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北师大版 (2019)必修 第三册Lesson 3 "White Bikes" on the Road导学案
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这是一份北师大版 (2019)必修 第三册Lesson 3 "White Bikes" on the Road导学案，共21页。
Unit 8 Green Living
Ⅰ.匹配词义
A．单词匹配
( )1.profit A．adj.普通的；平常的
( )2.contented B．n.提议，建议
( )3.occur C．vt.克服(困难)；控制(感情)
( )4.region D．n.盈利，利润
( )5.overcome E．vi.发生
( )6.former F．adv.因此；由此
( )7.current G．n.地区，区域
( )8.ordinary H．adj.满意的；满足的
( )9.therefore I．adj.当前的，现时的
( )10.proposal J．adj.以前的，从前的
[答案] 1－5 DHEGC 6－10 JIAFB
B．短语匹配
( )1.stand for A．想出，想到
( )2.thanks to B．调整(情绪)
( )3.come up with C．(使)某人梦想成真
( )4.make sb.'s dream come true
D．代表；容忍
( )5.work through E．幸亏；由于
[答案] 1－5 DEACB
Ⅱ.默写单词
1．poster n． 海报
2．slim adj. 微小的；苗条的；薄的
3．rate n. 比率，率
4．quote n. 引文，引用(的话)
5．founder n. 创办人，创始人
6．parking n. (车辆等的)停放
7．path n. 小径，小道
8．tracking n. 跟踪
9．destination n. 目的地；终点
10．disappear v. 消失，不见
Ⅰ.语境填词
occur；therefore；rate；profit；parking；destination；region；ordinary；slim；overcome
1．This year the airline will be hardpressed to make a profit．
2．How do you manage to stay so slim?
3．The needs and opinions of ordinary working people were ignored.
4．Our luggage was checked all the way through to our final destination．
5．The two parties managed to overcome their differences on the issue.
6．We are strongly opposed to the presence of America in this region．
7．He's only 17 and therefore not eligible to vote.
8．There is no parking here between 9：00 a．m.and 6：00 p．m.
9．Such events occur only when the external conditions are favorable.
10．The number of reported crimes is increasing at an alarming rate．
Ⅱ.语法填空之派生词
1．He was one of the founders(found) of the university's medical faculty.
2．Curiously，apart from the event organiser(organise)，no one offered themselves to be filmed by the company.
3．China has always been classed as an agricultural(agriculture) country.
4．Then，they should produce a free proposal(propose) for your client.
5．If cancers are spotted early there's a high chance of survival(survive)．
6．He fought the illness with courage and determination(determine)．
7．His disappearance(disappear) was connected with the robbery.
1．Amsterdam is a good city for cycling because it's flat and therefore convenient for bikes.
阿姆斯特丹是一个骑自行车的好城市，因为它很平坦，因此对骑自行车的人来说很方便。
2．They believed that it would be better for everybody if cars weren't allowed in the city centre and only bicycles were.
他们认为如果市中心不允许汽车进入，只允许自行车进入，对每个人都有好处。
3．People would leave the bike in the place where they finished their journey，so that someone else could then take it and use it from there.
人们会把自行车放在他们结束旅程的地方，这样其他人就可以从那里把它带走并使用它。
4．Thus people who wanted to use them had to take them to another special parking place near their destination and leave them there.
因此，想要使用它们的人必须把它们带到目的地附近的另一个特殊停车场，然后把它们留在那里。
5．Thanks to the ideas and efforts of many people，like the cycling fans of the 1960s and those who enabled the return of “white bikes”，you can now enjoy clean air and easy transport in central Amsterdam.
由于这个提议以及众多人的努力，如20世纪60年代的骑行爱好者和那些让“白色自行车”回归的人，你现在可以在阿姆斯特丹市中心享受干净的空气和便捷的交通。
名师圈点
①benefit n．利益；好处
v．使收益；得益于
②flat adj.平坦的；平滑的
③convenient adj.方便的；便利的
convenience n．方便；便利
④parking n．(车辆等的)停放
⑤amazing adj.令人大为惊奇的；(尤指)令人惊喜(或惊羡、惊叹)的
⑥in the 1960s二十世纪六十年代
⑦come up with想出；想到
⑧hopeful adj.有希望的
⑨transport n．交通工具；交通车辆
⑩come up突然发生；出现
⑪tracking n．跟踪
⑫put in插入
⑬actually adv.实际上；事实上
⑭thus adv.因此
⑮destination n．目的地；终点
⑯thanks to幸亏；由于
⑰effort n．努力
⑱enable vt.使能够
⑲issue n．重要的议题；问题
原文呈现
“WHITE BIKES”ON THE ROAD
People in Amsterdam have been enjoying the benefits①of cycling for years.The idea began about 50 years ago，and was first known as “while bikes”．Amsterdam is a good city for cycling because it's flat②and therefore convenient③ for bikes.There are also plenty of places for bicycle parking④and most streets in the city centre have a bicycle path.Because of its convenience for bicycles，Amsterdam has become very popular with cyclists—an amazing⑤38% of all trips are made by bike.Some people even call Amsterdam “the City of Bicycles”．
Where did the idea of “white bikes” come from？In the 1960s⑥，a group of cycling fans came up with⑦an idea.They believed that it would be better for everybody if cars weren't allowed in the city centre and only bicycles were.They were hopeful⑧that this would help to save energy，reduce pollution and provide free public transport⑨.The group painted hundreds of bicycles white and placed them in many areas around Amsterdam for people to use.Anyone was allowed to take them and use them for short journeys.People would leave the bike in the place where they finished their journey，so that someone else could then take it and use it from there. Soon after，however，problems came up⑩and the “white bikes” all disappeared—thieves stole them all in a matter of weeks!
where引导定语从句修饰先行词the place；so that引导目的状语从句。
In 1999，the “white bikes” returned to Amsterdam—this time with a computer tracking⑪system to record their every move! To take a bicycle，you had to put in⑫a special card.The new “white bikes” were not actually⑬white but painted in bright colours.The bikes were parked at special parking places.Thus⑭people who wanted to use them had to take them to another special parking place near their destination⑮and leave them there.
Thanks to⑯the ideas and efforts⑰of many people，like the cycling fans of the 1960s and those who enabled⑱the return of “white bikes”，you can now enjoy clean air and easy transport in central Amsterdam.
Nowadays，the idea of “white bikes” has pedalled its way around the world and there has been a global increase in bikesharing.
In China，more and more cities have their own “white bike” programmes.Both the locals and tourists like to use shared bikes because bikesharing is a cheap and easy way to save energy，reduce air and noise pollution，and enjoy the benefits of exercise in cities.However，problems can also develop，like the theft of bikes and parking issues⑲.Fortunately，people are trying different ways of solving those problems.Where will bikesharing go in China？You decide.
译文参考
“白色自行车”在路上
阿姆斯特丹的人们多年来一直在享受骑自行车的好处。该理念始于50年前，最初称之为“白色自行车”。阿姆斯特丹是一个骑自行车的好城市，因为它很平坦，因此对骑自行车的人来说很方便。还有很多自行车停车的地方，市中心的大多数街道都有自行车停车场。由于骑自行车很方便，阿姆斯特丹非常受骑自行车的人的欢迎，38%的旅行都是骑自行车。有些人甚至把阿姆斯特丹称为“自行车之城”。
“白色自行车”的理念从何而来？20世纪60年代一群骑行爱好者提出了一个想法。他们认为如果市中心不允许汽车进入，只允许自行车进入，对每个人都有好处。他们希望这将有助于节约能源、减少污染和提供免费公共交通。该组织将数百辆自行车涂成白色，并将它们放置在阿姆斯特丹周边的许多地区供人们使用。任何人都可以骑着它们短途旅行。人们会把自行车放在他们结束旅程的地方，这样其他人就可以从那里把它带走并使用它。然而，不久之后，问题来了，所有的“白色自行车”都消失了——小偷几个星期内把它们全部都偷走了！
1999年，“白色自行车”又回到阿姆斯特丹，这次用电脑跟踪系统记录下它的一举一动！要骑自行车，你得放张特别的卡片。新的“白色自行车”实际上不是白色的，而是用鲜艳的颜色粉刷的。自行车停在专门的停车场。因此，想要使用它们的人必须把它们带到目的地附近的另一个特殊停车场，然后把它们留在那里。
由于这个提议以及众多人的努力，如20世纪60年代的骑行爱好者和那些让“白色自行车”回归的人，你现在可以在阿姆斯特丹市中心享受干净的空气和便捷的交通。
如今，“白色自行车”的理念已经“骑行”全世界，自行车共享也在全球范围内不断增加。
在中国，越来越多的城市有自己的“白色自行车”计划。当地人和游客都喜欢使用共享单车，因为共享单车是一种既便宜又方便的节能方式，可以减少空气和噪音污染，还可以享受到在城市锻炼的好处。然而问题也会发展，比如偷自行车和停车问题。幸运的是人们正试图用不同的方法来解决这些问题。共享单车在中国将何去何从？你自己决定。
速读P36－37教材课文，完成下列任务
Ⅰ.阅读判断
判断下列句子提供的信息是正确，还是错误，还是没有提及。
1．It is convenient to cycle a bike in Amsterdam.
