2021届高考英语复习之真题阅读词块与阅读练习（五十八）学案

这是一份2021届高考英语复习之真题阅读词块与阅读练习（五十八）学案，共13页。

一：真题试做
Hw des an ecsystem（生态系统）wrk？What makes the ppulatins f different species the way they are？Why are there s many flies and s few wlves？T find an answer, scientists have built mathematical mdels f fd webs, nting wh eats whm and hw much each ne eats.
With such mdels，scientists have fund ut sme key principles perating in fd webs. Mst fd webs，fr instance，cnsist f many weak links rather than a few strng nes. When a predatr（掠食动物）always eats huge numbers f a single prey（猎物），the tw species are strngly linked；when a predatr lives n varius species，they are weakly linked. Fd webs may be dminated by many weak links because that arrangement is mre stable ver the lng term. If a predatr can eat several species，it can survive the extinctin（灭绝）f ne f them. And if a predatr can mve n t anther species that is easier t find when a prey species becmes rare，the switch allws the riginal prey t recver. The weak links may thus keep species frm driving ne anther t extinctin.
Mathematical mdels have als revealed that fd webs may be unstable，where small changes f tp predatrs can lead t big effects thrughut entire ecsystems. In the 1960s，scientists prpsed that predatrs at the tp f a fd web had a surprising amunt f cntrl ver the size f ppulatins f ther species---including species they did nt directly attack.
And unplanned human activities have prved the idea f tp-dwn cntrl by tp predatrs t be true. In the cean，we fished fr tp predatrs such as cd n an industrial scale，while n land，we killed ff large predatrs such as wlves. These actins have greatly affected the eclgical balance.
Scientists have built an early-warning system based n mathematical mdels. Ideally，the system wuld tell us when t adapt human activities that are pushing an ecsystem tward a breakdwn r wuld even allw us t pull an ecsystem back frm the brderline. Preventin is key，scientists says because nce ecsystems pass their tipping pint（临界点），it is remarkably difficult fr them t return.
1. What have scientists discvered with the help f mathematical mdels f fd webs？
A. The living habits f species in fd webs.
B. The rules gverning fd webs f the ecsystems.
C. The appraches t studying the species in the ecsystems.
D. The differences between weak and strng links in fd webs.
2. A strng link is fund between tw species when a predatr______.
A. has a wide fd chice
B. can easily find new prey
C. sticks t ne prey species
D. can quickly mve t anther place
3. What will happen if the ppulatins f tp predatrs in a fd web greatly decline？
A. The prey species they directly attack will die ut.
B. The species they indirectly attack will turn int tp predatrs.
C. The living envirnment f ther species will remain unchanged.
D. The ppulatins f ther species will experience unexpected changes.
4. What cnclusin can be drawn frm the examples in Paragraph 4？
A. Uncntrlled human activities greatly upset ecsystems.
B. Rapid ecnmic develpment threatens animal habitats.
C. Species f cmmercial value dminate ther species.
D. Industrial activities help keep fd webs stable.
5. Hw des an early-warning system help us maintain the eclgical balance？
A. By getting illegal practices under cntrl.
B. By stpping us frm killing large predatrs.
C. By bringing the brken-dwn ecsystems back t nrmal.
D. By signaling the urgent need fr taking preventive actin.
参考答案：BCDAD
二：词块梳理
1：ecsystem
英[ˈiːkəʊsɪstəm] 美[ˈiːkʊsɪstəm]
n. 生态系统
变形
复数：ecsystems
双语例句
1.I'm the persn wh watches ver the delicate ecsystem f Suth Park.
我是南方公园脆弱生态系统的监视员.
2.Histrical rigin, water supply, evlutin prcess f wetland ecsystem in Zhalng were systematically analyzed.
对扎龙湿地生态系统的历史成因, 水源补给, 湿地生态系统演变过程,进行了较为系统的分析.
3.Lake is ne relatively cmplete ecsystem.
湖泊是一个相对完整的生态系统.
2：ppulatin
英[ˌpɒpjuˈleɪʃn] 美[ˌpɑːpjuˈleɪʃn]
n. 人口；族群
变形
复数：ppulatins
双语例句
1.A census f ppulatin is taken every ten years.
