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专题05 科教类阅读-冲刺 高考英语阅读理解专项复习
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这是一份专题05 科教类阅读-冲刺 高考英语阅读理解专项复习，文件包含冲刺2021年高考英语二轮复习阅读理解第五模块科教类阅读解析卷docx、冲刺2021年高考英语二轮复习阅读理解第五模块科教类阅读原题卷docx等2份试卷配套教学资源，其中试卷共40页， 欢迎下载使用。
Passage 1．（2021•资阳模拟）
Micr﹣plastics have ccupied almst every part f the planet tday， including the mst distant reaches.
The Arctic is far frm clean， thugh it s rarely stepped in by visitrs. Melanie Bergmann， a marine eclgist（海洋生态学家） and her clleagues had been studying plastics n the Arctic seaflr since 2002. In deep sea， they fund abut 6，0000 particles（微粒） in every 2.2 punds f mud. In sea ice，there were as much as 12，000 pieces per 34 unces f melted ice.
Scientists measured micr﹣plastics in snw frm this distant lcatin and fund a lt，which culd nly have caught rides n the wind. The study raises cncerns abut the pllutin that micr﹣plastics brught t the air， bringing a health risk t peple and animals that breathe them in. But they are less wrried abut the threat that breathed﹣in pllutants have t wildlife than abut plluted snw ging int water.
The science n the health effects f micr﹣plastics is still ging n."Fr human health，we nw nw very little，" says micr﹣plastics researcher Chelsea Rchman，"There is a lt f cncern. Fr wildlife，we knw that micr﹣plastics may g int every level f the fd chain." Labratry studies find sme physical and chemical effects frm micr﹣plastics，but the findings vary by the plastic type，shape experiments will be carried ut sn with use f equipment if financial supprt apprves."
Even wrse is the threat frm airbrne micr﹣plastics in the area﹣﹣﹣t small t be nticed and may actually enter cells. Research n that als has been dne and it culd be a bigger prblem， accrding t Rchman.
（1）What can yu learn frm the data in Paragraph 2？
A. Visitrs rarely step int the Arctic. B. Micr﹣plastics threaten the human beings.
C. Micr﹣plastics are everywhere in the wrld. D. The Arctic suffers serius micr﹣plastics pllutin.
（2）What makes the scientists wrry mst？
A. Wildlife's threat by micr﹣pllutants. B. Human beings breathing micr﹣plastics in.
C. Micr﹣plastics entering the water ecsystem. D. Micr﹣plastics pllutin wrsening glbal warming.
（3）What will the fllwing paragraphs talk abut？
A. Damage f micr﹣plastics t health. B. Appeals fr envirnmental prtectin.
C. Findings abut airbrne micr﹣plastics in the Arctic. D. Measures t slve micr﹣plastics pllutin.
（4）In which sectin f a newspaper may this text appear？
A. Science. B. Health. C. Educatin. D. Entertainment.
Passage 2．（2021•玉溪一模）
Humans may have been enjying caca， the substance used t make chclate， fr much lnger than experts had thught. Researchers at the University f British Clumbia in Canada have fund that humans grew caca trees and cnsumed caca starting arund 5，300 years ag.
The researchers fund evidence f caca's use at an ancient village in the highlands f sutheastern Ecuadr. They examined the remains f very ld bjects at the Santa Ana﹣La Flrida archelgical site. The village was part f the May﹣Chinchipe culture f the Andes. Time has had little effect n the village and ceremnial center. The researchers were able t find a lt f evidence f the use f caca. Scientists had already mstly agreed that caca was first dmesticated（培育）in Suth America instead f Central America，as they nce believed. But the new discvery shws caca was dmesticated abut 1，500 years earlier than was knwn befre.
The University f British Clumbia researchers fund extremely small pieces frm the caca tree in the remains f cntainers and ther bjects， as well as genetic material frm the tree. They als identified a substance fund in the caca tree but nt in its wild relatives. This suggests that humans grew the tree fr fd purpses.
Tday， the seeds are cked and turned int many chclate prducts. But thusands f years ag， caca was used t make drinks.
Archelgical evidence suggests caca dmesticatin mved int Central America and Mexic abut 4，000 years ag. It is nt clear hw caca's use spread between Suth and Central America. But by the time Spanish explrers arrived in Central America in the late 1400s， peple were using it t make ht and cld chclate drinks with spices. By the 1580s， Spain began imprting caca and spreading it t ther Eurpean cuntries. By the 1800s， technlgy develped in the Netherlands made it pssible t turn caca int a slid chclate prduct.
（1）What did the researchers d t find evidence f the caca's use in ancient times？
A. They travelled in Ecuadr's village. B. They researched the histry f chclate.
C. They studied the remains f very ld bjects. D. They asked the ld villagers fr help.
（2）Hw did the peple in Suth America get the caca 5，000 years ag？
A. By grwing the caca tree by themselves. B. By cllecting it in the wild.
C. By buying it frm central America. D. By getting it frm chclate.
（3）Accrding t the text， when did the slid chclate first appear？
A. 5，300 years ag. B. 4，000 years ag. C. In the 1400s. D. In the 1800s.
（4）Which f the fllwing can be the best title fr the text？
A. The Histry f Caca Tree Grwing B. Human's Preference fr Caca
C. Chclate's Stry Older Than Once Thught D. The Research f Chclate in Ancient Times
Passage 3．（2021•漳州模拟）
Israeli cmpany Watergen has prduced an appliance that can generate（生成）clean，drinkable water ut f air. The device， called GENNY， is small enugh t be used in a hme r ffice but can generate up t 30 liters f water a day.
GENNY takes air in and passes thrugh a filter（过滤器）t remve dust and dirt. The filter is pwerful enugh t wrk with high air pllutin. The air is directed thrugh GENius，a heating and cling prcess which causes water in the air t cndense（凝结）. This water is then passed thrugh several mre filters and minerals are added t imprve the flavr f the water. Finally， the water is stred in a tank where it is cntinually circulated t keep it fresh. Therefre， the water prduced by GENNY is ften f a higher quality than water running thrugh filtratin systems attached t the city's water lines.
The technlgy f GENius is much better than ther technlgies that generate water frm air. It prduces fur t five times mre water per kilwatt﹣hur. Watergen has ther prducts that use this same technlgy n a larger scale， the largest f which can prduce up t 5，000 liters f water per day.
