Unit 3 Back to the past（B卷·提升能力）（解析版） 高中英语新牛津译林版选择性必修第三册（2022年）

这是一份Unit 3 Back to the past（B卷·提升能力）（解析版） 高中英语新牛津译林版选择性必修第三册（2022年），共17页。
Unit 3 Back to the past
（B卷·提升能力）
（时间：100分钟，满分：120分）
第一部分 阅读(共两节, 满分50分)
第一节(共15小题:每小题2.5分, 满分37.5分)
阅读下列短文, 从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
A
（2021·浙江省桐庐中学高二阶段练习）Today, environmental problems have taken over as the greatest risk to life on Earth. Scientists are thinking of ways to lower this risk, such as replacing coal and oil with forms of renewable energy. But they are also preparing for the worst: what is our Plan B for Earth?
One option is to explore other planets to see if we could live on them. The most likely choice is Mars, which is relatively close to Earth. Mars has fascinated people since ancient times. Since the 1960s, we have been sending unmanned spacecraft to Mars. Our probes (探测器) have orbited the planet, sending back valuable data and stunning images. Our robots have explored the Martian surface, testing the soil and searching for resources, water and signs of life. Encouraged by discoveries over the year, space agencies of various counties are panning manned missions to Mars that could take place within the next 25 years.
No doubt that humankind is drawn towards Mars, with dreams of making it our second home. However, sending people there will require all the sill, courage and intelligence of the human race. While the Moon can be reached within days, it would take months to reach Mars, travelling through dangerous solar radiation (辐射). And even if the first settlers do reach Mars safely, they may not be able to return to Earth ever. Staying alive will be a daily challenge, but as proved by the Biosphere 2 experiment, not impossible. Although the two-year experiment was not a success, it did provide us with a better understanding of how humans might be able to live on another planet. More recently, scientists have succeeded in growing a variety of plants in an environment similar to that on Mars. That definitely is a big step forward.
For now, human settlement of Mars is still decades away. Until we are finally able to live on another planet, we need to take much better care of our own. Right now, it's the only one we have!
1．Plan B for Earth is aimed at ________.
A．developing renewable energy resources
B．seeking planets for humans' second home
C．reducing the environmental risk to life on Earth
D．finding the best location of conducting space missions
2．Which of the following is NOT a reason why the settlement of Mars is difficult?
A．It is very challenging to survive on Mars.
B．The journey to Mars might be quite long and risky.
C．There has been no great progress in studying Mars yet.
D．Humans haven't fully understood how they might live on Mars.
3．In which magazine would you most likely read this text?
A．The Traveller B．All About Space
C．Biology for Fun D．Environmental Concerns
【答案】BCB
【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要是讲寻找行星作为人类的第二家园，尤其讲了火星的探索进程和定居火星存在的困难。
1．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“One option is to explore other planets to see if we could live on them. (一种选择是探索其他行星，看看我们是否能在上面生活)”可知，地球的B计划旨在寻找行星作为人类的第二家园。故选B。
2．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“While the Moon can be reached within days, it would take months to reach Mars, travelling through dangerous solar radiation (辐射). And even if the first settlers do reach Mars safely, they may not be able to return to Earth ever. Staying alive will be a daily challenge, but as proved by the Biosphere 2 experiment, not impossible. Although the two-year experiment was not a success, it did provide us with a better understanding of how humans might be able to live on another planet. (虽然可以在几天内到达月球，但要到达火星则需要几个月的时间，要穿过危险的太阳辐射。即使第一批定居者安全抵达火星，他们也可能永远无法返回地球。要想活下来每天都是一项挑战，但正如生物圈2号实验证明的那样，并非不可能。尽管这两年的实验并不成功，但它确实让我们更好地了解人类如何能够在另一个星球上生活)”可知，选项A，选项B和选项D都是在火星定居很困难的原因。根据第三段最后一句“That definitely is a big step forward. (这绝对是一个很大的进步)”可知，选项C“在研究火星方面还没有大的进展”错误。故选C。
3．推理判断题。根据第二段中的“One option is to explore other planets to see if we could live on them. The most likely choice is Mars, which is relatively close to Earth. (一种选择是探索其他行星，看看我们是否能在上面生活。最有可能的选择是火星，因为它离地球相对较近)”可知，文章主要是讲寻找行星作为人类的第二家园，尤其讲了火星的探索进程和定居火星存在的困难，太空科技类文章，所以这篇文章最有可能出现在杂志“All About Space”上。故选B。
B
（2022·江苏如东·高二期末）In the waves of human exploration into space, our brave Chinese people have never stopped the pace of advancing. In just half a century, China has made remarkable space exploration success. After landing probes (探测器) on the lunar and Martian surfaces, China has begun to set its exploratory sights on the core of our solar system — the sun.
