9 介词-2020-2021学年高中英语语法记忆框架版（精编）

介词
一． 概述
介词是一种用来表示词与词、词与句之间的关系的虚词，在句中不能单独作句子成分。介词后面一般有名词、代词或相当于名词的其他词类，短语或从句作它的宾语。介词和它的宾语构成介词词组，在句中作状语、表语、定语或宾语补足语。介词可分为时间介词、地点介词、方式介词、原因介词和其他介词。
①Nothing in the world could live without air or water. (状语)
②This machine is in good condition. (表语)
③Where is the key to my bike? (定语)
④She always thinks herself above others. （宾补）

二．介词的分类
（1）从用法分类
介词类型
例词
例句
表示方位
at, before, behind, below, etc.
There must be something behind it.
表示时间
about, after, at, before, by, etc.
He came home after 3 days.
表示原因、目的
for, with, from, etc.
He died from cancer.
表示对于
to, for, over, at, with, etc.
The book is really difficult for me.
表示手段、方式
by, in, with, etc.
I will defend the motherland with my life.
表示除去
but, besides, except, etc.
We all went to the supermarket except Tom.
表示比较
as, like, above, over, than, etc.
They united as one man.
表示结果
to, with, without, etc.
Man can’t live without water.

（2）从结构分类
介词分类
构成
例词
简单介词
只有单独一个
词的介词
after, at, on, in, during, since, till, across, over, through, past, near, to, above, by, for, down, from, of, off, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, up, with, about, against, along, among, around, etc.
合成介词
由两个单词
合成的介词
into, inside, onto, outside, throughout, towards, upon, within, without, etc.

短语介词
形容词，分词
或副词+介词
according to, away from, down to, inside of, near to, opposite to, owing to, etc.
连词+介词
as for, as to, because of, etc.

介词+介词(又称双重介词)
from among, from behind, from under, till after, in between, etc.
介词+名词+介词
by means of, in front of, in spite of, on account of, with regard to, etc.
其他
thanks to, etc.


由其他词类转用
分词
concerning, considering, given, including, regarding, etc.
形容词或副词
like, near, opposite, round, next, etc.
连词
than, but(除……之外), etc.
名词
despite(不顾；不管), etc.

三．一些常用介词的基本用法












1.
at
位置、场所、地点]在、于、到、经由
at the seaside; at my uncle's; at Oxford.
at the foot [top] of the mountain; at a distance;
at the end of the street在街头
at the meeting; at the wedding
在某时间:时刻、年节、年龄
at ten o'clock；at (the age of) forty；
at the beginning of the month；at Christmas;
at dawn; at daybreak; at noon ;  at night ;   at midnight
[条件、情况、 状态]在...中, 在...下, 以...方式

at war；at your convenience；at the work;
at your pleasure随你方便, 由你决定
at high pressure在高压下
向, 对(表示动作的方向或目标)

I wish you’d come and look at my drawing.
Old Mr. Smith stared at his youngest son.
为, 对于(表示引起某种情绪的原因)
He looked surprised at seeing us.
He was very angry at losing the game.
表示价格, 数量, 速度等
I had a small room, at a cost of fifteen cents per night.
He sells the cloth at a dollar a meter.
The car is running at its top speed.
在某方面

She is quite clever at drawing.
He is an expert at repairing.
[动作的姿态, 常不译出]以, 用
at a mouthful一口(就吞下) at every step每走一步

词组或固定搭配
at a time一次; not…at all; at all costs不惜一切代价; at any rate不管怎样; at first sight乍一看;
at heart在内心里; at last; at least; at most;
at once马上, 立刻; at present目前, 现在;
at the same time同时;
at the top of one’s voice高声地;
at times有时候, 间或; at work在工作, 起作用;
at worst在最坏情况下





2.
about
关于
What are you talking about ?
I read about it in today’s newspaper.
在…周围, 围绕

There was a white fence about the house.
I went closer, and he put his arms about me.
.在…范围内, 到处

After tea I wandered alone about the town.
He walked for three hours about the London street.
在…附近, 在身边
The streets about the park are very clean.
She likes to have her children about her.
在身上,
Do you have two hundred yuan about you ?
I happen to have a pencil about me.
词组或固定搭配
see about负责处理; set about开始着手做某事
what about; how about; be about


