。
[考点清单]
探考点寻规律◇数词◇
1.基数词的用法★hundred,thousand,million等表示确切数字时,可以与基数词或several,a few连用,没有复数形式。当表示不确切的数字,如“成百上千、成千上万”时,则以复数形式出现且后跟of:tens/hundreds/thousands/millions of 数十/数百/数千/数百万★dozen和score的复数形式加of表示“许多”:dozens of foreign tourists,scores of times
★修饰可数名词复数的词或词组few,a few,many,several,a great/good many of许多,a number of 许多,a large/great number of 大量的,large/great number of大量的★修饰不可数名词的词或词组little,a little,much,a great/good deal of,a large amount of/large amounts of★既可修饰可数名词又可修饰不可数名词的词或词组plenty of,a lot of/lots of,a quantity of/quantities of(许多,大量),all,enough,most,no,some
2.序数词的用法★序数词第1—19除了first/second/third为特殊形式外,其余由基数词加-th构成;注意fifth/eighth/ninth/twelfth在拼写上的特殊性。★first/second/third可缩写为1st/2nd/3rd,以th结尾的序数词应缩写为“基数词+th”。★表示整十的序数词由相应的基数词将词尾的y改为ieth。★非整十的多位数,将个位数变成序数词即可:thirty-second第三十二★hundred/thousand/million的序数词为hundredth/thousandth/millionth。
3.数词的常见表达法★分数由基数词(分子)和序数词(分母)构成,分子大于一时,作分母的序数词用复数形式:one fifth五分之一,two-thirds三分之二★分数的惯用表示法a/one half=one second二分之一,a/one quarter=one fourth 四分之一,three-quarters=three fourths四分之三★百分数用基数词和百分号(%)合成,百分号写作percent或per cent,无复数形式。★表示倍数时,一倍用once,两倍用twice/double,三倍或三倍以上用“基数词+times”。
[考点对练]
单句语法填空1.As is known to all,China is one (six) larger than that island country. 2.It took us quite a long time to get to the destination.It was three (hour) ride. 3.Whenever it’s a public festival,there are always (hundred) of cars on the expressway. 4.Each of his new works sold more than a (million) copies in the online shops.
sixth
hours’
hundreds
million
5.It is certain that your professor lives at Room 101 on the (five) floor of the five-star hotel. 6.The new secretary did the typing one (three) of the time it took me. 7.Asia,which is the largest continent,makes up more than one (four) of the world’s land area. 8.Large (quantity) of clean drinking water have been transported to the flooded areas.
fifth
third
表达“三分之一的时间”应使用one third of the time。
fourth
此处表示“四分之一”。
quantities
large quantities of=a large quantity of,其后可接可数或不可数名词。
课课练随堂清
语法填空Beijing’s Forbidden City is a place full of wonders.From its 1._________ (thousand) of rooms to its many beautiful artifacts,it’s no wonder that it is 2. of China’s most popular scenic spots.But even more than 600 years after it was built,it’s still managing to serve up surprises. The Forbidden City draws visitors because of its rich history and cultural significance,but perhaps 3. should add one more thing to its list of attractions:earthquake shelter.While most structures aren’t made to survive natural disasters,the Forbidden City seems to stand anything.
thousands
one
it
To show how strong the ancient Chinese architecture really is,a model of one of the Forbidden City’s palaces was 4. (test).It survived a simulated(模拟的) earthquake of 9.5 on the Richter scale—equal 5._______ the largest ever recorded quake.Instead of falling apart,the model was just moved gently 6. the test. According to experts,the key 7. the Forbidden City’s strength,as well as other ancient Chinese structures,lies 8. dougong(斗拱)—a centuries-old building method invented in China.Ancient Chinese craftsmen created structures which were both enduring(耐用的)and elegant,showing 9. (they) advanced understanding 10. mathematics,architecture,materials,and structural science.
tested
to
during
to
in
their
of
考点3 形容词和副词
[考点清单]
探考点寻规律◇形容词◇
1.形容词的用法★有些形容词加上the相当于名词,指一类人或事物:the old老年人;the new 新鲜的东西;the rich富人;the blind盲人;the young年轻人;the injured伤员★enough,nearby作定语时既可位于名词前,也可以放在名词后。★形容词修饰someone,somebody,anyone,anybody,nobody,something,anything,nothing,everything时多置于其后:everything valuable一切有价值的东西;anyone famous任何名人★形容词else置于不定代词或疑问代词之后作定语:what else还有其他什么;anything else别的东西
2.比较级和最高级的规则变化★一般加-er,-est:higher;highest★以字母e结尾只加-r,-st:braver;bravest★以辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节,双写该辅音字母后再加-er,-est:thinner;thinnest★以“辅音字母+y”结尾的词,将y变为i再加 -er,-est:happier;happiest★多音节词在词前加more,most:more difficult;most difficult
3.比较级和最高级的不规则变化★good/well(身体健康的):better;best★bad/ill(坏的):worse;worst★much/many:more;most★little:less;least★far:farther/farthest(只指距离)更远的;further/furthest(指距离)更远的,(指程度)更进一步的,最大程度的★old:older/oldest(指年龄、新旧)更老的/最老的;elder/eldest(指血缘)较年长的/最年长的
4.比较等级的用法★原级比较:肯定句中用“as+形容词原级+as”结构;否定句中用“not so/as...as...”结构。★比较级用法(1)“比较级+than”表示“和……相比更……”。(2)“比较级+and+比较级”表示“越来越……”。(3)“the+比较级...,the+比较级...”表示“越……,越……”。(4)“the+比较级+of the...(两者)”表示“两者中较……的”。
★最高级的用法(1)最高级表示在三者以上之中程度最高,常用“the+最高级(+名词)+比较范围(短语或从句)”结构。(2)in和of表示比较范围:在一定的地域或空间内用in;在同一类事物范围内用of。(3)最高级前用a时表示“很,非常”。★比较等级的修饰语(1)修饰比较级:much,still,even,a little等。(2)修饰最高级:much,(by) far,nearly,almost等。
[考点对练]
单句语法填空1.Be (reason) —you can’t expect too high a salary as a green hand.2.The secretary arranged a (convenience) time and space for the approaching interview. 3.After the long journey,the three explorers went back home, (hunger) and tired.
reasonable
由破折号后面的信息可知要求对方讲道理,故填reasonable(讲道理的)。
convenient
由句意可知应填形容词形式convenient(方便的)。
hungry
由空格后“and tired”可知应填形容词hungry,此处是形容词短语作伴随状语。
4.It looks like the weather is changing for the (bad).Shall we stick to our plan? 5.If I find someone who looks like the suspect,my (immediately) reaction will be to inform the police. 6. (tire) and short of breath,Andy and Ruby were the first to reach the top of Mount Tai.
worse
for the worse是固定短语,表示“向更坏的方向”。
immediate
由句子结构可知,空格处应填形容词immediate作定语修饰名词reaction。
Tired
由句意和句子结构可知,空格部分应填Tired;Tired and short of breath为形容词短语作状语,说明主语所处的状态。
7.John is very (rely)—if he promises to offer help he’ll try his best. 8.Compared with his sister,Jerry is even more (sense) to emotional problems.
reliable
句中“if he promises to offer help he’ll try his best”暗示了答案,应填形容词reliable表示“可靠的”。
sensitive
根据句意空格处应填形容词sensitive作表语;be sensitive to表示“对……敏感”。
9.Mothers holding jobs outside the home should have (flexibility) schedules to make it easier to care for their children. 10.Mr.Black is very happy because the medical masks made in his factory have never been more (popularity).
flexible
由句意可知,空格处填形容词flexible作定语,修饰其后的名词schedules。
popular
由句意可知应填形容词popular作表语。
[考点清单]
探考点寻规律◇副词◇
1.形容词变副词的规则★一般情况加-ly:common→commonly;immediate→immediately★以“辅音字母+y”结尾的,将y变为i后加-ly:steady→steadily;busy→busily★以-le结尾的,去掉e加y:simple→simply;gentle→gently★以-ic结尾的,加-ally:economic→economically;scientific→scientifically2.置于句首表示说话人的态度或语气的副词luckily;happily;generally;fortunately;honestly;roughly(大体上);briefly(简要地)
3.有些词以-ly结尾,但却是形容词lovely可爱的;friendly友好的;lively生动的;motherly母亲般的;orderly有秩序的4.部分易混淆的副词★hard用作形容词,意为“困难的,艰难的”,作副词表示“努力地;猛烈地”;hardly是副词,表示“几乎不”。★late是形容词或副词,表示“迟,晚(的)”;lately是副词,意为“近来,最近”。★most用作形容词,意为“大部分的”,作副词表示“最,非常”;mostly是副词,意为“主要地,大部分地”。★near是形容词或副词,“近,靠近”;nearly是副词,“几乎,差不多”。★free用作形容词,意为“自由的”,用作副词,意为“免费地”;freely是副词,意为“自由地”。
★just用作形容词,表示“公正的,正直的”,用作副词,表示“刚刚,刚才”;justly是副词,意为“公正地”。★high用作形容词或副词,表示“高(的)”,指具体高度;highly用作副词,表示抽象意义“高度地”。★close作形容词表示“亲密的”,作副词表示“近地(指具体距离)”;closely用作副词,表示比喻意义“密切地”。★deep是形容词或副词,表示“深”(具体的深度);deeply是副词,表示抽象意义“深深地”。★wide是形容词或副词,表示“宽”(具体的宽度);widely是副词,表示抽象意义“广泛地”。
5.副词的比较等级★原级比较:肯定句中用“as+副词原级+as”结构,否定句中用“not as/so...as”结构。★比较级用法(1)“比较级+than”句式。(2)“比较级+and+比较级”结构,表示“越来越……”。(3)“the+比较级,the+比较级”结构,表示“越……就越……”。★最高级主要用“the+副词最高级+表示范围的短语或从句”结构表示;副词最高级前的the可省略。★副词比较等级的修饰语(1)修饰比较级常用:even,much,a little,a lot,a bit,a great deal,far(2)修饰最高级常用:by far(……得多),almost,nearly
[考点对练]
单句语法填空1.We used to see each other (regular),but I haven’t heard from him since last year. 2.Anyone,whether he is an official or a delivery guy,should be (equal) respected.
regularly
由句意可知应填副词regularly作状语,意为“有规律地,定期地”。
equally
由“whether he is an official or a delivery guy”可知,任何人都应该平等地受到尊重,故填副词equally作状语。
3.I’ve forgot my mother’s birthday entirely,not preparing a present as I do (usual). 4.It seems that living green is (surprise) easy and affordable.A small step makes a big difference. 5.In the good care of the nurses,the salesman is (gradual) recovering from his heart operation.
usually
此处应使用副词作状语修饰谓语动词do。
surprisingly
由后一句“A small step makes a big difference.”可知应填副词surprisingly,“令人惊讶地”。
gradually
根据句意和句子结构可知,空格处应填副词gradually作状语。
6.Running a company is not (simple) a matter of hiring people —they also need to be trained. 7.No matter how (careful) you plan your finances,no one can predict when the unexpected will happen. 8. (anxious),she took the dress out of the package and tried it on,only to find it didn’t fit.
simply
破折号后的内容暗示,经营公司不仅仅是雇用人员的问题,故填副词simply作状语。
carefully
由句意及句子结构可知,空格处应填副词carefully作状语。
Anxiously
根据句子意义和成分可知,句首需用副词作状语,故填Anxiously。
9.He began to take political science (serious) only when he left school. 10.Although she did not know Beijing well,she made her way (easy) enough to the Summer Palace.
seriously
take sth/sb seriously“严肃对待某事/人”。
easily
此处应使用副词作状语。
课课练随堂清
语法填空Have you complained about your family,your boss,or even your life?Maybe everyone has.But after reading this story,you may change your view and treat the world with a 1. (difference) attitude.
different
An ass (驴),belonging to a herb-seller who gave him too little food and too 2. work,could not bear the life any 3. (long).So he made a request to God,to be released from his present service and provided with another master.After warning him that he would regret doing it,God made him sold to a tile-maker.4. (short) afterwards,the ass found that he had 5. (heavy) loads to carry and harder work in the brick-field,and asked for another change again.God,telling him that it would be the last time that he could satisfy his request,made him sold to a tanner (皮革工).The ass found that he had fallen into 6. (bad) hands.
much
longer
Shortly
heavier
worse
Knowing his new master’s occupation,he said,“It would have been 7. (good) for me either to have been starved by the first owner or to have been overworked by the second.But now I have already been bought by my 8. (presence) owner,who will peel off my skin even after I am dead,and make me 9. (use).” We can see that people with dissatisfaction in a place are not 10. (like) to find happiness in another.
