10 句子成分-2020-2021学年高中英语语法记忆框架版（精编）
展开句子成分；简单句和并列句 （框架记忆版）
一、句子成分
（一）句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。
（二）主语：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如：
During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.（名词）
We often speak English in class.（代词）
One-third of the students in this class are girls.（数词）
To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式）
Smoking does harm to the health.（动名词）
The rich should help the poor.（名词化的形容词）
When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主语从句）
It is necessary to master a foreign language.（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）
（三）谓语：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：
1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：He practices running every morning.
2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。
如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold.
（2）由系动词加表语构成。如：We are students.
（四）表语：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。例如：
Our teacher of English is an American.（名词）
Is it yours?（代词）
The weather has turned cold.（形容词）
The speech is exciting.（分词）
Three times seven is twenty one?（数词）
His job is to teach English.（不定式）
His hobby（爱好）is playing football.（动名词）
The machine must be out of order.（介词短语）
Time is up. The class is over.（副词）
The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句）
（五）宾语：宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如：
They went to see an exhibition（展览）yesterday.（名词）
The heavy rain prevented me form coming to school on time.（代词）
How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（数词）
They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名词化形容词）
He pretended not to see me.（不定式短语）
I enjoy listening to popular music.（动名词短语）
I think（that）he is fit for his office.（宾语从句）
宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lend me your dictionary, please.（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：They elected him their monitor.
（六）宾语补足语：英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等+宾语+宾补）。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：
His father named him Dongming.（名词）
They painted their boat white.（形容词）
Let the fresh air in.（副词）
You mustn’t force him to lend his money to you.（不定式短语）
We saw her entering the room.（现在分词）
We found everything in the lab in good order.（介词短语）
We will soon make our city what your city is now.（从句）
（七）定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下等成分表示：
Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词）
China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分词）
There are thirty women teachers is our school.（名词）
His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代词）
Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短语）
The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（动名词）
He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介词短语）
（八）状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。可由以下形式表示：
Light travels most quickly.（副词及副词性词组）
He has lived in the city for ten years.（介词短语）
He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（不定式短语）
He is in the room making a model plane.（分词短语）
Wait a minute.（名词）
Once you begin, you must continue.（状语从句）
状语种类如下：
How about meeting again at six? （时间状语）
Last night she didn’t go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因状语）
I shall go there if it doesn’t rain.（条件状语）
Mr Smith lives on the third floor.（地点状语）
She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式状语）
She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴随状语）
In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.（目的状语）
He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（结果状语）
She works very hard though she is old.（让步状语）
I am taller than he is.（比较状语）
二．简单句和并列句
（一）简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）的句子。
1. 主语+连系动词+表语 (S+ Link-V+P)
n. / pron.
1)be动词 adj.
2)感官动词feel, smell, taste, sound, look, appear, seem 等 adv.
S+ Link-V 3)转变变化的动词become, get, grow, turn, go等。 +P prep. phrase
4)延续的动词 remain, keep, seem, stay等。 to do
doing
done
a girl. The dish tasted good.
She is beautiful. The food seems to be nice.
over there. The leaves turn yellow in autumn.
in good health.
excited. / interesting.
2.主语+不及物动词 (S+Vi.)
1) adverbial(状语） Birds sing beautifully.
S+Vi. 2) prep. phrase He went on holiday.
3) to do We stopped to have a rest.
4) participle I'll go swimming.
3. 主语+及物动词+宾语 (S+Vt.+O)
1) n/pron
2) to do (attempt, dare, decide, desire, expect, hope, intend, learn, need, offer, pretend, promise, propose, purpose, refuse, want, wish )
S+Vt.+O 3)Gerund (admit, advise, avoid, consider, defend, enjoy, excuse, finish, forbid, mind, miss, practise, risk, suggest, give up, can't help)
4) Wh-Word + to do (ask, consider, decide, explain, find out, forget, guess, inquire, know, learn, remember, see, tell, think, understand, wonder)
5) that-clause
e.g. I like music /to swim /swimming. I don't know what to do. I don't think (that) he is right.
4.主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语 (S+Vt.+IO+DO)
I sent him a book. → I sent a book to him.
I bought May a book. → I bought a coat for him.