3.
after
(指时间)在…之后
What shall we do after graduation?
After sending that letter I realized how stupid I was.
(指空间)在…后面
He entered the room after his father.
He called after me three or four times.
模仿；依照
Please read after me.
以…命名
The boy was named after his uncle.
词组或固定搭配
after all毕竟, 究竟; after dark天黑之后; be after想得到, 寻求, 追求; go after追求, 设法得到; look after照顾, 照看;
one after another一个接一个地



4.
above
.在…上方
The moon was now above the trees in the east.
The shelf should be six feet above the level of the floor.
在.. .之上, 比…高, 高于, 超过

The temperature was only a degree above zero.
He is a head above me.
Above 200 people were there when the fire broke out.
All children above six years of age must go to school.
词组或固定搭配
above all


5.
across
穿过, 跨过(从一边到另一边)
There is no bridge across the river.
He hurried across the bridge to Waterloo.
在(河, 街等的)另一边

The bus stop is just across the road.
Across the street was a café full of people.
交叉
He sat with his arms across the chest.
在…全境, 在…境内

There are hundreds of such shops across the country.
At one point the railway line goes across the road.
词组或固定搭配
come across偶然碰到

6.
along
表示 “沿着”
They traveled along the west coast.
There are trees all along the river banks.



7.
against
表示反对关系
Many of the students are against the plan.
.(表位置)靠着, 顶着, 迎着, 衬着
The piano stood against the wall.
He could hear the rain pattering against the windows.
The trees were black against the morning sky.
He struck her head against the branch of a tree.
预防, 防备, 准备…时用
We are all taking medicine against the disease.
They bought some warm clothes against the cold winter.
We have to save some money against old age.
表示对比关系
He was elected by a majority of 20 votes against 10.
词组或固定搭配
against one’s will违反自己的意愿; go against违反, 不利于

8.
among
在…中间,
The great leader prefers to live among the working people.
Divide the money among the six of you.
The town lies among the mountains.
在…当中, 是…中间的一个
Shelley is among the world’s greatest poets.
Paris is among the largest cities in the world.
(和反身代词等连用)相互间, 共同, 一起
The three boys discussed the matter among themselves.
Among them, they collected over a hundred pounds.


9.
aroud
在…的周围
There was a fence around the yard.
环绕
They walked around the town.
大约，左右
around 20 people 大约20人
come around four 大约在4点钟来
There are around 80 pyramids in Egypt.



10.
before
在…前面
He sat before the fire to warm herself.
I will not have you talking that way before the children.
在…以前
It began to rain just before midnight.
He had come to Europe before the outbreak of the war.
He waited a little while before making up his mind.
Before entering, Holmes made an examination of the door.
词组或固定搭配
before long不久; long before;before ( one’s ) time提前, 早到



11.
behind
在…后面, 到…后面

There is a garden behind the house.
The dog was running behind its master’s bicycle.
He was behind the others in ability.
比…晚
New York is twelve hours behind Peking in time.
He arrived at the office ten minutes behind me.
词组和固定搭配
behind the times过时, 跟不上时代; behind time晚了, 晚点

12.
below
在…以下, 在…下面
The temperature is below freezing.
Miners work below the surface of the earth.


13.
beside
在…旁边
He was sitting beside her.
The house is beside the river.
besides
除了
I think there are nine pounds left, besides come pennies.
Twelve students passed the exam besides Jim.

14.
between
在两者之间
They planted a lot of trees between the two buildings.
I’m usually free between Tuesday and Thursday.
在（三者以上的人或事物）中，两两相互间，共同一起
Switzerland lies between France，Italy，Austria and Germany.
Can you tell the difference between gases, solids and liquids?



15.
beyond
在…之外, 在…的那一边(更远处)
The house is beyond the bridge.
The sun sets beyond the distant hills.
超出(能力, 范围等)

The noisy child is beyond her control.
To do this was quite beyond my ability.
This is much too expensive beyond my income.
超过
I shall not stay beyond half an hour.
There weren’t beyond twenty people present.
到…以后, 比…晚
Don’t stay there beyond midnight.
He never sees beyond the present.