Named Xihe after the sun goddess in ancient Chinese mythology, the 500-kilogram Chinese H-Alpha Solar Explorer satellite was launched on Oct. 14 from the Taiyuan Satellite Launch Center in Shanxi province.
The spacecraft is China’s first space-based solar telescope and is designed to work for at least three years, Wang Wei, project manager of the satellite, told China Daily.
The H-alpha band is one of the best spectral (光谱的) lines to study solar activity, according to the Global Times. “The instrument is able to observe and record changes in the sun’s physical elements like its temperature and speed, facilitating scientists’ studies about the dynamics and physics during a solar eruption,” Wang told China Daily.
Several Chinese satellites, such as the Fengyun 3E meteorological satellite, have carried equipment that can collect solar data, but Xihe is the first one intended for solar observation.
“Since solar activity has many effects on life on Earth, it is important for mankind to study the sun,” Zhao Jian, a senior official at the China National Space Administration, told China Daily.
Since the 1960s, NASA has sent dozens of solar orbiters to circle the sun, and in 2004, the Genesis spacecraft returned a sample of solar wind. The most recently launched solar mission was Parker Solar Probe in 2018. Europe and Japan also have solar missions, according to the South China Morning Post.
“Our country is ranked No. 2 in the world in terms of published research papers on solar observations, but all of the satellite-generated data used by our scientists are from foreign spacecraft,” Zhao told China Daily. “Xihe will put an end to the dependence on foreign satellites, and we will share its products with researchers around the world.”
4．What do we know about Xihe?
A．It is expected to work for five years.
B．It is a half-ton scientific research satellite.
C．It is named after an ancient Chinese scientist.
D．It is the world’s first solar observation satellite.
5．What is the main task of Xihe according to the text?
A．To observe other satellites around the sun.
B．To adjust the temperature and speed of the sun.
C．To study how solar activity affects life on Earth.
D．To monitor changes in the sun’s physical elements.
6．Why is it essential to do research on the sun?
A．It helps scientists learn more about solar history.
B．Solar eruptions may bring human beings disasters.
C．Our reliance on foreign satellites will come to an end.
D．Creatures on Earth are greatly affected by solar activity.
7．What does the last paragraph mainly talk about?
A．The advantages of the Xihe satellite.
B．The significance of the Xihe mission.
C．The history of China’s space exploration.
D．The ways satellite-generated data are collected.
