专题9 定语从句（讲解版）-备战2022年高考英语精选考点专项突破学案

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专题9 定语从句 备战2022年高考英语精选考点专项突破（讲解版）研究高考  明确考况考查点全国新高考卷全国卷命题分析20212020202120202019限制性定语从句浙江高考1,57题卷I，39题卷II，40题 卷I，63题卷III，61题卷III，64题定语从句是近几年高考的考查热点，主要考查：1、关系代词that、which、who、as以及关系副词when、where的正确使用。2、“介词+关系代词”引导定语从句时介词或关系代词的选用等。非限制性定语从句    卷II，62题必备知识  整合提高考点1、关系代词法分考点1. 关系代词的用法①、who  用于指人，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。His son, age 15, who had taken an art appreciation class, thought that there was something unusual about the one with a young girl sitting on a garden chair. 他15岁的儿子曾上过艺术欣赏课，他认为一位年轻女孩坐在花园椅子上的那幅画不同寻常。（作主语）②、whom  用于指人，在定语从句中作宾语，可用who代替;但是,若从句中的介词提到关系代词前，只能用whom直接跟在介词后作宾语,，不可用who代替。In our class there are 48students, half of whom are girls.    我们班有48名学生，其中有一半是女生。(作宾语)③、which  用于指物，在从句中作主语或宾语。She has a gift for creating an atmosphere for her students which allows them to communicate freely with each other.在为学生营造自由交流的氛围这方面，她很有天赋。(作主语)④、that  既可指人又可指物,指人时通常可与who,whom互换,指物时通常可与 which互换。在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。The old town has narrow streets and small houses that are built close to each other.这个古老的小镇有狭窄的街道和建造得彼此靠得很近的小房子。(作主语)Some people register a list of things that they want or need for their new home at a local store or stores.有些人会在当地的家或多家商店里为他们的新家登记他们想要或需要的东西清单。⑤、whose  表示所属关系,既可指人又可指物,在定语从句中作定语。指物时相当于of which；指人时相当于of whom 。Dr. Rowan, whose secretary resigned two weeks ago, has had to do all his own typing.恩博士的秘书两周前辞职了,他只能自己做所有的打字工作。⑥、as  引导限制性定语从句，作关系代词，既可指人又可指物,在从句中作主语、宾语、表语。常用于下列结构:①such+名词+as…,意为像……一样的；像……之类的”;②such(+代词+as)  意为“像……一样的；像……之类的”；③the same(+名词+)as…,意为 “和……一样的”。He is such a man as is always ready to help others..他是一个I have the same book as you(have).我有一本和你的as,样的书。引导非限制性定语从句,先行词为整个主句或主句中的一部分,意为“正如;As he often did, he stopped by the“ after work auction' run by the Italian police where thingsfound on the trains were sold to the highest bidder..像往常一样,他顺便去了由意大利警方经营的“下班后拍卖”,在像”。火车上发现的东西会在这个拍卖会上卖给出价最高的竞标人。(作宾语)关系代词在从句中作宾语时一般可省略 ，但其前有介词时般不可省略。分考点2关系代词that和 which的特殊用Point1  限制性定语从句中，关系代词只用that不用 which的情况。(1)、先行词是不定代词all, few, little, much, none, something, everything,  nothing , anything等时。●All that we have to do now is to practice English.    现在我们不得不做的就是练习英语。●I refuse to accept the blame for something that was someone else' s fault.我拒绝接受因别人的错误而对我进行的指责。(2)、先行词被 the only,  the very , the last,  the same, the right, all, any,  every, each, few, little, no，some等词修饰时。●It is the very book that I want to read.   它正是我想读的书。●Please send us all the information that you have about the candidate for the position.请把你所掌握的有关这个职位的候选人的所有信息发给我们。【特别注意】先行词被 the same修饰时，如果表示同一事物，应用 the same...that；但如果表示相同种类的事物，则用thesame... as。●This is the same pen that I used yesterday.  这就是我昨天用的那支钢笔。(that表示同一支钢笔)●This is the same pen as I used yesterday.   这支钢笔和我昨天用的那支一样。(as表示同类的钢笔)(3)、先行词是序数词、形容词最高级，或被序数词、形容词最高级修饰时。●The first letter that I get from him will be kept.   我收到的他的第一封来信将被保存起来●This is the best （way）that is used to solve the problem.    这是用来解决这个问题的最好办法(4)、先行词既有表示人又有表示物的名词时。●She took photographs of the things and people that she was interested in..她把她所感兴趣的人和物拍摄下来。(5)、先行词是主句的表语,或关系代词在从句中作表语时。●Shenzhen is no longer the city that it used to be.    深圳不再是过去的那个样子了●The school is quite different from the one that it used to be.    这所学校已经与从前截然不同了。(6)、当主句是以who或 which开头的特殊疑问句时。●Who is the man that is giving us the class?   给我们上课的那个人是谁?●Which of the books is the one that belongs to you?   这些书中哪一本是你的?(7)有两个定语从句时，如果一个从句用 which引导，则另一个从句用that引导。