2022年高中英语语法知识梳理--独立主格结构学案
展开独立主格结构 一、逻辑主语
一、逻辑主语
1.不定式的逻辑主语
(1)“ fr sb.t d sth.” 句式中fr sb.引出逻辑主语。
It is necessary fr yu t have a talk with him。你有必要和他谈一次。(yu为逻辑主语)
There was nthing fr us t fear.我们无所畏惧。(us为逻辑主语)
I am pleased fr yu t help me with my English。
很高兴你能帮我学习英语。(yu为逻辑主语)
They fund it imprtant fr us t cllect mre mney fr the prject.
我们发现为工程筹集更多的款项很重要。(us为逻辑主语)
(2)“ f sb.t d sth.” 句式中f sb.引出逻辑主语。
It is flish f him t d it like that.他那样做太傻了。(him为逻辑主语)
It’s very nice f yu t help me.你来帮助我,真是太好了。(yu为逻辑主语)
(3)不定式作定语时是被定语修饰的先行词是逻辑主语。
The prblem t be discussed is n the piece f paper.
纸上写了待讨论的问题。(the prblem为逻辑主语)
The writer t cme tmrrw is frm Beijing.
明天要来的作者来自北京。(the writer为逻辑主语)
There are still sme trees t be planted.仍有一些要种植的树。(trees为逻辑主语)
She is nt always the first t cme t schl.
第一个来学校的并不总是她。(the first为逻辑主语)
They have nthing t eat.他们没有东西吃。(they为逻辑主语)
(4)双宾语句式中的间接宾语是逻辑主语。
Please give him the watch t repair.请把表给他修一修。(him为逻辑主语)
Please lend me a bk t read.请借我本书读读。(me为逻辑主语)
(5)不定式作状语时句子主语是逻辑主语。
I stayed there t see what wuld happen.
我待在那里想看看会发生什么事。(目的状语,I为逻辑主语)
He will g t the clinic tmrrw t be examined by the dctr.
他明天去诊所让医生检查一下。(目的状语,he为逻辑主语)
He lived t be a very ld man.他一直活到很老。(结果状语,he为逻辑主语)
I trembled t think f it.想到那事我就发抖。(原因状语,I为逻辑主语)
(6)不定式作宾语补足语时复合宾语中的宾语是逻辑主语。
Nne f them requires the equipment t be mved.
没人要求把仪器搬开。(the equipment为逻辑主语)
Peple dn’t allw wmen t take part in the games.
人们不允许妇女参加这些运动。(wmen为逻辑主语)
I’ll ask them t be quiet.我会让他们安静。(them为逻辑主语)
2.动名词的逻辑主语
I d nt mind Bb’s smking in the rm.(Bb’s为逻辑主语)
His being late made me unhappy.(his为逻辑主语)
Wuld yu mind me pening the windw? (me为逻辑主语)
I’m strngly against children smking.(children为逻辑主语)
3.分词的逻辑主语
(1)分词作状语时,逻辑主语是句子的主语。
Feeling tired,I went t bed early.我感到累,很早就睡了。(I为逻辑主语)
Taken in time,the medicine will be quite effective.
及时吃,这药会很有效的。(the medicine为逻辑主语)
【辨析】发现车被盗了,她急忙找来警察帮忙。
【误】Finding her car stlen,a pliceman was asked t help.(逻辑主语不是a pliceman)
【正】Finding her car stlen,she hurried t a pliceman fr help.(逻辑主语是she)
(2)分词作定语时,逻辑主语是被修饰的名词或代词。
The yung wman standing ver there is ur new English teacher.
站在那边的年轻妇女是我们新的英语老师。(the yung wman为逻辑主语)
There was a sleeping child in the rm.房间里有一个睡着了的孩子。(child为逻辑主语)
The bk written by him is very ppular.他写的那本书很受欢迎。(the bk为逻辑主语)
独立主格结构 二、独立主格结构
二、独立主格结构
1.独立主格结构的特征
当句子的主语不是作状语的分词或不定式等的逻辑主语,而是有独立的逻辑主语时,这就构成了独立主格结构。
The last bus having left,we had t walk hme.
最后的班车开走了,我们只好步行回家。(the last bus为逻辑主语)
The hmewrk dne,the students left the classrm.
作业做完了,学生们离开了教室。(the last bus为逻辑主语)
2.独立主格结构的形式
(1)逻辑主语+现在分词
All the students having sat dwn,the lecture began.所有学生坐好之后,讲座开始了。
His hand waving in the air,the little by ran away.小男孩挥着手跑开了。
It being Sunday,we went t church.因为是星期天,我们去做了礼拜。
The by lay n the grass,his eyes lking at the sky.男孩躺在草地上,眼睛看着天空。
(2)逻辑主语+过去分词
The test finished,we’ll have ur summer vacatin.考试结束,我们将开始暑假了。
The signal given,the train started.信号发出后,火车启动。
He lay there,his teeth set,his hand clenched.他躺在那里,牙关紧咬,双拳紧握。
Jim was listening t the lecture,his eyes fixed upn the speaker.