【答案】BDDB
【分析】这是一篇新闻报道。文章主要讲述在人类探索太空的浪潮中，勇敢的中国人民从未停止前进的步伐。在月球和火星表面着陆探测器后，中国开始将其探测目标放在我们太阳系的核心——太阳上。10月14日，中国H-Alpha太阳探测卫星在山西省太原卫星发射中心发射升空。
4．细节理解题。根据第二段“Named Xihe after the sun goddess in ancient Chinese mythology, the 500-kilogram Chinese H-Alpha Solar Explorer satellite was launched on Oct. 14 from the Taiyuan Satellite Launch Center in Shanxi province.”（10月14日，这颗重达500公斤的中国H-Alpha太阳探测卫星在山西省太原卫星发射中心发射升空，以中国古代神话中的太阳女神命名为“羲和”。）可知，这颗太阳探测器重达500公斤，也就是半吨，它以中国古代神话中的太阳女神命名为“羲和”，在山西省太原卫星发射中心发射升空，“羲和”是一颗半吨重的科学研究卫星。故选B。
5．细节理解题。根据第四段““The instrument is able to observe and record changes in the sun’s physical elements like its temperature and speed, facilitating scientists’ studies about the dynamics and physics during a solar eruption,” Wang told China Daily.”（“该仪器能够观察和记录太阳物理元素的变化，如温度和速度，有助于科学家研究太阳喷发期间的动力学和物理，”王告诉《中国日报》。）可知，这颗探测卫星的任务是观察和记录太阳物理元素的变化。故选D。
6．细节理解题。根据第六段““Since solar activity has many effects on life on Earth, it is important for mankind to study the sun,” Zhao Jian, a senior official at the China National Space Administration, told China Daily.”（中国国家航天局高级官员赵健告诉《中国日报》：“由于太阳活动对地球上的生命有许多影响，所以研究太阳对人类来说很重要。”）可知，因为太阳活动对地球上的生命影响很多，所以要去研究太阳。故选D。
7．主旨大意题。根据最后一段“Xihe will put an end to the dependence on foreign satellites, and we will share its products with researchers around the world.”（羲和将结束对外国卫星的依赖，我们将与世界各地的研究人员分享其产品。）可知，本段主要告诉读者羲和探测器在我国的航天事业上有着重大的意义。故选B。
C
（2022·浙江慈溪·高二期末）A demonstration mission to test an idea of cleaning up space junk was launched this morning in Kazakhstan. Known as ELSA-D, the mission will exhibit technology that can help deal with space junk. The spacecraft works by attempting to attach itself to dead satellites and pushing them toward the Earth to burn up in the atmosphere.
ELSA-D, which stands for End-of-life Services by Astroscale, will be carried out by a “servicer spacecraft” and a “client satellite” that are launched together, according to Astroscale, spacecraft will release and try to meet with the client satellite, which will act as a piece of space junk.
The mission will carry out this catch-and-release process repeatedly over the course of six months. The goal is to prove the servicer’s ability to track down and dock with its target in varying levels of complexity. However, the spacecraft is not designed to deal with dead satellites already in orbit, but rather future satellites that would be launched with docking plates on them.
Space junk has been a growing problem for years. According to a recent report by NASA, at least 26,000 of the millions of pieces of space junk are the size of a softball. Orbiting along at 17,500mph, they could destroy a satellite. And the most common space junk, more than 100 million pieces, is the size of a grain of salt and could make holes in a spacesuit, amplifying risk to spacecraft and crew.
The development of other cleanup technologies has been underway for years. In 2016, Japan’s space agency sent a 700-meter chain into space to try to slow down and redirect space junk. In 2018, a device called RemoveDebris successfully cast a net around a large piece of space junk. These efforts could prove increasingly important as private space projects like SpaceX continue to fill low Earth orbit in a messy way.
8．How will the servicer spacecraft function?
A．By breaking space junk into pieces.
B．By pushing space junk towards the Earth.
C．By adding docking plates to client satellites.
D．By drawing dead satellites away from the Earth.
9．What kind of space junk will the servicer mainly deal with?
A．Dead satellites in orbit.
B．Large pieces of space junk.
C．Satellites to be launched with docking plates.
D．Space junk around working satellites in a messy way.
10．Which of the following can best replace the underlined word “amplifying” in Paragraph 4?
A．increasing B．removing
C．examining D．transporting
11．What can we infer from the last paragraph?
A．Space research is becoming important.
B．The function of artificial satellites is various.
C．It’s necessary to conduct the clear-up mission.
D．SpaceX plays an important role in sending satellites.