人口普查每10年进行一次.
2.The ppulatin is munting up steadily.
人口稳步增长.
3.There has been an verall grwth in ppulatin, despite sme dracnian effrts t cntain it.
尽管有严厉的遏制措施,人口还是在全面增长.
3：species
英[ˈspiːʃiːz] 美[ˈspiːʃiːz]
n. 物种；种类；类型；[逻辑] 个体
变形
复数：species
双语例句
1.This is the nly species f flaming in the regin, easily recgnized by its pink plumage.
这是那个地区唯一一种火烈鸟, 很容易凭粉红色的羽毛辨认出来.
2.The bk described the adaptatin f desert species t the ht cnditins.
这本书描绘了沙漠物种对炎热环境的适应.
3.There are ver 35 000 species f rchid distributed thrughut the wrld.
有35,000多种兰花分布在世界各地.
4：scientist
英[ˈsaɪəntɪst] 美[ˈsaɪəntɪst]
n. 科学家
变形
复数：scientists
双语例句
1.The scientist culd nt calculate when the spaceship wuld reach the Jupiter.
那位科学家没有算出那艘宇宙飞船什么时候会到达木星.
2.The scientist abandned his research fr lack f fund.
由于缺乏资金,这位科学家放弃了他的研究工作.
3.The scientist was faced with many unknwn factrs.
那个科学家面临许多未知数.
5：principle
英[ˈprɪnsəpl] 美[ˈprɪnsəpl]
n. 道德原则；法则；观念；理由；定律
变形
复数：principles
双语例句
1.They are agreed in principle but nt in detail.
他们的看法在大体上是一致的,但是在细节上有所不同.
2.Every rgan f state must apply the principle f efficient and simple administratin.
国家机关必须实行精简的原则.
3.One must nt be vague n matters f principle.
在原则问题上不能含糊.
6：instance
英[ˈɪnstəns] 美[ˈɪnstəns]
n. 例子，实例；情况；要求，建议；[法]诉讼手续
vt. 举…为例
变形
过去分词：instanced
现在分词：instancing
过去式：instanced
复数：instances
第三人称单数：instances
双语例句
1.A Object Identity Aware: Indicates a dmain bject instance is able t prvide A Object Identity infrmatin.
表示一个单独的域对象实例的标识.
2.Online ad exchanges yet t take hld in China, fr instance.
举例而言,互联网广告交易平台在中国还未兴起.
3.In 2008, fr instance, Intel launched the first cmmercial server chip whlly develped in design centre.
例如, 2008年英特尔推出了第一款完全在班加罗尔开发的商用服务器芯片.
7：cnsist
英[kənˈsɪst] 美[kənˈsɪst]
v. 由…组成；在于
变形
过去分词：cnsisted
现在分词：cnsisting
过去式：cnsisted
第三人称单数：cnsists
双语例句
1.These stupas cnsist f Mandala with five Buddhas.
五佛义理出现较晚,源自显宗华严思想.
2.It is unimaginative, flat, dry and likely t cnsist f mere wind.
这样的开头没有想像力, 枯燥,单调, 可能只由风组成.
3.Batteries cnsist f tw different metals suspended in an acidic slutin.
在使用酸的电池制造方式中需要两种不同的金属.
8：varius
英[ˈveəriəs] 美[ˈveriəs]
adj. 各种各样的；千差万别的
双语例句
1.She has a frtune stashed away in varius bank accunts.
她在不同的银行账户上秘密储存了一大笔钱.
2.The friendship between the peples f the tw cuntries has been strengthened thrugh varius means.
通过各种途径增进两国人民之间的友谊.
3.The manager set the clerks varius tasks.
经理向职员们分配各项任务.
9：dminate
英[ˈdɒmɪneɪt] 美[ˈdɑːmɪneɪt]
v. 在…中占首要地位；控制，支配；俯视，高耸于
变形
过去分词：dminated
现在分词：dminating
名词：dminatin
过去式：dminated
第三人称单数：dminates
双语例句
1.Her desire t dminate the family have cause truble.