As an added bnus， during the water generatin prcess，GENNY can emit clean air which is healthier fr peple t breathe.
At the Cnsumer Electrnics Shw in Las Vegas，GENNY was named the Energy Efficient Prduct f the Year. The award series recgnize the wrld's tp high﹣tech hme prducts.
Last year，Watergen's large﹣scale prducts were dnated t authrities in Brazil，Vietnam and India. They als assisted rescue and recvery effrts during the 2018 Califrnia wildfires and prvided clean，safe water fr the residents f Texas and Flrida in the aftermath f the devastatin caused by hurricanes Harvey and Irma.
Watergen als seeks t help prtect the envirnment by reducing waste generated by plastic water bttles. Peple are called upn t put the water frm GEENY int reusable bttles s that plastic nes dn't get used and thrwn away.
（1）What des GENNY accmplish by adding minerals t the water？
A. It keeps the water fresh. B. It helps kill harmful bacteria.
C. It makes the water taste better. D. It satisfies lcal water regulatins.
（2）Which f the fllwing can best describe GENius？
A. Energy﹣efficient. B. Cst﹣saving. C. Time﹣saving. D. Envirnment﹣friendly.
（3）What des the underlined wrd "emit" in paragraph 4 prbably mean？
A. Cut dwn. B. Blw away. C. Give ff. D. Use up.
（4）What can Watergen d using its large scale prducts？
A. Cnsume plastic waste. B. Respnd t natural disasters.
C. Test water quality glbally. D. Relieve drught in sme cuntries.
Passage 4．（2021•扬州模拟）
Sund may ffer a creative way t take the cean's temperature. Climate change is steadily warming the seas， which have absrbed abut 90 percent f the excess heat trapped by greenhuse gases. This warming cntributes t sea﹣level rise， endangers species and influences weather patterns.
But tracking the warming is tricky. Ship﹣based bservatins capture nly snapshts in time ver a tiny prtin f the water. Satellite bservatins cannt enter very deep belw the surface. The mst detailed picture f cean heat cmes frm Arg，which can drp dwn t arund 6，500feet. But there are nly abut 4，000 such flats，and they cannt sample deeper parts f the ceans.
In Science， researchers at the Califrnia Institute f Technlgy and the Chinese Academy f Sciences cmpared the travel speeds f sunds prduced by undersea earthquakes t detect cean warming ver wider areas. Because sund travels faster in warmer water，differences in speed can reveal changing temperatures. "They're pening up a whle new area f study，" says Princetn University gephysicist Frederik Simns，wh was nt invlved in the research.
Inspired by thse early effrts t measure cean heat with sund，Caltech researcher Wenb Wu thught t mnitr lw﹣frequency sund waves sent ut by earthquakes belw the seaflr. "I knw these earthquakes are very pwerful surces，" Wu says，"S why nt try t use the earthquakes？"
He and his team tested the idea near Indnesia's island f Nias，where the IndAustralian Plate is bumping under the Sunda Plate. The researchers gathered sund data frm 4，272 earthquakes f magnitude 3 r greater frm 2004 t 2016，and they cmpared sund wave speeds frm quakes that riginated in the same spt ver the years. By mdeling the differences， ften just fractins f a secnd， they fund that the cean near Nias was warming by abut 0.08 degree Fahrenheit per decade﹣mre than the 0.047 degree F suggested by Arg's data. Less than ne degree F des nt sund large， but it takes cnsiderable heat t warm the entire eastern Indian Ocean.
The new methd is prmising， says University f Hawaii ceangrapher Bruce Hwe， wh was nt invlved in the wrk. Meanwhile Simns and his clleagues are explring an alternative technique， emplying dzens f underwater micrphnes called hydrphnes t catch mre earthquake sunds. He ntes that finding ut the flats' precise lcatins will be challenging，hwever. Overcming such challenges wuld fill in imprtant gaps，Wu says，"We really need different methds f gathering the data as much as pssible."
（1）What d peple d t take cean's temperature？
A. Ships sail acrss all the ceans t take phts.
B. Satellites are used t prvide data n cean heat.
C. Arg enters the deepest seas fr detailed pictures.
D. The numbers f flats hit a recrd high fr samples.
（2）Why can sund be a methd fr detecting cean warming？
A. Because its speed varies with the temperature f water.
B. Because it accmpanies earthquakes belw the seaflr.
C. Because it is apprved by Chinese and US researchers.
D. Because its value has been prved by previus effrts.
（3）What is the similarity between the researches by Wu and Simns？
A. They use hydrphnes as flats. B. They exchange their data with Arg.
C. They meet the same truble at wrk. D. They emply new research methds.
（4）What can be the best title fr the passage？
A. Undersea earthquakes B. Climate and seas C. Sund and cean heat D. New methd fund
Passage 5．（2021•南充模拟）
Next time yu find yurself tending t yur flwer garden， yu may want t stay quiet. The flwers are listening.
Accrding t Israeli scientists， the plants culd hear bees appraching and attempt t attract them with sweeter nectar（花蜜）. In several experiments， they fund that playing audi recrdings f buzzing bees arund certain flwers wuld cause the sugar cncentratin in the nectar t rise by abut 20% in less than five minutes. Such a rapid reactin by plants t sund had never previusly been reprted. Just t cmpare，the researchers als tried a higher frequency nise﹣like that made by a msquit r a bat﹣and the flwers did nt respnd.
This is nt the first time that they've reacted t what they're hearing arund them. In a 2009 study，Britain's Ryal Hrticultural Sciety fund that wmen's vices helped make plants grw faster. In that experiment，tmat plants were fund t grw up t tw inches taller when they were tended t by a female gardener. Mre recently，an Australian study fund that sme flwers were able t sense nises， such as the flw f water thrugh a pipe.
The ability f inanimate（无生命的）bjects t hear what's arund them may seem like smething ut f a science fictin nvel，but it's real. What if we tld yu that a ptat chip bag left n the flr f a break rm culd listen in an ffice gssip？Yu'd think we were crazy，right？Think again. Researchers fund that as peple were talking arund the ptat chip bag，they were sending teeny﹣tiny sund vibratins（振动） int the air. Thse vibratins then hit inanimate bjects arund the rm. S next time yu're at the gardens r in a grcery，be careful with what yu say.Smething might be listening.
