考点3 长难句分析 制胜2022年高考英语一轮复习考点讲练学案
展开制胜2022年高考英语一轮复习考点讲练
考点3 长难句分析
词汇量对于读懂文章固然重要,但句子太长或者句子结构复杂也会成为学生高考取得高分的绊脚石。无论是阅读理解、完形填空还是语法填空都需要辨清句子的主干和修饰成分。攻克长难句需要考生熟练掌握简单句的五种基本句型,理解词性和句子成分之间的关系,并掌握长难句分析的一些常用方法。
分析下列长难句并翻译成汉语
- (2021年全国甲卷D篇)And the more we look, the more we will see that social factors like gender, race, and class do not determine the appearance of genius.
解析:the more + 状语从句, the more + 主句,意为:越多……就越……。主句中谓语动词see后接宾语从句。
汉语翻译:我们看得越多,就越能看到社会因素像性别、种族和阶级并不能决定天才的出现。
- (2021年全国乙卷B篇)Of those Australians who still have a landline, a third concede that it’s not really necessary and they’re keeping it as a security blanket —19 percent say they never use it while a further 13 percent keep it in case of emergencies.
解析:定语从句who still have a landline修饰those Australians,谓语动词concede后接并列连词连接的两个宾语从句,破折号后面say后接宾语从句中while引导状语从句。
汉语翻译:在澳大利亚仍使用固定电话的人中,三分之一的人承认固定电话并不是必须的,他们将其作为一种安全保障——19%的人表示他们从未使用过固定电话,另有13%的人保留固定电话以防紧急情况。
- (2020年全国I卷C篇)According to most calculations, race walkers moving at a pace of six miles per hour would burn about 800 calories per hour, which is approximately twice as many as they would burn walking, although fewer than running, which would probably burn about 1,000 or more calories per hour.
解析:本句中moving at a pace of six miles per hour是动词-ing形式作后置定语,修饰race walkers,第一个which引导的非限制性定语从句修饰800 calories per hour,第二个which引导的非限制性定语从句修饰running。
汉语翻译:根据大多数的计算结果,以每小时6英里的速度行走的竞走者,每小时会消耗800卡路里,消耗的热量大约是步行者的两倍,但是比跑步者要少,跑步者每小时大概可以消耗1000卡路里,甚至更多。
- (2020年全国II卷A篇)Those viewing the quality of Abbot Hall’s temporary exhibitions may be forgiven for thinking they are in a city gallery.
解析:句中的viewing the quality of Abbot Hall’s temporary exhibition现在分词短语作后置定语,修饰those。
汉语翻译:那些观赏阿伯特庄园美术馆临时优质展品的人可能会以为自己置身于城市画廊中,这是情有可原的。
- (2020年全国III卷B篇)In some cases, it’s not so much the treatment of the animals on set in the studio that has activists worried; it’s the off-set training and living conditions that are raising concerns.
解析:句子的主干是Designer Jennifer Anderson admits(that)…,it took her … 是宾语从句,其中it作形式主语,to come around to the opinion … 是真正的主语。宾语从句中又包含一个由that引导的同位语从句,对opinion作进一步解释说明。
汉语翻译:设计师詹妮弗·安德森承认,她花了一段时间才接受了这个观点,即用海狸鼠毛皮制作自己的作品在道德上是可以接受的。
一、简单句的五种基本句型
英语句子分为简单句、并列句和复合句。并列句和复合句式连接词连接两个或以上的简单句构成。因此了解简单句是破解高考长难句的第一步。
句型 1:主谓(vi.)
You come. Great changes have taken place in China in the past 40 years.
主 谓 主 谓
句型 2:主谓(vt.)宾:
I love you. The result of the final surprised everyone.
主 谓 宾 主 谓 宾
句型3:主谓(授予vt.)间宾直宾:
I give you my heart. The outbreak of Covid-19 has brought people lots of pain.
主 谓 间宾 直宾 主 谓 间宾 直宾
句型4:主谓(不完全vt.)宾+宾补:
You make me happy. The girl witnessed a thief stealing from a woman.
主 谓 宾 宾补 主 谓 宾 宾补
句型5:主系(系动词)表:
You are my everything. The energetic player felt ill this time.