A．Right. B．Wrong. C．Not mentioned.
2．The government came up with the idea of “white bikes”．
A．Right. B．Wrong. C．Not mentioned.
3．The programme of “white bikes” got along well in Amsterdam.
A．Right. B．Wrong. C．Not mentioned.
4．In 1999，you can park the bike anywhere after you finish your journey.
A．Right. B．Wrong. C．Not mentioned.
5．There are no problems about bikesharing in China.
A．Right. B．Wrong. C．Not mentioned.
[答案] 1－5 ABBBB
Ⅱ.补全信息
选择正确选项填入空白处，补全所给句子提供的信息。
A．who enabled the return of “white bikes”
B．who wanted to use the bicycles
C．where they finished their journey
D．that it would be better for everybody
E．because bikesharing is a cheap and easy way to save energy
1．Cycling fans believed if cars weren't allowed in the city centre.
2．People would leave the bike in the place in the 1960s.
3．People had to take them to another special parking place near their destination.
4．Thanks to the ideas and efforts of many people，like those ，you can now enjoy clean air and easy transport in central Amsterdam.
5．In China，both locals and tourists like to use shared bikes ．
[答案] 1－5 DCBAE
Ⅲ.表格填空
Time
Facts about “white bikes” in Amsterdam
In the 1960s
A group of cycling fans believed that it would be better for everybody if cars weren't allowed 1.in the city centre and only bicycles were.They 2.painted hundreds of bicycles white and placed them in many areas for people to use.Soon after, the“white bikes” all 3.disappeared.
In 1999
The “white bikes” 4.returned to Amsterdam.And a computer 5.tracking system was used to record their every move.The new “white bikes” were not actually white but painted in 6.bright colours and were parked at 7.special parking places.
Now
The idea of “white bikes” has 8.spread around the world and there has been 9.a global increase in bikesharing.In China, more and more cities have their own “white bike” programmes.However, problems also develop and people are trying different ways of 10.solving those problems.
细读P36－37教材课文，完成下列任务
Ⅰ.主旨匹配
1．Para.1 A．Its return.
2．Para.2 B．Its origin.
3．Para.3 C．Its future.
4．Paras.4～5 D．The city of bikes.
5．Para.6 E．Its spread.
[答案] 1－5 DBAEC
Ⅱ.单项选择
1．Nowadays some people call Amsterdam “the City of Bicycles” because ．
A．there are more bicycles there than in other places
B．it is convenient for bikes there
C．all the people there like riding bicycles
D．it produces many bicycles every year
2．From the text we know that the first “white bikes” plan failed because ．
A．the government disagreed with the idea
B．riding bikes was too dangerous
C．thieves stole all the bikes
D．this idea was too difficult to carry out
3．The “white bikes” have the following effects except ．
A．saving energy
B．reducing pollution
C．making the city more crowded
D．providing free public transport
4．How does the “white bikes” plan work thirty years later?
A．All the bikes are parked at special parking places.
B．All the bikes should be kept properly by special people.
C．Enough room is left for keeping bicycles.
D．By using both computer and special parking places.
5．What do people use if they want to take a “white bike” in the city?
A．A white key. B．A special card.
C．A special computer. D．A common chip.
[答案] 1－5 BCCDB
Ⅲ.读后续写/概要写作微技能
A．阅读课文中含有条件许可的语句。
1．They believed that it would be better for everybody if cars weren't allowed in the city centre and only bicycles were.
2．Anyone was allowed to take them and use them for short journeys.
3．To take a bicycle，you had to put in a special card.
B．判断下列语句中哪些不是表示条件许可的语句。
1．It's a good city for cycling because it's flat and therefore convenient for bikes.
2．People who wanted to use them had to take them to another special parking place.
3．You can now enjoy clean air and easy transport in central Amsterdam.
[答案] 3
1．found vt.创建；创办→founder n．创办人，创始者
2．organise vt.组织；安排→organiser n．组织者，安排者→organisation n．组织；安排
3．agriculture n．农业→agricultural adj.农业的
4．propose v．提议；建议；打算→proposal n．建议，提议
5．survive v．继续存在；幸存；幸免于难；艰难度过；比……活(或存在)的时间长→survivor n．幸存者；幸免者→survival n．继续生存，幸存
6．determine v．决定→determined adj.坚决的；坚定的→determination n．决心；毅力
7．disappear vi.消失，不见→disappearance n．消失；不见
overcome vt. 克服(困难)；控制(感情)；战胜；受到……极大影响
①She overcame injury to win the Olympic gold medal. 克服
②Her parents were overcome with grief at the funeral.
受到……极大影响
③Molly had fought and overcome her fear of flying. 战胜
Words and Phrases
stand for代表；容忍
(教材P34) What does NPO stand for?
NPO代表什么？
[例1] The party is trying to give the impression that it alone stands for democracy.
该党正试图让大家觉得只有它才是民主的代表。
[例2] I'm not standing for it any longer.
这种事我再也不能容忍了。
[造句] VOA代表《美国之音》。
VOA stands for the Voice of America.
[知识拓展]
stand against 抵抗，反抗，靠在……上，经受住
stand back 退后，靠后站
stand by 袖手旁观，站在一起，帮助，维持
stand out 突出，出色，显著
stand up for sb./sth. 支持、维护某人/某物
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①That fence can not stand against the wind.
②The police ordered the crowd to stand back．
③So just how do you stand out from the competition?
come up with想出；想到
(教材P36) In the 1960s，a group of cycling fans came up with an idea.
20世纪60年代一群骑行爱好者提出了一个想法。
[例1] Several of the members have come up with suggestions of their own.
有几位成员提出了自己的建议。
[例2] He can come up with a convincing explanation.
他能说出令人信服的解释。
[造句] 我们希望你能想出一个比这更好的计划。
We hope you can come up with a plan better than this.
[知识拓展]
come up to 走近
come up 发生；被提及(无被动式)
come out 出来；出版；开花
come across (偶然)遇见；碰到
come about 发生
come at 扑向
come to 达到；总计
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①He is coming up to Peking University next term.
②When will the matter come up for discussion?
③This book is about to come out in Britain，and later in France and in Spain.
④They didn't know how the change had come about．
[小片段助记]
The other day when I was walking in the street，I came across Wang Lei，an old friend of mine.She told me a story of her brother's.He once saw a dog come at a boy，which made the boy die of a disease related to a dog disease.At that time，he came up with the idea to learn medicine and find a cure for the disease.Last month，his experiment for the drug came out very successful and it was predicted that the number of people who can benefit from his research will come to 1 million a year.
(教材P106) Ms Yi had a contented life until a terrible event occurred which changed her life.
易女士一直过着知足的生活，直到一件可怕的事情的发生改变了她的生活。
(1)contented adj.满意的；满足的
[例1] Whenever he returns to this place he is happy and contented.
每次回到这个地方，他都十分快乐，心满意足。
[例2] His face relaxes into a contented smile.
他面部肌肉放松下来，露出了满意的微笑。
[造句] 年轻人往往对自己的工作不很满意。
Young people are usually less contented with their work.
[知识拓展]
content n． 内容
vt. 使满意，使满足
adj. 满意的，满足的
be content to do sth.＝be willing/ready to do sth.
乐意做某事；满足于做某事
be content with sth.＝be satisfied/pleased with sth.
对某事满意/满足
content oneself with sth. 满足于……；对……感到满意
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①That rich man is tired of city life，so he is content to live(live) in the country.
②To be honest，I'm very content with my life at present.
③We should never content ourselves (us)with book knowledge only.
[小片段助记]
Though he isn't content with his present salary，he is content to remain where he is now. As a matter of fact，a beer every meal is enough to content him.
(2)occur vi.发生，出现；被想到(起)
[例1] When exactly did the incident occur?