她想控制家庭的愿望已引起麻烦.
2.The club is dminated by a small clique f intellectual.
这俱乐部被知识分子小集团把持著.
3.He has been under tensin as his attempts t dminate his surrundings have cnsistently failed.
他处于紧张和压力之下,因为他试图主宰周围环境的努力不断地失败了.
10：arrangement
英[əˈreɪndʒmənt] 美[əˈreɪndʒmənt]
n. 安排；筹划；布置；商定；协议；整理；改编乐曲
变形
复数：arrangements
双语例句
1.They prpsed t make arrangement befrehand.
他们提议事先做好安排.
2.This arrangement is quite satisfactry, s far as I am cncerned.
就我来说, 这样的安排很好.
3.She desn't agree t this arrangement.
她不赞同这个安排.
11：switch
英[swɪtʃ] 美[swɪtʃ]
n. （电路的）开关，闸，转换器；改变，转变
v. 改变，转变；交换，调换；调班
变形
过去分词：switched
现在分词：switching
过去式：switched
复数：switches
第三人称单数：switches
双语例句
1.Benjamin fumbled fr the light switch.
本杰明手忙脚乱地找电灯开关.
2.Switch that fellw ff!
别让那个家伙再讲下去!
3.First yu shuld switch the machine n.
你得先把机器打开.
12：riginal
英[əˈrɪdʒənl] 美[əˈrɪdʒənl]
adj. 最初的；独创的；原作的
n. 原件，原稿；独特的人
变形
复数：riginals
双语例句
1.The new versin f the prgram cmes with a much better user interface than riginal.
新版程序的用户界面比原来程序的好得多.
2.The translatin des nt quite crrespnd t the riginal.
译文不切原意.
3.I read the bk in translatin, nt in the riginal Nrwegian.
这本书我读的是译本, 不是挪威文原著.
13：recver
英[rɪˈkʌvə(r)] 美[rɪˈkʌvər]
v. 康复；复原；重新获得；恢复
变形
形容词：recvered
过去分词：recvered
现在分词：recvering
过去式：recvered
第三人称单数：recvers
双语例句
1.Dn't wrry. The patient will sn recver.
你别愁, 病人很快会好的.
2.They prayed that she wuld recver.
他们为她尽快康复而祈祷.
3.He is very ill and unlikely t recver.
他病得很重,不大可能恢复健康了.
14：prpsed
英[prəʊ'pəʊzd] 美[prə'pʊzd]
adj. 被提议的，所推荐的
v. 提议，建议( prpse的过去式和过去分词 )；打算；提供（解释）；提出（行动，计划或供表决的方案等）
双语例句
1.The change prpsed last mnth was freshadwed in the March Budget.
上个月提议的变动在3月份的预算中已经有所预兆了。
2.The prpsed initiative wuld mandate a reductin f carbn dixide f 40%.
倡议将强制规定把二氧化碳排放量降低40%。
3.Bb Dle seemed less than enthusiastic abut the prpsed mve.
鲍勃·多尔似乎对提议的这项行动不太感兴趣。
15：attack
英[əˈtæk] 美[əˈtæk]
v. 攻击；抨击，打击；（疾病）发作，侵袭；着手处理
n. 进攻；冲击，抨击；处理；（疾病）发作，侵袭；进攻队员；损害，伤害
变形
过去分词：attacked
现在分词：attacking
过去式：attacked
复数：attacks
第三人称单数：attacks
双语例句
1.We will nt attack unless we are attacked; if we are attacked, we will certainly cunterattack.
人不犯我,我不犯人; 人若犯我, 我必犯人.
2.Germany began t attack the Sviet Unin in 1941.
德国在1941年开始进攻苏联.
3.She had her first heart attack the ther day.
不久前,她第一次心脏病发作.
16：scale
英[skeɪl] 美[skeɪl]
n. 规模，等级；标度；秤；比例尺；音阶；鳞片；水垢；牙石
v. 攀登；去鳞片；刮除牙石；改变…的大小
变形
过去分词：scaled
现在分词：scaling
过去式：scaled
复数：scales
第三人称单数：scales
双语例句
1.It's value cannt be weighed in the scale f dllars and cents.