主 系 表 主 系 表
二、词性和句子成分之间的关系
英语的句子成分除了简单句中的主语、谓语、宾语、表语和补语五种主干成分,还有定语、状语和同位语三种修饰成分。
主语:动作或状态的执行者
Our English Teacher help us learn English. (名词作主语)
I love you.(代词作主语)
To improve my English is my goal. (不定式作主语)
Studying English is very important. (动名词作主语)
That John is honest is true./Where she lives remains a mystery.(名词性从句作主语)
It is no use studying this book./It is useful to learn English.(it作形式主语)
The rich are not always happy. (名词化的形容词作主语)
How to learn English well troubles me. (特殊疑问词的不定式结构作主语)
谓语:即谓语动词,表主语的行为动作、状态
They respect one another.(行为动词作谓语)
I am reading a book now.(助动词+行为动词作谓语)
I can help you. (情态动词+动词原形作谓语)
He is an excellent teacher.(系动词作谓语)
宾语:动作的承受者
He wrote a letter.(名词作宾语)
He helped me. (代词作宾语)
I want to listen to music.( 不定式作宾语)
I enjoy watching TV.( 动名词作宾语)
I think that he is really nice.( 宾语从句作宾语)
I find it hard to learn English. (it作形式宾语)
We should help the poor.( 名词化的形容词作宾语)
I don’t know where to go.(特殊疑问词的不定式结构作宾语)
表语:在系动词后,说明主语的特征
My name is John.( 名词作表语)
It is I/me.(代词作表语)
The food tastes good.(形容词作表语)
The book is of no use. / I don’t feel at ease.(介词短语作表语)
My dream is to be a doctor.(不定式作表语)
My hobby is swimming.(现在分词作表语)
I feel excited.(过去分词作表语)
The problem is that we don’t have enough money.(表语从句作表语)
I am here. /The war was over.(副词作表语)
补语:包括宾语补足语和主语补足语。最常见的是宾语补足语,对宾语进行补充说明
We elect him monitor of our class.( 名词作宾补)
The news makes him sad.( 形容词作宾补)
They think it of no use. (介词短语作宾补)
It allows people to enter./ It makes us cry.(不定式作宾补,有时to可以省略)
I watched the bus leaving.(现在分词作宾补)
I found my money stolen.(被偷)(过去分词作宾补)
定语:修饰n.或pron, 如果定语是单个词,通常要前置即前置定语;如果定语是一个词组或一个句子时,通常则后置即后置定语
The beautiful girl in read dress is our monitor.
There are many students sleeping in the classroom.
Ellen was a painter, who lived in Fuzhou.
状语:修饰v、adj、adv或整个句子,说明动作的方式、时间、地点、目的、原因、结果、条件、让步、程度、伴随等或形容词、副词的状态特征
He does his homework carefully in his study every morning.
The boy is very strong and runs extremely fast.
Feeing tired, he went to bed without supper.
同位语:对名词进行补充说明的名词、名词短语或从句(同位语从句)
Mr. Zhang, my English teacher, is very handsome.
I am Li Hua, captain of our school volleyball team.
He told me the news that our team won the game.
三、长难句五步破解法
一、找谓语,定主语
一般情况下,一个谓语形式的动词对应其动作的发出者(主语),我们可以根据谓语动词的意义来确定其主语。而且,如果一个句子中出现两个或两个以上的谓语形式的动词,则该句可以是并列句或复合句(并列谓语动词的情况除外)。如:
Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans,he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment -although no one had proposed to do so and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning.
解析:此句中的谓语形式的动词及其对应的主语有:was opposed-he,ordered-he,(should)not be used-federal-funds,had proposed-no one,asked-he(asked前面有and,说明asked与前面某个谓语动词并列,根据逻辑意义asked应与ordered并列)。这一句的主干为“he ordered...and asked...”,“Declaring that...”作状语。
汉语翻译:他宣布自己反对使用这种非同寻常的畜牧繁殖技术来克隆人类,并下令不准联邦政府基金用于做此类试验——尽管还没有人建议这么做——他还请一个普林斯顿大学校长Harold Shapiro为首的独立专家组在90天内向白宫汇报关于制定有关克隆人的国家政策的建议。
二、提主干,去枝叶(从句等)
一般情况下,一个句子中的主句所表达的信息为主要信息,从句所表达的信息为次要信息。若句子的主干提炼不出来,就不能完全把握句子的核心意义,从而导致思维混乱,主次不分。如:
First put forward by the French mathematician Pierre de Format in the 17th century,the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds,including a French woman scientist who made a major advance in working out the problem,and who had to dress like a man in order to be able to study at the Eco-lab Polytechnique.