这一事件究竟是什么时候发生的？
[例2] The crash occurred when the crew shut down the wrong engine.
机务人员关错了引擎，随即飞机坠毁。
[造句] 伊丽莎白也想到了这个主意。
The same idea had occurred to Elizabeth.
[知识拓展]
(1)sth.occurs to sb. 某人突然想到某事
it occurs/occurred to sb.to do sth.
某人突然想到要做某事
it occurs/occurred to sb.that... ……的念头/想法出现在某人的头脑里
(2)occurrence 发生的事情；存在的事物
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
① Now it occurred to him that his farm had much potential.
② Didn't it occur to you to phone(phone) them about it?
[名师点津]
表示 “某人想起……”的短语还有： sth. strikes/hits sb., sth. comes to sb.等。
proposal n．建议，提议
(教材P106－107) The local government agreed with her proposal to plant one million trees in the region over ten years.
当地政府同意她的提议，在10年内在该地区种植100万棵树。
[例1] His proposal that the system should be changed was rejected.
他提的关于修改制度的建议被拒绝了。
[例2] The proposal has not yet passed the discussion stage.
这个提案还没有通过讨论阶段。
[造句] 新建一条高速铁路的提议遭到了强烈反对。
The proposal for a new highspeed railway met with strong opposition.
[知识拓展]
propose vt. 提议，建议；打算；提名
propose sth./doing sth. 建议做某事
propose to do sth./doing sth. 打算做某事
propose sth.to sb. 向某人提议某事/求婚
propose that...(should) do sth. 建议(某人)做某事
propose sb.for sth./propose sb.as sth.
推荐某人担任
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①She proposed that the book (should) be banned(ban)．
②And where do you propose building/to build(build) such a huge thing?
③I would like to propose a vote of thanks to our host.
survival n．继续生存，幸存
(教材P107) Now the trees have a survival rate of 85%.
现在这些树的成活率是85%。
[例1] His only chance of survival was a heart transplant.
只有进行心脏移植，他才有望活下去。
[例2] All living beings are endowed with an instinct for survival.
生物都有求生存的本能。
[造句] 必须有出口，才能维持我们的经济。
Exporting is necessary for our economic survival.
[知识拓展]
(1)survive vi. 幸存；生存下来
vt. 幸免于；从……中生还
survive sth. 在……中幸免于难，挺过……
survive (from sth.) (从……中)存活下来/留存下来
survive(on sth.) (靠……)存活
survive as sth. 作为……继续存在
survive sb.by...years 比某人多活了……年
(2)survivor n. 幸存者
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①Harry survived his wife by three months.
②A plane crashed yesterday，and there were no survivors (survive)．
③I wonder how they can survive on such poor income.
[小片段助记]
The little girl was the only survivor who survived the strong earthquake.She told the reporter that she had to survive on little food during the days when she was buried.I think her survival was a real wonder.
Sentence Patterns
年代表达法
(教材P36) In the 1960s，a group of cycling fans came up with an idea.
20世纪60年代一群骑行爱好者提出了一个想法。
[句式分析]
句中的“In the 1960s”表示“在20世纪60年代”。 表示在某个世纪的几十年代，用“in the＋年份(尾数为0)＋s/'s”。有时年份前还可加修饰词early/middle/late，表示在“某世纪某年代的早期/中期/后期”。
[例1] In the 1980s，American exports crowded out European films.
20世纪80年代美国出口影片把欧洲影片挤出了市场。
[例2] Finally，in the 1940s a significant breakthrough was made.
终于，在20世纪40年代，一个重要的突破性的进展产生了。
[造句] 我与他初次相识是在20世纪60年代早期。
I first made his acquaintance in the early 1960s.
[知识拓展]
“in one's＋逢十的基数词的复数”意为“在某人几十岁的时候”。
in his teens 在他十几岁时
in her twenties 在她20多岁时
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①She became a household name in the early 1960s.
②My daughter preferred to dance when she was in her twenties(twenty)．
not...but...不是……，而是……
(教材P37) The new “white bikes” were not actually white but painted in bright colours.
新的“白色自行车”实际上不是白色的，而是用鲜艳的颜色粉刷的。
[句式分析]
句中的not...but...表示“不是……，而是……”，连接两个并列的句子成分，当连接两个并列主语时，谓语动词必须与靠近的主语的人称和数保持一致。
[例1] Reading is fun，not because the writer is telling you something，but because it makes your mind work.
读书之所以有趣，不是由于作者告诉了你什么，而是由于书本促使你思考。
[例2] I did it not because I liked it but because I had to do it.
我做这事不是因为我喜欢它，而是因为我必须做。
[造句] 不是他说的话而是他做的事令人难忘。
It is not the words he says but the things he does are unforgetable.
[知识拓展]
除了not...but...应用就近原则，常见的用就近原则的词组还有：either...or...；neither...not...；not only...but also...等。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①Either I or Mary decides(decide) to take part in the competition.
②Not only his friends but also Tom wants(want) to go to the cinema.
教材
高考
1.In the 1960s, a group of cycling fans came up with an idea.
(2020·全国卷Ⅱ)She's trying to come up with a label to attach to nutria fashions to show it is ecofriendly.
2.Ms Yi had a contented life until a terrible event occurred which changed her life.
(2020·全国卷Ⅲ) We are the products of evolution, and not just evolution that occurred billions of years ago.
3.The local government agreed with her proposal to plant one million trees in the region over ten years.
(2019·天津卷)Submit a topic proposal to your history teacher.
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．What makes his parents worry is not his grades but that he hasn't any interest in learning.
2．She recalled a man in his thirties(thirty) who came knocking on her door.
3．Police are investigating the disappearance(disappear) of a young woman.
4．It didn't occur to her to ask for help.
5．He stood out in terms of competence from all his fellows.
6．She is quite content to live(live) at home with her parents.
7．The proposal that safety standards should be raised(raise) was poohpoohed by the committee.
8．The main place of human survival(survive) and the development is community.
9．The subject came up during a predinner drink with our guests.
10．In the 1890s，the city hosted China's first public film show as part of a teahouse variety bill.
Ⅱ.短语填空
stand for；come up with；make sb.'s dream come true；thanks to；work through
1．We are working through the negative feelings generated during the day.
2．I believe in myself，I'm sure I can make my dream come true．
3．It's outrageous，and we won't stand for it any more.
4．Thanks to your help，we accomplished the task ahead of schedule.
5．She came up with a new suggestion to solve the problem.
Ⅲ.课文语法填空
Amsterdam is a city where people enjoy 1.cycling (cycle) because it's flat.Cycling fans in Amsterdam first had the idea of “white bikes” in the 1960s.They painted hundreds of bikes white and left them around the city centre for anybody 2.to use (use) because they were 3.hopeful (hope) that this would help to save energy, reduce pollution and provide free public transport.4.Unfortunately (fortunate), in a matter of weeks, the “white bikes” all 5.disappeared (disappear)．In 1999，the“white bikes” returned to Amsterdam—this time with some hightech security measures, for example a computer tracking system.Now bikesharing programmes 6.like “white bikes” have become popular all around the world, 7.including(include) China, 8.where more and more people use shared bikes in cities.9.But problems do sometimes develop, like the theft of bikes and parking issues.However, people are trying different ways of 10.solving (solve) those problems.
动词和名词
[观察例句]
1．Climate change is a terrible problem...
2．Every individual matters.
3....you can now enjoy clean air and easy transport in central Amsterdam.
4．Leave a light on when you go out.
5．What is “Justmeism”？
6．In the 1960s，a group of cycling fans came up with an idea.
[归纳用法]
一、动词的种类
动词的种类包括实义动词、系动词、助动词和情态动词。
(一)实义动词
实义动词是能独立作谓语的动词。按其句法功能可分为及物动词和不及物动词。
1．及物动词
及物动词本身意义不完整，需要接宾语才能使其意思完整。
(1)动词＋宾语
I like this book very much.
我非常喜欢这本书。
(2)动词＋宾语＋宾补
We call the bird Polly.
我们叫这只鸟波莉。
I saw the children play in the park yesterday.
昨天我看见孩子们在公园玩。
[名师点津]
用省略to的不定式或现在分词作宾补的动词有：have，see，watch，notice，hear等。
(3)动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语
Please pass me the salt.
请把盐递给我。
常见的带双宾语的动词有：give，bring，buy，get，leave，lend，make，offer，pass，teach，tell等。
2．不及物动词
不及物动词自身意思完整，无需接宾语。
Horses run fast.
