2 代词-2020-2021学年高中英语语法记忆框架版（精编）
展开代词 （框架记忆版）
一．定义
代词是代替名词及起名词作用的短语或句子的词。
二．代词可以分为以下七大类：
1 | 人称代词 | 主格 | I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they |
宾格 | me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them | ||
2 | 物主代词 | 形容词性 | my, your, his, her, its, our, their |
名词性 | mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs | ||
3 | 反身代词 | myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves | |
4 | 指示代词 | this, that, these, those, such, same | |
5 | 疑问代词 | who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever | |
6 | 关系代词 | that, which, who, whom, whose, as | |
7 | 不定代词 | one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a little | |
other/ another, all/ both, neither/ either | |||
三．人称代词
1. 主格与宾语
主格 | I | you | he | she | it | we | you | they | 做主语 |
宾格 | me | you | him | her | it | us | you | them | 做动词、介词的宾语 |
意义 | 我 | 你 | 他 | 她 | 它 | 我们 | 你们 | 他们 |
|
①.在口语中，若省略谓语及其他成分的短句中，人称代词宾格可用作主语。
“He has read the novel.” “Me too.”
宾格代替主格 a.在简短对话中，当人称代词单独使用或在not 后，多用宾语。
②人称代词之 ---- Have more wine? ---- Not me.
主、宾格的替换 b.在表示比较的非正式的文体中，常用宾格代替主格。 但如果比较状语的谓语保留，则主语只能用主格。
He is taller than I/me. He is taller than I am.
在介词but，except 后，有时可用主格代替宾格。
主格代替宾格 在电话用语中常用主格。---- I wish to speak to Mary.
---- This is she.
注意：在动词be 或to be 后的人称代词视其前面的名词或代词而定。
I thought it was she.我以为是她。（主格----主格） I thought it to be her. （宾格----宾格）
I was taken to be she.我被当成了她。（主格----主格） They took me to be her. （宾格----宾格）
对于单数人称代词，按“二三一”的顺序排列
You, he and I must obey the rules.
③人称代词的排列顺序 对于复数人称代词，按“一二三”的顺序排列。
We, you and they should stay here.
两个或两个以上 若要承担责任或过失时，则通常将第一人称放在前面。
的人称代词并列使用时 It was I and Tom who were late.
表示男女的代词并排使用时，通常是先男后女。
Nobody likes such things except him and her.
④指代国家、城市、地球、船舶、(雌性)动物，婴儿等时，一般用代词 it，但也可用she / her(带感情色彩)。 My car’s not fast, but she does 50 miles to the gallon.
⑤当上文提到的人的性别不明时，一般用 he / him 来指代。Whoever told you that, he was lying.
If a person had so much money, he would do it in another way.
⑥代词we, you, they, one 有时可用于泛指一般人。We [You/one] ought to obey the law.
附：对于 anybody, everybody, nobody, anyone, someone, everyone, no one 这类性别不明的不定代词，它们可用单数 he, him 指代，也可用复数 they, them指代，用单数较正式，用复数较口语化。
If anybody [anyone] comes, ask him [them] to wait. 要是有人来，让他等着。
四．物主代词
1. 两种物主代词
物主代词有形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词两种。形容词性物主代词就相当于一个形容词，在句子中只能做句子的定语，对名词进行修饰和限制；而名词性物主代词则相当于一个名词，在句子中可做主语、宾语、和表语。形式如下表：
形容词性 | my | your | his | her | its | our | your | their |
名词性 | mine | yours | his | hers | its | ours | yours | theirs |
意思 | 我的 | 你的 | 他的 | 她的 | 它的 | 我们的 | 你们的 | 他们的 |
【说明】从意义上说，名词性物主代词相当于“形容词物主代词+名词”
Your English is better than my English. = Your English is better than mine.