better
present
useful
likely
考点4 动词(时态和语态、主谓一致、情态动词、虚拟语气)
[考点清单]
探考点寻规律◇时态和语态◇
1.时态★一般现在时(1)表示经常发生的动作、现存的状态、客观事实、真理和自然现象。(2)表示比较固定,按计划、规定将要发生的动作,只限于 begin,come,go,leave,arrive等少数动词。(3)用于if,unless,once,even if引导的条件状语从句,或在when,before,until,as soon as引导的时间状语从句中代替一般将来时。★一般过去时:表示发生在过去的动作或存在的状态或过去习惯性、经常性的动作或行为。
★一般将来时(1)“will/shall+动词原形”,shall仅用于第一人称I/we作主语时,will用于各种人称。(2)“be going to+动词原形”,表示打算、计划、安排做某事,或表示由某种迹象表明将要发生某事。(3)begin,leave,arrive,start,finish,meet,return等动词用一般现在时表示按时刻表或安排将要发生的事。(4)leave,go,come,stay,do,take,have等动词的现在进行时,表示按计划或准备要做某事。(5)“be to+动词原形”,表示计划、安排做某事。(6)“be about to+动词原形”,表示即将发生某事,不与具体的将来时间状语连用。
★过去将来时:表示从过去某一时间看将要发生的动作或存在的状态,常用以下四种形式:(1)would/should+动词原形(2)was/were going to+动词原形(3)was/were to+动词原形(4)was/were about to+动词原形
★现在进行时(1)表示说话时或现阶段正在进行的动作。(2)用于go,come,stay,leave,do,take,have等少数动词,表示“马上就,即将”。(3)与always连用,表示赞扬或厌恶等感情色彩。(4)不用于进行时态的三类动词:①表示属于或拥有的动词或词组:belong to,have,own,possess,consist of等。②表示感官的连系动词:seem,appear,look,sound,taste,smell等。③表示行为结果的动词:accept,admit,receive,allow,decide,promise等。
★过去进行时主要表示过去某时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作。基本结构为“was/were+v.-ing”。★现在完成时(1)表示动作发生在过去,其结果影响到现在,常用时间状语:already,yet,so far(迄今为止)等。(2)表示动作或状态从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在。常用时间状语:“since+时间点”,“for+时间段”。(3)用在时间或条件状语从句中,表示将来某个时间完成的动作。(4)have/has been to表示“曾经到过某地”,有“已经从某地回来”之意;have/has gone to...表示“已经去了……”,强调主语尚未回来。
★过去完成时(1)表示动作或状态在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成或结束,即发生在“过去的过去”,只有和过去的某一时间或某一动作相比较时才能用到这一时态。(2)hope,wish,plan,want,mean(意图),intend(打算),expect(期望)用于过去完成时态,表示过去未曾实现的“计划、打算、企图、愿望”,多译为“本想/本打算/本以为……”。★现在完成进行时:表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作,并且还将持续下去。基本结构为“have/has+been+v.-ing”。
★过去完成进行时:表示从“过去的过去”的某个时间点开始的动作或状态,一直延续到过去的某一时间点,与现在无联系。基本结构为“had+been+v.-ing”。★将来完成时:表示在将来某一时间点上会完成的动作。基本结构为“shall/will+have+动词过去分词”。★两个常见句式的固定时态(1)hardly...when/no sooner...than“刚(一)……就”:主句用过去完成时,从句用一般过去时。(2)This/That/It is/was the first/second/...time (that)....“这/那是第一/二次……”:主句为现在时时,从句用现在完成时;主句是过去时时,从句用过去完成时。
2.语态★被动语态的普通句式(1)肯定句式:主语+be+过去分词+其他。(2)否定句式:主语+be+not+过去分词+其他。★含有情态动词的被动语态(1)肯定句式:主语+情态动词+be+过去分词+其他。(2)否定句式:主语+情态动词+not+be+过去分词+其他。
★几种特殊的被动语态形式(1)be going to be done将要被……(2)be to be done计划、打算被……(3)have to be done不得不被……(4)ought to be done应该被……(5)used to be done曾经被……(6)seem to be done似乎是被……(7)happen to be done碰巧被……(8)“get+过去分词”表示被动
★主动形式表示被动意义的六种情况(1)“连系动词(sound听起来;taste尝起来;remain仍然是,保持;stay保持;become变成)+形容词/名词”构成系表结构。(2)表示开始、结束、运动的动词:begin,finish,start,open,close,stop,end,run,move。(3)表示“发生”的动词:happen,take place,occur。(4)表示“爆发”的动词:break out,burst out。(5)其他动词:cost花费;come into being形成;come true实现;add up to加起来是;belong to属于;run out用完;consist of由……组成。(6)表示主语的某种属性特征的动词:sell卖起来;read读起来;write写起来。
[考点对练]
单句语法填空1.Just as a famous saying says,“Action (speak) louder than words.” 2.He (mean) to be able to see his friend in hospital,but he was too busy at that time. 3.My mind wasn’t on what he was saying,so I’m afraid I (miss) half of it.
speaks
一般现在时表示真理。
had meant
此处过去完成时表示一个没有实现的计划。
missed
由前一句看出此处表示一个发生在过去的动作,故使用一般过去时。
4.I know Bill Gates;we (introduce) to each other at an international conference. 5.It’s thought that hundreds of posts (lose) if these small and micro businesses close. 6.All the preparations for the scientific research_________________________ (complete),and we’re ready to start.
were introduced
表达过去某个场合发生的被动动作,故使用一般过去时的被动语态。
will be lost
由条件状语从句可以推断,应是一个将来的被动动作。
have been completed
表示说话时已经完成的被动动作,故使用现在完成时的被动语态。
7.A new high-speed railway (build) here.They hope to finish it as soon as possible. 8.These new cars (import) from Japan,and they usually (sell) well in our city. 9.After school we went to the swimming pool to swim,only to be told that it (decorate).
is being built
由后一句可知铁路还在建设中,故使用现在进行时的被动语态。
are imported
sell
前一空说明客观事实,故使用一般现在时的被动语态;后一空表示“畅销”,此时sell用主动形式。
was being decorated
由句子的主谓关系可知,游泳池是“被装修”,再根据前一句的时态可知“当时它正在被装修”。
10.My parents (live) in Beijing.They were born there and have never lived anywhere else. 11.Over the past decades,sea ice (decrease) in the Arctic as a result of global warming. 12.Up to now,the cure for COVID-19 (save) thousands of patients who would otherwise have died.
live
句中“have never lived anywhere else”这一信息暗示了答案,即父母现在还住在北京,故使用一般现在时。
has been decreasing
句中时间状语“over the past decades”提示应使用现在完成进行时。
has saved
up to now是现在完成时的标志,故使用现在完成时。
13.It took me a long time before I was able to completely understand what they (do) for me. 14.Would you please keep silent?The flood forecast (broadcast) and I want to listen. 15.The educator keeps telling us students that the future (belong) to the well-educated.
had done
“完全理解”是过去的动作,故他们对我的帮助发生在过去的过去。
is being broadcast
前一句和后面“I want to listen”都提示动作正在进行;the flood forecast与broadcast是被动关系,故使用现在进行时的被动语态。
belongs
belong to这一短语既无进行时态,也无被动语态,从句表达客观事实,故填一般现在时的第三人称单数形式。
[考点清单]
探考点寻规律◇主谓一致◇
1.单一主语的主谓一致★不定代词either,neither,each,one,the other,another,someone,something,anyone,anything,everyone,everything,nobody,no one,nothing作主语时,谓语动词常用第三人称单数形式。★“neither/either of+复数名词或复数形式的代词”作主语,谓语动词应用第三人称单数形式。★all作主语指人时谓语动词用复数形式,指全部事情时用第三人称单数形式。
★every或each修饰的名词作主语时谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。★people,cattle,police作主语时谓语动词用复数形式。★集体名词audience(观众),class,crew(船员),family,group,government,public(公众)作主语时,若作为一个整体看待,谓语动词用第三人称单数形式;若强调该集体的每位成员时谓语动词用复数形式。★以复数形式结尾、谓语动词只能用复数形式的名词有:earnings(所得,收入),thanks,clothes,trousers,belongings(财产),savings(储蓄)。★下列单复数同形的名词作主语时,谓语动词的单复数形式根据该名词表达的单复数概念而定:means;works(工厂);sheep;deer(鹿);species(种类)。
★a number of意为“许多”,后跟可数名词复数作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式;the number of意为“……的数目”,后跟可数名词复数作主语时,谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。★some,plenty of,a lot of,lots of 等既可以修饰可数名词复数,又可修饰不可数名词,作主语时其谓语动词的单复数形式取决于所修饰的名词。★a quantity (of),(large) quantities (of) 作主语或修饰主语时,其谓语动词根据 quantity的单复数形式而定。★“分数/百分数+of+名词”结构作主语时,由of之后的名词决定谓语动词的单复数。
★单独的不定式、动词-ing形式作主语,谓语动词用第三人称单数形式;如果多个非谓语动词连在一起表达同一概念,谓语动词用第三人称单数形式;如果表达不同概念,谓语动词用复数形式。★表示度量、价格、时间、长度等的复数名词作主语,谓语动词常用第三人称单数形式。
2.并列结构作主语的主谓一致★and及both...and...类:两个单数主语用and连接起来,表示两个不同的人或物,谓语动词用复数形式;如果两个并列的单数主语在意义上指同一个人、同一事物,谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。★every...and every...,each...and each...或no...and no...连接的名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。★由not...but...,not only...but (also)...,...or...,either...or,neither...nor 等连接的并列名词、代词作主语时,谓语动词的单复数形式应该和它最邻近的名词保持一致。
3.其他情况的主谓一致★主语后有with,as well as(也),including等介词或短语时,谓语动词与上述介词或短语前的名词一致。★There be句型中,谓语动词通常和最邻近的名词保持一致。★定语从句中谓语动词的单复数形式应视先行词的单复数而定。★倒装句中的谓语动词的单复数形式应与后面的主语保持一致。
[考点对练]
单句语法填空1.A poet and artist (be) coming to give us a lecture about Chinese modern literature this evening. 2.Early to bed and early to rise (make) a man healthy,wealthy and wise. 3.Barbara is easy to recognize as she’s the only one of the women who (wear) an evening dress.
is
a poet and artist“一位诗人兼艺术家”,指一个人。
makes
early to bed and early to rise表达整体概念,谓语使用第三人称单数形式。
wears
先行词是the only one,故定语从句中的谓语使用第三人称单数形式。
4.The number of foreign students attending Chinese universities (be) rising steadily since 2018. 5.The medical expert will communicate with us about how to fight against COVID -19,but when and where (have) not been announced yet. 6.The company has about 20 notebook computers but only two-thirds of them (be) used regularly.
has been
“the number of+名词”作主语时,谓语动词用第三人称单数形式;since 2018提示使用现在完成进行时。
has
when and where指整体概念,谓语使用第三人称单数形式。
are
句中two-thirds of them指“三分之二的笔记本电脑”,故谓语使用复数形式。
7.Neither the Smiths nor their employer (be) to China,but they know the country well. 8.No one in the department but Tom and I (know) that the director is going to resign.
has been
neither...nor连接并列主语,谓语动词要和靠近它的主语一致;表示“去过某地”应使用has been to这一用法。
knows
本句真正的主语是No one,故谓语用第三人称单数形式。
9.It’s always a golden rule that helping your friends (mean) helping yourself. 10.A new survey (show) that three hours of outdoor exercise a week (be) good for one’s health.
means
主语从句中动词-ing形式作主语,表示单一概念,故谓语使用第三人称单数形式。
shows
is
前一个主语是单数名词A new survey,而表示“时间、距离、金钱”概念的复数名词一般作整体看待,故两个谓语均使用第三人称单数形式。
[考点清单]
探考点寻规律◇情态动词◇
1.must/have to★must表示客观上“必须,一定要”;have to强调来自“外界”的义务,即表示“不得不”。★mustn’t用来表示禁止,don’t have to表示没有义务、没有必要做。2.used to/be used to★used to表示“过去常常”,没有人称和数的变化,可以与过去的时间状语连用,其否定形式为usedn’t to 或 didn’t use to,其一般疑问句形式将used 提到主语前或用Did...use to...形式。★be used to多用来表示“习惯于”,to是介词,其后接名词、代词或动词-ing形式。
3.情态动词+be doing表示对现在和将来正在进行的行为进行推测,意为“或许正在,应当正在,想必正在,准是正在”。4.情态动词+have done★can/could have done意为“本来能做某事(而没做)”,表示责备或批评之意。★must have done表示对过去事情的推测,或对现在已完成的事情进行推测,通常只用于肯定句,意为“想必,一定”。否定句中用can’t have done(不可能已经做)。★may/might have done意为“或许已经做”,表示对已发生的动作或存在情况的推测。
★should have done意为“本应该做某事而没做”,shouldn’t have done表示“过去不该做某事但做了”,含有不满或责备之意。★needn’t have done表示“本来没有必要做某事却做了”。★would have done表示“本来会做……”。★be supposed to have done表示“本该做某事而实际上却没有做”。
5.情态动词的特殊句式★cannot help but do表示“不得不”之意。★can’t help doing sth表示“禁不住做某事”。★can’t help (to) do表示“不能帮忙做某事”。★cannot/never...too...表示“无论怎样……都不过分,越……越好”。★may/might as well表示有礼貌的劝告,意为“还是……的好,不妨……”。★if you must...表示不想让某人做某事但也没办法,意为“非要,一定要”。
[考点对练]
单句语法填空1.She is only six years old.However,she speak English as well as French. 2.In Britain,you be 18 if you want to drive a car. 3.As a high school student,you not smoke because it is against the school rules.