马跑得很快。
(1)有些动词既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词。
We study English.
我们学习英语。(及物动词)
We study hard.
我们努力学习。(不及物动词)
(2)有些不及物动词与一些别的词搭配在一起构成动词短语，它的作用相当于一个及物动词。
①动词＋介词
Listen to the teacher carefully.
仔细听老师讲。
[名师点津]
此类动词短语后面的宾语无论是名词还是代词，都只能放在介词后面，不能放在动词和介词之间。
②动词＋副词＋介词
Let's go on with our work!
让我们继续我们的工作吧！
He gets along well with his classmates.
他与同学们相处得很好。
实义动词按其持续性可分为延续性动词和非延续性动词。
1．延续性动词
延续性动词表示动作是可以持续的，和表示一段时间的状语连用。如：live，study，work，keep，teach等。
We have lived in Suzhou since 2001.
自2001年以来，我们一直住在苏州。
You can keep this book for two weeks.
这本书你可以借两周。
2．非延续性动词
非延续性动词表示瞬间动作，动作一旦发生立即结束，如：buy，lend，borrow，die，begin，stop，finish，arrive，join，go，come，catch等，非延续性动词不能和表示一段时间的状语连用。如果和表示一段时间的状语连用，就要用其他的词代替。
The old man has been dead for two years.
那个老人已经去世两年了。(这里不能用has died)
He arrived here five days ago.
他五天前到这儿的。
[即学即练1] 单句语法填空
①Betty will ring me up when she arrives(arrive)in Beijing.
②The population of the world is still increasing(increase) now.
③The country music often reminds(remind) me of my parents and friends.
(二)系动词
系动词本身有词义，但不能单独作谓语，必须与表语一起构成谓语，用于说明主语的状态、性质、特征或身份。
1．表示状态
常见的有：be“是”；stay“保持”；keep“保持”；remain“保持”等。
It remains a secret.它现在还是个秘密。
2．表示感官、表象
常见的有：look“看起来”；feel“摸起来”；smell“闻起来”；sound“听起来”；taste“尝起来”等。
The flowers smell sweet.花闻起来很香。
3．表示转变和结果
常见的有：become“变成”；get/turn/grow“变得”等。
Her face turns red.她的脸红了。
[即学即练2] 单句语法填空
①Physics is(be) more difficult than Chinese.Do you think so?
②When spring comes，the weather gets(get) warm.
(三)助动词
助动词本身没有意义，它只是帮助实义动词或系动词构成谓语，表示疑问、否定、时态、语态等。有些单词并不是固定的助动词，如动词be、have、do等在句子中与实义动词或系动词一起构成各种时态、语态、否定句、疑问句时，才能担当起助动词的作用。常见的助动词还有will，shall，would，should等。
(四)情态动词
情态动词本身有一定的词义，不表示动作或状态，而仅仅表示说话人的态度。不能独立作谓语，只能和动词原形一起构成谓语。
情态动词
用法
否定式
疑问式与简答
can
能力(体力，智力，技能)；允许或许可(口语中常用)；可能性(表猜测，用于否定句或疑问句中)
can not /can't do
Can...do...？
Yes，...can.
No，...can't.
couldn't do
could
may
可以(问句中表示请求)；可能，或许(表推测)；祝愿(用于倒装句中)
may not do
May...do...？
Yes，...may.
No，...
mustn't/can't.
might
可能
might not do
Might...do...？
Yes，...might.
No，...might not.
must
必须，应该(表主观要求)；
肯定，想必(肯定句中表推测)
must not/ mustn't do
Must...do...？
Yes，...must.
No，...needn't/
don't have to.
have to
只好，不得不(客观的必须，有时态、人称变化)
don't have to do
Do...have
to do...？
Yes，...do.
No，...don't.
ought to
应当(表示义务、责任，口语中多用should)
ought not to/oughtn't to do
Ought...to o...？
Yes，...ought.
No，...oughtn't.
shall
将要，会(用于一、三人称征求对方意见；用于二、三人称表示许诺、命令、警告、威胁等)
shall not/ han't do
Shall...do...？
Yes，...shall.
No，...shan't.
should
应当，应该(表义务、责任)；本该(含有责备意味)
should not/ shouldn't do
Should...do...？
will
意愿，决心，请求，建议(用在问句中would比较委婉)
will not/won't do
Will...do...？
Yes，...will.
No，...won't.
would
would not/ wouldn't do
dare
敢(常用于否定句和疑问句中)
dare not/ daren't do
Dare...do...？
Yes，...dare.
No，...daren't.
need
需要，必须(常用于否定句和疑问句中)
need not/ needn't do
Need...do...？
Yes，...must.
No，...
needn't.
used to
过去常常(现在已不再)
used not/ use(d)n't/
to do
didn't use
to do
Used...to
do...？
Yes，...used.
No，...
use(d)n't.
Did...use
to do...？
Yes，...did.
No，...didn't.
[即学即练3] 用适当的情态动词填空
①In Britain，you must be 18 if you want to drive a car.
②—Is that Mr.Li in the classroom?
—No，it can't be him.He's in the office now.
③—Must I finish the work today，Mum?
—No，you needn't．You can finish it tomorrow.
二、名词
(一)名词的分类
名词是表示人或事物名称的词，它分为普通名词和专有名词两大类。普通名词又分为可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词包括个体名词和集体名词，有单数和复数之分；不可数名词包括物质名词和抽象名词，没有复数形式。
词条
用法
例词
普通名词
可数名词
个体名词
表示个体的人或事物的词
book，desk，table，bike，plane
集体名词
表示一群人或一些事物的词
family，class，police，team，group
不可数名词
物质名词
表示构成各种物体的物质或材料的词
glass，water，air，paper，wood
抽象名词
表示状态、品质、行为、感情等抽象概念的词
danger，health，love，success，interest
专有名词
表示人、地方、事物、机构、组织等名称的词
Alice，Canada，the Great Wall
(二)名词的语法作用
1．作主语
名词在句中可作多种成分，作主语是其最常见的用法。
The sun is rising.
太阳升起来了。
2．作宾语
名词在句中常作动词或介词的宾语。
I bought an MP3 for my son last week.
上周我给儿子买了个MP3。
You must look after your sister.
你必须照看好你的妹妹。
3．作表语
Lucy is my cousin.
露西是我的表妹。
4．作宾语补足语
We chose Jack our monitor.
我们选杰克当我们的班长。
5．作定语
(1)名词作定语一般用单数形式。
There is an apple tree in our yard.
在我们的院子里有一棵苹果树。
(2)man，woman用于名词前作定语时，其形式与所修饰的名词一致，即man，woman后用单数名词，men，women后用复数名词。
They are all men teachers.
他们都是男教师。
A woman doctor is sitting in the room.
有位女医生正坐在房间里。
(3)个别名词用复数形式作定语。
Our sports meeting was put off because of the heavy rain.
因为大雨我们的运动会被推迟了。
[即学即练4] 单句语法填空
①There are three apple trees(tree) in front of the small house.
②The hospital needs two men(man) doctors.
③Three days is(be) really a short time.
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．The club provides a wide variety of activities(activity) including tennis，swimming and cycling.
2．Her teeth(tooth) are false，but they look very natural.
3．Chinese arts have won the appreciation(appreciate) of a lot of people outside China.
4．Usually a child's behavior is a reflection(reflect) of his family environment.
5．Can I have a word with you？It won't take long.
6．The children dressed the rabbit up and planned(plan) to take her to the head.
7．The number of the students in our school was(be) about 1，000，but now 1，300.
8．I believe you will make(make) a famous singer some day.
9．What great fun it sounds like buying(buy) my cousin a toy lorry!
10．Look! Max's legs are so long，but they each fit(fit) well under his desk.
Ⅱ.短文语法填空
English is now the first language of about 400 million people，the mother language of 12 1.countries(country) and the official language of onefifth of the land area of the world，which 2.means(mean) one in every seven people in the world speaks English.
More and more people have found it important 3.to learn(learn) English well in recent years.In Italy，for example，English is a must for many technical 4.jobs(job)．In China，English is the most important foreign language that is learned at school.
The English language has never stopped 5.changing(change)．It always borrows words and phrases from other cultures to enlarge its vocabulary.6.Actually(actual)，modern English is quite different from what 7.was used(use) hundreds of years ago.
English is so widely used that it has become the standard language for communicating internationally.About 75% of the world's mail 8.is(be) in English.About 60% of the world's telephone calls are made in English and about 60% of the world's radio programs are 9.broadcast(broadcast) in English.What's more，over half of the world's books and 10.magazines(magazine) are written in English.In a word，English is now the world's first language.