解析:本句夹杂分词短语、动名词及两个定语从句。“First put forward by the French mathematician Pierre de Format in the 17th century”为过去分词短语作状语;“including...”为介词短语作状语;“who made...and who had to...”为两个并列的定语从句,修饰a French woman scientist。所以句子的主干为the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds此为主要信息。
汉语翻译:这个定理,先是由十七世纪法国数学家Pierre de Format提出,曾使一批杰出的数学大师为难,其中包括一个法国女科学家,她在解决这个难题方面取得了重大的进展。为了能够在Ecolab Polytechnipue理工学院学习她曾女扮男装。
三、寻关联,辨逻辑
一些长句其实是由若干分句组成的并列句或复合句。而这些并列句或复合句之间需要一些关联词来连接。如果我们找准这些关联词,就能够分辨出句与句之间的逻辑关系,分别弄清主句的意义和从句的意义,则长句就容易对付得多了。要掌握此方法必须对英语中的常见的关联词谙熟于心。
Whereas a woman’s closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage,it wasn’t unusual to hear a man say he didn’t know his friend’s marriage was in serious trouble until he appeared one night asking if he could sleep on the sofa.
解析:“whereas”提示前后对比;not unusual=usual;not...until...直到……才……
汉语翻译:一个女人最亲密的女性朋友最可能是第一个告诉她离开一次失败的婚姻的人;而听见一个男人说,直到他的朋友一天晚上问他是否可以睡在他家的沙发上,他才知道他朋友的婚姻已非常糟糕,这是很平常的事。
四、看搭配,防分隔
有时一个长句或难句是由一个或多个搭配构成,而且这些搭配中常常出现分隔现象。读者若受分隔现象的干扰而看不清句子的本来面目,则对句意的理解就会发生偏差。如:
Some companies have made the manufacturing of clean and safe products,to some degree,their main selling points and emphasize it in their advertising.
解析:其实本句是一个“主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语”句型“make+宾语+宾补”,即“使……成为……”,只不过宾语和宾补被“to some degree”隔开而已。
汉语翻译:一些公司把生产的卫生的、安全的产品,从某种程度上说,当作他们的卖点,并在广告中强调这一点。
五、关键词,抓线索
有时某些句子句意模糊,读者理不清头绪,这时读者只能依靠关键词来抓,从而在大体上搞清楚句意。如:
Miss Dermaine’s mother looked anxious throughout the wedding and Mr.Cordell’s parents are reported to be less than delighted.
解析:此句似乎在描述婚礼上不同的人的情绪,而前后句用“and”连接(不是but),所以“anxious”和“less than delighted”所表现的情绪的反差不会太大。
汉语翻译:Dermaine的妈妈在整个婚礼显得很焦虑,据说Cordell的父母的情绪也不是很高涨。
总之,读者在碰到长句和难句时,要根据实际情况灵活运用上述方法,在平时阅读过程中要加强对长句和难句的句法分析训练。有时要几种方法综合使用才能正确理解句意。如:
We even have different words for some food,meat in particular,depending on whether it is still out in the fields or at home ready to be cooked,which shows the fact that the Saxon peasants were doing the farming,while the upper class Normans were doing most of the eating.
解析:本句夹杂多种语法结构,而且包含对比。句子的主干为“We even have different words for some foods,meat in particular”;“depending on...”为分词短语作状语;“whether it is still out in the fields or at home ready to be cooked”作depending on的宾语;“which”引导非限制性定语从句指代上述内容“the fact”后为其同位语,即同位语从句说明fact的具体内容。
汉语翻译:我们甚至对某些食物用不同的单词表达,特别是肉类,这取决于它是长在田野时,还是在家里准备煮着吃,这就表明一个事实,即萨克森农民在农田干活,而上层阶级的诺曼人在大口地吃。
分析下列长难句并翻译成汉语
- (2021年全国乙卷B篇) Since the effects were small, this may suggest that our creative thinking does not differ that much in response to total silence and 85 decibels of background noise.
- (2020年全国I卷B篇) The first, which I take to reading every spring, is Ernest Hemingway’s A Moveable Feast.
- (2020年全国I卷C篇) According to her research, runners hit the ground with as much as four times their body weight per step, while race walkers, who do not leave the ground, create only about 1.4 times their body weight with each step.
- (2020年全国I卷D篇)These include plants that have sensors printed onto their leaves to show when they’re short of water and a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in groundwater.
- (2020年全国I卷D篇) In the future, the team hopes to develop a version of the technology that can be sprayed onto plant leaves in a one-off treatment that would last the plant’s lifetime.
- (2020年全国II卷B篇)The researchers analyzed video recordings of 53 child-parent pairs during everyday activities at home and found children who play with puzzles between 26 and 46 months of age have better spatial skills when assessed at 54 months of age.