【答案】BCAC
【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一种清理太空垃圾的新方法。
8．细节理解题。根据第一段关键句“The spacecraft works by attempting to attach itself to dead satellites and pushing them toward the Earth to burn up in the atmosphere.”（航天器的工作原理是试图将自己连接到死卫星上，并将它们推向地球，在大气层中烧毁。）可知，服务者航天器通过将自己连接到死卫星等太空垃圾上，并将它们推向地球，在大气层中烧毁来清理太空垃圾，由此可知，服务者航天器通过将太空垃圾推向地球来发挥作用。故选B项。
9．细节理解题。根据第三段关键句“However, the spacecraft is not designed to deal with dead satellites already in orbit, but rather future satellites that would be launched with docking plates on them.”（然而，该航天器的设计目的并不是为了处理已经在轨道上的死卫星，而是为了处理未来发射的带有对接板的卫星。）可知，服务者航天器的设计目的主要是为了处理未来发射的带有对接板的卫星，由此可知，服务者将主要处理的太空垃圾是未来发射的带有对接板的卫星。故选C项。
10．词义猜测题。根据画线单词句中“And the most common space junk, more than 100 million pieces, is the size of a grain of salt and could make holes in a spacesuit”（而最常见的太空垃圾超过1亿件，只有一粒盐那么大，可以在宇航服上打洞）可知，常见的太空垃圾很多，有一粒盐那么大，可以在宇航服上打洞，由此可知，太空垃圾可以在宇航服上打洞，这无疑增加了航天器和宇航员的风险，“increasing”意为“增加”，能够代替画线单词在句中所要表达的意思。故选A项。
11．推理判断题。根据最后一段关键句“The development of other cleanup technologies has been underway for years.”（其他清洁技术的开发已经进行了多年。）和“These efforts could prove increasingly important as private space projects like SpaceX continue to fill low Earth orbit in a messy way.”（随着SpaceX等私人空间项目继续以混乱的方式填满近地轨道，这些努力可能会变得越来越重要。）可知，太空清洁技术的开发已经进行了多年，并且随着私人空间项目以混乱的方式填满近地轨道，太空清洁会变得越来越重要，由此可知，从最后一段我们能推断出有必要执行太空清理任务。故选C项。
D
（2021·广东汕尾·高二期末）NASA has flown an aircraft on another planet for the first time. On Monday, April 19, Ingenuity, a 1. 8-kilogram drone (无人机) helicopter, took off from the surface of Mars, flew up about three meters, then hovered for 40 seconds and took photos above with one of its two cameras. The historic moment was livestreamed on YouTube. “We can now say that human beings have flown a drone helicopter on another planet,” said MiMi Aung, the Ingenuity Mars Helicopter project manager at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, at a press conference. “We, together, flew at Mars, and we, together, now have our Wright brothers moment,” she added, referring to the first powered airplane flight on Earth in 1903.
The details: The flight was a significant technical challenge, thanks to Mars' s bone-chilling temperatures (nights can drop down to -130 °F / -90 °C) and its incredibly thin atmosphere — just 1% the density of Earth' s. That meant Ingenuity had to be light, with rotor blades (螺旋桨) that were bigger and faster than would be needed to achieve liftoff on Earth (although the gravity on Mars, which is only about one-third of Earth's, worked in its favor). The flight had originally been scheduled to take place on April 11 but was delayed by software issues.
Why it's significant: Beyond being a significant milestone for Mars exploration, the flight will also pave the way for engineers to think about new ways to explore other planets. Future drone helicopters could help astronauts by scoping out locations, exploring inaccessible areas, and capturing images. Ingenuity will also help inform the design of Dragonfly, a car-size drone that NASA is planning to send to Saturn's moon Titan in 2027.
What's next: In the next few weeks, Ingenuity will conduct four more flights, each lasting up to 90 seconds. Each one is designed to further push the limits of Ingenuity's capabilities. Ingenuity is only designed to last for 30 Martian days, and is expected to stop functioning around
May 4. Its final resting place will be in the Jezero Crater as NASA moves on to the main focus of its mission: Getting the Perseverance rover (毅力号火星探测器) to study Mars for evidence of life.
12．Why does MiMi Aung mention Wright brothers?
A．To honor the historic contribution of Wright brothers.
B．To make a comparison between Wright brothers and herself.
C．To highlight the importance of Ingenuity's Martian exploration.
D．To remind the public of the first powered airplane flight on Earth.
13．What caused challenges for Ingenuity designers?
A．The delay of software tests.
B．The force of gravity on Mars.
C．Mars's temperatures and atmosphere.
D．Technical difficulty in liftoff on Earth.
14．What does the underlined word “milestone” in Paragraph 3 probably mean?
A．A great victory. B．A difficult task.
C．A roadside stone. D．A historic event.
15．Which of the following can be a suitable title for the text?