Unit 8 Green Living
Ⅰ.匹配词义
A．单词匹配
( )1.profit A．adj.普通的；平常的
( )2.contented B．n.提议，建议
( )3.occur C．vt.克服(困难)；控制(感情)
( )4.region D．n.盈利，利润
( )5.overcome E．vi.发生
( )6.former F．adv.因此；由此
( )7.current G．n.地区，区域
( )8.ordinary H．adj.满意的；满足的
( )9.therefore I．adj.当前的，现时的
( )10.proposal J．adj.以前的，从前的
[答案] 1－5 DHEGC 6－10 JIAFB
B．短语匹配
( )1.stand for A．想出，想到
( )2.thanks to B．调整(情绪)
( )3.come up with C．(使)某人梦想成真
( )4.make sb.'s dream come true
D．代表；容忍
( )5.work through E．幸亏；由于
[答案] 1－5 DEACB
Ⅱ.默写单词
1．poster n． 海报
2．slim adj. 微小的；苗条的；薄的
3．rate n. 比率，率
4．quote n. 引文，引用(的话)
5．founder n. 创办人，创始人
6．parking n. (车辆等的)停放
7．path n. 小径，小道
8．tracking n. 跟踪
9．destination n. 目的地；终点
10．disappear v. 消失，不见
Ⅰ.语境填词
occur；therefore；rate；profit；parking；destination；region；ordinary；slim；overcome
1．This year the airline will be hardpressed to make a profit．
2．How do you manage to stay so slim?
3．The needs and opinions of ordinary working people were ignored.
4．Our luggage was checked all the way through to our final destination．
5．The two parties managed to overcome their differences on the issue.
6．We are strongly opposed to the presence of America in this region．
7．He's only 17 and therefore not eligible to vote.
8．There is no parking here between 9：00 a．m.and 6：00 p．m.
9．Such events occur only when the external conditions are favorable.
10．The number of reported crimes is increasing at an alarming rate．
Ⅱ.语法填空之派生词
1．He was one of the founders(found) of the university's medical faculty.
2．Curiously，apart from the event organiser(organise)，no one offered themselves to be filmed by the company.
3．China has always been classed as an agricultural(agriculture) country.
4．Then，they should produce a free proposal(propose) for your client.
5．If cancers are spotted early there's a high chance of survival(survive)．
6．He fought the illness with courage and determination(determine)．
7．His disappearance(disappear) was connected with the robbery.
1．Amsterdam is a good city for cycling because it's flat and therefore convenient for bikes.
阿姆斯特丹是一个骑自行车的好城市，因为它很平坦，因此对骑自行车的人来说很方便。
2．They believed that it would be better for everybody if cars weren't allowed in the city centre and only bicycles were.
他们认为如果市中心不允许汽车进入，只允许自行车进入，对每个人都有好处。
3．People would leave the bike in the place where they finished their journey，so that someone else could then take it and use it from there.
人们会把自行车放在他们结束旅程的地方，这样其他人就可以从那里把它带走并使用它。
4．Thus people who wanted to use them had to take them to another special parking place near their destination and leave them there.
因此，想要使用它们的人必须把它们带到目的地附近的另一个特殊停车场，然后把它们留在那里。
5．Thanks to the ideas and efforts of many people，like the cycling fans of the 1960s and those who enabled the return of “white bikes”，you can now enjoy clean air and easy transport in central Amsterdam.
由于这个提议以及众多人的努力，如20世纪60年代的骑行爱好者和那些让“白色自行车”回归的人，你现在可以在阿姆斯特丹市中心享受干净的空气和便捷的交通。
名师圈点
①benefit n．利益；好处
v．使收益；得益于
②flat adj.平坦的；平滑的
③convenient adj.方便的；便利的
convenience n．方便；便利
④parking n．(车辆等的)停放
⑤amazing adj.令人大为惊奇的；(尤指)令人惊喜(或惊羡、惊叹)的
⑥in the 1960s二十世纪六十年代
⑦come up with想出；想到
⑧hopeful adj.有希望的
⑨transport n．交通工具；交通车辆
⑩come up突然发生；出现
⑪tracking n．跟踪
⑫put in插入
⑬actually adv.实际上；事实上
⑭thus adv.因此
⑮destination n．目的地；终点
⑯thanks to幸亏；由于
⑰effort n．努力
⑱enable vt.使能够
⑲issue n．重要的议题；问题
原文呈现
“WHITE BIKES”ON THE ROAD
People in Amsterdam have been enjoying the benefits①of cycling for years.The idea began about 50 years ago，and was first known as “while bikes”．Amsterdam is a good city for cycling because it's flat②and therefore convenient③ for bikes.There are also plenty of places for bicycle parking④and most streets in the city centre have a bicycle path.Because of its convenience for bicycles，Amsterdam has become very popular with cyclists—an amazing⑤38% of all trips are made by bike.Some people even call Amsterdam “the City of Bicycles”．
Where did the idea of “white bikes” come from？In the 1960s⑥，a group of cycling fans came up with⑦an idea.They believed that it would be better for everybody if cars weren't allowed in the city centre and only bicycles were.They were hopeful⑧that this would help to save energy，reduce pollution and provide free public transport⑨.The group painted hundreds of bicycles white and placed them in many areas around Amsterdam for people to use.Anyone was allowed to take them and use them for short journeys.People would leave the bike in the place where they finished their journey，so that someone else could then take it and use it from there. Soon after，however，problems came up⑩and the “white bikes” all disappeared—thieves stole them all in a matter of weeks!
where引导定语从句修饰先行词the place；so that引导目的状语从句。
In 1999，the “white bikes” returned to Amsterdam—this time with a computer tracking⑪system to record their every move! To take a bicycle，you had to put in⑫a special card.The new “white bikes” were not actually⑬white but painted in bright colours.The bikes were parked at special parking places.Thus⑭people who wanted to use them had to take them to another special parking place near their destination⑮and leave them there.
Thanks to⑯the ideas and efforts⑰of many people，like the cycling fans of the 1960s and those who enabled⑱the return of “white bikes”，you can now enjoy clean air and easy transport in central Amsterdam.
Nowadays，the idea of “white bikes” has pedalled its way around the world and there has been a global increase in bikesharing.
In China，more and more cities have their own “white bike” programmes.Both the locals and tourists like to use shared bikes because bikesharing is a cheap and easy way to save energy，reduce air and noise pollution，and enjoy the benefits of exercise in cities.However，problems can also develop，like the theft of bikes and parking issues⑲.Fortunately，people are trying different ways of solving those problems.Where will bikesharing go in China？You decide.
译文参考
“白色自行车”在路上
阿姆斯特丹的人们多年来一直在享受骑自行车的好处。该理念始于50年前，最初称之为“白色自行车”。阿姆斯特丹是一个骑自行车的好城市，因为它很平坦，因此对骑自行车的人来说很方便。还有很多自行车停车的地方，市中心的大多数街道都有自行车停车场。由于骑自行车很方便，阿姆斯特丹非常受骑自行车的人的欢迎，38%的旅行都是骑自行车。有些人甚至把阿姆斯特丹称为“自行车之城”。
“白色自行车”的理念从何而来？20世纪60年代一群骑行爱好者提出了一个想法。他们认为如果市中心不允许汽车进入，只允许自行车进入，对每个人都有好处。他们希望这将有助于节约能源、减少污染和提供免费公共交通。该组织将数百辆自行车涂成白色，并将它们放置在阿姆斯特丹周边的许多地区供人们使用。任何人都可以骑着它们短途旅行。人们会把自行车放在他们结束旅程的地方，这样其他人就可以从那里把它带走并使用它。然而，不久之后，问题来了，所有的“白色自行车”都消失了——小偷几个星期内把它们全部都偷走了！
1999年，“白色自行车”又回到阿姆斯特丹，这次用电脑跟踪系统记录下它的一举一动！要骑自行车，你得放张特别的卡片。新的“白色自行车”实际上不是白色的，而是用鲜艳的颜色粉刷的。自行车停在专门的停车场。因此，想要使用它们的人必须把它们带到目的地附近的另一个特殊停车场，然后把它们留在那里。
由于这个提议以及众多人的努力，如20世纪60年代的骑行爱好者和那些让“白色自行车”回归的人，你现在可以在阿姆斯特丹市中心享受干净的空气和便捷的交通。
如今，“白色自行车”的理念已经“骑行”全世界，自行车共享也在全球范围内不断增加。
在中国，越来越多的城市有自己的“白色自行车”计划。当地人和游客都喜欢使用共享单车，因为共享单车是一种既便宜又方便的节能方式，可以减少空气和噪音污染，还可以享受到在城市锻炼的好处。然而问题也会发展，比如偷自行车和停车问题。幸运的是人们正试图用不同的方法来解决这些问题。共享单车在中国将何去何从？你自己决定。
速读P36－37教材课文，完成下列任务
Ⅰ.阅读判断
判断下列句子提供的信息是正确，还是错误，还是没有提及。
1．It is convenient to cycle a bike in Amsterdam.