- (2020年全国II卷D篇) It was a big deal for us to load up and go to the local library, where my kids could pick out books to read or books they wanted me to read to them.
While the younger generations prefer to communicate visually, for those used to working with traditional tools like email, it may feel like a learning curve.
- (2020年全国III卷B篇)With the young unable to afford to leave home and the old at risk of isolation, more families are choosing to live together.
- (2020年全国III卷D篇)Cattle-raising people in East Africa and northern Europe have gained a mutation that helps them digest milk as adults.
- (2020年全国III卷D篇)She wondered if centuries of diving could have led to the evolution of physical characteristics that made the task easier for them.
- 解析:Since引导原因状语从句,suggest后接that引导的宾语从句。
汉语翻译:由于影响很小,这可能表明,我们的创造性思维在完全安静和85分贝的背景噪音下的反应没有太大区别。
- 解析:which引导非限制性定语从句,修饰先行词the first。
汉语翻译:每年春天,我习惯读的第一本书是欧内斯特·米勒尔·海明威的《流动的盛宴》。
- 解析:本句中while连接两个并列句子,表示对比,who引导非限制性定语从句,修饰race walkers。
汉语翻译:根据她的研究,跑步者每一步着地时自身承受的重量是其体重的四倍,而竞走者由于每一步都不离开地面,仅承受约自己体重1.4倍的重量。
- 解析:本句主干为These include plants … and a plant …。第一个that引导定语从句修饰先行词plants,其中包含一个when引导的宾语从句;第二个that引导定语从句修饰先行词a plant。have sensors printed为使役动词结构have sth done,表示“使 / 让某事被 (别人) 做”。
汉语翻译:这些包括叶面上印有感应器来显示缺水情况的植物,以及能探测地下水中含有害化学物质的植物。
- 解析:本句主干为the team hopes to develop a version of the technology。其中第一个that引导定语从句修饰先行词technology,在从句中作主语;第二个that引导定语从句修饰先行词treatment。
汉语翻译:未来,该团队希望能开发出一种可以一次性喷洒到植物树叶上就能延长植物寿命的技术。
- 解析:when assessed at 54 months of age是省略句,原句为when children who play with puzzles between 26 and 46 months of age are assessed at 54 months of age。
汉语翻译:研究人员分析了53对孩子与父母在家日常活动的录像,并对54个月大的孩子进行了评定。结果发现,在26个月到46个月大时玩过拼图游戏的孩子的空间技能更好。
- 解析:It是形式主语,真正的主语是后面的动词不定式短语to load up and go to the local library;where my kids ... read to them是where引导的非限制性定语从句,进一步说明library。
汉语翻译:对我们来说,装好东西然后去当地的图书馆是件大事。在图书馆里,我的孩子可以选出自己想看的书,或者选出他们想让我读给他们听的书。
- 解析:with the young unable to afford to leave home and the old at risk of isolation 为复合结构:with + 宾语 + adj,在句中作状语,表示原因。
汉语翻译:由于年轻人无力承担离开家的费用以及老年人面临着孤独的风险,越来越多的家庭选择住在一起。
- 解析: that引导定语从句修饰先行词mutation。
汉语翻译:东非和北欧的畜牧民族已经发生了某种基因突变,这有助于他们成年后对牛奶的消化吸收。
- 解析:if引导宾语从句作wondered的宾语,that引导定语从句修饰先行词physical characteristics。
汉语翻译:她想知道,几个世纪以来一直从事潜水活动,是否导致了他们的身体特征发生变化,从而使潜水变得更加容易。
考点22 书面表达 制胜2022年高考英语一轮复习考点讲练 学案: 这是一份考点22 书面表达 制胜2022年高考英语一轮复习考点讲练 学案,共14页。学案主要包含了2021·全国甲卷,参考范文,2021·全国乙卷,2021 北京卷,2020·天津卷,2019·全国1卷,个人优势及能做的事,表达感谢盼回复等内容,欢迎下载使用。
考点16 短文改错 制胜2022年高考英语一轮复习考点讲练学案: 这是一份考点16 短文改错 制胜2022年高考英语一轮复习考点讲练学案,共12页。学案主要包含了2021·全国甲卷,2021·全国乙卷,2020·全国卷I,2020·全国卷II,2019·全国卷I,2019·全国II卷,2019·全国Ⅲ卷等内容,欢迎下载使用。
考点11 状语从句 制胜2022年高考英语一轮复习考点讲练学案: 这是一份考点11 状语从句 制胜2022年高考英语一轮复习考点讲练学案,共6页。学案主要包含了单句改错,单句语法填空等内容,欢迎下载使用。