16
but
表示 “除去, 除开”, 多和nothing, not anything, nobody, nowhere, who, all等连用, 可以接名词, 代词, 介词短语, 形容词, 不定式等
I never saw him reading anything but newspaper.
Everyone has knows it but you.
Put it anywhere but on the floor.
She looks anything but well.
We had no choice but to wait.
He did nothing but sleep.
词组和固定搭配: but for…要不是…(句子谓语多用虚拟语气)
But for the rain we should have had a pleasant journey.
But for his help, I would not have finished the work in time.










17.
by
在…旁边, 从…旁边(经过)
I put the vase back on the table by the window.
He walked by the others without looking at them.
通过, 经由, 取道
He rose quickly and went out by another door.
I shall return possibly by Dublin.
在(某时)前, 到…时为止
By last Friday we had stayed here for more than ten days.
By next Friday I will have finished the work.
表示动作的执行者
Are all these good made by machine?
He was punished by the teacher for being late.
表示手段或方式, 可译为 “通过…, 用…, 以…, 按照…”
It is nine o’clock by my watch.
By helping them we are helping to save ourselves.
He taught himself to play the violin by practising all night.
表示工具
I returned to town by train.
She called him up by telephone to thank him.
表示尺寸, 距离等, 相当于 “乘以”
I want a piece of paper 3 inches by 5 inches.
This room is forty feet by twenty.

和seize, take, hold等动词连用, 说明接触身体的哪一部分
She seized the child by the collar.
He came forward and shook me by the hand.
The man grabbed him by the arm.
(指数量)按…计算
These cigarettes are sold by weight.
Sugar is sold by the pound, and petrol by the gallon.
.表示数量增减或差别的程度
We lost the match by one goal.
He is older by five years than John.
词组和固定搭配
by accident偶然地; by chance偶然地, 碰巧;
by means of借助于, 靠; by mistake出于误会, 弄错了; by oneself单独地, 独立地; by the way顺便说;
by turns轮流; learn by heart记熟;
one by one一个接一个地; little by little一点点地;
side by side并肩地, 并排地;
18
down
沿着…向下
Together we walked down the stairs.
The boats sail up and down the river.
沿着…
I was walking down the street when he called me from behind.
They walked down the path for half an hour before they got to the lake.

19.
during
在一段时间内, 在某时期内
He swims every day during the summer.
Not a word did they say during the meal.
He kept silent all the time during the discussion.


20.
except
除去, 除了. 可以接名词, 代词, 介词短语, 不定式, 从句

Everybody is against the plan except you.
We go there every day except Sunday.
He seldom went anywhere except to his office.
It had no effect except to make him angry.
This suit fits me well except that the trousers are too long.
He never came to see me except when he was in trouble.
except for
主要用来谈论不同类的东西，在说明情况后作细节上的修正，有时含有惋惜之意。
We had a pleasant time, except for the weather.
The room is almost empty except for a chair.





21.
for
为了
He had an operation for a heart disease.
They went for a holiday by the Black Sea.
因为, 由于
France is famous for its wines.
I am ashamed of myself for not having written a letter to you.
对于
You are too old for the kind of work you are doing.
He had much respect for Mr. Smith.
供…用的, 给…的
Do you have a seat for me ?
There is no more room for such a bag at the back of the car.
就…来说, 作为…来说
The weather was very cold for the time of the year.
For so young a man he has experienced so much.
表示买卖或交换关系
Nobody is willing to work for nothing.
I sold the house for 100 dollars.
作为(意思接近as)
Most of the rooms of this building are used for offices.
Do you take me for a fool?
前往(某目的地)
I will leave for Shanghai tomorrow.
He is to start for San Fancisco in couple of days.
表示时间长度或距离
For five years Smith had lived alone at Danvers Street.
For miles and mile you see nothing but trees.
赞成, 主张, 支持
Most people in the town are for the plan of the government.