A．Right. B．Wrong. C．Not mentioned.
2．The government came up with the idea of “white bikes”．
A．Right. B．Wrong. C．Not mentioned.
3．The programme of “white bikes” got along well in Amsterdam.
A．Right. B．Wrong. C．Not mentioned.
4．In 1999，you can park the bike anywhere after you finish your journey.
A．Right. B．Wrong. C．Not mentioned.
5．There are no problems about bikesharing in China.
A．Right. B．Wrong. C．Not mentioned.
[答案] 1－5 ABBBB
Ⅱ.补全信息
选择正确选项填入空白处，补全所给句子提供的信息。
A．who enabled the return of “white bikes”
B．who wanted to use the bicycles
C．where they finished their journey
D．that it would be better for everybody
E．because bikesharing is a cheap and easy way to save energy
1．Cycling fans believed if cars weren't allowed in the city centre.
2．People would leave the bike in the place in the 1960s.
3．People had to take them to another special parking place near their destination.
4．Thanks to the ideas and efforts of many people，like those ，you can now enjoy clean air and easy transport in central Amsterdam.
5．In China，both locals and tourists like to use shared bikes ．
[答案] 1－5 DCBAE
Ⅲ.表格填空
Time
Facts about “white bikes” in Amsterdam
In the 1960s
A group of cycling fans believed that it would be better for everybody if cars weren't allowed 1.in the city centre and only bicycles were.They 2.painted hundreds of bicycles white and placed them in many areas for people to use.Soon after, the“white bikes” all 3.disappeared.
In 1999
The “white bikes” 4.returned to Amsterdam.And a computer 5.tracking system was used to record their every move.The new “white bikes” were not actually white but painted in 6.bright colours and were parked at 7.special parking places.
Now
The idea of “white bikes” has 8.spread around the world and there has been 9.a global increase in bikesharing.In China, more and more cities have their own “white bike” programmes.However, problems also develop and people are trying different ways of 10.solving those problems.
细读P36－37教材课文，完成下列任务
Ⅰ.主旨匹配
1．Para.1 A．Its return.
2．Para.2 B．Its origin.
3．Para.3 C．Its future.
4．Paras.4～5 D．The city of bikes.
5．Para.6 E．Its spread.
[答案] 1－5 DBAEC
Ⅱ.单项选择
1．Nowadays some people call Amsterdam “the City of Bicycles” because ．
A．there are more bicycles there than in other places
B．it is convenient for bikes there
C．all the people there like riding bicycles
D．it produces many bicycles every year
2．From the text we know that the first “white bikes” plan failed because ．
A．the government disagreed with the idea
B．riding bikes was too dangerous
C．thieves stole all the bikes
D．this idea was too difficult to carry out
3．The “white bikes” have the following effects except ．
A．saving energy
B．reducing pollution
C．making the city more crowded
D．providing free public transport
4．How does the “white bikes” plan work thirty years later?
A．All the bikes are parked at special parking places.
B．All the bikes should be kept properly by special people.
C．Enough room is left for keeping bicycles.
D．By using both computer and special parking places.
5．What do people use if they want to take a “white bike” in the city?
A．A white key. B．A special card.
C．A special computer. D．A common chip.
[答案] 1－5 BCCDB
Ⅲ.读后续写/概要写作微技能
A．阅读课文中含有条件许可的语句。
1．They believed that it would be better for everybody if cars weren't allowed in the city centre and only bicycles were.
2．Anyone was allowed to take them and use them for short journeys.
3．To take a bicycle，you had to put in a special card.
B．判断下列语句中哪些不是表示条件许可的语句。
1．It's a good city for cycling because it's flat and therefore convenient for bikes.
2．People who wanted to use them had to take them to another special parking place.
3．You can now enjoy clean air and easy transport in central Amsterdam.
[答案] 3
1．found vt.创建；创办→founder n．创办人，创始者
2．organise vt.组织；安排→organiser n．组织者，安排者→organisation n．组织；安排
3．agriculture n．农业→agricultural adj.农业的
4．propose v．提议；建议；打算→proposal n．建议，提议
5．survive v．继续存在；幸存；幸免于难；艰难度过；比……活(或存在)的时间长→survivor n．幸存者；幸免者→survival n．继续生存，幸存
6．determine v．决定→determined adj.坚决的；坚定的→determination n．决心；毅力
7．disappear vi.消失，不见→disappearance n．消失；不见
overcome vt. 克服(困难)；控制(感情)；战胜；受到……极大影响
①She overcame injury to win the Olympic gold medal. 克服
②Her parents were overcome with grief at the funeral.
受到……极大影响
③Molly had fought and overcome her fear of flying. 战胜
Words and Phrases
stand for代表；容忍
(教材P34) What does NPO stand for?
NPO代表什么？
[例1] The party is trying to give the impression that it alone stands for democracy.
该党正试图让大家觉得只有它才是民主的代表。
[例2] I'm not standing for it any longer.
这种事我再也不能容忍了。
[造句] VOA代表《美国之音》。
VOA stands for the Voice of America.
[知识拓展]
stand against 抵抗，反抗，靠在……上，经受住
stand back 退后，靠后站
stand by 袖手旁观，站在一起，帮助，维持
stand out 突出，出色，显著
stand up for sb./sth. 支持、维护某人/某物
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①That fence can not stand against the wind.
②The police ordered the crowd to stand back．
③So just how do you stand out from the competition?
come up with想出；想到
(教材P36) In the 1960s，a group of cycling fans came up with an idea.
20世纪60年代一群骑行爱好者提出了一个想法。
[例1] Several of the members have come up with suggestions of their own.
有几位成员提出了自己的建议。
[例2] He can come up with a convincing explanation.
他能说出令人信服的解释。
[造句] 我们希望你能想出一个比这更好的计划。
We hope you can come up with a plan better than this.
[知识拓展]
come up to 走近
come up 发生；被提及(无被动式)
come out 出来；出版；开花
come across (偶然)遇见；碰到
come about 发生
come at 扑向
come to 达到；总计
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①He is coming up to Peking University next term.
②When will the matter come up for discussion?
③This book is about to come out in Britain，and later in France and in Spain.
④They didn't know how the change had come about．
[小片段助记]
The other day when I was walking in the street，I came across Wang Lei，an old friend of mine.She told me a story of her brother's.He once saw a dog come at a boy，which made the boy die of a disease related to a dog disease.At that time，he came up with the idea to learn medicine and find a cure for the disease.Last month，his experiment for the drug came out very successful and it was predicted that the number of people who can benefit from his research will come to 1 million a year.
(教材P106) Ms Yi had a contented life until a terrible event occurred which changed her life.
易女士一直过着知足的生活，直到一件可怕的事情的发生改变了她的生活。
(1)contented adj.满意的；满足的
[例1] Whenever he returns to this place he is happy and contented.
每次回到这个地方，他都十分快乐，心满意足。
[例2] His face relaxes into a contented smile.
他面部肌肉放松下来，露出了满意的微笑。
[造句] 年轻人往往对自己的工作不很满意。
Young people are usually less contented with their work.
[知识拓展]
content n． 内容
vt. 使满意，使满足
adj. 满意的，满足的
be content to do sth.＝be willing/ready to do sth.
乐意做某事；满足于做某事
be content with sth.＝be satisfied/pleased with sth.
对某事满意/满足
content oneself with sth. 满足于……；对……感到满意
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①That rich man is tired of city life，so he is content to live(live) in the country.
②To be honest，I'm very content with my life at present.
③We should never content ourselves (us)with book knowledge only.
[小片段助记]
Though he isn't content with his present salary，he is content to remain where he is now. As a matter of fact，a beer every meal is enough to content him.
(2)occur vi.发生，出现；被想到(起)
[例1] When exactly did the incident occur?
这一事件究竟是什么时候发生的？
[例2] The crash occurred when the crew shut down the wrong engine.