A．Mars Drone Helicopter Makes Historic First Flight
B．Modern Wright Brothers Moment: Mars Exploration
C．First Drone Helicopter Spots Evidence of Life on Mars
D．Ingenuity: Mars Drone Flies to Take Incredible Pictures
【答案】CCDA
【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍人类第一部火星飞行无人机的相关细节、重要意义以及后续的探索计划。
12．推理推断题。由第一段中的““We can now say that human beings have flown a drone helicopter on another planet,” said MiMi Aung, the Ingenuity Mars Helicopter project manager at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, at a press conference. “We, together, flew at Mars, and we, together, now have our Wright brothers moment,” she added, referring to the first powered airplane flight on Earth in 1903. (“我们现在可以说，人类已经在另一个星球上驾驶了一架无人驾驶直升机，”美国航天局喷气推进实验室独创性火星直升机项目经理MiMi Aung在记者招待会上说。“我们一起在火星飞行，我们一起，现在有了我们的莱特兄弟时刻，”她补充说，指的是1903年地球上第一架动力飞机飞行)”和结合常识可知，莱特兄弟发明飞机是一件很重要的事，发言人MiMi Aung提到莱特兄弟，是为了强调此次探索的重要意义。故选C项。
13．细节理解题。由第二段中的“The flight was a significant technical challenge, thanks to Mars' s bone-chilling temperatures (nights can drop down to -130 °F / -90 °C) and its incredibly thin atmosphere — just 1% the density of Earth' s. (这次飞行是一次重大的技术挑战，这要归功于火星令人寒心的温度（夜晚可以降到-130华氏度/-90摄氏度）和难以置信的稀薄大气层——只有地球密度的1%)”可知，此次探索的主要的挑战来自温度和大气层。故选C项。
14．词义猜测题。由第三段中的“Why it's significant: Beyond being a significant milestone for Mars exploration, the flight will also pave the way for engineers to think about new ways to explore other planets. (重要的原因：这次飞行不仅是火星探测的一个重要milestone，还将为工程师们思考探索其他行星的新方法铺平道路)”可知，本句指这次飞行的重要历史意义，milestone指“历史性事件”。故选D项。
15．主旨大意题。由第一段中的“NASA has flown an aircraft on another planet for the first time. (美国宇航局首次在另一颗行星上驾驶飞机)” 以及后文说明了本次飞行的重要性等，可知“火星无人驾驶直升机历史性首次飞行”符合文意。故选A项。
第二节(共5小题:每小题2.5分, 满分12.5分)
阅读下面短文, 从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
（2020·全国·高二课时练习）A 24-year-old female space commander(指挥员) Zhou Chengyu has been a heated topic on Weibo since Chinese state media highlighted her as one of the women involved in the successful launch of the Chang'e-5 lunar probe(月球探测器) on 23 November. Social media users have been referring to her as a "source of pride" for the country. ____16____ Several people jokingly reflected on their own achievements, commenting how far behind in life they were in comparison.
Starting in 2004, the Chang'e Programme consists of three stages of "orbiting", "landing" and "returning". __17__ In December 2013, the goal of China's first soft landing on the lunar surface and ground exploration on the Moon was achieved by the lander and Yutu Lunar Rover of Chang'e-3. Last year, Chang'e-4 probe made the first-ever soft landing on the far side of the moon.
The Chang'e-5 mission is China's third successful Moon landing in seven years.___18___ If successful, China would be the third country to bring lunar samples back to Earth after the United States and the Soviet Union.
Most Chinese know the story of the mythological Chang'e, the Chinese goddess of the moon. People can't hear the word "Chang'e" without picturing romantic images of a moon goddess. ___19___ And so pictures of Zhou Chengyu have been all over state media, with comments about how she is a "front-line soldier in the field of aerospace" and a "big sister" that young Chinese can look up to.
However, the huge amount of interest in the Guizhou Province native has not appeared to have had much of an effect on her. ____20____A．Her story in particular has inspired the public, considering her young age.
B．She refused repeated requests for interviews in order to focus on her work.
C．However, China has been trying to highlight strong female figures in the country.
D．Despite her young age, Zhou is now working at Wenchang Spacecraft Launch Site.
E．Its aim is to gather lunar rocks and soil to help scientists learn more about the moon.
F．For this reason, China's mission to the moon was calling out for a strong female figure(女性形象).
G．China completed the "orbiting" phase by launching Chang'e-1 and Chang'e-2 lunar probes in 2007 and 2010.