can
can表示一般能力。
must
此处表示“年龄必须达到18岁”,故填must。
must
从句意义“吸烟违反校规”暗示:学生绝不可以吸烟,故填must和其后的not连用表示禁止。
4.I’m feeling much better now so you not call in the doctor. 5.This pair of sports shoes belong to Matt.He likes the style a lot. 6.The lights are still on,so the president of the supermarket be in her office.
need
此处表示“没有必要叫医生”,故填need。
must
后一句“He likes the style a lot.”暗示,说话者对此很有把握,故填must。
must
must表示对现在情况的肯定猜测,意为“肯定,必定”。
7.The protective clothing not be Carl’s.It’s much too large for him. 8.You not use your earphone while you are riding your e-bike. 9.There must be no bus at this time of day.It seems that we take a taxi. 10.That madam take no exercise,but now she works out almost every morning.
can
由后一句“It’s much too large for him.”推断:防护服不可能是卡尔的。故填can。
must
mustn’t 表示禁止或不允许,意为“一定不要,绝对不能”。
have to
have to表示受客观条件限制而“不得不”。
used to
used to表示“过去常常、过去曾经”。
[考点清单]
探考点寻规律◇虚拟语气◇
1.虚拟语气在非真实条件句中的应用
2.虚拟条件句的特殊用法★如果条件句中含有were,had,should,可以将if省略,再把were,should,had移到主语之前;如果从句中没有were,should或had,则不能省略if。★but for(要不是),without(要是没有)表示条件,谓语动词要用虚拟语气。3.虚拟语气在从句中的应用★用在主语从句中(1)“It is+necessary/important/strange+that...”句型表示“重要性、必要性、惊讶”时,that从句中谓语使用“should+动词原形”。当表示“重要性、必要性”时,should可省略;当表示“惊讶”时,should不可省略。(2)“It is suggested/advised/ordered/commanded/requested/required/demanded/insisted+that...”表示“建议、命令或请求”时,that从句中谓语使用“(should+)动词原形”。
★用在宾语从句中(1)与现在事实相反时,从句中用“were/一般过去时”;与过去事实相反时,从句中用“过去完成时”;与将来事实相反时,从句中用“would/could/might(不用should)+动词原形”。(2)表示“建议、命令、要求”的词,后面的宾语从句中谓语动词用“(should+)动词原形”。(3)suggest表示“暗示,表明”,insist表示“坚持认为”时,不能用虚拟语气,应根据具体情况确定从句时态。(4)would rather表示“宁愿”时,之后的从句中用一般过去时表示现在或将来的愿望,用过去完成时表示过去的愿望。
★虚拟语气用在表语从句、同位语从句中(1)在与suggestion,advice,order,request,demand有关的表语从句、同位语从句中用“(should+)动词原形”。(2)as if/as though引导的表语从句中,用过去时表示与现在事实相反;用“had+过去分词”表示与过去事实相反;用“would/could/might+动词原形”表示与将来事实相反。★虚拟语气在as if/as though(好像,似乎)引导的方式状语从句中表示与现在事实相反时,从句谓语动词用过去式;表示与过去事实相反时,从句谓语动词用“had+过去分词”;表示与将来事实相反时,从句谓语用“would/could/might+动词原形”。
★虚拟语气用于其他句型中(1)if only句型用虚拟语气表示“要是……多好啊”:与现在事实相反时用一般过去时;与过去事实相反时用“had+过去分词”;与将来事实相反时用“would/could/might+动词原形”。(2)It’s (high) time that...句型表示“早就该……”,谓语动词用过去式。(3)Were it not for...句型意为“要不是……”,表示与现在事实相反的虚拟语气。(4)Had it not been for...句型意为“当时要不是……”,表示与过去事实相反的虚拟语气。
[考点对练]
单句语法填空1.If I (be) you,I would major in medicine when I go to university. 2.If I (know) you were in heavy debt,I might have lent you the needed money.
were
由主句谓语形式可知此句与现在事实相反,故从句中用were。
had known
由主句的谓语形式看出,句子表达的意义与过去事实相反,从句中应使用过去完成时。
3.This position was not so ideal as I had expected.If I (know) that earlier,I would not (accept) it. 4.The hiking was so pleasant that the mother wished she (take) her son with her.
had known
have accepted
由前一句可知,后面的主、从句所表达的意义与过去事实相反,故从句中使用过去完成时,主句中使用would have done结构。
had taken
由前一句的时态看出,that从句表达的内容与过去事实相反,故使用过去完成时。
5.Should the freeway be closed because of the flood,we (fly) to Shenyang tomorrow. 6.It is vital that all the drivers (obey) the traffic rules when they are driving. 7.The expert suggested that the buildings (pull) down so that the flood could run out.
would/should/could fly
由前面的Should the freeway...可知与将来事实相反,故主句用“would/should/could+动词原形”。
(should) obey
It’s vital that...句型中使用“(should+)动词原形”。
(should) be pulled
suggest之后的that从句中谓语形式用“(should+)动词原形”。
8.We all agreed to the guide’s suggestion that we (go) to Yunnan for sightseeing. 9.The new traffic law requires that every driver (have) his car checked every two years. 10.It’s high time that you (give) up e-cigarettes;it is harming your health.
(should) go
suggestion之后的同位语从句中谓语使用“(should+)动词原形”。
(should) have
require后接that从句时,从句中谓语使用“(should+)动词原形”。
gave
It’s high time that...句型中谓语动词使用过去时表示虚拟。
课课练随堂清
语法填空China 1. (build) a high-speed passenger rail network in recent years and 2. (continue) to expand it in the coming years.By the end of 2018,China’s railway mileage (里程) 3. (reach) 131,000 kilometers,of which 29,000 kilometers were high-speed rail.This 4. (account) for two-thirds of the world’s total high-speed rail tracks,making China’s high-speed rail system the world’s largest high-speed rail network.
has built
will continue/is going to continue
had reached
accounted
China’s high-speed trains are similar to those of France’s TGV,German’s ICE and Japan’s Shinkansen.The fast trains with a top speed of 250-350 km/h 5. (call) CRH,China Railway High-speed. If you want to travel around China the high-speed trains 6._____________ (be) your ideal choice since they are clean,comfortable and modern.Unlike on the conventional trains in China,nobody 7. (allow) to smoke on high-speed trains,not even between carriages.
are called
will be
is allowed
The seats are as good as those on the plane or even better.Most high-speed rail tickets have corresponding (对应的) seats,and sometimes only a small number of standing tickets 8. (sell) on limited trains.There’s never a crowd of people sitting in the aisles.The ticket prices for China’s high-speed trains 9. (be) reasonable and,on most routes,the frequency of departure 10. (be) very high,so people can buy tickets conveniently.
are sold
are
is
考点5 非谓语动词
[考点清单]
1.非谓语动词的形式★不定式的形式
★现在分词的形式★过去分词的形式只有一种:done
2.非谓语动词作宾语★下列动词只能接不定式作宾语
★下列动词只能接动名词作宾语
★下列动词接不定式或动名词意思不同remember to do sth记住要做某事remember doing sth记得曾做过某事forget to do sth忘记要做某事forget doing sth忘记曾做过某事regret to do sth遗憾要做某事regret doing sth后悔曾做过某事try to do sth努力做某事try doing sth试着做某事
mean to do sth意图(打算)做某事mean doing sth意味着做某事can’t help (to) do sth不能帮助做某事can’t help doing sth禁不住做某事go on to do sth做完某事后接着做另一件事go on doing sth继续做一直在做的事stop to do sth停下(某事)去做另一件事stop doing sth停止正在做的事
★下列短语只能接动名词作宾语add up to结果是;be equal to等于;devote...to 把……献给;get down to着手处理;look forward to 期待;object to反对;stick to坚持;pay attention to注意;be/get/become used to习惯于
3.非谓语动词作定语★不定式作定语必须放在被修饰词之后,表示尚未进行的主动动作用to do;表示尚未进行的被动动作用to be done。things to deal with要处理的事a meeting to be held将要举行的一场会议★动名词作定语说明其修饰名词的用途、功能等,常置于被修饰词的前面。walking stick拐杖 washing machine洗衣机sleeping pills安眠药 swimming pool游泳池drinking water饮用水 writing course写作课living conditions生活条件 fishing pole钓鱼竿operating room手术室 filling station加油站waiting room候诊室 playing field运动场
★现在分词作定语时说明一个主动、正在进行的动作,单个现在分词作定语时作前置定语;现在分词短语作后置定语,相当于定语从句。a floating boat一艘漂浮着的小船the girl sitting behind me坐在我后面的女孩★过去分词作定语表示被动和完成意义,单个过去分词置于被修饰词前;过去分词短语作后置定语,相当于定语从句。used books用过的书 printed paper印好的试卷a retired teacher退休教师 fallen leaves 落叶a developed country发达国家 boiled water 开水a novel written by a student由一名学生写的小说
4.非谓语动词作宾语补足语★下列动词常接不定式作宾语补足语
★下列动词常接现在分词作宾语补足语
★下列动词常接不带to的不定式作宾语补足语
★下列动词常接过去分词作宾语补足语have,make,get,find,see,notice,watch,hear,feel
5.非谓语动词作状语非谓语动词作状语,其逻辑主语是句子的主语。★不定式作状语表示目的、原因、结果。表示未曾预料的结果时,常在不定式前面加上only。He hurried to the station,only to find the train had left.
★现在分词作状语,现在分词和逻辑主语之间是主动关系。(1)时间状语:Leaving the airport,they waved again and again to us.(When they left the airport,...) (2)原因状语:Believing in my secretary,I left her an important job to do.(Because I believed in my secretary,...) (3)伴随状语或方式状语:He walked down the hill,singing softly to himself.(...,and sang softly to himself.) (4)结果状语:The old scientist died,leaving the project unfinished.(...,so that he left the project unfinished.) (5)条件状语:Staying in the seashore for a time,you will feel fresh.(If you stay in the seashore for a time,...) (6)让步状语:Admitting what she has said,I still think that she has not tried her best.(Although I admit what she has said,...)
★过去分词作状语,过去分词和其逻辑主语之间是被动关系。(1)时间状语:Seen(When it is seen) from the hill,the city looks more beautiful. (2)原因状语:Scolded(Because she was scolded) by the teacher,the girl felt sad. (3)条件状语:Given(If I were given) the chance,I would work in the countryside. (4)伴随或方式状语:The pop star hurried up to her car,followed by her fans. Followed by her fans,the pop star hurried up to her car. The pop star,followed by her fans,hurried up to her car.
6.不定式和动名词作主语★动名词作主语表示一般、抽象、泛指的概念,而不定式表示具体的某一次动作。★不定式作主语时常用形式主语it代替,而动名词作主语时只有在“It is no good/no use...”这一句型中用it作形式主语。It is important to make a good plan for the trip.It is no use talking with him.7.疑问词和不定式连用不定式和疑问词连用常作主语、宾语、表语、同位语等。How to get enough money remains a problem.(主语) The question is how to educate these children.(表语)
8.“名词/代词+非谓语动词”构成的独立主格结构,前后两部分具有逻辑上的主谓关系非谓语动词作状语,其逻辑主语须与主句主语保持一致。若不一致,非谓语动词形式须另带主语,从而构成复合结构的形式作状语。这种结构称为“独立主格结构”,常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。★名词/代词+现在分词(表示主动和正在进行)The girl staring at him (As the girl stared at him),he didn’t know what to say.姑娘两眼望着他,他不知道说什么好。 Time permitting (If time permits),we will go for an outing tomorrow.如果时间允许的话,我们明天去郊游。
★名词/代词+过去分词(表示被动和已完成)The problems solved (As the problems were solved),the quality has been improved.随着问题的解决,质量已经提高了。 Her glasses broken (Because her glasses were broken),she couldn’t see the words on the blackboard.由于眼镜摔坏了,她看不见黑板上的字。 ★名词/代词+不定式(表示将要发生的动作)名词/代词与不定式之间是主动关系,且强调的是一次具体性的动作。He is going to make a model plane,some old parts to help.借助于一些旧零件,他要做一个飞机模型。 They said good-bye to each other,one to go home,the other to go to the bookstore.他们道别后,一个回家,一个去书店。
[考点对练]
单句语法填空1.After completing and signing it,please return the document to us in the envelope (provide). 2.George returned after the mission,only (tell) that his house was washed away by the flood. 3. (praise) by the headmaster,the monitor felt excited and encouraged.
provided
provide与其逻辑主语envelope之间是被动关系,故填过去分词作后置定语。
to be told
由句意可知应使用“only+不定式”表示意料之外的结果。
Praised
praise与其逻辑主语monitor之间为被动关系,应填过去分词。
4. (see) that she was going off to sleep,I asked if she’d like that little doll on her bed. 5.The audience all turned (look) at the online celebrity as she entered the stadium. 6. (drive) by a greater need of money,both Father and Mother have chosen to work harder.