机务人员关错了引擎，随即飞机坠毁。
[造句] 伊丽莎白也想到了这个主意。
The same idea had occurred to Elizabeth.
[知识拓展]
(1)sth.occurs to sb. 某人突然想到某事
it occurs/occurred to sb.to do sth.
某人突然想到要做某事
it occurs/occurred to sb.that... ……的念头/想法出现在某人的头脑里
(2)occurrence 发生的事情；存在的事物
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
① Now it occurred to him that his farm had much potential.
② Didn't it occur to you to phone(phone) them about it?
[名师点津]
表示 “某人想起……”的短语还有： sth. strikes/hits sb., sth. comes to sb.等。
proposal n．建议，提议
(教材P106－107) The local government agreed with her proposal to plant one million trees in the region over ten years.
当地政府同意她的提议，在10年内在该地区种植100万棵树。
[例1] His proposal that the system should be changed was rejected.
他提的关于修改制度的建议被拒绝了。
[例2] The proposal has not yet passed the discussion stage.
这个提案还没有通过讨论阶段。
[造句] 新建一条高速铁路的提议遭到了强烈反对。
The proposal for a new highspeed railway met with strong opposition.
[知识拓展]
propose vt. 提议，建议；打算；提名
propose sth./doing sth. 建议做某事
propose to do sth./doing sth. 打算做某事
propose sth.to sb. 向某人提议某事/求婚
propose that...(should) do sth. 建议(某人)做某事
propose sb.for sth./propose sb.as sth.
推荐某人担任
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①She proposed that the book (should) be banned(ban)．
②And where do you propose building/to build(build) such a huge thing?
③I would like to propose a vote of thanks to our host.
survival n．继续生存，幸存
(教材P107) Now the trees have a survival rate of 85%.
现在这些树的成活率是85%。
[例1] His only chance of survival was a heart transplant.
只有进行心脏移植，他才有望活下去。
[例2] All living beings are endowed with an instinct for survival.
生物都有求生存的本能。
[造句] 必须有出口，才能维持我们的经济。
Exporting is necessary for our economic survival.
[知识拓展]
(1)survive vi. 幸存；生存下来
vt. 幸免于；从……中生还
survive sth. 在……中幸免于难，挺过……
survive (from sth.) (从……中)存活下来/留存下来
survive(on sth.) (靠……)存活
survive as sth. 作为……继续存在
survive sb.by...years 比某人多活了……年
(2)survivor n. 幸存者
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①Harry survived his wife by three months.
②A plane crashed yesterday，and there were no survivors (survive)．
③I wonder how they can survive on such poor income.
[小片段助记]
The little girl was the only survivor who survived the strong earthquake.She told the reporter that she had to survive on little food during the days when she was buried.I think her survival was a real wonder.
Sentence Patterns
年代表达法
(教材P36) In the 1960s，a group of cycling fans came up with an idea.
20世纪60年代一群骑行爱好者提出了一个想法。
[句式分析]
句中的“In the 1960s”表示“在20世纪60年代”。 表示在某个世纪的几十年代，用“in the＋年份(尾数为0)＋s/'s”。有时年份前还可加修饰词early/middle/late，表示在“某世纪某年代的早期/中期/后期”。
[例1] In the 1980s，American exports crowded out European films.
20世纪80年代美国出口影片把欧洲影片挤出了市场。
[例2] Finally，in the 1940s a significant breakthrough was made.
终于，在20世纪40年代，一个重要的突破性的进展产生了。
[造句] 我与他初次相识是在20世纪60年代早期。
I first made his acquaintance in the early 1960s.
[知识拓展]
“in one's＋逢十的基数词的复数”意为“在某人几十岁的时候”。
in his teens 在他十几岁时
in her twenties 在她20多岁时
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①She became a household name in the early 1960s.
②My daughter preferred to dance when she was in her twenties(twenty)．
not...but...不是……，而是……
(教材P37) The new “white bikes” were not actually white but painted in bright colours.
新的“白色自行车”实际上不是白色的，而是用鲜艳的颜色粉刷的。
[句式分析]
句中的not...but...表示“不是……，而是……”，连接两个并列的句子成分，当连接两个并列主语时，谓语动词必须与靠近的主语的人称和数保持一致。
[例1] Reading is fun，not because the writer is telling you something，but because it makes your mind work.
读书之所以有趣，不是由于作者告诉了你什么，而是由于书本促使你思考。
[例2] I did it not because I liked it but because I had to do it.
我做这事不是因为我喜欢它，而是因为我必须做。
[造句] 不是他说的话而是他做的事令人难忘。
It is not the words he says but the things he does are unforgetable.
[知识拓展]
除了not...but...应用就近原则，常见的用就近原则的词组还有：either...or...；neither...not...；not only...but also...等。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①Either I or Mary decides(decide) to take part in the competition.
②Not only his friends but also Tom wants(want) to go to the cinema.
教材
高考
1.In the 1960s, a group of cycling fans came up with an idea.
(2020·全国卷Ⅱ)She's trying to come up with a label to attach to nutria fashions to show it is ecofriendly.
2.Ms Yi had a contented life until a terrible event occurred which changed her life.
(2020·全国卷Ⅲ) We are the products of evolution, and not just evolution that occurred billions of years ago.
3.The local government agreed with her proposal to plant one million trees in the region over ten years.
(2019·天津卷)Submit a topic proposal to your history teacher.
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．What makes his parents worry is not his grades but that he hasn't any interest in learning.
2．She recalled a man in his thirties(thirty) who came knocking on her door.
3．Police are investigating the disappearance(disappear) of a young woman.
4．It didn't occur to her to ask for help.
5．He stood out in terms of competence from all his fellows.
6．She is quite content to live(live) at home with her parents.
7．The proposal that safety standards should be raised(raise) was poohpoohed by the committee.
8．The main place of human survival(survive) and the development is community.
9．The subject came up during a predinner drink with our guests.
10．In the 1890s，the city hosted China's first public film show as part of a teahouse variety bill.
Ⅱ.短语填空
stand for；come up with；make sb.'s dream come true；thanks to；work through
1．We are working through the negative feelings generated during the day.
2．I believe in myself，I'm sure I can make my dream come true．
3．It's outrageous，and we won't stand for it any more.
4．Thanks to your help，we accomplished the task ahead of schedule.
5．She came up with a new suggestion to solve the problem.
Ⅲ.课文语法填空
Amsterdam is a city where people enjoy 1.cycling (cycle) because it's flat.Cycling fans in Amsterdam first had the idea of “white bikes” in the 1960s.They painted hundreds of bikes white and left them around the city centre for anybody 2.to use (use) because they were 3.hopeful (hope) that this would help to save energy, reduce pollution and provide free public transport.4.Unfortunately (fortunate), in a matter of weeks, the “white bikes” all 5.disappeared (disappear)．In 1999，the“white bikes” returned to Amsterdam—this time with some hightech security measures, for example a computer tracking system.Now bikesharing programmes 6.like “white bikes” have become popular all around the world, 7.including(include) China, 8.where more and more people use shared bikes in cities.9.But problems do sometimes develop, like the theft of bikes and parking issues.However, people are trying different ways of 10.solving (solve) those problems.
动词和名词
[观察例句]
1．Climate change is a terrible problem...
2．Every individual matters.
3....you can now enjoy clean air and easy transport in central Amsterdam.
4．Leave a light on when you go out.
5．What is “Justmeism”？
6．In the 1960s，a group of cycling fans came up with an idea.
[归纳用法]
一、动词的种类
动词的种类包括实义动词、系动词、助动词和情态动词。
(一)实义动词
实义动词是能独立作谓语的动词。按其句法功能可分为及物动词和不及物动词。
1．及物动词
及物动词本身意义不完整，需要接宾语才能使其意思完整。
(1)动词＋宾语
I like this book very much.
我非常喜欢这本书。
(2)动词＋宾语＋宾补
We call the bird Polly.
我们叫这只鸟波莉。
I saw the children play in the park yesterday.
昨天我看见孩子们在公园玩。
[名师点津]
用省略to的不定式或现在分词作宾补的动词有：have，see，watch，notice，hear等。
(3)动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语
Please pass me the salt.
请把盐递给我。
常见的带双宾语的动词有：give，bring，buy，get，leave，lend，make，offer，pass，teach，tell等。
2．不及物动词
不及物动词自身意思完整，无需接宾语。
Horses run fast.
马跑得很快。
(1)有些动词既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词。
We study English.
我们学习英语。(及物动词)
We study hard.