2. 使用物主代词的易错点
英汉两种语言在使用物主代词有一定差异，把笔拿出来---- Bring out your pen.（your 不可省略）
他教我们的数学 → He teaches us maths. （us 不可改为 our; 双宾结构）
有时，汉语中用物主代词，而英语中却要用定冠词。He hit her in the face. ( the 不宜改为 her)
do one’s best 尽力 try one’s best 尽力 earn one’s bread 维持生活
英语中有许多习惯用语 hold one’s breath 屏息 eat one’s words 收回前言
要用物主代词。 in one’s best 穿着节日盛装 to one’s surprise
【说明】有的习语用不用物主代词均可，且意义相同，如 save (one’s) face(挽回面子)；
而有的习语用不用物主代词均可，但意义不同，如 lose heart(灰心)与 lose one’s heart(倾心于)。
五. 反身代词
| 所作成分 | 例句 | |
1 | 宾语 | 动宾 | enjoy/lose/behave/dress/devote/seat oneself; help oneself to… |
介宾 | by oneself; of oneself | ||
2 | 表语 | She is not quite herself today. （be oneself: 身心自在） | |
3 | 同位语 | I myself can repair the bike. The table itself has only three legs. | |
注：反身代词不用作主语；用于 be, feel, seem, look 等后作表语表示身体或精神处于正常状态。如：
I'll be myself again in no time. 我一会儿就会好的。
I’m not quite myself these days. 我近来身体不大舒服。
六. 指示代词
指示说明近处或者远处、上文或者下文、以前或者现在的人或事物。
单数 | 复数 | 含义 |
this(这个) | these(这些) | 指较近的人和物 |
that(那个) | those(那些) | 指较远的人和物,或上文出现的名词 |
such (这样的人/物) | 指上文提过的人和物 | |
same (同样的人/物) | 指和上文提过的相同的人和物，与the连用 | |
it (这人/这物) | 指不太清楚是谁或者是什么时，或同一物 | |
(1) 若回指上文提到的事情，可用that或this，但要指下文叙述的事情时，则通常只用 this。
He married one of his students, and this [that] was known to us all.
Listen to this: the man is not a professor but a cheat.
（2）在打电话时，通常用 this 指自己，用that指对方。
---Who is that speaking? ---- This is Mary speaking.
(3) this和that 可作程度副词，相当于so，用来修饰形容词或副词。Is the problem that easy?
The fish I caught was this big.
七. 相互代词的用法
英语的相互代词只有each other和one another，它们在句中通常只用作宾语，不能用作主语或状语等。 Students should help one another.
We had known each other for many years.
注：相互代词可以有所有格形式(each other’s, one another’s)。
They often stay in one another's house.
八．不定代词
代替或修饰不特指的人或事物的代词叫不定代词。
可数 | one, each, many, both, another, either, neither, (a) few |
不可数 | much, (a) little |
可数不可数 | none, any, other, all, some |
复合不定代词 | anyone, anybody, anything; someone, somebody, something; everyone, everybody, everything; nobody, nothing |
it，one, ones, the one, the ones, that和those
1. one 用来替代前面出现的单数名词，是泛指概念相当于a/an +单数名词；
2. ones用来替代前面出现的复数名词，
3. the ones 用来代替前面的特指的复数名词，有时可用those代替（尤其在有后置定语的情况下）。
4. that 用来替代前面出现的特指的单数可数名词或特指的不可数名词，相当于the +单数/不可数名词
5. it意为“它”，特指前面提到过的同一人或者物。
Mr. Zhang gave me a very valuable present, one ( a present ) that I have never seen.
Mr. Zhang gave me many valuable presents, ones ( = many presents ) that I have never seen.
The book on the desk is better than that / the one under the desk.
The books on the desk are better than those / the ones under the desk.
I like this house with a beautiful garden in front，but I don’t have enough money to buy it.
some与any
1.some多用于肯定句，any多用于疑问句和否定句。 I have some questions to ask.
Have you any bookmarks? No, I don’t have any bookmarks.
2. some可用于疑问句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答复，或者表示建议，请求等。
Would you like some bananas? Could you give me some money?
3.some 和any修饰可数名词单数时，some表示某个，any表示任何一个。
I have read this article in some magazine. Please correct the mistakes, if any.
4. some和数词连用表示“大约”，any可与比较级连用表示程度。
There are some 3,000 students in this school. Do you feel any better today?
other，the other，another，others的用法比较
不定代词 | 用法 | 例句 |
the other， other | the other（+单数可数名词），特指两个人或物中的“另一个”； “另外的……”。other不能单独使用，other + cn.复数，表示泛指意义。 | There are two pens on the table. One is blue，the other is red. This is one of your shoes. Where is the other one？ There are other ways to do this experiment.
