2022年高中英语语法解析：代词的用法详解学案

这是一份2022年高中英语语法解析：代词的用法详解学案，共6页。学案主要包含了反身代词等内容，欢迎下载使用。
一. 人称代词
1. 主格和宾格
1) 通常，人称代词主格用做主语或表语;宾格用做动词或介词的宾语。句子的结构如有变化，也应能加以分析，确定选用哪种形式。例如：
It was he wh tld a lie.
It’s nt me (wh / whm) he wants. (作宾语)
This is a secret;it's between yu and me.(作介词宾语)
2) 人称代词宾格可用在比较状语从句一类的结构中代替主格。例如：
He is taller than me / I (am). I dn't swim s well as her / she (des).
2. 两种所有格
人称代词所有格称为物主代词。物主代词分为两类：
① 形容词性的，如my, her, yur, their等;
② 名词性的，如mine，hers，yurs，theirs等。由于受汉语影响，我们常犯以下两种错误：
1) 漏用代词，主要是形容词性的物主代词，因为汉语中常常将它省略。例如：
I have dne my hmewrk.(不能说 * I have dne hmewrk.)
We clean ur classrm every day.(不能说 * We clean classrm every day.)
2) 误用代词，混淆两种类型的物主代词，因为汉语中无此区别。例如：
That dictinary is nt mine.(不能说 * That dictinary is nt my.)
Mine is here.(不能说 * My is here.)
注意：形容词性的物主代词只能用作定语，必须与名词连用。例如
What's her name? I am yur friend.
名词性的物主代词则可充当名词所能充当的各种句子成分。如：
Yur pen is black;mine is blue.(作主语)
Yu haven't gt a bike?Yu may use mine.(作宾语)
但是its一般不能单独使用。需要时可以用its wn。如：
That's the cat's basket. It's its wn.
3. 代词做短语动词宾语时的位置
当短语动词由“动词+副词”构成时，代词作宾语必须放在动词和副词中间，名词则不受此限制。如：
He lked up the wrd in the dictinary. He lked the wrd up in the dictinary.
He lked it up in the dictinary.
但如果是由“动词+介词”构成的介词动词，代词作宾语还是要放在介词之后。例如：
He's been lking fr them all this mrning.
二 反身代词
反身代词作句中宾语时，表示动作返回到主语本身。或者说，句子的主语和宾语是同一个人或物。例如：
He hurt himself.(作动词宾语)
Dick bught himself a new cat.(作间接宾语)
I heard Jane talk t herself.(作介词宾语)
2. 强调用法
反身代词用作同位语时，在句中起强调作用，其位置也比较灵活。例如：
I went t see the mayr myself.(强调主语)
We spke t the mayr himself.(强调宾语)
The mayr himself met us at the dr.(紧随主语之后)
The mayr met us at the dr himself.(在句末)
3. 使用反身代词时的常见错误
反身代词一般不可用作句子中的主语、表语或定语。如：
* Ourselves can d it.(误作主语)
We can d it urselves. 我们自己能干。
* I culd hardly imagine that the car was himself.(误作表语)
I culd hardly imagine that the car was his wn. 简直难以想象那汽车是他自己的。
* That's myself prblem.(误作定语)
That's a prblem f my wn.那是我自己的问题。
注意：在少数习惯表达中反身代词可不受语法限制。
I'm nt myself tday. (我今天不在状态/感觉不好。)
In ffice myself, I helped her get a jb.
(我帮她在我自己的办公室找了一份工作。)
三. 不定代词
1. 用sme还是用any
1) 一般说来，sme用于肯定;any用于否定，例如：
There are sme letters fr yu. There aren't any letters fr me.
2) 疑问句中，一般用any，如问话人心中已经有“数”，或认为对方会做出肯定回答时，用sme。试比较：
Have yu any apples? (I can't see any.)
Culd I have sme f thse apples? (which I can see.)
3) 注意其它方式的否定因素也可决定应该用any，如：
I dn't think there are any letters.(主句动词否定转移，从句中用any。)
The by slved the prblem withut any difficulty. (介词withut含否定意味。)
4) any在表示“任何(人或物)”时，可用于肯定句中：
Oh! Any bk will d;I just want smething t read n the train.