（1）What did Israeli scientists discver in their research？
A. What plants d t sense their envirnment. B. Hw plants respnd t certain sunds.
C. Hw plants make their nectar sweeter. D. What plants d t prtect themselves.
（2）Why are the tw studies mentined in Paragraph 3？
A. T indicate that plants can actually hear what's arund them.
B. T stress the envirnment is imprtant t plants' survival.
C. T tell us many scientists are interested in plant research.
D. T shw that Israeli scientists are nt the mst experienced.
（3）What des the underlined wrd "smething" in the last paragraph refer t？
A. Sme plants. B. Sund vibratins. C. Inanimate bjects. D. Ptat chip bags.
（4）What's the best title f the text？
A. Flwers can actually hear yur vices. B. Wildlife has amazing survival skills.
C. Bees can talk with garden flwers. D. Chip bags can uncver yur secrets.
Passage 6．（2021•南充模拟）
It sunds like science fictin，but the wrld's first flating dairy farm（奶牛场）the brainchild f Dutch cmpany Beladn， will becme a reality.
Thugh the prject has been in the wrks fr years，the farm nly recently gt the green light fr cnstructin. This summer，a 900﹣tn platfrm was pulled t its current psitin in Rtterdam's harbr. It will sn be a multi﹣level hme t 40 cws.
Accrding t Peter， wner f Beladn，animal welfare was imprtant when they were designing the farm. The finished farm will feature a "cw garden" n the tp flr，with artificial trees and bushes t ffer shade. A team f rbts will be hired，cllecting abut 800 liters f milk per day. The milk will then be prcessed n the flr belw and sld lcally. In their free time，hwever， cws can walk a ramp（斜坡） t reach the firm grund n the bank.Tasty waste frm the city﹣cut grass， ptat skins， etc. will be their main fd surce. And waste frm the farm will be used as fertilizer thrughut Rtterdam.
The building will attract many visitrs，but the real fcus is fd security. Getting cws n the water is a great step twards creating healthier cities. The idea first came in 2012，while Peter was in New Yrk. When Hurricane Sandy hit，he watched the city's transprtatin paralyzed（瘫痪的）as Manhattan's rads were filled with water. Trucks fr fd distributin culdn't mve anymre.After tw days，there was n fresh fd in the stres. Then Peter had a thught： T create a climate﹣adaptive methd f prducing fresh， lcal fd， why nt harvest right n the water？"Yu ging up and dwn with the tide，and yu dn't need the transprt."
Thugh it's just ne small farm the prject can serve as a mdel fr cities acrss the glbe. A building n the water is transprtable， s yu can mve it when necessary.
（1）What d we knw abut the dairy farm？
A. It is meant t serve lcal citizens. B. It is ut f the questin.
C. It is lcated in the deep sea. D. It is wned by the gvernment.
（2）Hw is the life f the cws n the dairy farm？
A. They feed n the plants grwn n the farm. B. They have access t the real land.
C. They can wander in the real garden. D. Their waste can be fully used abard.
（3）What is the main purpse f Beladn in building the farm？
A. T imprve the lcal envirnment. B. T add a new scenic spt.
C. T help ensure fd supply. D. T reduce pressure n transprt.
（4）What's the authr's attitude t the idea f building such farms？
A. Indifferent. B. Wrried. C. Dubtful. D. Supprtive.
Passage 7．（2021•宁德一模）
Grwing up， "family" meant smething very different t Bianca Jnes Marlin. Her bilgical parents prvided attendance t multiple children， giving Marlin the jy f having many brthers and sisters frm different backgrunds. On ccasins， she wuld stay up late listening t the stries frm their past hmes﹣stries filled with suffering and sadness. These stries had a lasting impact n Marlin. "There were stries f abuse，f nt getting the prper nutritin r prper care that a child wuld need，" Marlin says. "Taking my passin fr science and what I've learned frm the stries， and putting them tgether is what I really want t d."
Tday as a neurbilgist， Marlin researches hw suffering can be passed dwn frm generatin t generatin. At Clumbia University's Zuckerman Institute， she studies the mlecular mechanisms f stresses in parents that can affect the brain structure and sensry experiences f their future generatins.
Marlin's investigatins examine a prcess knwn as epigenetic inheritance，in which bichemical markers acquired frm experiences r envirnmental cnditins can change hw ur genes are expressed inside f cells. In the case f the mice she wrks with，Marlin creates a stressful assciatin with a particular smell，which in turn increases the number f lfactry cells inside the mice's brains used t detect that specific smell. She then lks at whether r nt the children are brn with mre f these lfactry cells as a result f their parent's suffering. If that prves t be true，Marlin plans t find and ptentially even affect the epigenetic switches respnsible fr changing the children's bilgy r behavir﹣eventually imprving the utcmes fr the children.
"The passin f my wrk stems frm my desire t apply neurbilgy and the science f learning t understanding hw bth psitive and negative experiences in life influence brain health." says Marlin.
（1）What is the main idea f Paragraph 1？
A. Marlin's interest in science. B. Marlin's suffering in children.
C. The influence f the stries n Marlin. D. The brief intrductin t Marlin's family.
（2）What is the functin f lfactry cells？
A. T sense specific stress. B. T lessen the mice's suffering.
C. T change epigenetic inheritance. D. T discver sme particular smell.
（3）What can be learned frm Paragraph 3？
A. Olfactry cells decrease in the mice in the test.
B. Marlin has imprved the utcmes fr the children.
C. Bichemical markers are likely t change gene expressin.
D. Parents' suffering can't be passed dwn t their children.
（4）Where is the text prbably frm？
A. A science magazine. B. A travel jurnal. C. An exhibitin guidebk. D. A literature review.
Passage 8．（2021•乐山模拟）
Mst nline fraud（诈骗）invlves identity theft. Passwrds help. But many can be guessed. Newer phnes，tablets，laptps and desktp cmputers ften have strengthened security with fingerprint and facial recgnitin. But these can be imitated. That is why a new apprach， behaviural bimetrics （生物统计学），is gaining grund.