Seeing
see与其逻辑主语I之间是主谓关系,故填现在分词。
to look
此处需填不定式作目的状语。
Driven
此处使用过去分词表示原因,可替换成句子“As they are driven...”。
7.All the doctors and nurses who would fly to Wuhan hurried to the airport, (leave) their dinner untouched. 8.One learns a language by making mistakes and (correct) them again and again. 9. (ask) to work overtime that weekend,we missed a meaningful outing.
leaving
分析句子结构可知,逻辑主语All the doctors and nurses与leave之间为主谓关系,故填现在分词作结果状语。
correcting
由句子结构可知,空格处是一个与making mistakes并列的动名词短语,作介词by的宾语,故填correcting。
Asked
由句子结构可知,空格部分应是非谓语动词作原因状语,再根据逻辑主语we和ask之间的被动关系可知使用过去分词。
10.The opening ceremony, (start) at 8:00 pm last Sunday,was followed by a concert given by staff. 11.With Mother’s Day coming,I have taken some money out of the bank (buy) presents for my mother. 12.I’m calling to enquire about the position (advertise) in yesterday’s China Daily.
starting
分析句子结构可知,空格部分是定语成分,因逻辑主语The opening ceremony和start为主谓关系,故填现在分词。
to buy
此处是作目的状语,应填动词不定式。
advertised
此处作后置定语,position与advertise之间是被动关系,故填过去分词。
13.For my part,that company,though very small,is pleasant (work) in. 14.Do you really consider it any good (memorize) so many grammar points? 15. (keep) up with what is happening in the world,people need to surf the Internet every day.
to work
形容词后常用不定式的主动形式表被动。
memorizing
it is(no) good doing sth为固定句型,句中使用动名词作句子的真正主语。
To keep
前后句之间没有连词,空白处使用非谓语形式,再分析句子结构可知应使用不定式作目的状语。
课课练随堂清
语法填空Hundreds of years ago,a young foreigner 1. (call) Marco Polo travelled all the way from Italy to China.From then on a window to the east has been opened for westerners.It is 764 years since he was born. Two kinds of gold coins once 2. (make) by Europeans showed their respects (尊敬) for the great explorer (探险家). Marco Polo was born in 1254.He lived in Venice,a rich city in Italy.Marco’s father and uncle were businessmen.They had travelled to the east.So when Marco was young,he enjoyed 3. (listen) to the stories about the places 4. (visit) by his father.
His father decided 5. (take) him on a trip.When Marco Polo was just 17,he left his country for China. They were among the first 6. (go) along the Silk Road.They had a lot of trouble in 7. (explore).So it was a hard trip for Marco Polo,but he was very brave. After about four years,Marco met Kublai Khan (忽必烈) who gave him a job.Marco spent 17 years 8. (work) for him.He visited most parts of China.He learnt lots of 9. (interest) things about Chinese life. When he returned home,he let others 10. (know) about things like coal and paper money.He wrote about his trip in a famous book.
1.called 此处使用过去分词作后置定语,意为“名叫……的”,修饰前面的名词foreigner。2.made 由句子结构可知,空格后部分是后置定语,因为coins与make之间是被动关系,故填过去分词。3.listening enjoy doing sth是固定用法,意为“喜欢做某事”。4.visited 此处表达“他父亲到过的地方”,应使用过去分词作后置定语,修饰前面的places。5.to take decide to do sth是固定搭配,意为“决定做某事”。
6.to go 英语中表示“……是最早做某事的人”这一意义时,序数词后应跟不定式。7.exploring have trouble in doing sth是固定短语,意为“做某事有困难”,介词in之后应接动词-ing形式。8.working 句子使用的是“spend time doing sth”这一结构,意思是“做某事花费……时间”。9.interesting 此处表示“令人感兴趣的”事情,因而使用interesting。10.know let sb do sth是固定短语,意为“让某人做某事”。
本课结束
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第三编 核心语法必备
第一层级 抓牢“词法”——固基础
英 语
2021
高考总复习优化设计
GAO KAO ZONG FU XI YOU HUA SHE JI
内容索引
考点1 名词和冠词
考点2 代词、介词和数词
考点3 形容词和副词
考点4 动词(时态和语态、主谓一致、情态动词、虚拟语气)
考点5 非谓语动词
考点1 名词和冠词
[考点清单]
探考点寻规律◇名词◇
1.名词复数的规则变化★一般在词尾加-s:miles,bridges,horses★以s,x,sh,ch结尾加-es:glasses,brushes,watches,foxes★以o结尾的:(1)加-s:pianos,photos,radios,zoos(2)加-es:heroes,potatoes,tomatoes,volcanoes★以“辅音字母加y”结尾,把y改为i,再加-es:factories,countries,abilities;以“元音字母加y”结尾的直接加-s:monkeys,toys★以f,fe结尾,把f,fe变为v再加-es:wolves,wives;个别直接加-s:beliefs,roofs,proofs
2.名词复数的不规则变化★变内部元音字母:men,women,teeth,feet★词尾加-en或-ren:oxen,children★单复数形式相同:deer,fish,sheep,means,Chinese,Japanese★复数变化较特殊的名词:bacterium→bacteria细菌,medium→media媒体,datum→data资料,phenomenon→phenomena现象★复合名词把中心词变为复数:lookers-on旁观者,passers-by过路人,editors-in-chief主编★由man或woman 构成的复合名词,man或woman与其他名词都要变复数:two men doctors,three women teachers提示:German(德国人)的复数为Germans
3.常用作不可数的名词advice建议,baggage行李,equipment仪器,fun乐趣,furniture家具,information信息,knowledge知识,luggage行李,news新闻,progress进步,strength力量,water水,wealth财富,weather天气,work工作4.可转化为可数名词的物质名词a wind一阵风,a rain一场雨,a cloth 一块布,a snow 一场雪,a tea一杯茶,a beer 一杯啤酒,a coffee一杯咖啡,a glass一个玻璃杯,a paper 一份论文/试卷/报纸5.常用作复数的物质名词brains智力,belongings所有物,congratulations贺词,customs海关,goods货物,savings储蓄,scissors剪刀,surroundings环境,waters 大片水域,woods 树林
6.可转化为可数名词的抽象名词beauty美人/美丽的事物,comfort令人感到安慰的人/事,danger 令人感到危险的人/事,death 死者/死亡人数,envy令人羡慕的人/事,failure失败的人/事,honour令人感到光荣的人/事,pleasure令人高兴的人/事,shock令人感到震惊的人/事,success成功的人/事,surprise令人感到吃惊的人/事
7.名词所有格★名词词尾加-’s:the doctor’s degree★以“s”结尾的复数名词后只加’:teachers’ office★不以“s”结尾的名词复数后加-’s:the Children’s Palace★and连接两个名词,表示两个名词共有某物时,只在后一个名词后加-’s;表示两个名词分别拥有时,名词后都要加-’s。Li Ming and Wei Fang’s deskLi Ming’s (father) and Wei Fang’s father★表时间、国家、城市等无生命的名词也可在词尾加-’s构成所有格:today’s newspaper,China’s culture
8.名词作定语★多数名词作定语用单数:shoe factory鞋厂,season ticket季票,baby clothes婴儿服★少数名词作定语用复数:a clothes shop 服装店,a sports meet运动会
[考点对练]
单句语法填空1.The tourist center is far away from here indeed.It’s two (hour) walk. 2.At the conference they discussed three different (approach) to dealing with COVID-19. 3.I haven’t seen Mary since she was a little girl,and she has changed beyond (recognize). 4.We’ve missed the last bus.I’m afraid we have no (choose) but to take a Didi Taxi. 5.Always read the (instruction) carefully before using the imported scanner.
hours’
approaches
recognition
choice
instructions
6.You’ll find this guidebook is of (valuable) in helping the visitors to get around the Palace Museum. 7.The head office of Huawei is in Shenzhen,but it has (branch) all over the world. 8.According to the latest law,personal (possess) of guns is now allowed in this island country. 9.The new-built mall has provided seats for the (convenient) of its customers. 10.I’m not surprised that your cousin has become a writer.Even as a child he had a rich (imagine).
value
branches
possession
convenience
imagination
[考点清单]
探考点寻规律◇冠词◇
1.不定冠词a/an的用法★a 用在以辅音音素开头的单词前,an用在以元音音素开头的单词前:an honest man,a university★泛指“某一个人或事物”:an English lecture,a professor★表示“类别”,指一类人或物★表示“一”的概念,但比one弱★表示频度,“每,每一”,相当于per,each,every★表示“某一个人或物”,相当于some或a certain:a Mr.Green一个叫格林的先生★用于固定短语中:as a rule通常、一般来说,in a way在某种程度上,in a hurry 急匆匆地,in a moment 立刻
2.定冠词the的用法★用于特指或双方都知道的或上文提到的人或物★用于单数可数名词前表示一类人或物★用于表示独一无二的事物的名词前★用于形容词或副词的最高级前,或用于序数词前表示顺序★用于乐器名词前、姓氏的复数前(表示全家人或夫妇)、表示年代的名词前:the Browns 布朗一家人,in the 1970s在20世纪70年代
★用于形容词、分词前表示一类人或物:the rich穷人,the unemployed失业者★用于江、河、海、洋、海湾、岛、山等的专有名词前:the Yangtze River长江★用于由普通名词构成的专有名词前:the History Museum 历史博物馆,the Middle East中东★用于固定短语中:on the right在右边,at the age of在……岁时,on the whole总起来说,in the long run从长远看
3.不用冠词的情况★不可数名词或复数名词前表泛指,或表示类别时★物质名词、抽象名词前:water,luck★专有名词(人名、地名、国家名、城市、街道、词首为Mount的山)前:China,Qingdao,Mount Tai★季节、月份、星期以及节日、假日的名词前不用冠词,但特指季节、日期和传统中国节日时多使用定冠词:the Spring Festival,the spring of Beijing★表示三餐、球类或棋类运动等的名词前
★学科、语言的名词前★表示职位、头衔、称呼的名词在句中作表语、同位语、补足语时★man,mankind泛指“人类”时,word 指“消息”时★by taxi/bus/train/boat/ship/plane/email等表示通信、交通方式时★两个相同的或对应的名词由介词连接表示特定概念时:face to face面对面地,hand in hand手拉手地★某些固定短语中:at home and abroad国内外,in debt欠债
[考点对练]
单句语法填空1.My roommate is newcomer to AI,but she has already made some advances.2.Wouldn’t it be wonderful world if all nations lived in peace with one another? 3.It’s a shame that many tourists are still in habit of writing silly things in public places. 4.Many people agreed that knowledge of a foreign language is a must in one’s life.
a
a
the
in the habit of是固定短语。
a
a knowledge of...是固定短语。
5.It’s evident that little money he earns can hardly support family as large as his. 6.I don’t know who invented robot,but it’s really most wonderful invention. 7.Of all reasons for my decision to become a university professor,my father’s advice was most important one. 8.Let’s go to new-opened science museum—that will take your mind off the problem for while.
the
a
little money表示特指;第二空后family泛指任何一个大家庭。
the
a
表示发明物的名词前一般用定冠词the;不定冠词与最高级连用表示“非常”。
the
the
the
a
9.Being able to afford drink would be comfort in those tough times. 10.The athlete missed gold in the high jump,but will get second chance in the long jump.
a
a
a drink意为“一杯饮料”;a comfort意为“令人感到舒适的一件事”。
the
a
第一空后gold特指跳高比赛中的金牌,其前用the;第二空后second表示“还有一次机会”,其前用a。
课课练随堂清
语法填空The population of the milu deer around China’s Poyang Lake has been grown from 47 to 55 since a group of the rare 1. (deer) was released(释放) there about a year ago.Yang Qibo,who is in charge of Poyang County’s wildlife 2. (protect) station,told the public that they had recorded 3._______ birth of 8 deer over the past year.Last April,to improve biodiversity in the local wetland ecosystem,China released 47 deer into the wild around Poyang Lake,4.____ county’s largest freshwater lake.The species’ sudden 5. (disappear) occurred around 1,000 years ago in this area.Local 6. (official) said the deer adapted well to the new environment and coexisted peacefully with local villagers.