●They built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.他们建了一个工厂，这个工厂生产的东西人们以前从未见过。(8)、主句是 there be句型，且关系词在从句中作主语时，如果先行词指物、用that，不用 which；如果先行词指人,常用who引导定语从句。●There is a room in the building that is still free.   在这个大厦中,还有一个房间空着。● There is a girl who wants to see you.一个女孩想见你。Point 2  当先行词指物时,定语从句中关系代词只用 which不用that的情况(1)、引导非限制性定语从句时，只用 which,不用that。●A coin is put into the cake, which signifies success in the New Year for the person who receives it.往蛋糕里放一枚硬币，这表示收到这块有硬币的蛋糕的人在新的一年里会取得成功。(2)、关系代词指物，且其前有介词时，只用 which，不用that。●Protecting the mountain forests in which giant pandas live has been good for many other animals.保护大熊猫所生活的山地森林对许多其他动物是有益的。(3)、先行词本身是that时，只用 which。●What is that which you have stuffed into the plastic cup.   你刚才塞进塑料杯里的是什么东西分考点3  关系代词as和 which的区别as与 which均可引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为整个主句或主句中的一部分内容,可在从句中作主语、宾语或表语，两者均不可省略。Point 1  as引导的非限制性定语从句，既可放在主句前，又可放在主句后，有时还可插人主句中，而 which引导的非限制性定语从句只能置于主句后。●As we know, Shakespeare is a famous writer.  正如我们所知,莎土比亚是一位著名的作家。●After graduating from college, I took some time off to go traveling, which turned out to be a wise decision.大学毕业以后,我抽出了些时间去旅行,后来证明这是个明智的决定。Point 2   as和 which引导非限制性定语从句时，as引导的从句表达说话人的观点、看法，并指出主句内容的根据或出处，意为“正如”;；which意为“这一点”，引导的从句在意义上相当于一个并列分句，补充说明事物的状态或结果。●As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.   正如我们所知,吸烟有害健康。●One nonprofit organization, which monitors the treatment of animals in filmed entertainment, is keeping tabs on more than 2,000 productions this year.负责监督动物在电影行业中是怎样被对待的一个非营利组织今年正在密切关注2,000多部作品的制作。Point 3  当指代先行词的关系代词在定语从句中作主语且从句为被动语态时，常用as引导，常用结构有：as is well-- known/ known to all   众所周知as is expected/reported/ announced   正如所预料/报道/公布的那样as has been said before  正如前面所述as is mentioned above   正如上面提到的但如果从句为主动语态，一般用 which作主语。●He won first prize, as is expected.正如预料的那样，他得了一等奖。【特别注意】as的习惯用语:as is often the case…是常有的事●There is no simple answer, as is often the case in science.  科学中没有简单的答案,这是常有的事分考点4  “介词+关系代词”的用法Point 1  “介词+关系代词”引导定语从句时，介词的宾语只能用 which或whom，且不能省略。●She still remembers the day on which she won the prize.    她仍然记得她获奖的那一天。●The man with whom she entered the hall was her husband.   和她一起走进大厅的那位男士是她的丈夫。【特别注意】(1)、在限制性定语从句中，若介词不提前，位于定语从句的末尾时，引导词that/which/who/whom作介词的宾语时可以省略。●This is the boy( that/whom/who) his parents are proud of.    这就是他父母引以为豪的那个男孩。●This is the pen( that/which) I wrote my homework with.     这就是我写作业用的那支钢笔。(2)、在非限制性定语从句中，“介词+关系代词”中的介词不能移到从句的后面。【归纳总结】“介词+ which/whom”引导的定语从句中介词的确定：①、根据从句中动词、形容词等与介词的习惯搭配来确定●Do you know the girl with/to whom the teacher talked just now?你认识刚才和老师谈话的那个女孩吗?(talk作“交谈”讲时，常与with或to搭配)②、根据语意表达的需要来确定。●Knowledge is the wings with which we realize our dreams.知识是我们借以实现梦想的翅膀。(with表示用某种手段、工具)Point 2   “介词短语+关系代词 which'"结构在定语从句中作地点状语时，从句常用倒装语序。●He is studying in the classroom now, in front of which stand two trees.他现在正在那间教室里学习，教室前面有两棵树。Point 3  “介词+ which+名词”结构引导的定语从句。常见的这类结构有:during which time在此期间               at which time在这时            at which point在这一时刻  for which reason由于这个原因            in which case在这一情况●Mother is preparing lunch, during which time children are playing outside.妈妈在准备午餐,在此期间,孩子们在外面玩。●He may win the competition, in which case he is likely to get into the national team.他可能会赢得这场比赛，那样的话，他就有可能进入国家队。Point 4  “the+名词+ of which/whom”结构引导的定语从句，一般为非限制性定语从句。该结构中的名词和后面的关系代词为所属关系。●The newly-built cafe, the walls of which are painted light green, is really a peaceful place for us, especially after hard work.建成的咖啡馆,墙被刷成了浅绿色，对我们来说，真是一个安静的去处，特别是在辛苦工作后。Point 5  表示全部或部分的词语+ of which / whom结构引导的定语从句。