It relies n the wealth f measurements made by tday's devices. These include data frm sensrs that reveal hw peple hld their phnes when using them， hw they carry them and even the way they walk. Tuchscreens， keybards and mice can be mnitred t shw the distinctive ways in which smene's fingers and hands mve. These features can then be used t determine whether smene attempting t make a transactin （交易）is likely t be the device's habitual user.
"Behaviural bimetrics make it pssible t identify an individual's unique mtin fingerprint"，says Jhn Whaley， head f Unifyid， a firm in Silicn Valley that is invlved in the field. When cupled with infrmatin abut a user's finger pressure and speed n the tuchscreen， as well as a device's regular places f use﹣as revealed by its GPS unit一that user's identity can be pretty well determined.
Used wisely， behaviural bimetrics culd be a great benefit. In fact， Unifyid and an unnamed car cmpany are even develping a system that unlcks the drs f a vehicle nce the pace f the driver， as measured by his phne， is recgnised. Used unwisely， hwever， the system wuld becme yet anther electrnic spy n peple's privacy， permitting cmplete strangers t mnitr yur every actin， frm the mment yu reach fr yur phne in the mrning， t when yu thrw it n the flr at night.
（1）What is behaviural bimetrics fr？
A. T ensure netwrk security. B. T identify netwrk crime.
C. T track nline fraud. D. T gather nline data.
（2）Hw des behaviural bimetrics wrk？
A. By restricting and detecting the access t an accunt f users.
B. By sptting and revealing a device's regular places f use.
C. By mnitring and cmparing the ways users interact with devices.
D. By ffering and analyzing the perating system f devices.
（3）What's the authr's attitude twards behaviural bimetrics？
A. Dubtful. B. Cncerned. C. Objective. D. Favrable.
（4）Frm which sectin f a magazine can this passage pssibly be taken？
A. Health and wealth. B. Science and technlgy. C. Finance and ecnmics. D. Bks and arts.
Passage 9．（2021•全国模拟）
Magic is a frm f entertainment that is based n pretending t d things that are impssible. The magician is a specially trained actr. He tries t make the audience believe that he has the pwer t d things which are against the laws f nature.
Magic shws are entertaining as lng as the audience des nt discver hw the tricks are dne. The magician usually depends n his skill with his hands， n his knwledge f psychlgy， and， smetimes， n mechanical devices （机械装置）. Since magic perfrmance is meant t trick peple， the use f psychlgy is imprtant. The magician must keep peple frm nticing all the mvements f his hands and frm thinking abut the secret parts f his equipment. He must als lead the audience t draw false cnclusins. The magician's success depends n the fact that many things seen by the eye are nt the things that matter.
Tw basic magic tricks are making bjects seem t appear and making bjects seem t disappear. A cmbinatin f these tw tricks makes fr sme interesting effects. Fr example， the magician puts a small ball under ne f several cups. The ball then seems t jump frm ne cup t anther r t change clur. What actually happens is that the magician， emplying quick hand mvements r a mechanical device， hides ne ball. While ding this he talks t the audience and waves a brightly clured clth with ne hand. The audience is t busy watching the clth and listening t the magician's wrds t ntice that his ther hand is hiding the ball.
Anther favurite trick is t cut r burn smething，and then make it appear whle again. What actually happens is that the magician makes the cut r burned bject disappear by quickly hiding it while the audience watches smething else. Then he "magically" makes it appear whle again by displaying（展示）anther bject that has nt been cut r burned.
（1）What is the authr's main purpse in writing the text？
A. T prmte a magic shw. B. T teach peple t be magicians.
C. T explain the art f magic. D. T praise the talents f magicians.
（2）Which f the fllwing is imprtant fr a successful magic trick？
A. Mving stage equipment. B. Directing the audience's attentin.
C. Applying high technlgy. D. Keeping the perfrmance in secret.
（3）What des the authr fcus n in the last tw paragraphs？
A. Prviding examples. B. Making a summary. C. Drawing cmparisns. D. Explaining a cncept.
（4）What can we infer frm the text？
A. Mechanical devices are expensive. B. Mst magicians emply assistants.
C. It takes practice t perfrm magic. D. Small bjects are magicians' favurite.
Passage 10．（2021•山东模拟）
Just as facial expressins are imprtant in human cmmunicatin，hrses are als sensitive t the expressins f ther hrses， a new study has fund. But unlike humans， hrse expressins are nt limited slely t their face. The new study fund their ears play a key rle.
Previus studies dne t investigate cmmunicatin between animals fcused n the same cues（ 信号） that humans ften use， such as eye gaze. Rather than generalize cmmunicatin cues fr all animals based n humans，researchers， Jennifer Wathan and Karen McCmb， wanted t investigate ther cues that animals might use.
We fund that in hrses their ear psitin was als an imprtant visual signal that ther hrses respnd t. "In fact， hrses need t see the detailed facial features f bth eyes and ears befre they use anther hrse's head directin t guide them，" Wathan explained.
In the experiment， she and McCmb， bth f the university f Sussex， tk phtgraphs t dcument cues given by hrses when they were paying attentin t smething. Then they used thse phtgraphs as life﹣size mdels fr ther hrses t lk at as they chse between tw feeding buckets， nt the ther. In sme instances，the researcher als changed the image t remve infrmatin frm key facial areas， including the eyes and the ears.
What they fund was that hrses wuld lk the lngest when the whle head was visible， they lked less when the eyes and ears in the pht were cvered.In additin， the directin f the mdel hrse's head and bdy mattered， t.
This study challenges the lng﹣held belief that animals with eyes t the side culd nt cllect infrmatin frm eye gaze. " Hrses display sme f the same cmplex and fluid scial rganizatin that we have as humans and that we als see in chimpanzees ，elephants and dlphins，" Wathan said.
（1）What is the functin f the first paragraph？
A. T explain the facial expressin f hrses. B. T tell hw hrses cmmunicate.
C. T describe the senses f hrses. D. T lead t the main tpic.
（2）Wathan and MeCmbi's study is different frm ther studies because .
A. their study was based n previus cnclusins B. they lked int the scial structure f hrse
C. they studied unusual cues such as a hrse's ears D. their study fcused n animals' facial expressins
（3）When did the hrses lk the lngest at the life﹣size mdels？
A. When the eyes were cvered. B. When the whle head culd be seen.
C. When the ears were cvered. D. When the whle bdy was cvered.
（4）What is the best title fr the passage？
A. Similarity between Human and Animal Scial Organizatins
B. Wathan and McCmb's Astnishing Findings
C. Hw Animals Cmmunicate with Each Other
D. Hrses Use Their Eyes and Ears t Cmmunicate
Passage 1．（2021•资阳模拟）
Micr﹣plastics have ccupied almst every part f the planet tday， including the mst distant reaches.