deer
protection
the
the
disappearance
officials
Whenever a deer was spotted,7. (villager) would always report it to wildlife authorities.There were some cases where the villagers’ crops were damaged by the deer,but they usually chose to drive 8. deer away instead of hurting them.The milu,also known as Père David’s deer,is native to China.In China it has the humorous name “sibuxiang” or “like none of the four” for its unique feature.The wetland deer species is put under 9. A-level state protection after overhunting and habitat (栖息地) loss led to its nearly dying out in 10. early 20th century.Now about 6,700 deer live across the country,including 1,500 in the wild.
villagers
the
an
the
考点2 代词、介词和数词
[考点清单]
探考点寻规律◇代词◇
1.人称代词★主格形式(I,you,he,she,it,we,they)在句中作主语或表语。★宾格形式(me,you,him,her,it,us,them)在句中作动词或介词的宾语。2.物主代词★形容词性物主代词(my,your,his,her,its,our,their)放在名词前作定语。★名词性物主代词(mine,yours,his,hers,its,ours,theirs)相当于名词,在句中作主语、表语或宾语,但不能作定语。
3.反身代词★反身代词(myself,yourself,himself,herself,itself,ourselves,yourselves,themselves)在句中作宾语、表语或同位语。★反身代词用在短语中enjoy oneself过得快乐;devote oneself to 致力于;make oneself at home别拘束;teach oneself自学;be oneself(人)处于正常状态4.相互代词★相互代词(each other,one another),意为“互相,相互”,each other用于两者之间,one another用于三者或三者以上之间。所有格形式为each other’s和one another’s。
5.指示代词★this,these指时间或空间较近的人或物;that,those则指时间或空间较远的人或物。★this,these多指下面将要讲到的事物;that,those则指前面提到的事物。★that,those常用来代替已提到过的名词,以避免重复。6.不定代词★one 既可指人,也可指物,既可单独使用,也可放在单数可数名词之前作定语;其复数形式为ones,所有格形式为one’s,反身代词为oneself。★no one只能指代人,回答以who开头的问题。★none 指代人或物,可代替可数名词的单数和复数,也可代替不可数名词,回答how many/much开头的问题。
★neither 表示“两者中任何一个都不”。★either指“两者中任何一个”。★either...or...意为“要么……要么……,或者……或者……”。★neither...nor...意为“既不……也不……”。★all指三个或三个以上的人或物。★both指两个人或物。★each指两个或两个以上的人或物中的每一个,而every指三个或三个以上的人或物中的每一个。★every与not连用表示部分否定,意为“并非每一个”。
★“other+可数名词复数”,意为“另外……,其他……”;some...others...表示“一些……,另一些……”。★the other指两者中的另一个或另一部分;the others用作代词,表示“剩下的,其余的”,特指一定范围内的其他的人或物。★another泛指“另一个,再一个”,后接可数名词单数;another two/three/few表示“另外两个/三个/几个”。★few,a few,little与a little都表示“少”的概念,(a) few与复数名词搭配,(a) little与不可数名词搭配。a little和a few带有肯定含义,little和few带有否定含义。★many修饰或指代可数名词,much修饰或指代不可数名词。
★some和any都表示“一些”,前者多用于肯定句,后者多用于否定句、疑问句、条件句。两者都既可以修饰可数名词复数,也可修饰不可数名词。★some可以用于疑问句中,表示说话者的肯定语气或希望得到对方肯定的回答;any可用于肯定句中,表示“任何一个,任何一些”。★somebody,someone表示“某人”,多用于肯定句中;anybody,anyone表示“任何人”,多用于否定句和疑问句中;something意为“某事(物)”,多用于肯定句中,或用于表示征求意见、邀请并期望对方给予肯定答复的疑问句中;anything意为“任何事(物)”,多用于否定句、疑问句以及条件句中。
7.it的用法★指代前面提到的事物或上文提到的事件。★指代baby,child等。★指代时间和季节、天气、距离或某种情况。★用作形式主语或宾语,替代不定式、动词-ing形式或that从句。★hate,dislike,enjoy,appreciate等心理方面的动词后面接it,然后再跟从句,it代指从句所表达的内容。★it用于“It takes sb+时间+to do...”,make it(成功,赶上)等固定搭配中。★“It is/was+被强调部分+that/who+句子的其他成分”是强调句型。
[考点对练]
单句语法填空1.If the seniors do everything for the juniors,we won’t acquire the ability of protecting (we). 2.Your captain is the team star!Working with (other) is really a piece of cake. 3.I prefer this house with a big swimming pool,but I don’t have enough money to buy .
ourselves
主语为we,根据句意此处应填we的反身代词ourselves。
others
由句意可知,应填others,泛指“其他人”。
it
由句子结构和意义可知,空格处应填it代指前面提到的this house。
4.The witness was asked a lot of questions by the policeman,but she didn’t answer of them. 5.When you introduce me to the businessman,could you please say for me? 6.The fact that she was foreign made difficult for her to get employed in that country.
any
由后一句的转折和否定意义可知,空格处应填any。
something
something用在疑问句中表示建议或请求,或期待得到对方的肯定答复。
it
由句子结构和意义可知,此处填it作形式宾语,代替真正的宾语“to get employed in that country”。
7.It was hard for him to learn English in a family,in which of his parents spoke the language. 8.I’ll spend half of my holiday practicing my oral English and the half programming.
neither
由前一句意义可知,父母两人都不说英语,因而空格处应填neither。
other
句中half表示“一半时间”,根据句意应填other,the other指假期中的“另一半时间”。
9.If you’re going to buy today’s evening paper from the stand,could you get for me? 10.It seems that the cost of renting a house in Tokyo is much higher than in any other city.
one
从句中paper表示可数意义“报纸”,因而空格处应填one,代指a paper。
that
根据句意空格处应填that,that代指“the cost of renting a house”。
[考点清单]
探考点寻规律◇介词◇
★on表示在具体的某一天,某一天的上午、下午或晚上,或表示在节日的当天。on Monday afternoon,on that day,on the morning of June 1★during表示“在……期间”,还可指在某项活动过程中。during the past five years在过去的五年里,during my life在我一生中★“in+一段时间”用于将来时;“after+一段时间”表示从过去某一时间点算起的一段时间之后,用于过去时,当after后接一个具体时间点时,也可用于将来时。
★“for+时间段”表示“(延续)……之久”,“since+时间点”表示“自从(过去某时)以来”,两者与现在完成时连用。★over表示在某一物体正上方,而above强调在上方,不一定在正上方,还可指温度、海拔等刻度。★under强调在正下方,是over的反义词;below强调在下方,不一定是正下方,可指温度、海拔等刻度,是above的反义词。★in,to,on都表示两地之间的方位关系:in指在范围内部;to表示在范围之外,相对或相隔;on表示毗邻或接壤。★between强调“两者之间”;among指“三者或三者以上之间”。★through和across都表示“经过”,through表示从内部穿过,与in有关;across表示从某物体的一端到另一端,在表面上通过,与on有关。
★in front of和in the front of都表示“在……的前面”,in front of指在某物体外部的前面,而in the front of表示在某物体内部的前面。★表示“用”的介词:with表示具体、有形的工具、身体部位或器官的“用”;in表示材料、方式、方法、度量、单位、语言、声音的“用”;by表示通过某种方法或手段。★except 意为“除……之外”,其后的宾语被排除在外,与but通用。★besides用于肯定句,表示“除了……还有(包括在内)”。★including表示部分包含于全体之中。★as意为“以……身份,当作”;like表示“像,如,似”,侧重于比较,并不意味着同一类或完全相似。
[考点对练]
单句语法填空1.The mayor feels that one of his main duties an official is to lift the locals out of poverty. 2.I wonder why the boss as well as several women workers was left by the police. 3.The woman secretary suggested an earlier date the video conferencing.
as
as an official“作为一名官员”。
behind
leave sb behind“把某人留下”。
for
the date for...是习惯搭配,表示“……的日期”。
4.The sunlight streamed in the windows in the roof and warmed up the whole living room. 5.It’s wise of you to take a few days work;you’re not looking energetic at all. 6.I’m really fortunate to have been offered an ideal job,which has been my wildest dream.
through
表达“透过窗户”应使用介词through。
off
take a few days off work表示“请几天假不上班”。
beyond
beyond my wildest dream意为“我做梦也想不到”。
7.Environmentalists at the net-meeting are discussing the effects of tourism the wildlife in the area. 8.Volunteer requirements can be found at the official website or calling the hotline at 8610-1238. 9.This is a top secret and you must commit to me that you keep it you and me. 10.It has been declared that the price of online courses will be raised another 15% at the beginning of next month.
on
the effects on...意为“对……的影响”。
by
by doing...“通过……手段”。
between
keep it between you and me表示“只你我两人知道”。
by
by与数字连用表示增加或减少的程度。
[考点清单]
探考点寻规律◇数词◇
1.基数词的用法★hundred,thousand,million等表示确切数字时,可以与基数词或several,a few连用,没有复数形式。当表示不确切的数字,如“成百上千、成千上万”时,则以复数形式出现且后跟of:tens/hundreds/thousands/millions of 数十/数百/数千/数百万★dozen和score的复数形式加of表示“许多”:dozens of foreign tourists,scores of times
★修饰可数名词复数的词或词组few,a few,many,several,a great/good many of许多,a number of 许多,a large/great number of 大量的,large/great number of大量的★修饰不可数名词的词或词组little,a little,much,a great/good deal of,a large amount of/large amounts of★既可修饰可数名词又可修饰不可数名词的词或词组plenty of,a lot of/lots of,a quantity of/quantities of(许多,大量),all,enough,most,no,some
2.序数词的用法★序数词第1—19除了first/second/third为特殊形式外,其余由基数词加-th构成;注意fifth/eighth/ninth/twelfth在拼写上的特殊性。★first/second/third可缩写为1st/2nd/3rd,以th结尾的序数词应缩写为“基数词+th”。★表示整十的序数词由相应的基数词将词尾的y改为ieth。★非整十的多位数,将个位数变成序数词即可:thirty-second第三十二★hundred/thousand/million的序数词为hundredth/thousandth/millionth。
3.数词的常见表达法★分数由基数词(分子)和序数词(分母)构成,分子大于一时,作分母的序数词用复数形式:one fifth五分之一,two-thirds三分之二★分数的惯用表示法a/one half=one second二分之一,a/one quarter=one fourth 四分之一,three-quarters=three fourths四分之三★百分数用基数词和百分号(%)合成,百分号写作percent或per cent,无复数形式。★表示倍数时,一倍用once,两倍用twice/double,三倍或三倍以上用“基数词+times”。
[考点对练]
单句语法填空1.As is known to all,China is one (six) larger than that island country. 2.It took us quite a long time to get to the destination.It was three (hour) ride. 3.Whenever it’s a public festival,there are always (hundred) of cars on the expressway. 4.Each of his new works sold more than a (million) copies in the online shops.
sixth
hours’
hundreds
million
5.It is certain that your professor lives at Room 101 on the (five) floor of the five-star hotel. 6.The new secretary did the typing one (three) of the time it took me. 7.Asia,which is the largest continent,makes up more than one (four) of the world’s land area. 8.Large (quantity) of clean drinking water have been transported to the flooded areas.
fifth
third
表达“三分之一的时间”应使用one third of the time。
fourth
此处表示“四分之一”。
quantities
large quantities of=a large quantity of,其后可接可数或不可数名词。
课课练随堂清
语法填空Beijing’s Forbidden City is a place full of wonders.From its 1._________ (thousand) of rooms to its many beautiful artifacts,it’s no wonder that it is 2. of China’s most popular scenic spots.But even more than 600 years after it was built,it’s still managing to serve up surprises. The Forbidden City draws visitors because of its rich history and cultural significance,but perhaps 3. should add one more thing to its list of attractions:earthquake shelter.While most structures aren’t made to survive natural disasters,the Forbidden City seems to stand anything.
thousands
one
it
To show how strong the ancient Chinese architecture really is,a model of one of the Forbidden City’s palaces was 4. (test).It survived a simulated(模拟的) earthquake of 9.5 on the Richter scale—equal 5._______ the largest ever recorded quake.Instead of falling apart,the model was just moved gently 6. the test. According to experts,the key 7. the Forbidden City’s strength,as well as other ancient Chinese structures,lies 8. dougong(斗拱)—a centuries-old building method invented in China.Ancient Chinese craftsmen created structures which were both enduring(耐用的)and elegant,showing 9. (they) advanced understanding 10. mathematics,architecture,materials,and structural science.
