4 定语从句-2020-2021学年高中英语语法记忆框架版（精编）

定语从句/关系从句    （The Attributive Clause） 一. 定义定语从句：在句子中起定语作用，修饰句中的名词或代词的从句。先行词：被修饰的名词或代词。结构：名词/代词（先行词）+关系代词/副词+定语从句                  起着连接主从句，指代先行词和在从句中作句子成分的三重作用 二.  关系词引导的定语从句                            who/that：Is he the man who/that wants to see you?                           (在从句中作主语和宾语)先行词为是人的名词或代词   whom：He is the man whom/who/ that I saw yesterday.   (在从句中作宾语)                                whose：They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.                           (在从句中作定语)                        which/that: A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears先行词是事物的名词或代词 (在从句中作主语和宾语)in the countryside.                      The package （which / that）you are carrying is about to fall down.                          whose: Please pass me the book whose （of which the）cover is green.                           (在从句中作定语)                               when: There are occasions when （on which）one must yield.                                 (介词+ which)先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词 where: Beijing is the place where（in which）I was born.     (关系副词在从句中作状语)                              why: Is this the reason why （for which） he refused our offer?  三. 判断关系代词与关系副词1.用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。      2. 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分（主、谓、宾、定、状），也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。   四. 介词+关系代词 Who’s the man with whom you just shook hands? = Who’s the man whom/who/that you just shook hands with?This is the house in which/ where I lived two years ago. 这是我两年前住过的房子。 Do you remember the day on which/ when you joined our club? 还记得你加入我们俱乐部的那一天吗？ The government building          we voted was very grand.The government building          we voted in was very grand.The date          I arrived was the 5th August.The date           he told me was the 5th August.Is this the reason          he was late for?Is this the reason          he was late?The dictionary         you are looking for is on the desk.The sick man         she is looking after is her father.归纳：1.关系代词which/ whom 前介词的选择由先行词的习惯搭配或后半句动词的搭配而决定。2.关系副词when/where/why 代替的先行词分别是时间，地点或原因的名词，并且在定语从句中状语，多数情况下相当于“介词+which”      3.当定语从句中谓语动词是带介词或副词的动词短语时，动词短语不能拆开。      4.介词后面的关系词不能省略。 5.that/who前不能有介词。 五. 限制性和非限制性定语从句 1. 限制性定语从句：是先行词不可缺少的部分，This is the house which we bought last month.去掉它主句意思往往不明确    2. 非限制性定语从句：是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开   说明：关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。  六. as, which引导的非限定性定语从句 　　由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于and this或and that。as（正如）一般放在句首，which（这点）在句中。例如： 　　As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health. 如我们所知，吸烟有害健康。 　　The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us. 太阳使地球暖起来，这对我们人类很重要。   as引导的定语从句     七. 关系代词that 的用法 1）不用that的情况  a） 引导非限定性定语从句时。例如： 　　　               （错）The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here. 　　               b） 介词后不能用。例如： 　　　　      We depend on the land from which we get our food. 我们依赖土地获得食物。 　　　　         We depend on the land that/which we get our food from. 2） 只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况 　　 a）在there be 句型中，只用that，不用which。 　　 b）在不定代词，如：anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时，只用that，不用which。 　　      Is there anything that I can do for you?            All that is needed is a supply of oil. 所需的只是供油问题。     Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police. 那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察c）先行词有the only, the very修饰时，只用that。　 　　     My necklace is not the only thing that is missing.d）先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that。 　　     That is one of the most interesting books that are sold in the bookshop.The first thing that we should do is to get some food.e）先行词既有人，又有物时。例如： 　    The writer and his novel that you have just talked about are really well known.八 定语从句中只用which而不用that情况①当关系代词前有介词时：This is the house of which the windows face south.②引导非限制性定语从句只用which。which可代表先行词或者前句，译成“这一点，这件事”。Tom came back, which made us happy.His dog, which was very old, became ill.③先行词是that, those且指物时，关系词用which。What's that which was bright in the car?④一个句子两个定语从句，为避免重复，一个用that，另一个用which。   Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly open to us. 九. 特殊先行词stage, point, situation, occasion, activity等表示抽象概念的“场合、地步、进程、方面、境地”等“模糊地点”，关系词常用where.   I have come to the point where I can’t stand her arguing any longer.   Geneva has been the stage where many such conferences are held.   Those successful deaf dancers think that dancing is an activity where sight matters more than hearing..十. 使用定语从句应注意的几个问题 1)当先行词是way,表示方式方法时，引导词可用in which或that，并且that可省略。  This is the way in which / (that) I study English. 2)注意区别先行词,引导词。  Is this +名词the one that 从句  Is this the名词+ that从句  Is this school the one that you visited? / where you study?  Is this the school that you visited? / where you study? 3)注意区别定语从句和强调句式。  It is +名词that（which...）(定从)  It is +介词 +名词that从句（强调句）  It is the place（that / which）he was born in. (定从)  It is the place where / in which he was born. (定从)  It is in the place that he was born.（强调句） ★强调句去掉It is/was... that后句子成立,that在句中不充当成分。 4）定语从句的主谓一致  关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的单复形式根据先行词来确定，即先行词为单数，从句谓语动词为单数；先行词为复数，从句谓语动词为复数。  I who am a student must study hard.  He is one of the students who ware late for school.  He is the only one of the students who was late for school.