吉姆听着讲座,眼睛盯着演讲者。
【比较】
①He lay there,his hands trembling.
他躺在那里,双手颤抖。(hands 和tremble是主谓关系)
②He lay there,his eyes clsed.
他躺在那里,双眼紧闭。(eyes 和clse是动宾关系)
(3)逻辑主语+不定式
N ne t wake me up,I might be late fr the first class.
如果没人叫醒我,我第一节课会迟到的。
Lts f wrk t d,I have t wrk extra hurs.
由于有很多的活要做,我只得加班工作。
【比较】
①S much wrk t d,I will have t wrk this Sunday.
有这么多的活要做,这个星期天我不得不加班。(t d表示“将要做”)
②S much wrk dne,I had a nice hliday.
这么多的工作做完了,我过了一个愉快的假期。(dne表示“已经做”)
(4)逻辑主语+形容词
Cmputers very small,we can use them widely.电脑虽小,我们却能广泛地利用它们。
The little girl entered the rm,her face red with cld.小女孩走进房间,脸冻红了。
(5)逻辑主语+副词
The game ver,the audience applauded.比赛结束,观众鼓掌。
The lights ff,we culd nt g n with the wrk.灯熄了,我们不能继续工作了。
(6)逻辑主语+名词
His first sht failure,he fired again.他第一枪没击中,又打了一枪。
Tw hundred peple died in the accident,many f them children.
两百人死于事故,其中有许多儿童。
(7)逻辑主语+介词短语
Many peple were lined alng the streets,flags in hands.
很多人排队站在街道旁,手里拿着旗子。
Dark cluds in the sky,it is ging t rain sn.天空黑云密布,很快就要下雨。
The guard std by the dr,gun in hand.警卫站在门旁,手里拿着枪。
She came in,smile n face.她进来了,脸上带着笑。
【提示】 为使句子简洁、明快,往往省略独立主格中的冠词或代词。
3.不能省略being的情形
(1)独立主格结构的逻辑主语是代词。
It being Sunday,we went climbing.因为是星期天,我们去爬山。
He being still ut n business,we had t put ff the activity.
由于他还在外出差,所以我们把活动推迟了。
(2)“There being+名词”句式中不能省略being。
There being n bus,we had t g hme n ft.
因为没有公共汽车,所以我们不得不步行回家。
There being t many film-gers,they haven’t bught the tickets.
由于看电影的人太多,所以他们还没买到票。
4.“with短语”独立主格结构
(1)with+宾语+形容词
With the flr wet,I had t stay utside.由于地板上都是水,我不得不待在外面。
With his sn s disappinting,the ld man felt unhappy.
由于儿子如此令人失望,老人感到很不快乐。
(2)with+宾语+副词
The by was walking,with his father ahead.父亲在前,小男孩在后走着。
With her sister ut,she had t stay at hme alne.
因为她的姐姐出去了,她只得独自呆在家里。
(3)with+宾语+介词短语
He std at the dr,with a cmputer in his hand.他站在门口,手里拿着一台电脑。
The bk is much easier t read with pictures in it.附有图画,这本书更容易读。
(4)with+宾语+不定式
With the by t lead the way,we will find the cave easily tmrrw.
有小男孩带路,我们明天会很容易找到山洞。
(5)with+宾语+现在分词
With the by helping me,I slipped ut f the rm.在小男孩的帮助下,我溜出了房间。
We redubled ur effrts,each man wrking like tw.我们加倍努力,一人干两人的活。
(6)with+宾语+过去分词
The by was crying with the ty brken.玩具破了,那男孩在哭。
Withut a wrd mre spken,she left the rm.她没再说什么话就离开了房间。
独立主格结构 三、独立主格结构的句法作用
三、独立主格结构的句法作用
1.作时间状语
The wrk dne,we went hme.工作完成后,我们就回家了。
The meeting ver,they went hme.会议一结束他们就回家了。
2.作条件状语
Weather permitting,they will g n an uting at the beach tmrrw.
如果天气允许的话,他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。
Other things cnsidered,I prefer the first plan.
考虑到一些其他的因素,我选择第一个计划。
3.作原因状语
We had t stay at hme,the night being dark and cld.
夜又黑又冷,所以我们只得呆在家里。
Mther being ill,she culdn’t g t schl.因母亲病了,她不能去上学。
4.作伴随状语
The children were listening t the teacher with their eyes wide pen.
孩子们正在听老师讲课,眼睛睁得大大的。
He was lying n the grass,his hands crssed under his head.
他躺在草地上,两手交叉枕在脑后。
5.“with短语”作定语
He lived in the huse with a small garden in frnt f it.他住的房子前面有一个小花园。
He came t a river with flwers and grass n bth banks.
他来到了一条河边,河两岸长满青草鲜花。
6.“with短语”作状语
With all the things bught,she went hme happily.所有的东西都买到了,她高兴地回家了。
The teacher came int the classrm,with bks under her arm.
老师进了教室,胳膊下夹着书。
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