11 名词-2020-2021学年高中英语语法记忆框架版（精编）

      名词一、名词的分类名词可分为普通名词和专有名词两大类。其中专有名词指具体的人物、地点、机构、国家或地区的名称等，不能随便更改。普通名词则较为复杂，它分为可数名词和不可数名词两类。名词 专有名词 China; OPEC; UN不可数名词 普通名词物质名词 water; milk; tea; 抽象名词pleasure; information; surprise; weather; fun; wealth; progress 集体名词crew; company; cattle; family 可数名词 个体名词    book、cat、boy、mother 二．名词分可数名词与不可数名词1. 可数名词变复数规则变化示   例①一般名词在词尾加sprovinces; Germans; the Greens( the+姓氏+s表一家人)②以s, x, ch, sh, z结尾的加esglasses; watches; boxes; quizzes 例外：stomachs ③以辅音字母加o结尾的在其后加es；元音字母加o结尾的加sheroes; tomatoes; potatoes; zeroes; Negroes; studios; bamboos; zoos;  例外：photos; kilos; pianos; tobaccos;  ④以f或fe结尾的名词把f或fe改为vesleaf—leaves; wolf—wolves;  knife—knives; life—lives; shelf—shelves例外：proof—proofs; roof—roofs⑤辅音字母加y结尾的把y改为i加es；元音字母加y结尾的直接在其后加sbaby—babies; family—families；victory—victories; play —plays;  key—keys不规则变化示   例①只能作复数的名词：A.由两个部分构成的名词；B. ing结尾的名词gloves；goods；clothes; trousers; glasses; manners; savings; earnings; belongings; surroundings; greetings ②单复数同形的名词fish; spacecraft; means; Chinese; sheep; deer; species ③部分有规则的名词oo → ee: foot (feet); tooth (teeth);goose(geese)a → e: man(men); woman(women)ouse → ice: mouse(mice)例外：boot (boots); German (Germans)④合成词的复数：含有名词的合成词在名词后加s; 没有主体名词时，s直接加在合成词后looker(s)-on; father(s)-in-law; passers-by; sister(s)-in-law; grown-ups; go-betweens; forget-me-nots; touch-me-nots  ⑤单数和复数意思不同sight  (视力)  —sights  (名胜)；water  (水 )— waters  (水域)；custom  (习惯) —customs (海关)；spirit  (精神) —spirits  (情绪)；⑥以s结尾，仍为单数的名词a. maths，politics，physics等学科名词，一般是不可数名词，为单数。b. news 为不可数名词。c. the United States，the United Nations 应视为单数。d. 以复数形式出现的书名，剧名，报纸，杂志名，也可视为单数。 The Arabian Nights 2. 不可数名词量的表示                           Cake is a kind of food. 不可数           当物质名词转化为个体名词时为可数。   These cakes are sweet. 可数           当物质名词表示该物质的种类时，可数。 This factory produces steel. UN.　物质名词                                         We need various steels. CN.           抽象名词表示具体的事例时也可数。a success, a surprise              物质名词和抽象名词可以借助单位词表一定的数量，a glass of water 一杯水                                              a piece of advice　一则建议           用复数形式，表示各种各样的：fruits各种水果，foods各种食物，equipments各种器材，设备， waters水域，gases各种气体，teas各种茶抽象名词   有些物质名词和抽象名词的复数形式表示特殊的含义：time时间→times时代，次数，倍数，look看→looks外貌，green绿色→greens青菜，brain脑→brains头脑，脑筋，good益处→goods货物，sand沙→sands沙滩，沙漠           有些名词根据含义不同，可用作可数名词，也可用作不可数名词。                  hair 全部头发(不可数)；         a few white hairs几根白头发(可数)help 帮助(不可数)； 帮手，助手(可数)  experience 经验(不可数)；经历(可数)work 工作(不可数)； 作品，著作(可数)  paper 纸(不可数)； 文件，论文，试卷(可数)surprise惊讶(不可数)；令人惊奇的事情(可数) 三.名词作定语①表示地点、时间、材料、用途、类别等的名词用来作定语London airport; summer holiday;mother crocodile; boy student; girl friend②名词作定语用复数goods train; savings bank③含有名词的合成词作定语名词用单数a five-pound note; a four-year-old boy ④man (woman) 作定语修饰名词单数用单数，修饰复数用复数a man doctor; two women nurses ⑤名词作定语与名词所有格作定语的区别a woman servant  (类别)；a woman’s servant  (所属关系) ⑥名词作定语与形容词作定语的区别gold chain  金表链；golden sunshine  金色的阳光  四. 