The Arctic is far frm clean， thugh it s rarely stepped in by visitrs. Melanie Bergmann， a marine eclgist（海洋生态学家） and her clleagues had been studying plastics n the Arctic seaflr since 2002. In deep sea， they fund abut 6，0000 particles（微粒） in every 2.2 punds f mud. In sea ice，there were as much as 12，000 pieces per 34 unces f melted ice.
Scientists measured micr﹣plastics in snw frm this distant lcatin and fund a lt，which culd nly have caught rides n the wind. The study raises cncerns abut the pllutin that micr﹣plastics brught t the air， bringing a health risk t peple and animals that breathe them in. But they are less wrried abut the threat that breathed﹣in pllutants have t wildlife than abut plluted snw ging int water.
The science n the health effects f micr﹣plastics is still ging n."Fr human health，we nw nw very little，" says micr﹣plastics researcher Chelsea Rchman，"There is a lt f cncern. Fr wildlife，we knw that micr﹣plastics may g int every level f the fd chain." Labratry studies find sme physical and chemical effects frm micr﹣plastics，but the findings vary by the plastic type，shape experiments will be carried ut sn with use f equipment if financial supprt apprves."
Even wrse is the threat frm airbrne micr﹣plastics in the area﹣﹣﹣t small t be nticed and may actually enter cells. Research n that als has been dne and it culd be a bigger prblem， accrding t Rchman.
（1）What can yu learn frm the data in Paragraph 2？
A. Visitrs rarely step int the Arctic. B. Micr﹣plastics threaten the human beings.
C. Micr﹣plastics are everywhere in the wrld. D. The Arctic suffers serius micr﹣plastics pllutin.
（2）What makes the scientists wrry mst？
A. Wildlife's threat by micr﹣pllutants. B. Human beings breathing micr﹣plastics in.
C. Micr﹣plastics entering the water ecsystem. D. Micr﹣plastics pllutin wrsening glbal warming.
（3）What will the fllwing paragraphs talk abut？
A. Damage f micr﹣plastics t health. B. Appeals fr envirnmental prtectin.
C. Findings abut airbrne micr﹣plastics in the Arctic. D. Measures t slve micr﹣plastics pllutin.
（4）In which sectin f a newspaper may this text appear？
A. Science. B. Health. C. Educatin. D. Entertainment.
Passage 2．（2021•玉溪一模）
Humans may have been enjying caca， the substance used t make chclate， fr much lnger than experts had thught. Researchers at the University f British Clumbia in Canada have fund that humans grew caca trees and cnsumed caca starting arund 5，300 years ag.
The researchers fund evidence f caca's use at an ancient village in the highlands f sutheastern Ecuadr. They examined the remains f very ld bjects at the Santa Ana﹣La Flrida archelgical site. The village was part f the May﹣Chinchipe culture f the Andes. Time has had little effect n the village and ceremnial center. The researchers were able t find a lt f evidence f the use f caca. Scientists had already mstly agreed that caca was first dmesticated（培育）in Suth America instead f Central America，as they nce believed. But the new discvery shws caca was dmesticated abut 1，500 years earlier than was knwn befre.
The University f British Clumbia researchers fund extremely small pieces frm the caca tree in the remains f cntainers and ther bjects， as well as genetic material frm the tree. They als identified a substance fund in the caca tree but nt in its wild relatives. This suggests that humans grew the tree fr fd purpses.
Tday， the seeds are cked and turned int many chclate prducts. But thusands f years ag， caca was used t make drinks.
Archelgical evidence suggests caca dmesticatin mved int Central America and Mexic abut 4，000 years ag. It is nt clear hw caca's use spread between Suth and Central America. But by the time Spanish explrers arrived in Central America in the late 1400s， peple were using it t make ht and cld chclate drinks with spices. By the 1580s， Spain began imprting caca and spreading it t ther Eurpean cuntries. By the 1800s， technlgy develped in the Netherlands made it pssible t turn caca int a slid chclate prduct.
（1）What did the researchers d t find evidence f the caca's use in ancient times？
A. They travelled in Ecuadr's village. B. They researched the histry f chclate.
C. They studied the remains f very ld bjects. D. They asked the ld villagers fr help.
（2）Hw did the peple in Suth America get the caca 5，000 years ag？
A. By grwing the caca tree by themselves. B. By cllecting it in the wild.
C. By buying it frm central America. D. By getting it frm chclate.
（3）Accrding t the text， when did the slid chclate first appear？
A. 5，300 years ag. B. 4，000 years ag. C. In the 1400s. D. In the 1800s.
（4）Which f the fllwing can be the best title fr the text？
A. The Histry f Caca Tree Grwing B. Human's Preference fr Caca
C. Chclate's Stry Older Than Once Thught D. The Research f Chclate in Ancient Times
Passage 3．（2021•漳州模拟）
Israeli cmpany Watergen has prduced an appliance that can generate（生成）clean，drinkable water ut f air. The device， called GENNY， is small enugh t be used in a hme r ffice but can generate up t 30 liters f water a day.
GENNY takes air in and passes thrugh a filter（过滤器）t remve dust and dirt. The filter is pwerful enugh t wrk with high air pllutin. The air is directed thrugh GENius，a heating and cling prcess which causes water in the air t cndense（凝结）. This water is then passed thrugh several mre filters and minerals are added t imprve the flavr f the water. Finally， the water is stred in a tank where it is cntinually circulated t keep it fresh. Therefre， the water prduced by GENNY is ften f a higher quality than water running thrugh filtratin systems attached t the city's water lines.
The technlgy f GENius is much better than ther technlgies that generate water frm air. It prduces fur t five times mre water per kilwatt﹣hur. Watergen has ther prducts that use this same technlgy n a larger scale， the largest f which can prduce up t 5，000 liters f water per day.
As an added bnus， during the water generatin prcess，GENNY can emit clean air which is healthier fr peple t breathe.