【答案】AGEFB
【分析】这是一篇新闻报道。本文主要报道了24岁的女航天指挥员周成玉成功指挥登录月球的事，同时也介绍了我国的嫦娥计划。
16．根据上文“Social media users have been referring to her as a "source of pride" for the country.”（社交媒体用户把她称为我国的“骄傲之源”）和下文“Several people jokingly reflected on their own achievements, commenting how far behind in life they were in comparison.”（一些人拿他们自己的成就开玩笑，说相比之下他们在生活中远远落后于别人）可知，设空处应陈述周成玉受到社交媒体用户的欢迎，并给这些人以鼓励。A项“考虑到她的年龄，她的故事尤其鼓舞公众”符合语境。故选A。
17．根据上文“Starting in 2004, the Chang'e Programme consists of three stages of "orbiting", "landing" and "returning".”（始于2004年，嫦娥计划分三个阶段——“轨道运行”，“着陆”和“返回”）和下文“In December 2013, the goal of China's first soft landing on the lunar surface and ground exploration on the Moon was achieved by the lander and Yutu Lunar Rover of Chang'e-3. ”（在2013年12月，“嫦娥三号”着陆器和“玉兔”月球车实现了我国首次月球软着陆并探测月球表面的目标）可知， 设空处应陈述和轨道运行相关的内容。G项“通过2007年发射的‘嫦娥一号’和2010年发射的‘嫦娥二号’中国完成了‘轨道运行’阶段”符合语境。故选G。
18．根据上文“The Chang'e-5 mission is China's third successful Moon landing in seven years.”（嫦娥五号任务是中国在七年内第三次成功登月）和下文“If successful, China would be the third country to bring lunar samples back to Earth after the United States and the Soviet Union.”（如果成功的话，中国将成为继美国和前苏联后第三个带回月球样本的国家）可知，设空处应陈述嫦娥五号的任务是什么。E项“它的目标是收集月球岩石和尘土以帮助科学家更多的了解月球”符合语境，选项中的aim呼应上文的mission。故选E。
19．根据上文“People can't hear the word "Chang'e" without picturing romantic images of a moon goddess.”（中国人一听到‘嫦娥’这个词就会联想到月亮女神的浪漫形象）和下文“And so pictures of Zhou Chengyu have been all over state media, with comments about how she is a "front-line soldier in the field of aerospace" and a "big sister" that young Chinese can look up to.”（因此，周成玉的照片出现在全国的媒体上，有人评论说她是 ‘航天一线战士’，是中国人都尊敬的姐姐）可推知，设空处应陈述中国之所以会选一个女航天员，正是因为考虑到了月亮女神这个浪漫形象。F项“正是因为这个原因，中国登月的任务是唤起一个杰出的女性形象”符合语境，选项中的this reason指代上文内容。故选F。
20．根据上文“However, the huge amount of interest in the Guizhou Province native has not appeared to have had much of an effect on her.”（然而，人们对这位贵州人的巨大兴趣似乎并没有对她产生多大影响）可推知，设空处应陈述没有给她带来很大影响的具体体现，即：周成玉对人们关注的具体表现。B项 “为了专注她的工作，她多次拒绝了采访要求。”符合语境。故选B。
第二部分 语言运用(共两节，满分30分)
第一节(共15小题:每小题1分，满分15分)
阅读下面短文, 从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
（2021·湖北宜昌·高二期中）When NASA astronauts Bob Behnken and Doug Hurley took off from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida on Saturday, they marked the first successful rocket launch（发射） off American soil in nine years. However, it was also a first in their close ____21____ which has developed over their 20-year work at NASA．
“Being lucky enough to ____22____ with your best friend is some astronauts’ wish and we’re lucky enough,” explained 53-year-old Hurley.
The two astronauts had ____23____ the mission（使命）, which saw them ____24____ land on the International Space Station, over a two-year period. While they were friends before, in this time they could really see each other’s weaknesses and ____25____ .
And they’re ____26____ that the experience made them even ____27____ together. So when they climbed into their space suits and the SpaceX Crew Dragon spacecraft, the two men were ____28____ not only in their technical skills, but in ____29____ that they’d have each other’s backs.