不同国籍人的单复数国籍总称（谓语用复数）单数复数中国人the Chinesea Chinese　 two Chinese瑞士人the Swissa Swisstwo Swiss澳大利亚人the Australians　        an Australiantwo Australians俄国人the Russiansa Russiantwo Russians意大利人the Italiansan Italiantwo Italians希腊人the Greeka Greektwo Greeks法国人the Frencha Frenchmantwo Frenchmen日本人the Japanesea Japanesetwo Japanese美国人the Americansan Americantwo Americans印度人the Indiansan Indiantwo Indians加拿大人the Canadiansa Canadiantwo Canadians德国人the Germana Germantwo Germans英国人the Englishan Englishmantwo Englishmen瑞典人the Swedisha Swedetwo Swedes附：警察the policea policemantwo policemen 人peoplea man/ persona people(一个民族)two persons五．名词的所有格有生命的名词①非s结尾的名词(单数或复数)加“s”a man’s clothes②以s结尾的加“’”；如果是专有名词则加“’s”a girls’ schoolMr. Jones’s house③合成名词在最后加“’s”the editor-in-chief’s officeanyone else’s opinions④多者共有在最后加“’s”；各自拥有分别加“’s”Tom and Mike’s roomTom’s and Mike’s rooms⑤ 表示“某人家”，“店铺”的名词所有格at Mr Green’s; at the doctor’s/ tailor’s 无生命的名词①表时间、距离、量度、价格、国家、城市、天体的名词后加“’s”today’s paper; ten minutes' walkHong Kong’s future ②表示工业、工厂、机器、大学的名词后加“’s”the machine’s designHarvard’s Linguistics Department ③其他一般用 名词+of +名词the top of tower；the legs of the table ④介词to表示所有格the key to the lock；the answer to the question; the entrance to the cinema the solution to the problem  对某一名词同时使用“-'s”和“of…”来表达拥有或所有的方式叫做双重所有格                               双重所有格                     three, nine……             同一个名词前，冠词(a，an，the )，指示代词(this，that，these，those)，物主代词(my，your，his等)，以及不定代词(no，every，each等)不能重复使用，如果要表示此种意思，就要借助于双重所有格                           a friend of mine (√)        my a friend （X）                        It’s no fault of yours. (√)       It’s no your fault. （X）this naughty daughter of the Greens’  (√)the Greens’ this naughty daughter（X）六．                   Yesterday a boy came to see you.              主语                  Edison was a world ­famous inventor.           表语                  Would you like some bananas？               宾语 名词的句法功能   We chose him monitor of our class.             宾语补足语                  They will meet at the school gate.              定语                   The new film will last two hours.               状语                  Mr. smith，my first teacher，left yesterday.      同位语   七．名词类别的转用 the +普通名词→抽象名词 I saw the mother in her when she said that. =motherhood              a +专有名词→普通名词 Is there a Mr．Chen in your school?专有名词转用为普通名词  专有名词+（e）s→普通名词                           I hope there will be many Edisons among you.                     …the +专有名词（表达比喻）→普通名词Shanghai is the New York of China. the New York =the biggest city like New York in the U．S．                        表示种类   Oolong is a green tea, very popular in Taiwan.              表示非材料Tom hit the dog with a stone. stone是weapon物质名词转用为普通名词  指由该物质制成的物品These glasses are made in Italy. 玻璃杯              其他Two hot coffees and two black teas, please. 省略单位名称的表达法抽象名词转用为普通名词 (抽象名词具体化) danger, success, failure, life, concern,                      surprise, honor', pity, beauty, death, attraction, comfort, help, knowledge, atmosphere, pleasure, shame, wonder, worry……             In war, a soldier’s life is full of danger.    The man is a danger to society             He takes pride in his son.                He is a pride to his parents.