At the Cnsumer Electrnics Shw in Las Vegas，GENNY was named the Energy Efficient Prduct f the Year. The award series recgnize the wrld's tp high﹣tech hme prducts.
Last year，Watergen's large﹣scale prducts were dnated t authrities in Brazil，Vietnam and India. They als assisted rescue and recvery effrts during the 2018 Califrnia wildfires and prvided clean，safe water fr the residents f Texas and Flrida in the aftermath f the devastatin caused by hurricanes Harvey and Irma.
Watergen als seeks t help prtect the envirnment by reducing waste generated by plastic water bttles. Peple are called upn t put the water frm GEENY int reusable bttles s that plastic nes dn't get used and thrwn away.
（1）What des GENNY accmplish by adding minerals t the water？
A. It keeps the water fresh. B. It helps kill harmful bacteria.
C. It makes the water taste better. D. It satisfies lcal water regulatins.
（2）Which f the fllwing can best describe GENius？
A. Energy﹣efficient. B. Cst﹣saving. C. Time﹣saving. D. Envirnment﹣friendly.
（3）What des the underlined wrd "emit" in paragraph 4 prbably mean？
A. Cut dwn. B. Blw away. C. Give ff. D. Use up.
（4）What can Watergen d using its large scale prducts？
A. Cnsume plastic waste. B. Respnd t natural disasters.
C. Test water quality glbally. D. Relieve drught in sme cuntries.
Passage 4．（2021•扬州模拟）
Sund may ffer a creative way t take the cean's temperature. Climate change is steadily warming the seas， which have absrbed abut 90 percent f the excess heat trapped by greenhuse gases. This warming cntributes t sea﹣level rise， endangers species and influences weather patterns.
But tracking the warming is tricky. Ship﹣based bservatins capture nly snapshts in time ver a tiny prtin f the water. Satellite bservatins cannt enter very deep belw the surface. The mst detailed picture f cean heat cmes frm Arg，which can drp dwn t arund 6，500feet. But there are nly abut 4，000 such flats，and they cannt sample deeper parts f the ceans.
In Science， researchers at the Califrnia Institute f Technlgy and the Chinese Academy f Sciences cmpared the travel speeds f sunds prduced by undersea earthquakes t detect cean warming ver wider areas. Because sund travels faster in warmer water，differences in speed can reveal changing temperatures. "They're pening up a whle new area f study，" says Princetn University gephysicist Frederik Simns，wh was nt invlved in the research.
Inspired by thse early effrts t measure cean heat with sund，Caltech researcher Wenb Wu thught t mnitr lw﹣frequency sund waves sent ut by earthquakes belw the seaflr. "I knw these earthquakes are very pwerful surces，" Wu says，"S why nt try t use the earthquakes？"
He and his team tested the idea near Indnesia's island f Nias，where the IndAustralian Plate is bumping under the Sunda Plate. The researchers gathered sund data frm 4，272 earthquakes f magnitude 3 r greater frm 2004 t 2016，and they cmpared sund wave speeds frm quakes that riginated in the same spt ver the years. By mdeling the differences， ften just fractins f a secnd， they fund that the cean near Nias was warming by abut 0.08 degree Fahrenheit per decade﹣mre than the 0.047 degree F suggested by Arg's data. Less than ne degree F des nt sund large， but it takes cnsiderable heat t warm the entire eastern Indian Ocean.
The new methd is prmising， says University f Hawaii ceangrapher Bruce Hwe， wh was nt invlved in the wrk. Meanwhile Simns and his clleagues are explring an alternative technique， emplying dzens f underwater micrphnes called hydrphnes t catch mre earthquake sunds. He ntes that finding ut the flats' precise lcatins will be challenging，hwever. Overcming such challenges wuld fill in imprtant gaps，Wu says，"We really need different methds f gathering the data as much as pssible."
（1）What d peple d t take cean's temperature？
A. Ships sail acrss all the ceans t take phts.
B. Satellites are used t prvide data n cean heat.
C. Arg enters the deepest seas fr detailed pictures.
D. The numbers f flats hit a recrd high fr samples.
（2）Why can sund be a methd fr detecting cean warming？
A. Because its speed varies with the temperature f water.
B. Because it accmpanies earthquakes belw the seaflr.
C. Because it is apprved by Chinese and US researchers.
D. Because its value has been prved by previus effrts.
（3）What is the similarity between the researches by Wu and Simns？
A. They use hydrphnes as flats. B. They exchange their data with Arg.
C. They meet the same truble at wrk. D. They emply new research methds.
（4）What can be the best title fr the passage？
A. Undersea earthquakes B. Climate and seas C. Sund and cean heat D. New methd fund
Passage 5．（2021•南充模拟）
Next time yu find yurself tending t yur flwer garden， yu may want t stay quiet. The flwers are listening.
Accrding t Israeli scientists， the plants culd hear bees appraching and attempt t attract them with sweeter nectar（花蜜）. In several experiments， they fund that playing audi recrdings f buzzing bees arund certain flwers wuld cause the sugar cncentratin in the nectar t rise by abut 20% in less than five minutes. Such a rapid reactin by plants t sund had never previusly been reprted. Just t cmpare，the researchers als tried a higher frequency nise﹣like that made by a msquit r a bat﹣and the flwers did nt respnd.
This is nt the first time that they've reacted t what they're hearing arund them. In a 2009 study，Britain's Ryal Hrticultural Sciety fund that wmen's vices helped make plants grw faster. In that experiment，tmat plants were fund t grw up t tw inches taller when they were tended t by a female gardener. Mre recently，an Australian study fund that sme flwers were able t sense nises， such as the flw f water thrugh a pipe.
The ability f inanimate（无生命的）bjects t hear what's arund them may seem like smething ut f a science fictin nvel，but it's real. What if we tld yu that a ptat chip bag left n the flr f a break rm culd listen in an ffice gssip？Yu'd think we were crazy，right？Think again. Researchers fund that as peple were talking arund the ptat chip bag，they were sending teeny﹣tiny sund vibratins（振动） int the air. Thse vibratins then hit inanimate bjects arund the rm. S next time yu're at the gardens r in a grcery，be careful with what yu say.Smething might be listening.