词组或固定搭配
for certain / sure肯定地, 确切地, 有把握地; for fear of唯恐, 担心; for oneself为自己, 替自己; for sale供出售;
for short简称; for the purpose of为…的目的;
for the moment一时间, 暂时; for the present就现在来说, 暂时; for the time being暂时;




22.
from
从…, 由…, 来自…, 从…来
The sound came from the kitchen.
Lunch is from eleven to two.
Someone from the police station wants to see you.
离…(有多远)
The town is sixty miles from London
It is only a few steps from here to the post office.
由于, 因…
We are all weak from hunger now.
I have got dark rings under my eyes from lack of sleep.
(阻止)使不做某事, (保护)使不受…(之害)
Stop the boy from destroying the flowers.
There was nothing to prevent her from going back to London.
和…(不同), 和…(有区别)
He is quite different from his brother in character.
Can you tell one twin from the other?
从…(判断), 根据…
From his appearance, you wouldn’t think he was old.
From what John told me, they’re very rich.


词组和固定搭配
from bad to worse 越来越糟, 每况愈下;
from beginning to end从头至尾;
from head to foot 从头到脚, 全身;
from morning till night从早到晚;
from now on 从现在起; from then on从那时起;
from the bottom of one’s heart打心眼里, 衷心地;
from time to time不时地; from top to bottom整个地, 彻底地





23.
in
在…(某时间或空间)里
Her mother was always in her mind.
An hour in the morning is worth two in the evening.
在(一段时间)之后, 与将来时连用
I will come round in a day or two.
She is going up to London in three days’ time.
处于某种状态之中
They are now in a painful situation.
The tigers are in danger.
He was obviously in good health.
in tears; in a bad temper; in surprise; in a hurry
有某种特征, 性质等
These kinds of products are in great demand.
The chairs were in the newest style.
表示穿着
She is in a white coat today.
She was dressed in white like a nurse.
表示动作正在进行
The meeting was in progress at that time.
He was in conversation with the manager when I called.
在…方面, 在…上
They had no difficulty in finding his house.
He was active in taking part in the activity.
In some things you must trust your elders.
用…, 以…
He told us about his idea in simple English.
A message was written in pencil on the door.
在…过程中, 在…时

In doing we learn.
He fell into despair in doing so.




词组和固定搭配
in advance事前, 在前头; in all总共, 总的说来;
in any case不管怎样; in case of…要是, 如果, 以防;
in detail 详细地; in general 一般地说;
in one’s opinion在…看来; in other words换言之;
in person亲自, 本人; in public 公开地;
in short / in a word总之; in spite of 尽管;
in the course of在…过程中; in the end 最后;
in the least一点儿; in the meantime与此同时;
in time及时地; in turn 轮流;




24.
into
进入, 到里面
Come into town with me and hear a concert.
A look of joy came into his eyes.
(时间)持续到, 进行到
They discussed their plan all day and far into the night.
The war lasted into this century.
(表示状态的改变)成为
When it is boiled, water changes into steam.
Can you translate the letter into English for me ?

进入(某种状态)
All the children burst into laughter.
She burst into tears when she heard the news.
分为(若干块, 份等)
The dish broke into many pieces.
The cake is divided into three parts.
固定搭配
look into了解, 调查; run into遇到; 撞上;

25.
like
像
Bobby and I are like brothers.
You are just like what I expected.
The pen doesn’t look like mine.
固定搭配
feel like想要







26.
of
表示所有关系, 即 “…的”
I am an old friend of his father.
This is a custom of the country.
表示人或物的特征
The work I am doing is of much value.
It is of no use to talk to him about it.
They were both of middle height.
和某些动词连用, 意思接近about
They began to talk of Paris.
He told his parents of what he had been doing.
和某些形容词连用, 表示 “对于, 因为”
What are you afraid of ?
be tired of ; be proud of; be ashamed of;
表示数量或种类
I am going to buy a packet of cigarettes.
There are millions of flowers in the park.
和一名词连用, 表示同位关系
The city of Shanghai lies at the mouth of the Yangtze River.
He was at the town of Holborn.
和某些动词连用, 表示 “使失掉, 摆脱掉”这类意思
I was robbed of my watch on the way home.
No medicine can cure him of the disease.