间接宾语前需要加to 的常用动词有：allow, bring, deny, do(带来）， give, grant, hand, leave, lend, offer, owe, pass, pay, permit, promise, read, refuse, render, restore, sell, send, show, teach, tell wish, write等。
间接宾语前需要加for 的常用动词有：bring, buy, cash, choose, fetch, get, leave, make, order, paint, play(演奏），save, sing, spare等。
5. 主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语 (S+Vt.+O+C)
1) n.( appoint, call, choose, elect, entitle, find, make, name,)
2) adv.(here there over out)
3) adj.
4) prep. phrase
S+Vt.+O+OC 5) to do/ do a)不定式带to的词：advice, allow, ask, beg, cause, choose, command, decide, encourage, expect, force, get, hate, invite, know, leave, like, love, order, permit, persuade, prefer, remain, request, teach, tell, want, warn, wish等。b)不定式不带to的词：feel, have, hear, know, let, listen to, look at, make, notice, see, watch
6) doing /done (catch, feel, find, get, have, hear, imagine, keep, leave, listen to, look at, notice, observe, perceive, see, set, smell, start, watch)
7) wh-Word + to do (advise, ask, inform, show, teach, tell) /-clause
8) that-clause (inform, promise, remind, teach, tell, warm)
We named him Tom. We let him out.
He painted the wall white. She always keeps everything in good order.
I wish you to stay. I made him work
I heard my name called. I feel something moving.
He shows me how to do it. He told me that the film was great.
He asked me what he should do.
there be 句型
在本句型中,还可将谓语动词be换成某些表示"来往,存在,发生"之类的不及物动词,如 arrive, come, go, exist, happen, live, remain, seem, stand 等。
1. There is a dictionary on the desk. 2. There stands a big tree in front of the classroom.
3. There will be a sports meet next week.4. There used to be a shop on the corner of the street.
(二)感叹句
感叹句通常有what, how引导，表示赞美、惊叹、喜 悦、等感情。
what修饰名词，how 修饰形容词，副词或动词，感叹句结构主要有以下几种：
掌握它的搭配，即掌握了感叹句的重点。
1) adj. + a/an + n.+ s + v How clever a boy he is!
How 2) adj./ adv. + s + v How lovely the baby is!
3) S + v How time flies!
4) n. + s + v What noise they are making!
5) a + adj. + n. + s + v What a clever boy he is!
What 6) adj. + n.pl. + s + v What wonderful ideas (we have)!
7) adj. + u.n. + s + v What cold weather it is!
句型1）、5）可以互相转化。
（三）祈使句
英语中的祈使句常常用来表示请求、命令、建议、劝告和号召等意。对祈使句的考查已成为近几年高考英语的一个热点。其肯定形式是由动词原形开头，否定形式是在动词原形之前加 Don't。祈使句的主语通常是 you，但一般并不说出。祈使句的句末用感叹号或句号，朗读时，用降调。为了使语气婉转、客气，常在句首或句末加上please。现将其常见类型和考点归纳如下：祈使句有四种句型：
B型：Be＋表语（名词、形容词等）Be a good boy！ Be quiet, please!
V型：V（行为动词）＋宾语 Come to school in your new clothes tomorrow!
祈使句 L型：Let＋宾语＋动词原形＋其它成分Let’s go to the cinema tonight
D型：Don't＋动词原形＋其它成分。Don’t be noisy, will you?
（四）并列句的分类
含有两个或更多的相互并列的主谓结构的句子叫并列句。换句话说，它是由两个或更多个并列的简单句构成的，各分句靠连词和逗号，分号来连接，其结构是：简单句+并列连词+简单句。
and He helps me and I help him.
1)联合关系： not only...but also Not only is he our teacher, but also he is our friend.
neither...nor Neither did the naughty boy go home nor did his parents come to search for him.
or(或者，否则) Will he still be there or will he have gone away?
otherwise(否则) You must go early; otherwise you will miss the bus.
2)选择 or else(否则) Take this bus or else you won't get there in time.
either...or Either Tom is coming or his sisters are.
并列句 but It never rains but it pours.
3) 转折 however The book is expensive; however, it's worth it.
While/still/ yet She said she would be late, yet she arrived on time.
注意：but, while不与although连用，但yet, still可与although连用。
for I am thirsty, for it is hot.
4) 因果 so The manager was ill so I went in her place.
therefore He worked day and night, therefore, he was able to buy the sports car.
注意：so不与because连用