（1）What did Israeli scientists discver in their research？
A. What plants d t sense their envirnment. B. Hw plants respnd t certain sunds.
C. Hw plants make their nectar sweeter. D. What plants d t prtect themselves.
（2）Why are the tw studies mentined in Paragraph 3？
A. T indicate that plants can actually hear what's arund them.
B. T stress the envirnment is imprtant t plants' survival.
C. T tell us many scientists are interested in plant research.
D. T shw that Israeli scientists are nt the mst experienced.
（3）What des the underlined wrd "smething" in the last paragraph refer t？
A. Sme plants. B. Sund vibratins. C. Inanimate bjects. D. Ptat chip bags.
（4）What's the best title f the text？
A. Flwers can actually hear yur vices. B. Wildlife has amazing survival skills.
C. Bees can talk with garden flwers. D. Chip bags can uncver yur secrets.
Passage 6．（2021•南充模拟）
It sunds like science fictin，but the wrld's first flating dairy farm（奶牛场）the brainchild f Dutch cmpany Beladn， will becme a reality.
Thugh the prject has been in the wrks fr years，the farm nly recently gt the green light fr cnstructin. This summer，a 900﹣tn platfrm was pulled t its current psitin in Rtterdam's harbr. It will sn be a multi﹣level hme t 40 cws.
Accrding t Peter， wner f Beladn，animal welfare was imprtant when they were designing the farm. The finished farm will feature a "cw garden" n the tp flr，with artificial trees and bushes t ffer shade. A team f rbts will be hired，cllecting abut 800 liters f milk per day. The milk will then be prcessed n the flr belw and sld lcally. In their free time，hwever， cws can walk a ramp（斜坡） t reach the firm grund n the bank.Tasty waste frm the city﹣cut grass， ptat skins， etc. will be their main fd surce. And waste frm the farm will be used as fertilizer thrughut Rtterdam.
The building will attract many visitrs，but the real fcus is fd security. Getting cws n the water is a great step twards creating healthier cities. The idea first came in 2012，while Peter was in New Yrk. When Hurricane Sandy hit，he watched the city's transprtatin paralyzed（瘫痪的）as Manhattan's rads were filled with water. Trucks fr fd distributin culdn't mve anymre.After tw days，there was n fresh fd in the stres. Then Peter had a thught： T create a climate﹣adaptive methd f prducing fresh， lcal fd， why nt harvest right n the water？"Yu ging up and dwn with the tide，and yu dn't need the transprt."
Thugh it's just ne small farm the prject can serve as a mdel fr cities acrss the glbe. A building n the water is transprtable， s yu can mve it when necessary.
（1）What d we knw abut the dairy farm？
A. It is meant t serve lcal citizens. B. It is ut f the questin.
C. It is lcated in the deep sea. D. It is wned by the gvernment.
（2）Hw is the life f the cws n the dairy farm？
A. They feed n the plants grwn n the farm. B. They have access t the real land.
C. They can wander in the real garden. D. Their waste can be fully used abard.
（3）What is the main purpse f Beladn in building the farm？
A. T imprve the lcal envirnment. B. T add a new scenic spt.
C. T help ensure fd supply. D. T reduce pressure n transprt.
（4）What's the authr's attitude t the idea f building such farms？
A. Indifferent. B. Wrried. C. Dubtful. D. Supprtive.
Passage 7．（2021•宁德一模）
Grwing up， "family" meant smething very different t Bianca Jnes Marlin. Her bilgical parents prvided attendance t multiple children， giving Marlin the jy f having many brthers and sisters frm different backgrunds. On ccasins， she wuld stay up late listening t the stries frm their past hmes﹣stries filled with suffering and sadness. These stries had a lasting impact n Marlin. "There were stries f abuse，f nt getting the prper nutritin r prper care that a child wuld need，" Marlin says. "Taking my passin fr science and what I've learned frm the stries， and putting them tgether is what I really want t d."
Tday as a neurbilgist， Marlin researches hw suffering can be passed dwn frm generatin t generatin. At Clumbia University's Zuckerman Institute， she studies the mlecular mechanisms f stresses in parents that can affect the brain structure and sensry experiences f their future generatins.
Marlin's investigatins examine a prcess knwn as epigenetic inheritance，in which bichemical markers acquired frm experiences r envirnmental cnditins can change hw ur genes are expressed inside f cells. In the case f the mice she wrks with，Marlin creates a stressful assciatin with a particular smell，which in turn increases the number f lfactry cells inside the mice's brains used t detect that specific smell. She then lks at whether r nt the children are brn with mre f these lfactry cells as a result f their parent's suffering. If that prves t be true，Marlin plans t find and ptentially even affect the epigenetic switches respnsible fr changing the children's bilgy r behavir﹣eventually imprving the utcmes fr the children.
"The passin f my wrk stems frm my desire t apply neurbilgy and the science f learning t understanding hw bth psitive and negative experiences in life influence brain health." says Marlin.
（1）What is the main idea f Paragraph 1？
A. Marlin's interest in science. B. Marlin's suffering in children.
C. The influence f the stries n Marlin. D. The brief intrductin t Marlin's family.
（2）What is the functin f lfactry cells？
A. T sense specific stress. B. T lessen the mice's suffering.
C. T change epigenetic inheritance. D. T discver sme particular smell.
（3）What can be learned frm Paragraph 3？
A. Olfactry cells decrease in the mice in the test.
B. Marlin has imprved the utcmes fr the children.
C. Bichemical markers are likely t change gene expressin.
D. Parents' suffering can't be passed dwn t their children.
（4）Where is the text prbably frm？
A. A science magazine. B. A travel jurnal. C. An exhibitin guidebk. D. A literature review.
Passage 8．（2021•乐山模拟）
Mst nline fraud（诈骗）invlves identity theft. Passwrds help. But many can be guessed. Newer phnes，tablets，laptps and desktp cmputers ften have strengthened security with fingerprint and facial recgnitin. But these can be imitated. That is why a new apprach， behaviural bimetrics （生物统计学），is gaining grund.
It relies n the wealth f measurements made by tday's devices. These include data frm sensrs that reveal hw peple hld their phnes when using them， hw they carry them and even the way they walk. Tuchscreens， keybards and mice can be mnitred t shw the distinctive ways in which smene's fingers and hands mve. These features can then be used t determine whether smene attempting t make a transactin （交易）is likely t be the device's habitual user.