tested
to
during
to
in
their
of
考点3 形容词和副词
[考点清单]
探考点寻规律◇形容词◇
1.形容词的用法★有些形容词加上the相当于名词,指一类人或事物:the old老年人;the new 新鲜的东西;the rich富人;the blind盲人;the young年轻人;the injured伤员★enough,nearby作定语时既可位于名词前,也可以放在名词后。★形容词修饰someone,somebody,anyone,anybody,nobody,something,anything,nothing,everything时多置于其后:everything valuable一切有价值的东西;anyone famous任何名人★形容词else置于不定代词或疑问代词之后作定语:what else还有其他什么;anything else别的东西
2.比较级和最高级的规则变化★一般加-er,-est:higher;highest★以字母e结尾只加-r,-st:braver;bravest★以辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节,双写该辅音字母后再加-er,-est:thinner;thinnest★以“辅音字母+y”结尾的词,将y变为i再加 -er,-est:happier;happiest★多音节词在词前加more,most:more difficult;most difficult
3.比较级和最高级的不规则变化★good/well(身体健康的):better;best★bad/ill(坏的):worse;worst★much/many:more;most★little:less;least★far:farther/farthest(只指距离)更远的;further/furthest(指距离)更远的,(指程度)更进一步的,最大程度的★old:older/oldest(指年龄、新旧)更老的/最老的;elder/eldest(指血缘)较年长的/最年长的
4.比较等级的用法★原级比较:肯定句中用“as+形容词原级+as”结构;否定句中用“not so/as...as...”结构。★比较级用法(1)“比较级+than”表示“和……相比更……”。(2)“比较级+and+比较级”表示“越来越……”。(3)“the+比较级...,the+比较级...”表示“越……,越……”。(4)“the+比较级+of the...(两者)”表示“两者中较……的”。
★最高级的用法(1)最高级表示在三者以上之中程度最高,常用“the+最高级(+名词)+比较范围(短语或从句)”结构。(2)in和of表示比较范围:在一定的地域或空间内用in;在同一类事物范围内用of。(3)最高级前用a时表示“很,非常”。★比较等级的修饰语(1)修饰比较级:much,still,even,a little等。(2)修饰最高级:much,(by) far,nearly,almost等。
[考点对练]
单句语法填空1.Be (reason) —you can’t expect too high a salary as a green hand.2.The secretary arranged a (convenience) time and space for the approaching interview. 3.After the long journey,the three explorers went back home, (hunger) and tired.
reasonable
由破折号后面的信息可知要求对方讲道理,故填reasonable(讲道理的)。
convenient
由句意可知应填形容词形式convenient(方便的)。
hungry
由空格后“and tired”可知应填形容词hungry,此处是形容词短语作伴随状语。
4.It looks like the weather is changing for the (bad).Shall we stick to our plan? 5.If I find someone who looks like the suspect,my (immediately) reaction will be to inform the police. 6. (tire) and short of breath,Andy and Ruby were the first to reach the top of Mount Tai.
worse
for the worse是固定短语,表示“向更坏的方向”。
immediate
由句子结构可知,空格处应填形容词immediate作定语修饰名词reaction。
Tired
由句意和句子结构可知,空格部分应填Tired;Tired and short of breath为形容词短语作状语,说明主语所处的状态。
7.John is very (rely)—if he promises to offer help he’ll try his best. 8.Compared with his sister,Jerry is even more (sense) to emotional problems.
reliable
句中“if he promises to offer help he’ll try his best”暗示了答案,应填形容词reliable表示“可靠的”。
sensitive
根据句意空格处应填形容词sensitive作表语;be sensitive to表示“对……敏感”。
9.Mothers holding jobs outside the home should have (flexibility) schedules to make it easier to care for their children. 10.Mr.Black is very happy because the medical masks made in his factory have never been more (popularity).
flexible
由句意可知,空格处填形容词flexible作定语,修饰其后的名词schedules。
popular
由句意可知应填形容词popular作表语。
[考点清单]
探考点寻规律◇副词◇
1.形容词变副词的规则★一般情况加-ly:common→commonly;immediate→immediately★以“辅音字母+y”结尾的,将y变为i后加-ly:steady→steadily;busy→busily★以-le结尾的,去掉e加y:simple→simply;gentle→gently★以-ic结尾的,加-ally:economic→economically;scientific→scientifically2.置于句首表示说话人的态度或语气的副词luckily;happily;generally;fortunately;honestly;roughly(大体上);briefly(简要地)
3.有些词以-ly结尾,但却是形容词lovely可爱的;friendly友好的;lively生动的;motherly母亲般的;orderly有秩序的4.部分易混淆的副词★hard用作形容词,意为“困难的,艰难的”,作副词表示“努力地;猛烈地”;hardly是副词,表示“几乎不”。★late是形容词或副词,表示“迟,晚(的)”;lately是副词,意为“近来,最近”。★most用作形容词,意为“大部分的”,作副词表示“最,非常”;mostly是副词,意为“主要地,大部分地”。★near是形容词或副词,“近,靠近”;nearly是副词,“几乎,差不多”。★free用作形容词,意为“自由的”,用作副词,意为“免费地”;freely是副词,意为“自由地”。
★just用作形容词,表示“公正的,正直的”,用作副词,表示“刚刚,刚才”;justly是副词,意为“公正地”。★high用作形容词或副词,表示“高(的)”,指具体高度;highly用作副词,表示抽象意义“高度地”。★close作形容词表示“亲密的”,作副词表示“近地(指具体距离)”;closely用作副词,表示比喻意义“密切地”。★deep是形容词或副词,表示“深”(具体的深度);deeply是副词,表示抽象意义“深深地”。★wide是形容词或副词,表示“宽”(具体的宽度);widely是副词,表示抽象意义“广泛地”。
5.副词的比较等级★原级比较:肯定句中用“as+副词原级+as”结构,否定句中用“not as/so...as”结构。★比较级用法(1)“比较级+than”句式。(2)“比较级+and+比较级”结构,表示“越来越……”。(3)“the+比较级,the+比较级”结构,表示“越……就越……”。★最高级主要用“the+副词最高级+表示范围的短语或从句”结构表示;副词最高级前的the可省略。★副词比较等级的修饰语(1)修饰比较级常用:even,much,a little,a lot,a bit,a great deal,far(2)修饰最高级常用:by far(……得多),almost,nearly
[考点对练]
单句语法填空1.We used to see each other (regular),but I haven’t heard from him since last year. 2.Anyone,whether he is an official or a delivery guy,should be (equal) respected.
regularly
由句意可知应填副词regularly作状语,意为“有规律地,定期地”。
equally
由“whether he is an official or a delivery guy”可知,任何人都应该平等地受到尊重,故填副词equally作状语。
3.I’ve forgot my mother’s birthday entirely,not preparing a present as I do (usual). 4.It seems that living green is (surprise) easy and affordable.A small step makes a big difference. 5.In the good care of the nurses,the salesman is (gradual) recovering from his heart operation.
usually
此处应使用副词作状语修饰谓语动词do。
surprisingly
由后一句“A small step makes a big difference.”可知应填副词surprisingly,“令人惊讶地”。
gradually
根据句意和句子结构可知,空格处应填副词gradually作状语。
6.Running a company is not (simple) a matter of hiring people —they also need to be trained. 7.No matter how (careful) you plan your finances,no one can predict when the unexpected will happen. 8. (anxious),she took the dress out of the package and tried it on,only to find it didn’t fit.
simply
破折号后的内容暗示,经营公司不仅仅是雇用人员的问题,故填副词simply作状语。
carefully
由句意及句子结构可知,空格处应填副词carefully作状语。
Anxiously
根据句子意义和成分可知,句首需用副词作状语,故填Anxiously。
9.He began to take political science (serious) only when he left school. 10.Although she did not know Beijing well,she made her way (easy) enough to the Summer Palace.
seriously
take sth/sb seriously“严肃对待某事/人”。
easily
此处应使用副词作状语。
课课练随堂清
语法填空Have you complained about your family,your boss,or even your life?Maybe everyone has.But after reading this story,you may change your view and treat the world with a 1. (difference) attitude.
different
An ass (驴),belonging to a herb-seller who gave him too little food and too 2. work,could not bear the life any 3. (long).So he made a request to God,to be released from his present service and provided with another master.After warning him that he would regret doing it,God made him sold to a tile-maker.4. (short) afterwards,the ass found that he had 5. (heavy) loads to carry and harder work in the brick-field,and asked for another change again.God,telling him that it would be the last time that he could satisfy his request,made him sold to a tanner (皮革工).The ass found that he had fallen into 6. (bad) hands.
much
longer
Shortly
heavier
worse
Knowing his new master’s occupation,he said,“It would have been 7. (good) for me either to have been starved by the first owner or to have been overworked by the second.But now I have already been bought by my 8. (presence) owner,who will peel off my skin even after I am dead,and make me 9. (use).” We can see that people with dissatisfaction in a place are not 10. (like) to find happiness in another.
better
present
useful
likely
考点4 动词(时态和语态、主谓一致、情态动词、虚拟语气)
[考点清单]
探考点寻规律◇时态和语态◇
1.时态★一般现在时(1)表示经常发生的动作、现存的状态、客观事实、真理和自然现象。(2)表示比较固定,按计划、规定将要发生的动作,只限于 begin,come,go,leave,arrive等少数动词。(3)用于if,unless,once,even if引导的条件状语从句,或在when,before,until,as soon as引导的时间状语从句中代替一般将来时。★一般过去时:表示发生在过去的动作或存在的状态或过去习惯性、经常性的动作或行为。
★一般将来时(1)“will/shall+动词原形”,shall仅用于第一人称I/we作主语时,will用于各种人称。(2)“be going to+动词原形”,表示打算、计划、安排做某事,或表示由某种迹象表明将要发生某事。(3)begin,leave,arrive,start,finish,meet,return等动词用一般现在时表示按时刻表或安排将要发生的事。(4)leave,go,come,stay,do,take,have等动词的现在进行时,表示按计划或准备要做某事。(5)“be to+动词原形”,表示计划、安排做某事。(6)“be about to+动词原形”,表示即将发生某事,不与具体的将来时间状语连用。
★过去将来时:表示从过去某一时间看将要发生的动作或存在的状态,常用以下四种形式:(1)would/should+动词原形(2)was/were going to+动词原形(3)was/were to+动词原形(4)was/were about to+动词原形
★现在进行时(1)表示说话时或现阶段正在进行的动作。(2)用于go,come,stay,leave,do,take,have等少数动词,表示“马上就,即将”。(3)与always连用,表示赞扬或厌恶等感情色彩。(4)不用于进行时态的三类动词:①表示属于或拥有的动词或词组:belong to,have,own,possess,consist of等。②表示感官的连系动词:seem,appear,look,sound,taste,smell等。③表示行为结果的动词:accept,admit,receive,allow,decide,promise等。
★过去进行时主要表示过去某时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作。基本结构为“was/were+v.-ing”。★现在完成时(1)表示动作发生在过去,其结果影响到现在,常用时间状语:already,yet,so far(迄今为止)等。(2)表示动作或状态从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在。常用时间状语:“since+时间点”,“for+时间段”。(3)用在时间或条件状语从句中,表示将来某个时间完成的动作。(4)have/has been to表示“曾经到过某地”,有“已经从某地回来”之意;have/has gone to...表示“已经去了……”,强调主语尚未回来。
★过去完成时(1)表示动作或状态在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成或结束,即发生在“过去的过去”,只有和过去的某一时间或某一动作相比较时才能用到这一时态。(2)hope,wish,plan,want,mean(意图),intend(打算),expect(期望)用于过去完成时态,表示过去未曾实现的“计划、打算、企图、愿望”,多译为“本想/本打算/本以为……”。★现在完成进行时:表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作,并且还将持续下去。基本结构为“have/has+been+v.-ing”。
★过去完成进行时:表示从“过去的过去”的某个时间点开始的动作或状态,一直延续到过去的某一时间点,与现在无联系。基本结构为“had+been+v.-ing”。★将来完成时:表示在将来某一时间点上会完成的动作。基本结构为“shall/will+have+动词过去分词”。★两个常见句式的固定时态(1)hardly...when/no sooner...than“刚(一)……就”:主句用过去完成时,从句用一般过去时。(2)This/That/It is/was the first/second/...time (that)....“这/那是第一/二次……”:主句为现在时时,从句用现在完成时;主句是过去时时,从句用过去完成时。
2.语态★被动语态的普通句式(1)肯定句式:主语+be+过去分词+其他。(2)否定句式:主语+be+not+过去分词+其他。★含有情态动词的被动语态(1)肯定句式:主语+情态动词+be+过去分词+其他。(2)否定句式:主语+情态动词+not+be+过去分词+其他。
★几种特殊的被动语态形式(1)be going to be done将要被……(2)be to be done计划、打算被……(3)have to be done不得不被……(4)ought to be done应该被……(5)used to be done曾经被……(6)seem to be done似乎是被……(7)happen to be done碰巧被……(8)“get+过去分词”表示被动
★主动形式表示被动意义的六种情况(1)“连系动词(sound听起来;taste尝起来;remain仍然是,保持;stay保持;become变成)+形容词/名词”构成系表结构。(2)表示开始、结束、运动的动词:begin,finish,start,open,close,stop,end,run,move。(3)表示“发生”的动词:happen,take place,occur。(4)表示“爆发”的动词:break out,burst out。(5)其他动词:cost花费;come into being形成;come true实现;add up to加起来是;belong to属于;run out用完;consist of由……组成。(6)表示主语的某种属性特征的动词:sell卖起来;read读起来;write写起来。
[考点对练]
单句语法填空1.Just as a famous saying says,“Action (speak) louder than words.” 2.He (mean) to be able to see his friend in hospital,but he was too busy at that time. 3.My mind wasn’t on what he was saying,so I’m afraid I (miss) half of it.