它的价值无法用金钱来衡量.
2.The prject is n such a gigantic scale that the cst is hard t calculate.
工程浩大,所费不赀.
3.Yu have t scale the fish befre cking it.
你在烧鱼之前得刮去鳞片.
三：阅读训练
An exciting landing prcess f Chang’e-4 prbe (探测器) was seen thrugh the mnitr at Beijing Aerspace Cntrl Center in Beijing, Jan. 3, 2019. It tuched dwn n the far side f the mn at 10:26 a.m. Beijing Time, becming the first spacecraft sft-landing n the mn’s unknwn side never visible frm Earth.
China’s Chang’e-4 prbe has started the explratin n the far side f the mn thanks t the relay satellite that prvides a cmmunicatin link with grund cntrl. The relay satellite, named Queqia, meaning Magpie Bridge, after a Chinese legend(传说), was launched n May 21, 2018, and became the first cmmunicatin satellite perating in the hal rbit, nearly 500,000 km frm the earth. It can als prvide cmmunicatin fr prbes frm ther cuntries. The relay satellite will als be used fr scientific and technlgical experiments. The maximum distance between the satellite and the Chang’e-4 prbe n the far side f the mn is 79,000 km. The satellite prcesses data frm the prbe and sends them t Earth.
The satellite can stay in its rbit fr a lng time due t its relatively lw fuel cnsumptin, as the earth’s and the mn’s gravity balances its rbital mving. While in rbit, it can “see” bth the earth and the far side f the mn.
The cncept f using a relay satellite in the hal rbit was first put frward by the U.S. space experts in the 1960s, but was realized by Chinese space engineers.
Researchers hpe t use the cameras n the satellite t recrd asterids (小行星) hitting the far side f the mn. T cntrl the cst f the Chang’e-4 prbe, the relay satellite was designed t be relatively small, weighing abut 400 kg.
Researchers had just 30 mnths t develp the satellite, putting them under high pressure. T prmte public interest in space explratin, the China Natinal Space Administratin invited peple t write dwn their wishes fr lunar and space explratin, and the relay satellite carries the names f tens f thusands f participants and their messages.
1.What d we learn frm the secnd paragraph?
A.The relay satellite was launched n Jan. 3, 2019.
B.Chang’e-4 prbe was the first cmmunicatin satellite.
C.The relay satellite nly explres the far side f the mn.
D.The relay satellite can handle data frm Chang’e-4 prbe.
2.Why was the size f the relay satellite relatively small?
A.T reduce the cst as much as pssible.
B.T make it circle the mn fr a lnger time.
C.T avid being crashed by ther satellites.
D.T fllw American space experts’ advice.
3.What made researchers suffer frm great stress?
A.Few peple interested in the explratin n the mn.
B.The relay satellite carrying t much equipment.
C.Their lacking enugh time t develp the relay satellite.
D.Peple’s never being ptimistic abut the relay satellite.
4.What is the main idea f the text?
A.China is a new space pwer after the USA.
B.Chang’e-4 prbe landed n Mn’s far side.
C.Chinese space engineers make much prgress.
D.Space explratin is a dangerus challenge.
答案
1.D 细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句“The satellite prcesses data frm the prbe and sends them t Earth.”可知中继卫星能够处理来自月球探测器的数据,故选D项。
2.A 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段第二句话中的“T cntrl the cst f the Chang’e-4 prbe, the relay satellite was designed t be relatively small”可知控制嫦娥四号探测器的费用是中继卫星的尺寸相对较小的原因,故选A项。
3.C 细节理解题。根据最后一段第一句“Researchers had just 30 mnths t develp the satellite, putting them under high pressure.”可知没有足够的时间来开发卫星使得研究人员承受了巨大的压力,故选C项。
4.B 主旨大意题。根据新闻报道的特点,可知第一段第一句是文章的中心句——嫦娥四号降落在月球的远端,故选B项。目录
内容
第一部分
高考真题试做
第二部分
真题词块解析
第三部分
模拟题训练