"Behaviural bimetrics make it pssible t identify an individual's unique mtin fingerprint"，says Jhn Whaley， head f Unifyid， a firm in Silicn Valley that is invlved in the field. When cupled with infrmatin abut a user's finger pressure and speed n the tuchscreen， as well as a device's regular places f use﹣as revealed by its GPS unit一that user's identity can be pretty well determined.
Used wisely， behaviural bimetrics culd be a great benefit. In fact， Unifyid and an unnamed car cmpany are even develping a system that unlcks the drs f a vehicle nce the pace f the driver， as measured by his phne， is recgnised. Used unwisely， hwever， the system wuld becme yet anther electrnic spy n peple's privacy， permitting cmplete strangers t mnitr yur every actin， frm the mment yu reach fr yur phne in the mrning， t when yu thrw it n the flr at night.
（1）What is behaviural bimetrics fr？
A. T ensure netwrk security. B. T identify netwrk crime.
C. T track nline fraud. D. T gather nline data.
（2）Hw des behaviural bimetrics wrk？
A. By restricting and detecting the access t an accunt f users.
B. By sptting and revealing a device's regular places f use.
C. By mnitring and cmparing the ways users interact with devices.
D. By ffering and analyzing the perating system f devices.
（3）What's the authr's attitude twards behaviural bimetrics？
A. Dubtful. B. Cncerned. C. Objective. D. Favrable.
（4）Frm which sectin f a magazine can this passage pssibly be taken？
A. Health and wealth. B. Science and technlgy. C. Finance and ecnmics. D. Bks and arts.
Passage 9．（2021•全国模拟）
Magic is a frm f entertainment that is based n pretending t d things that are impssible. The magician is a specially trained actr. He tries t make the audience believe that he has the pwer t d things which are against the laws f nature.
Magic shws are entertaining as lng as the audience des nt discver hw the tricks are dne. The magician usually depends n his skill with his hands， n his knwledge f psychlgy， and， smetimes， n mechanical devices （机械装置）. Since magic perfrmance is meant t trick peple， the use f psychlgy is imprtant. The magician must keep peple frm nticing all the mvements f his hands and frm thinking abut the secret parts f his equipment. He must als lead the audience t draw false cnclusins. The magician's success depends n the fact that many things seen by the eye are nt the things that matter.
Tw basic magic tricks are making bjects seem t appear and making bjects seem t disappear. A cmbinatin f these tw tricks makes fr sme interesting effects. Fr example， the magician puts a small ball under ne f several cups. The ball then seems t jump frm ne cup t anther r t change clur. What actually happens is that the magician， emplying quick hand mvements r a mechanical device， hides ne ball. While ding this he talks t the audience and waves a brightly clured clth with ne hand. The audience is t busy watching the clth and listening t the magician's wrds t ntice that his ther hand is hiding the ball.
Anther favurite trick is t cut r burn smething，and then make it appear whle again. What actually happens is that the magician makes the cut r burned bject disappear by quickly hiding it while the audience watches smething else. Then he "magically" makes it appear whle again by displaying（展示）anther bject that has nt been cut r burned.
（1）What is the authr's main purpse in writing the text？
A. T prmte a magic shw. B. T teach peple t be magicians.
C. T explain the art f magic. D. T praise the talents f magicians.
（2）Which f the fllwing is imprtant fr a successful magic trick？
A. Mving stage equipment. B. Directing the audience's attentin.
C. Applying high technlgy. D. Keeping the perfrmance in secret.
（3）What des the authr fcus n in the last tw paragraphs？
A. Prviding examples. B. Making a summary. C. Drawing cmparisns. D. Explaining a cncept.
（4）What can we infer frm the text？
A. Mechanical devices are expensive. B. Mst magicians emply assistants.
C. It takes practice t perfrm magic. D. Small bjects are magicians' favurite.
Passage 10．（2021•山东模拟）
Just as facial expressins are imprtant in human cmmunicatin，hrses are als sensitive t the expressins f ther hrses， a new study has fund. But unlike humans， hrse expressins are nt limited slely t their face. The new study fund their ears play a key rle.
Previus studies dne t investigate cmmunicatin between animals fcused n the same cues（ 信号） that humans ften use， such as eye gaze. Rather than generalize cmmunicatin cues fr all animals based n humans，researchers， Jennifer Wathan and Karen McCmb， wanted t investigate ther cues that animals might use.
We fund that in hrses their ear psitin was als an imprtant visual signal that ther hrses respnd t. "In fact， hrses need t see the detailed facial features f bth eyes and ears befre they use anther hrse's head directin t guide them，" Wathan explained.
In the experiment， she and McCmb， bth f the university f Sussex， tk phtgraphs t dcument cues given by hrses when they were paying attentin t smething. Then they used thse phtgraphs as life﹣size mdels fr ther hrses t lk at as they chse between tw feeding buckets， nt the ther. In sme instances，the researcher als changed the image t remve infrmatin frm key facial areas， including the eyes and the ears.
What they fund was that hrses wuld lk the lngest when the whle head was visible， they lked less when the eyes and ears in the pht were cvered.In additin， the directin f the mdel hrse's head and bdy mattered， t.
This study challenges the lng﹣held belief that animals with eyes t the side culd nt cllect infrmatin frm eye gaze. " Hrses display sme f the same cmplex and fluid scial rganizatin that we have as humans and that we als see in chimpanzees ，elephants and dlphins，" Wathan said.
（1）What is the functin f the first paragraph？
A. T explain the facial expressin f hrses. B. T tell hw hrses cmmunicate.
C. T describe the senses f hrses. D. T lead t the main tpic.
（2）Wathan and MeCmbi's study is different frm ther studies because .
A. their study was based n previus cnclusins B. they lked int the scial structure f hrse
C. they studied unusual cues such as a hrse's ears D. their study fcused n animals' facial expressins
（3）When did the hrses lk the lngest at the life﹣size mdels？
A. When the eyes were cvered. B. When the whle head culd be seen.
C. When the ears were cvered. D. When the whle bdy was cvered.
（4）What is the best title fr the passage？
A. Similarity between Human and Animal Scial Organizatins
B. Wathan and McCmb's Astnishing Findings
C. Hw Animals Cmmunicate with Each Other
D. Hrses Use Their Eyes and Ears t Cmmunicate
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