5) 当说话人心中有“数”(尽管可能不是具体数字)时，否定句中也用sme，如：
Sme bys haven't dne their hmewrk.(肯定有人没做，尽管不一定知道是多少人。)
6) any可用条件从句中，表示情况不明或未定，如：
Let me knw if yu need any help.(不知道对方是否需要帮助。)
试比较： Let me knw if yu need sme help.(知道能如何提供帮助。)
2. all和bth
1) all和bth后面的f可有可无。
All / Bth (f) the desks are new.
注：Bth the desks... = Bth f the desks... = Bth desks...(the或f the可有可无)
2) 注意下列两种句子里all/bth的位置：
They all / bth agree with me. I agree with them all / bth.
句中all或bth直接跟在代词(主格或宾格)之后作同位语;其它不定代词不能这样用。
3) all/bth同频度副词一样，可位于句中(主、谓语之间或谓语动词结构之中)，如：
They all / bth came. They were all / bth waiting.
(注;each也能这样用，其它不定代词都不能。)
3. either与neither
either指“两者之中任何一个”，neither指“两者都不”通常与单数动词连用。但在非正式英语中也可与复数动词连用。例如：
Yu've gt tw answers. Either is crrect. Neither is wrng.
There are trees n either/each side f the street.
Neither f the bks is wrth reading.(=Neither f the bks are wrth reading)
4. nbdy, n ne, nthing和nne
nbdy和n ne指人，作单数，后面不能接f 短语,例如：
Nbdy/N ne knws why she was late again.
Nbdy was hurt in the match，were they?(反意疑问句中，可用复数代词they来代替。)
nthing指物，作单数;nne指人或物，作单救或复数均可。nne既可用于可数名词，也可用于不可数名词, 例如：
Nne f the mney n the table is mine.
Nne f his reasns was/were true.
There's nthing n the table but a blue cap.
Of all my classmates， nne likes dancing.
5. every与each
5. every与each
every强调的是“全体”;each则强调的是具体“每一个”。例如：
On every/each side f the square there were sldiers.
(The square has mre than tw sides。every side = each side =all sides表示“每边、各边”。) 试比较：
On either/each side f the rad there were sldiers.
(The rad has nly tw sides. either side= each side = bth sides，表示二者之中“每一边”。)
此外，each可作名词性代词，如：
Each has tw bks.(each作主语)
We each are satisfied with ur wn rms.
(each作同位语，常位于主语和谓语动词之间，谓语动词及代词等应与主语一致。)
We are satisfied with ur wn rms each. (each作同位语时，也可置于句末。)
6. ther, the ther和anther
1) ther表示“另外的(人或物)”，“其他的(人或物)”，其复数形式为thers。例如：
There are ther ways f ding this exercise.
Lei Feng was always ready t he1p thers.
2) the ther表示两者之中的“另一个(人或物)”，其复数形式为the thers，例如：
He has a pen in ne hand and a bk in the ther.。
Only three f the students were in the classrm;the thers were all n the playgrund.
当ther泛指“别人”时，前面不加定冠词：
We must always be ready t help thers.
3) anther表示不定数目中的“另一个或类似的下个(人或物)”，还可与数词连用，表示“再，又”的意思。例如：
Hw abut anther cup f tea?
The strike may last anther tw weeks.
7. ne
1) ne只可用于指代可数名词，其复数形式是nes。例如：
If yu can't find yur pen，use the ne n the table.
What nice shirts!which ne/nes shall we buy?
2) ne/nes通常不能直接用在their，my，his等物主代词以及a(n)，wn，several和名词所有格后面。例如：
His knife seems sharper than mine.(不能用 my ne代替mine)
They dn't like this twn;they want very much t g back t their wn.(不能用 * their wn ne代替their wn 或 their wn cuntry)
但是，当ne/nes前面还带有形容词时，则例外。如：
Have yu any knives?I need a sharp ne.
My ld dictinary isn't as gd as Jhn's new ne.
3) the/this/that ne与that：
that可以指代不可数名词，而ne不能。如：
The weather in Wuhan is much warmer than that in Tianjing. (that不能用the ne取代) that后面常接f短语，例如：
This dictinary is mre expensive than that ne.(that ne=that dictinary. ne一般不省略)
The windw f yur rm is much bigger than that f mine.(that=the windw，它后面有f短语，一般不用the ne替代)
有时候the ne和that可以互相取代，如：
The gld ring is in that bx --- the ne(=that)with the key in the lck.
4) ne可以泛指人，相当于yu，we，peple，其所有格为ne's。例如：
One shuld d ne's/his duty.