常见的表示部分的词或结构有：不定代词(all, both, none, some, most, several等)；数词(基数词、序数词、百分数、分数)；the+形容词最高级/比较级。●The growing speed of a plant is influenced by a number of factors, most of which are beyond our control.植物的生长速度受很多因素的影响，其中大部分因素是我们无法控制的。●John invited about 40 people to his wedding, most of whom are family members.约翰邀请了大约40人参加他的婚礼，其中大部分是家族成员。考点2  关系副词当关系词在定语从句中作状语时，要用关系副词。关系副词有时可以用“介词+关系代词”替换。Point 1  关系副词when指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语，相当于“表示时间的介词(in, at, on, during等)+ which”●He lived in the times when （=in which） the blind couldn't get much education.在他生活的那个时代，盲人没受过多少教育。●The days are gone when （=during which)physical strength was all you needed to make a living.完全靠体力谋生的时代已经一去不复返了。Point 2  关系副词 where指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语，相当于“表示地点的介词(in, at, on, under等)+ which'”●I walked up to the top of the hill with my friend, where (=at which)we enjoyed a splendid view of the lake.我和朋友一起登上了山顶,在那里我们欣赏到了壮丽的湖光美景。●Many of these bags end up in the ocean where( =in which)larger ones can trap sea creatures,such as turtles and dolphins.这些袋子中很多的最终归宿是大海,在那里，大一些的袋子会困住海洋生物，如海龟和海豚。【特别注意】若先行词为一些表示地点的抽象名词，如situation, point, stage, position等，且引词在从句中作状语，则常用关系副词 where或“介词+关系代词”引导定语从句。如果引导词在从句中作主语、宾语或表语，则用关系代词that/ which引导。●I have come to the point where（=at which） I can't stand him.我已经到了无法容忍他的地步。●He's got into the situation where（=in which） he is in debt.他已经陷入负债累累的境地。●At last he got the position （that/which) he had been dreaming of.    他最终得到了他梦寐以求的那个职位。Point 3  关系副词why指原因,在定语从句中作原因状语，相当于for which.●Is this the reason why（=for which） he refused our offer?    这就是他拒绝我们的提议的理由吗?●Do you know the reason why（=for which） he didn't attend the meeting?     你知道他没参加会议的原因吗?核心考法  重难突破考法1 考查关系代词和关系副词的用法关系代词that/ which/who/whom/as在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语;；whose作定语,表示所属关。关系副词 where/when/why在定语从句中作状语。做题首先要找准先行词，然后分析定语从句的成分，如果从句缺主语、宾语、表语或定语，则用关系代词；如果从句缺状语，则用关系副词或“介词+关系代词”。另外，考生应重点掌握that与 which、as与 which引导定语从句时的区别。【全国新高考I 2020·39】The80,000 objects collected by Sir Hans Sloane, for example, formed the core collection of the British Museum __________opened in 1759【解析】句意为:例如,汉斯·斯隆爵士收藏的8万件藏品是1759年开放的大英博物馆的核心藏品。分句子成分可知,设空处引导定语从句,修饰先行词 the British Museum(指物)且在从句中充当主语,故填 which或that。【全国I 2020·63】 Because the moon'' s body blocks direct radio communication with a probe, China first had to put a satellite in orbit above the moon in a spot ______it could send signals to the spacecraft and to Earth.【解析】句意为:由于月球自身遮挡了(地球)与探测器之间直接的无线电通信,中国必须先将一颗卫星送入月球上方轨道的一个位置,在那里它能够向航天器和地球发送信号。分析句子成分并结合句意可知,设空处引导定语从句,修饰先行词spot,且引导词在从句中作地点状语,应用 where引导,故填 where【全国Ⅲ 2020·61】 In ancient China lived an artist ________paintings were almost lifelike.【解析】句意为:中国古代有一位画家,他的画作几乎栩栩如生。分析句子结构并结合句意可知,设空处引导定语从句,修饰先行词 artist,,且在从句中作 paintings的定语,两者之间是所属关系,应用 whose引导定语从句。故填 whose.。考法2考查“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句解答此类题注意两点:(1)、选择介词时,主要看与先行词、从句中谓语动词或形容词的搭配;(2)、选择关系代词时，先行词是物，则只能用 which；先行词是人，则只能用whom。表所属关系时，用 whose。【考法训练】1. Detectives are investigating the company, three of _whose__senior executives have already been under arrest.2. During the visit, I tasted various delicious local foods,among___which____I liked seafood most.3. Unusually, high passive exposure-2. 1 hours per day or more-was particularly associated with sleep disturbance,especially when it was adult shows to____which_____the kids were exposed.4. The land is known for a historic site with beautifully colored walls,on____which____are painted the events of the past.