speaks
一般现在时表示真理。
had meant
此处过去完成时表示一个没有实现的计划。
missed
由前一句看出此处表示一个发生在过去的动作,故使用一般过去时。
4.I know Bill Gates;we (introduce) to each other at an international conference. 5.It’s thought that hundreds of posts (lose) if these small and micro businesses close. 6.All the preparations for the scientific research_________________________ (complete),and we’re ready to start.
were introduced
表达过去某个场合发生的被动动作,故使用一般过去时的被动语态。
will be lost
由条件状语从句可以推断,应是一个将来的被动动作。
have been completed
表示说话时已经完成的被动动作,故使用现在完成时的被动语态。
7.A new high-speed railway (build) here.They hope to finish it as soon as possible. 8.These new cars (import) from Japan,and they usually (sell) well in our city. 9.After school we went to the swimming pool to swim,only to be told that it (decorate).
is being built
由后一句可知铁路还在建设中,故使用现在进行时的被动语态。
are imported
sell
前一空说明客观事实,故使用一般现在时的被动语态;后一空表示“畅销”,此时sell用主动形式。
was being decorated
由句子的主谓关系可知,游泳池是“被装修”,再根据前一句的时态可知“当时它正在被装修”。
10.My parents (live) in Beijing.They were born there and have never lived anywhere else. 11.Over the past decades,sea ice (decrease) in the Arctic as a result of global warming. 12.Up to now,the cure for COVID-19 (save) thousands of patients who would otherwise have died.
live
句中“have never lived anywhere else”这一信息暗示了答案,即父母现在还住在北京,故使用一般现在时。
has been decreasing
句中时间状语“over the past decades”提示应使用现在完成进行时。
has saved
up to now是现在完成时的标志,故使用现在完成时。
13.It took me a long time before I was able to completely understand what they (do) for me. 14.Would you please keep silent?The flood forecast (broadcast) and I want to listen. 15.The educator keeps telling us students that the future (belong) to the well-educated.
had done
“完全理解”是过去的动作,故他们对我的帮助发生在过去的过去。
is being broadcast
前一句和后面“I want to listen”都提示动作正在进行;the flood forecast与broadcast是被动关系,故使用现在进行时的被动语态。
belongs
belong to这一短语既无进行时态,也无被动语态,从句表达客观事实,故填一般现在时的第三人称单数形式。
[考点清单]
探考点寻规律◇主谓一致◇
1.单一主语的主谓一致★不定代词either,neither,each,one,the other,another,someone,something,anyone,anything,everyone,everything,nobody,no one,nothing作主语时,谓语动词常用第三人称单数形式。★“neither/either of+复数名词或复数形式的代词”作主语,谓语动词应用第三人称单数形式。★all作主语指人时谓语动词用复数形式,指全部事情时用第三人称单数形式。
★every或each修饰的名词作主语时谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。★people,cattle,police作主语时谓语动词用复数形式。★集体名词audience(观众),class,crew(船员),family,group,government,public(公众)作主语时,若作为一个整体看待,谓语动词用第三人称单数形式;若强调该集体的每位成员时谓语动词用复数形式。★以复数形式结尾、谓语动词只能用复数形式的名词有:earnings(所得,收入),thanks,clothes,trousers,belongings(财产),savings(储蓄)。★下列单复数同形的名词作主语时,谓语动词的单复数形式根据该名词表达的单复数概念而定:means;works(工厂);sheep;deer(鹿);species(种类)。
★a number of意为“许多”,后跟可数名词复数作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式;the number of意为“……的数目”,后跟可数名词复数作主语时,谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。★some,plenty of,a lot of,lots of 等既可以修饰可数名词复数,又可修饰不可数名词,作主语时其谓语动词的单复数形式取决于所修饰的名词。★a quantity (of),(large) quantities (of) 作主语或修饰主语时,其谓语动词根据 quantity的单复数形式而定。★“分数/百分数+of+名词”结构作主语时,由of之后的名词决定谓语动词的单复数。
★单独的不定式、动词-ing形式作主语,谓语动词用第三人称单数形式;如果多个非谓语动词连在一起表达同一概念,谓语动词用第三人称单数形式;如果表达不同概念,谓语动词用复数形式。★表示度量、价格、时间、长度等的复数名词作主语,谓语动词常用第三人称单数形式。
2.并列结构作主语的主谓一致★and及both...and...类:两个单数主语用and连接起来,表示两个不同的人或物,谓语动词用复数形式;如果两个并列的单数主语在意义上指同一个人、同一事物,谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。★every...and every...,each...and each...或no...and no...连接的名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。★由not...but...,not only...but (also)...,...or...,either...or,neither...nor 等连接的并列名词、代词作主语时,谓语动词的单复数形式应该和它最邻近的名词保持一致。
3.其他情况的主谓一致★主语后有with,as well as(也),including等介词或短语时,谓语动词与上述介词或短语前的名词一致。★There be句型中,谓语动词通常和最邻近的名词保持一致。★定语从句中谓语动词的单复数形式应视先行词的单复数而定。★倒装句中的谓语动词的单复数形式应与后面的主语保持一致。
[考点对练]
单句语法填空1.A poet and artist (be) coming to give us a lecture about Chinese modern literature this evening. 2.Early to bed and early to rise (make) a man healthy,wealthy and wise. 3.Barbara is easy to recognize as she’s the only one of the women who (wear) an evening dress.
is
a poet and artist“一位诗人兼艺术家”,指一个人。
makes
early to bed and early to rise表达整体概念,谓语使用第三人称单数形式。
wears
先行词是the only one,故定语从句中的谓语使用第三人称单数形式。
4.The number of foreign students attending Chinese universities (be) rising steadily since 2018. 5.The medical expert will communicate with us about how to fight against COVID -19,but when and where (have) not been announced yet. 6.The company has about 20 notebook computers but only two-thirds of them (be) used regularly.
has been
“the number of+名词”作主语时,谓语动词用第三人称单数形式;since 2018提示使用现在完成进行时。
has
when and where指整体概念,谓语使用第三人称单数形式。
are
句中two-thirds of them指“三分之二的笔记本电脑”,故谓语使用复数形式。
7.Neither the Smiths nor their employer (be) to China,but they know the country well. 8.No one in the department but Tom and I (know) that the director is going to resign.
has been
neither...nor连接并列主语,谓语动词要和靠近它的主语一致;表示“去过某地”应使用has been to这一用法。
knows
本句真正的主语是No one,故谓语用第三人称单数形式。
9.It’s always a golden rule that helping your friends (mean) helping yourself. 10.A new survey (show) that three hours of outdoor exercise a week (be) good for one’s health.
means
主语从句中动词-ing形式作主语,表示单一概念,故谓语使用第三人称单数形式。
shows
is
前一个主语是单数名词A new survey,而表示“时间、距离、金钱”概念的复数名词一般作整体看待,故两个谓语均使用第三人称单数形式。
[考点清单]
探考点寻规律◇情态动词◇
1.must/have to★must表示客观上“必须,一定要”;have to强调来自“外界”的义务,即表示“不得不”。★mustn’t用来表示禁止,don’t have to表示没有义务、没有必要做。2.used to/be used to★used to表示“过去常常”,没有人称和数的变化,可以与过去的时间状语连用,其否定形式为usedn’t to 或 didn’t use to,其一般疑问句形式将used 提到主语前或用Did...use to...形式。★be used to多用来表示“习惯于”,to是介词,其后接名词、代词或动词-ing形式。
3.情态动词+be doing表示对现在和将来正在进行的行为进行推测,意为“或许正在,应当正在,想必正在,准是正在”。4.情态动词+have done★can/could have done意为“本来能做某事(而没做)”,表示责备或批评之意。★must have done表示对过去事情的推测,或对现在已完成的事情进行推测,通常只用于肯定句,意为“想必,一定”。否定句中用can’t have done(不可能已经做)。★may/might have done意为“或许已经做”,表示对已发生的动作或存在情况的推测。
★should have done意为“本应该做某事而没做”,shouldn’t have done表示“过去不该做某事但做了”,含有不满或责备之意。★needn’t have done表示“本来没有必要做某事却做了”。★would have done表示“本来会做……”。★be supposed to have done表示“本该做某事而实际上却没有做”。
5.情态动词的特殊句式★cannot help but do表示“不得不”之意。★can’t help doing sth表示“禁不住做某事”。★can’t help (to) do表示“不能帮忙做某事”。★cannot/never...too...表示“无论怎样……都不过分,越……越好”。★may/might as well表示有礼貌的劝告,意为“还是……的好,不妨……”。★if you must...表示不想让某人做某事但也没办法,意为“非要,一定要”。
[考点对练]
单句语法填空1.She is only six years old.However,she speak English as well as French. 2.In Britain,you be 18 if you want to drive a car. 3.As a high school student,you not smoke because it is against the school rules.
can
can表示一般能力。
must
此处表示“年龄必须达到18岁”,故填must。
must
从句意义“吸烟违反校规”暗示:学生绝不可以吸烟,故填must和其后的not连用表示禁止。
4.I’m feeling much better now so you not call in the doctor. 5.This pair of sports shoes belong to Matt.He likes the style a lot. 6.The lights are still on,so the president of the supermarket be in her office.
need
此处表示“没有必要叫医生”,故填need。
must
后一句“He likes the style a lot.”暗示,说话者对此很有把握,故填must。
must
must表示对现在情况的肯定猜测,意为“肯定,必定”。
7.The protective clothing not be Carl’s.It’s much too large for him. 8.You not use your earphone while you are riding your e-bike. 9.There must be no bus at this time of day.It seems that we take a taxi. 10.That madam take no exercise,but now she works out almost every morning.
can
由后一句“It’s much too large for him.”推断:防护服不可能是卡尔的。故填can。
must
mustn’t 表示禁止或不允许,意为“一定不要,绝对不能”。
have to
have to表示受客观条件限制而“不得不”。
used to
used to表示“过去常常、过去曾经”。
[考点清单]
探考点寻规律◇虚拟语气◇
1.虚拟语气在非真实条件句中的应用
2.虚拟条件句的特殊用法★如果条件句中含有were,had,should,可以将if省略,再把were,should,had移到主语之前;如果从句中没有were,should或had,则不能省略if。★but for(要不是),without(要是没有)表示条件,谓语动词要用虚拟语气。3.虚拟语气在从句中的应用★用在主语从句中(1)“It is+necessary/important/strange+that...”句型表示“重要性、必要性、惊讶”时,that从句中谓语使用“should+动词原形”。当表示“重要性、必要性”时,should可省略;当表示“惊讶”时,should不可省略。(2)“It is suggested/advised/ordered/commanded/requested/required/demanded/insisted+that...”表示“建议、命令或请求”时,that从句中谓语使用“(should+)动词原形”。
★用在宾语从句中(1)与现在事实相反时,从句中用“were/一般过去时”;与过去事实相反时,从句中用“过去完成时”;与将来事实相反时,从句中用“would/could/might(不用should)+动词原形”。(2)表示“建议、命令、要求”的词,后面的宾语从句中谓语动词用“(should+)动词原形”。(3)suggest表示“暗示,表明”,insist表示“坚持认为”时,不能用虚拟语气,应根据具体情况确定从句时态。(4)would rather表示“宁愿”时,之后的从句中用一般过去时表示现在或将来的愿望,用过去完成时表示过去的愿望。
★虚拟语气用在表语从句、同位语从句中(1)在与suggestion,advice,order,request,demand有关的表语从句、同位语从句中用“(should+)动词原形”。(2)as if/as though引导的表语从句中,用过去时表示与现在事实相反;用“had+过去分词”表示与过去事实相反;用“would/could/might+动词原形”表示与将来事实相反。★虚拟语气在as if/as though(好像,似乎)引导的方式状语从句中表示与现在事实相反时,从句谓语动词用过去式;表示与过去事实相反时,从句谓语动词用“had+过去分词”;表示与将来事实相反时,从句谓语用“would/could/might+动词原形”。
★虚拟语气用于其他句型中(1)if only句型用虚拟语气表示“要是……多好啊”:与现在事实相反时用一般过去时;与过去事实相反时用“had+过去分词”;与将来事实相反时用“would/could/might+动词原形”。(2)It’s (high) time that...句型表示“早就该……”,谓语动词用过去式。(3)Were it not for...句型意为“要不是……”,表示与现在事实相反的虚拟语气。(4)Had it not been for...句型意为“当时要不是……”,表示与过去事实相反的虚拟语气。
[考点对练]
单句语法填空1.If I (be) you,I would major in medicine when I go to university. 2.If I (know) you were in heavy debt,I might have lent you the needed money.
were
由主句谓语形式可知此句与现在事实相反,故从句中用were。
had known
由主句的谓语形式看出,句子表达的意义与过去事实相反,从句中应使用过去完成时。
3.This position was not so ideal as I had expected.If I (know) that earlier,I would not (accept) it. 4.The hiking was so pleasant that the mother wished she (take) her son with her.
had known
have accepted
由前一句可知,后面的主、从句所表达的意义与过去事实相反,故从句中使用过去完成时,主句中使用would have done结构。
had taken
由前一句的时态看出,that从句表达的内容与过去事实相反,故使用过去完成时。
5.Should the freeway be closed because of the flood,we (fly) to Shenyang tomorrow. 6.It is vital that all the drivers (obey) the traffic rules when they are driving. 7.The expert suggested that the buildings (pull) down so that the flood could run out.
would/should/could fly
由前面的Should the freeway...可知与将来事实相反,故主句用“would/should/could+动词原形”。
(should) obey
It’s vital that...句型中使用“(should+)动词原形”。
(should) be pulled
suggest之后的that从句中谓语形式用“(should+)动词原形”。
8.We all agreed to the guide’s suggestion that we (go) to Yunnan for sightseeing. 9.The new traffic law requires that every driver (have) his car checked every two years. 10.It’s high time that you (give) up e-cigarettes;it is harming your health.