词组和固定搭配
be made of由…制成; die of死于;
of one’s own will自愿地, 主动地;
think much of认为好, 评价高



27.
off
.从…上下来, 脱离…
The man jumped off the horse.
She was knocked off the bike in the street.
不在…上面

Green peas is now off the menu.
The ship was blown off its course.
在离…不远处
They lived in a little house off Harbor Street.
There is a petrol station just off the main road.
词组和固定搭配
off balance失去平衡; off duty不上班, 下班








28.
on
在…上
The boat was floating on the water.
Her apartment is on the 14th floor.
在(一段时间)
I plan to leave London on the evening of the 19th.
A party was held on New Year’s Eve.
在…时, 在…之后(此动作一发生, 另一动作立即发生, 相当于as soon as)
I shall write to him on hearing from him.
On his stepping out of the taxi he was seized by two men.
表示在做某事或去做某事
He had come on a visit to England.
The manager is now on holiday.
说明状态, 处境等
The workers are on strike.
Now I am on a rather difficult piece of work.
关于..., 对…, 就…
The editor asked me to write on unemployment.
Have you read the book on the birds of the world ?
靠…(生活等), 用…(喂等)
He finds it difficult to live on his salary.
He went around the world on the money his aunt gave him.
对于…
Don’t be hard on the child.
His father had a great influence on his career.
词组和固定搭配
on one’s own独立地; on the left / right在左边/右边; on time准时




29.
over
在…上方, 从…上方(经过)
A lamp was hanging over the table.
The airplane flew over the house.
(紧帖着)在…上面
Spread a cloth over the table.
He folded his arms over his chest.
从…上面(越过, 跳过等)
If we can’t go over the mountain we must go around it.
The cat jumped over the table and landed safely.
在(某问题)上, 对于(某事)
We quarreled a lot over politics.
It is no use crying over spilt milk.
经过(一段时间), 过完(一段时间)
Great progress has been made over the past ten years.
You had better stay over Tom’s birthday.
超过, 比…多
The population of this town is over two million.
He stayed in London for over a month.



30.
past
从(旁)经过
John threw the ball past the catcher.
He slowly walked past the house.
(时间)过去, 过后
It is a quarter past three.
She is a woman far past her youth.
超过, 比…多, 比…更远
The hospital is about a mile past the school.
John was past eighteen when his father passed away.



31.
round
在周围, 向周围, 环绕, 围绕
Tie the belt round your waist.
The spaceship traveled round the earth in 40 minutes.
在…一带(无一定方向)
I walked round the centre of the town after supper.
Let me show you round the house.
大约…, 在…前后, 在…左右
I suggest that we go to Beijing round Christmas.
They arrived round 5 o’clock.
绕过, 在…背后
They had to drive round the fallen tree.
The car is round the back of the house.
词组和固定搭配
all round到处; round the clock昼夜不停地;
round the corner在拐弯处



32.
through
从…中通过, 穿过
The sunlight was coming in through the window.
She led the soldiers through the forest.
We walked through the village.
在(整段时间)中, 一直到
He worked through the night.
I will be there on holiday through August.
经受, 经历
He had been through hard times when he was forty.
He has been through a long illness.
(表示方式, 途径, 手段)通过
He became rich through hard work and ability.
We heard about it through some friends.
(表原因)由于, 因为…的关系
He became ill through eating too much.
He lost his job through his own stupidity.
从头到尾, 贯穿, 遍及
The news spread through the crowd.
She read through the magazine very quickly.
词组和固定搭配
get through通过, 度过; go through经历; 检查, 查看; look through浏览, 匆匆看







33.
to
到(某处, 某时或某程度), 向(某方向)
Kurt has never been to Paris before.
I didn’t stay to the end of the meeting.
(表示动作对象)对, 向, 给
Give my love to John and the children.
Did you ever mention this to him?
对于…, 对…来说
He is always polite to people.
None of the thing you said is new to me.
使变成或进入某状况
He tore the letter to pieces.
The man was kicked to death by the wild horse.
表示对比关系)和…相比
Compared to his sister, she isn’t pretty.
We won the game by three goals to two.
表示所属关系
Have you got the key to this lock?
Have you found the answer to the question?
挨近, 靠近, 贴近
He raised the cup to his lips.
He put his ear to the door.
合着(音乐)
They were dancing to the music for a whole night.
He sang to his guitar.