|
another | another+单数可数名词：（三人以上）又一，再一；another+基数词＋复数名词= 基数+more +复数名词：另外，再多。 | I don’t like this one. Please show me another. I’ll give you another example. Please give me another ten minutes. = ten more minutes |
others | 可以指人或物；泛指：others （代）=other（形容词） + 复数名词；常用：some…others; 特指：the others(代) = the other+复数名词 | Some people like to stay at home on Sunday，but others like to go to the cinema. |
all，both，either，neither，none的用法比较
不定代词 | 用法 | 例句 |
all | 表示“(三者或三者以上)都”，指人或所有的物，看作复数；指抽象的概念，作“一切”讲，看作单数。 | All are happy to hear the news. All goes well.一切顺利。 All I want is peace and quiet. |
both | 表示“(两者)都”。 | Both of them like popular songs. |
either | 表示“(两者中)任何一者”。 | There are shops on either side/both sides of the street. |
neither | 表示“(两者)都不”。 | Neither of them is wrong. (=not either/either…not) |
none | 表示“(三者或三者以上)都不”。 | They were all very tired，but none of them would stop to take a rest. |
附：not + all/everything/everybody/everyone/ both 表部分否定，not的位置也可放后面
All the birds can’t fly.= Not all the birds can fly. (并非所有……)
none，nothing，nobody，no one的比较
不定代词 | 用法 | 例句 |
none | none既可指人，也可指物，后面可接of短语，一般用来回答how many，how much和which的提问。 | None of these letters have been opened yet. I need some money but there is none at hand. ---How many books are there in the box?—None. ---How much money do you have? ---None. |
nothing | nothing只指事物，后面不能接of短语，用来回答what的提问。 | I have nothing particular to do. ---What is in the box? ---Nothing. |
no one/nobody | no one和nobody只指人不指物，其后不接of短语，一般回答who的提问。 | No one knows the secret.没有人知道这个秘密。 —Who has failed in the exam？谁考试不及格？ —No one.没有人不及格。 |
each和every
1. each 强调个体，指两者或两者以上的人或物，在句子中可用作主语、宾语和同位语，也可做定语(修饰单数可数名词)
every强调全体，只能指三者或三者以上的人或物，在句子中只能做定语，修饰单数可数名词。
2. 两个用 and 连接的名词若受each或every修饰且用作主语时，其谓语依然用单数。each 用于复数主语后作同位语，后面的谓语用复数.The students each have a dictionary.
Every [Each] boy and girl has one.
3. every 后接“数字或few +名词”可表示“每……”，而 each 一般不这样用。
He comes home every two weeks.（=every other/second week）
every three weeks=every third week
She visits her parents every few days.
4. every 可受 almost, nearly 等副词的修饰，但 each 却不能。
Almost every student has read the book..
few 和 a few
1. few 形式上肯定，意义上是否定，其意为“很少”、“几乎没有”；a few 表示肯定意义，其意为“几个”、“一些”。两者都必须修饰或代替复数可数名词，在句子中可用作主语、宾语、定语等。Few apples remained on the tree. A few apples remained on the tree.
2. few前若使用了定冠词、物主代词或其他限定词，则不表否定意义。
Her few possessions were sold after her death. Some few of the survivors are still living.
3. quite a few = many ; in the last/past few days.
little 和a little
1.little 形式上肯定而意义上是否定，其意为“很少”、“几乎没有”；a little表示肯定意义，其意为“一些”、“一点”。两者均只用于修饰不可数名词，在句子中可做主语、宾语、定语及状语等。
They have little spare time, do they? They have a little spare time, don’t they?
2. a little=a little bit=少许，少量的；not a little 不少的，相当多的
3. (of) + un.
a little +adj./adv. / adj.er/adv.er not a bit = not at all 一点也不
of +un. (of 不可省) not a little = much / very 很，非常
a bit+ +adj./adv.
of un. not a bit tired
a little bit + adj./ adv. not a little tired
much 和many
1. much 修饰或指代不可数名词，many修饰或指代可数名词(复数)。
2. a great many 许多(后接可数名词的复数)。
3. many a 后接单数可数名词，相于many后接复数名词，如 many a time=many times(许多次)。
复合不定代词
1. 含some的复合不定代词与含any的复合不定代词的区别与some和any的区别相似。
2. 复合代词后习惯上不接表示范围的of 短语，但分开写的any one, every one 等却可以接 of 短语。 Every one of us agrees to stay.
3. 修饰复合不定代词的形容词必须置于其后。Has anything special happened?
4. 指代something, anything, nothing, everything等指事的复合不定代词 it，不用 they；指代someone, anyone, everyone, somebody, somebody, anybody, nobody 等指人的复合不定代词时可用单数 he, him, his(较正式)也可用复数 they, them, their(非正式)。
Everything went according to plan, didn’t it?
Someone has left his [their] umbrella here.
someone (= somebody)与anyone (= anybody) 有时指：重要人物，要员。
疑问代词
- 疑问代词即指who, whom, whose, which, what等 What did she say?
用于引出特殊疑问句的代词。 Which are our seats?
2. which: 1.用在选择的范围较明确时。2.其后一般不接 else，却常与表特定范围的of短语连用
what: 1.用在选择的范围不明确时。2.可以跟 else；却通常不跟表示特定范围的of 短语。
Who (What) else did you see there? Which of the three girls is the oldest?