(should) go
suggestion之后的同位语从句中谓语使用“(should+)动词原形”。
(should) have
require后接that从句时,从句中谓语使用“(should+)动词原形”。
gave
It’s high time that...句型中谓语动词使用过去时表示虚拟。
课课练随堂清
语法填空China 1. (build) a high-speed passenger rail network in recent years and 2. (continue) to expand it in the coming years.By the end of 2018,China’s railway mileage (里程) 3. (reach) 131,000 kilometers,of which 29,000 kilometers were high-speed rail.This 4. (account) for two-thirds of the world’s total high-speed rail tracks,making China’s high-speed rail system the world’s largest high-speed rail network.
has built
will continue/is going to continue
had reached
accounted
China’s high-speed trains are similar to those of France’s TGV,German’s ICE and Japan’s Shinkansen.The fast trains with a top speed of 250-350 km/h 5. (call) CRH,China Railway High-speed. If you want to travel around China the high-speed trains 6._____________ (be) your ideal choice since they are clean,comfortable and modern.Unlike on the conventional trains in China,nobody 7. (allow) to smoke on high-speed trains,not even between carriages.
are called
will be
is allowed
The seats are as good as those on the plane or even better.Most high-speed rail tickets have corresponding (对应的) seats,and sometimes only a small number of standing tickets 8. (sell) on limited trains.There’s never a crowd of people sitting in the aisles.The ticket prices for China’s high-speed trains 9. (be) reasonable and,on most routes,the frequency of departure 10. (be) very high,so people can buy tickets conveniently.
are sold
are
is
考点5 非谓语动词
[考点清单]
1.非谓语动词的形式★不定式的形式
★现在分词的形式★过去分词的形式只有一种:done
2.非谓语动词作宾语★下列动词只能接不定式作宾语
★下列动词只能接动名词作宾语
★下列动词接不定式或动名词意思不同remember to do sth记住要做某事remember doing sth记得曾做过某事forget to do sth忘记要做某事forget doing sth忘记曾做过某事regret to do sth遗憾要做某事regret doing sth后悔曾做过某事try to do sth努力做某事try doing sth试着做某事
mean to do sth意图(打算)做某事mean doing sth意味着做某事can’t help (to) do sth不能帮助做某事can’t help doing sth禁不住做某事go on to do sth做完某事后接着做另一件事go on doing sth继续做一直在做的事stop to do sth停下(某事)去做另一件事stop doing sth停止正在做的事
★下列短语只能接动名词作宾语add up to结果是;be equal to等于;devote...to 把……献给;get down to着手处理;look forward to 期待;object to反对;stick to坚持;pay attention to注意;be/get/become used to习惯于
3.非谓语动词作定语★不定式作定语必须放在被修饰词之后,表示尚未进行的主动动作用to do;表示尚未进行的被动动作用to be done。things to deal with要处理的事a meeting to be held将要举行的一场会议★动名词作定语说明其修饰名词的用途、功能等,常置于被修饰词的前面。walking stick拐杖 washing machine洗衣机sleeping pills安眠药 swimming pool游泳池drinking water饮用水 writing course写作课living conditions生活条件 fishing pole钓鱼竿operating room手术室 filling station加油站waiting room候诊室 playing field运动场
★现在分词作定语时说明一个主动、正在进行的动作,单个现在分词作定语时作前置定语;现在分词短语作后置定语,相当于定语从句。a floating boat一艘漂浮着的小船the girl sitting behind me坐在我后面的女孩★过去分词作定语表示被动和完成意义,单个过去分词置于被修饰词前;过去分词短语作后置定语,相当于定语从句。used books用过的书 printed paper印好的试卷a retired teacher退休教师 fallen leaves 落叶a developed country发达国家 boiled water 开水a novel written by a student由一名学生写的小说
4.非谓语动词作宾语补足语★下列动词常接不定式作宾语补足语
★下列动词常接现在分词作宾语补足语
★下列动词常接不带to的不定式作宾语补足语
★下列动词常接过去分词作宾语补足语have,make,get,find,see,notice,watch,hear,feel
5.非谓语动词作状语非谓语动词作状语,其逻辑主语是句子的主语。★不定式作状语表示目的、原因、结果。表示未曾预料的结果时,常在不定式前面加上only。He hurried to the station,only to find the train had left.
★现在分词作状语,现在分词和逻辑主语之间是主动关系。(1)时间状语:Leaving the airport,they waved again and again to us.(When they left the airport,...) (2)原因状语:Believing in my secretary,I left her an important job to do.(Because I believed in my secretary,...) (3)伴随状语或方式状语:He walked down the hill,singing softly to himself.(...,and sang softly to himself.) (4)结果状语:The old scientist died,leaving the project unfinished.(...,so that he left the project unfinished.) (5)条件状语:Staying in the seashore for a time,you will feel fresh.(If you stay in the seashore for a time,...) (6)让步状语:Admitting what she has said,I still think that she has not tried her best.(Although I admit what she has said,...)
★过去分词作状语,过去分词和其逻辑主语之间是被动关系。(1)时间状语:Seen(When it is seen) from the hill,the city looks more beautiful. (2)原因状语:Scolded(Because she was scolded) by the teacher,the girl felt sad. (3)条件状语:Given(If I were given) the chance,I would work in the countryside. (4)伴随或方式状语:The pop star hurried up to her car,followed by her fans. Followed by her fans,the pop star hurried up to her car. The pop star,followed by her fans,hurried up to her car.
6.不定式和动名词作主语★动名词作主语表示一般、抽象、泛指的概念,而不定式表示具体的某一次动作。★不定式作主语时常用形式主语it代替,而动名词作主语时只有在“It is no good/no use...”这一句型中用it作形式主语。It is important to make a good plan for the trip.It is no use talking with him.7.疑问词和不定式连用不定式和疑问词连用常作主语、宾语、表语、同位语等。How to get enough money remains a problem.(主语) The question is how to educate these children.(表语)
8.“名词/代词+非谓语动词”构成的独立主格结构,前后两部分具有逻辑上的主谓关系非谓语动词作状语,其逻辑主语须与主句主语保持一致。若不一致,非谓语动词形式须另带主语,从而构成复合结构的形式作状语。这种结构称为“独立主格结构”,常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。★名词/代词+现在分词(表示主动和正在进行)The girl staring at him (As the girl stared at him),he didn’t know what to say.姑娘两眼望着他,他不知道说什么好。 Time permitting (If time permits),we will go for an outing tomorrow.如果时间允许的话,我们明天去郊游。
★名词/代词+过去分词(表示被动和已完成)The problems solved (As the problems were solved),the quality has been improved.随着问题的解决,质量已经提高了。 Her glasses broken (Because her glasses were broken),she couldn’t see the words on the blackboard.由于眼镜摔坏了,她看不见黑板上的字。 ★名词/代词+不定式(表示将要发生的动作)名词/代词与不定式之间是主动关系,且强调的是一次具体性的动作。He is going to make a model plane,some old parts to help.借助于一些旧零件,他要做一个飞机模型。 They said good-bye to each other,one to go home,the other to go to the bookstore.他们道别后,一个回家,一个去书店。
[考点对练]
单句语法填空1.After completing and signing it,please return the document to us in the envelope (provide). 2.George returned after the mission,only (tell) that his house was washed away by the flood. 3. (praise) by the headmaster,the monitor felt excited and encouraged.
provided
provide与其逻辑主语envelope之间是被动关系,故填过去分词作后置定语。
to be told
由句意可知应使用“only+不定式”表示意料之外的结果。
Praised
praise与其逻辑主语monitor之间为被动关系,应填过去分词。
4. (see) that she was going off to sleep,I asked if she’d like that little doll on her bed. 5.The audience all turned (look) at the online celebrity as she entered the stadium. 6. (drive) by a greater need of money,both Father and Mother have chosen to work harder.
Seeing
see与其逻辑主语I之间是主谓关系,故填现在分词。
to look
此处需填不定式作目的状语。
Driven
此处使用过去分词表示原因,可替换成句子“As they are driven...”。
7.All the doctors and nurses who would fly to Wuhan hurried to the airport, (leave) their dinner untouched. 8.One learns a language by making mistakes and (correct) them again and again. 9. (ask) to work overtime that weekend,we missed a meaningful outing.
leaving
分析句子结构可知,逻辑主语All the doctors and nurses与leave之间为主谓关系,故填现在分词作结果状语。
correcting
由句子结构可知,空格处是一个与making mistakes并列的动名词短语,作介词by的宾语,故填correcting。
Asked
由句子结构可知,空格部分应是非谓语动词作原因状语,再根据逻辑主语we和ask之间的被动关系可知使用过去分词。
10.The opening ceremony, (start) at 8:00 pm last Sunday,was followed by a concert given by staff. 11.With Mother’s Day coming,I have taken some money out of the bank (buy) presents for my mother. 12.I’m calling to enquire about the position (advertise) in yesterday’s China Daily.
starting
分析句子结构可知,空格部分是定语成分,因逻辑主语The opening ceremony和start为主谓关系,故填现在分词。
to buy
此处是作目的状语,应填动词不定式。
advertised
此处作后置定语,position与advertise之间是被动关系,故填过去分词。
13.For my part,that company,though very small,is pleasant (work) in. 14.Do you really consider it any good (memorize) so many grammar points? 15. (keep) up with what is happening in the world,people need to surf the Internet every day.
to work
形容词后常用不定式的主动形式表被动。
memorizing
it is(no) good doing sth为固定句型,句中使用动名词作句子的真正主语。
To keep
前后句之间没有连词,空白处使用非谓语形式,再分析句子结构可知应使用不定式作目的状语。
课课练随堂清
语法填空Hundreds of years ago,a young foreigner 1. (call) Marco Polo travelled all the way from Italy to China.From then on a window to the east has been opened for westerners.It is 764 years since he was born. Two kinds of gold coins once 2. (make) by Europeans showed their respects (尊敬) for the great explorer (探险家). Marco Polo was born in 1254.He lived in Venice,a rich city in Italy.Marco’s father and uncle were businessmen.They had travelled to the east.So when Marco was young,he enjoyed 3. (listen) to the stories about the places 4. (visit) by his father.
His father decided 5. (take) him on a trip.When Marco Polo was just 17,he left his country for China. They were among the first 6. (go) along the Silk Road.They had a lot of trouble in 7. (explore).So it was a hard trip for Marco Polo,but he was very brave. After about four years,Marco met Kublai Khan (忽必烈) who gave him a job.Marco spent 17 years 8. (work) for him.He visited most parts of China.He learnt lots of 9. (interest) things about Chinese life. When he returned home,he let others 10. (know) about things like coal and paper money.He wrote about his trip in a famous book.
1.called 此处使用过去分词作后置定语,意为“名叫……的”,修饰前面的名词foreigner。2.made 由句子结构可知,空格后部分是后置定语,因为coins与make之间是被动关系,故填过去分词。3.listening enjoy doing sth是固定用法,意为“喜欢做某事”。4.visited 此处表达“他父亲到过的地方”,应使用过去分词作后置定语,修饰前面的places。5.to take decide to do sth是固定搭配,意为“决定做某事”。
6.to go 英语中表示“……是最早做某事的人”这一意义时,序数词后应跟不定式。7.exploring have trouble in doing sth是固定短语,意为“做某事有困难”,介词in之后应接动词-ing形式。8.working 句子使用的是“spend time doing sth”这一结构,意思是“做某事花费……时间”。9.interesting 此处表示“令人感兴趣的”事情,因而使用interesting。10.know let sb do sth是固定短语,意为“让某人做某事”。
本课结束
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