词组和固定搭配
amount to合计; devote…to…把…用于…;
drink to为…干杯; face to face面对面地;
o one’s feet站起身, 跳起身; to one’s surprise令某人惊奇的是; to the contrary相反;
to the point中肯, 切中要害



34.
towards
向(某方向), 朝着
The stranger came towards me.
The house faces towards the hills.
向(某个目标), 为了(某目的)
He is taking courses towards a doctor’s degree.
They are saving towards a new house.
对于(某人或某事)
I can’t feel angry towards him; I like him too much.
His attitude towards his son is very strange.
快到(某时间或年龄)
There was a storm towards evening.
He must be getting on towards fifty.


35.
under
在..下面
Edna sat very still under the trees.
He had a picture book under his arm.
在…(管辖, 照顾等)之下
Nearly fifty workers are working under the manager.
We learned a great deal under his teaching.
不到, 少于
All the children here are under seven.
Under 100 people are present for the show.
在…的过程中, 正在经受
I can’t use my office at present; it is under repair.
The subject is under discussion.
根据(协议, 法律等)
Under this agreement, he is permitted to return to his own country.
The soldiers acted under orders.

词组和固定搭配
under…conditions在…情况下; under the care of…在…的照顾下; under the influence受到影响



36.
up
沿着…向上
The bus climbed steadily up the road.
The cat climbed up the tree.
在某一高处或较高地方
There was a workman up the ladder when it fell.
His office is up the stairs.
The cat is up the tree.
词组和固定搭配
up and down来回







37.
with
和…
My parents are living with me now.
I saw you with him the other night at the Opera.
在身边
By all means take your daughter with you.
I am sorry I haven’t any money with me.
对…
The nurse is very patient with me.
Be careful with the glass.
用…, 以…
You can’t wish to kill all your birds with one stone.
He was received with open arms.
因为, 由于…
Her eyes shone with pleasure.
The poor man was trembling with fear.
有, 带有
Do you know the gentleman with glasses ?
It is a country with many big cities.
表示状态, 境况等
They are working with great courage.
He looked around her with surprise.
I found him lying on his bed with all his clothes on.
.就…来说
With some people, pleasure is more important than work.
Everything is getting on well with me.
随着…
The feeling had deepened with the passing of the years.
Temperature changes with the time of the year.
.同意, 赞成, 支持
We are with you in theory.
Are you with me in thinking the plan is a good one ?


38.
within
在…以内(里面)
All was quiet within the house.
The farmhouse is within five miles from here.
在(一段时间)内
The roof should be repaired within two days.
在…内心里
He could feel deep disappointment within him.

词组和固定搭配
within limits在...限度内; with reach够得着, 能得到



39.
without
没有, 不
Without a word he left the room.
He looked at me without expression.
She oughtn’t to go off like that without telling me.

工具、手段、方式介词

（1） by, in, on三词都可表示旅行的方式

不涉及交通工具的名词时用by，名词前不加冠词。
by sea, by water, by land, by rail, by air
涉及交通工具的名词时用by，名词须用单数形式，前面不加冠词或任何修饰语。
by bike, by taxi, by plane, by ship/boat, by train,
by spaceship
当旅行方式涉及确定特指的交通工具时，用on或in，名词前加冠词、物主代词、指示代词等修饰语。
ravel to New York in this plane，leave on an early train，go to school on my bike
步行、骑马、骑骆驼均用on。
on foot，on horseback，on a horse，on the camel

（2） with, by, in三词均意为“用”，表示行为的工具、手段或方式。

with用于有形的工具或身体某些器官之前，其后的名词多被冠词、物主代词等修饰。
They are digging with a pick/spade.
We see with our eyes, hear with our ears, and walk with our legs.
by, in, on, over, through等介词多用于无形的工具或方式手段之前。
by hand, in ink, on the telephone, over the radio, through the telescope
使用语言、原料、材料时，用in表示，
in English/Japanese；in blue ink
用……方法/式
in this/that/the same way，by means of，
by this/that means，with this/that method

of+抽象名词的用法

“of+抽象名词”的用法与形容词相同，在句中可作表语、定语、补语。
of + great/much +抽象名词
=very+名词的形容词形式

It is of great value. =It is very valuable.
The camel is of great help to the Arab.
＝The camel is very helpful to the Arab.
of +no+抽象名词
=not+名词的形容词形式
It is of no use. =It is useless.