我们努力学习。(不及物动词)
(2)有些不及物动词与一些别的词搭配在一起构成动词短语，它的作用相当于一个及物动词。
①动词＋介词
Listen to the teacher carefully.
仔细听老师讲。
[名师点津]
此类动词短语后面的宾语无论是名词还是代词，都只能放在介词后面，不能放在动词和介词之间。
②动词＋副词＋介词
Let's go on with our work!
让我们继续我们的工作吧！
He gets along well with his classmates.
他与同学们相处得很好。
实义动词按其持续性可分为延续性动词和非延续性动词。
1．延续性动词
延续性动词表示动作是可以持续的，和表示一段时间的状语连用。如：live，study，work，keep，teach等。
We have lived in Suzhou since 2001.
自2001年以来，我们一直住在苏州。
You can keep this book for two weeks.
这本书你可以借两周。
2．非延续性动词
非延续性动词表示瞬间动作，动作一旦发生立即结束，如：buy，lend，borrow，die，begin，stop，finish，arrive，join，go，come，catch等，非延续性动词不能和表示一段时间的状语连用。如果和表示一段时间的状语连用，就要用其他的词代替。
The old man has been dead for two years.
那个老人已经去世两年了。(这里不能用has died)
He arrived here five days ago.
他五天前到这儿的。
[即学即练1] 单句语法填空
①Betty will ring me up when she arrives(arrive)in Beijing.
②The population of the world is still increasing(increase) now.
③The country music often reminds(remind) me of my parents and friends.
(二)系动词
系动词本身有词义，但不能单独作谓语，必须与表语一起构成谓语，用于说明主语的状态、性质、特征或身份。
1．表示状态
常见的有：be“是”；stay“保持”；keep“保持”；remain“保持”等。
It remains a secret.它现在还是个秘密。
2．表示感官、表象
常见的有：look“看起来”；feel“摸起来”；smell“闻起来”；sound“听起来”；taste“尝起来”等。
The flowers smell sweet.花闻起来很香。
3．表示转变和结果
常见的有：become“变成”；get/turn/grow“变得”等。
Her face turns red.她的脸红了。
[即学即练2] 单句语法填空
①Physics is(be) more difficult than Chinese.Do you think so?
②When spring comes，the weather gets(get) warm.
(三)助动词
助动词本身没有意义，它只是帮助实义动词或系动词构成谓语，表示疑问、否定、时态、语态等。有些单词并不是固定的助动词，如动词be、have、do等在句子中与实义动词或系动词一起构成各种时态、语态、否定句、疑问句时，才能担当起助动词的作用。常见的助动词还有will，shall，would，should等。
(四)情态动词
情态动词本身有一定的词义，不表示动作或状态，而仅仅表示说话人的态度。不能独立作谓语，只能和动词原形一起构成谓语。
情态动词
用法
否定式
疑问式与简答
can
能力(体力，智力，技能)；允许或许可(口语中常用)；可能性(表猜测，用于否定句或疑问句中)
can not /can't do
Can...do...？
Yes，...can.
No，...can't.
couldn't do
could
may
可以(问句中表示请求)；可能，或许(表推测)；祝愿(用于倒装句中)
may not do
May...do...？
Yes，...may.
No，...
mustn't/can't.
might
可能
might not do
Might...do...？
Yes，...might.
No，...might not.
must
必须，应该(表主观要求)；
肯定，想必(肯定句中表推测)
must not/ mustn't do
Must...do...？
Yes，...must.
No，...needn't/
don't have to.
have to
只好，不得不(客观的必须，有时态、人称变化)
don't have to do
Do...have
to do...？
Yes，...do.
No，...don't.
ought to
应当(表示义务、责任，口语中多用should)
ought not to/oughtn't to do
Ought...to o...？
Yes，...ought.
No，...oughtn't.
shall
将要，会(用于一、三人称征求对方意见；用于二、三人称表示许诺、命令、警告、威胁等)
shall not/ han't do
Shall...do...？
Yes，...shall.
No，...shan't.
should
应当，应该(表义务、责任)；本该(含有责备意味)
should not/ shouldn't do
Should...do...？
will
意愿，决心，请求，建议(用在问句中would比较委婉)
will not/won't do
Will...do...？
Yes，...will.
No，...won't.
would
would not/ wouldn't do
dare
敢(常用于否定句和疑问句中)
dare not/ daren't do
Dare...do...？
Yes，...dare.
No，...daren't.
need
需要，必须(常用于否定句和疑问句中)
need not/ needn't do
Need...do...？
Yes，...must.
No，...
needn't.
used to
过去常常(现在已不再)
used not/ use(d)n't/
to do
didn't use
to do
Used...to
do...？
Yes，...used.
No，...
use(d)n't.
Did...use
to do...？
Yes，...did.
No，...didn't.
[即学即练3] 用适当的情态动词填空
①In Britain，you must be 18 if you want to drive a car.
②—Is that Mr.Li in the classroom?
—No，it can't be him.He's in the office now.
③—Must I finish the work today，Mum?
—No，you needn't．You can finish it tomorrow.
二、名词
(一)名词的分类
名词是表示人或事物名称的词，它分为普通名词和专有名词两大类。普通名词又分为可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词包括个体名词和集体名词，有单数和复数之分；不可数名词包括物质名词和抽象名词，没有复数形式。
词条
用法
例词
普通名词
可数名词
个体名词
表示个体的人或事物的词
book，desk，table，bike，plane
集体名词
表示一群人或一些事物的词
family，class，police，team，group
不可数名词
物质名词
表示构成各种物体的物质或材料的词
glass，water，air，paper，wood
抽象名词
表示状态、品质、行为、感情等抽象概念的词
danger，health，love，success，interest
专有名词
表示人、地方、事物、机构、组织等名称的词
Alice，Canada，the Great Wall
(二)名词的语法作用
1．作主语
名词在句中可作多种成分，作主语是其最常见的用法。
The sun is rising.
太阳升起来了。
2．作宾语
名词在句中常作动词或介词的宾语。
I bought an MP3 for my son last week.
上周我给儿子买了个MP3。
You must look after your sister.
你必须照看好你的妹妹。
3．作表语
Lucy is my cousin.
露西是我的表妹。
4．作宾语补足语
We chose Jack our monitor.
我们选杰克当我们的班长。
5．作定语
(1)名词作定语一般用单数形式。
There is an apple tree in our yard.
在我们的院子里有一棵苹果树。
(2)man，woman用于名词前作定语时，其形式与所修饰的名词一致，即man，woman后用单数名词，men，women后用复数名词。
They are all men teachers.
他们都是男教师。
A woman doctor is sitting in the room.
有位女医生正坐在房间里。
(3)个别名词用复数形式作定语。
Our sports meeting was put off because of the heavy rain.
因为大雨我们的运动会被推迟了。
[即学即练4] 单句语法填空
①There are three apple trees(tree) in front of the small house.
②The hospital needs two men(man) doctors.
③Three days is(be) really a short time.
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．The club provides a wide variety of activities(activity) including tennis，swimming and cycling.
2．Her teeth(tooth) are false，but they look very natural.
3．Chinese arts have won the appreciation(appreciate) of a lot of people outside China.
4．Usually a child's behavior is a reflection(reflect) of his family environment.
5．Can I have a word with you？It won't take long.
6．The children dressed the rabbit up and planned(plan) to take her to the head.
7．The number of the students in our school was(be) about 1，000，but now 1，300.
8．I believe you will make(make) a famous singer some day.
9．What great fun it sounds like buying(buy) my cousin a toy lorry!
10．Look! Max's legs are so long，but they each fit(fit) well under his desk.
Ⅱ.短文语法填空
English is now the first language of about 400 million people，the mother language of 12 1.countries(country) and the official language of onefifth of the land area of the world，which 2.means(mean) one in every seven people in the world speaks English.
More and more people have found it important 3.to learn(learn) English well in recent years.In Italy，for example，English is a must for many technical 4.jobs(job)．In China，English is the most important foreign language that is learned at school.
The English language has never stopped 5.changing(change)．It always borrows words and phrases from other cultures to enlarge its vocabulary.6.Actually(actual)，modern English is quite different from what 7.was used(use) hundreds of years ago.
English is so widely used that it has become the standard language for communicating internationally.About 75% of the world's mail 8.is(be) in English.About 60% of the world's telephone calls are made in English and about 60% of the world's radio programs are 9.broadcast(broadcast) in English.What's more，over half of the world's books and 10.magazines(magazine) are written in English.In a word，English is now the world's first language.
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