Their close relationship has developed partly from shared _____30_____ experiences. They both _____31_____ women who played roles in space missions. And the _____32_____ of fatherhood is very important for both men: Behnken has a six-year-old son, Theodore, and Hurley has a 10-year-old son, Jack.
With the two astronauts living their _____33_____ of heading into space as best friends, the mission will hopefully end with the two of them landing safely into the cool waters of the Atlantic. After they _____34_____ their work, they can share the _____35_____ with their families together once they’re back on Earth.
21．A．idea B．birth C．fight D．friendship
22．A．survive B．argue C．fly D．teach
23．A．thought of B．prepared for C．cut down D．made up
24．A．successfully B．frequently C．violently D．casually
25．A．changes B．memories C．strengths D．appearances
26．A．terrified B．guilty C．anxious D．grateful
27．A．faster B．closer C．taller D．smarter
28．A．comfortable B．worried C．sad D．puzzled
29．A．pretending B．wishing C．forgetting D．knowing
30．A．learning B．travel C．family D．work
31．A．saved B．married C．forgave D．admired
32．A．question B．harm C．record D．role
33．A．secret B．hobby C．habit D．dream
34．A．finish B．combine C．plan D．seek
35．A．expression B．experience C．scene D．manner
【答案】DCBAC DBADC BDDAB
【分析】这是一篇新闻报道。美国国家航空航天局(NASA)宇航员鲍勃·本肯和道格·赫尔利上周六从佛罗里达州的肯尼迪航天中心发射升空，这标志着9年来美国本土首次成功发射火箭。然而，这也是他们二人在NASA 20年工作中发展起来的亲密友谊中的第一次。
21．考查名词词义辨析。句意：然而，这也是他们在NASA 20年工作中发展起来的亲密友谊中的第一次。A. idea思想，想法，主意；B. birth出生；C. fight战斗；D. friendship友谊。后面定语从句提到他们在20年共事过程中培养起来的，应该是友谊；由第五空前“While they were friends before,...，”第10空前的“Their close relationship...”及13空后的“as best friends”可知，他们是朋友，friendship符合语境。故选D项。
22．考查动词词义辨析。句意：能有幸和最好的朋友一起飞行是一些宇航员的愿望，我们也很幸运。A. survive幸存，生存；B. argue争论，主张；C. fly飞行；D. teach教。他们是宇航员，共同进入太空，应该是一起飞行，遨游太空。故选C项。
23．考查动词短语辨析。句意：这两名宇航员为这次任务做了两年多的准备，他们成功地降落在国际空间站上。A. thought of想到；想起；B. prepared for为…...准备； C. cut down删减，降低，砍伐；D. made up组成，弥补，编造。下一句表示他们在太空站着陆，而该空使用了过去完成时，结合后面的时间状语“over a two-year period”可知，他们是在登陆国际空间站之前进行了两年的准备工作。故选B项。
24．考查副词词义辨析。句意：这两名宇航员为这次任务做了两年多的准备，他们成功地降落在国际空间站上。A. successfully成功地；B. frequently频繁地；C. violently剧烈地，粗暴地；D. casually随意地。文章第一段“they marked the first successful rocket launch（发射） off American soil in nine years.”可知，他们此次登陆国际空间站是成功的。故选A项。
25．考查名词词义辨析。句意：虽然他们以前就是朋友，但这次他们可以真正看到彼此的弱点和长处。A. changes改变；B. memories回忆；C. strengths强项，长处；D. appearances外表。每个人都有自己的弱点与长处，此处应填strengths与weaknesses对应并列。故选C项。
26．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：他们很感激这次经历让他们更加亲密。A. terrified害怕的；B. guilty愧疚的；罪恶感的；C. anxious渴望的，焦急的；D. grateful感恩的。上文第二段“‘Being lucky enough to ____ with your best friend is some astronauts’ wish and we’re lucky enough,’ explained 53-year-old Hurley.”两次用到lucky，可知，他们对此次能一起进入太空站工作，感到感恩。故选D项。
27．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：他们很感激这次经历让他们更加亲密。A. faster更快的；B. closer更近的，更亲近的；C. taller更高的；D. smarter更聪明的。根据“While they were friends before,...”可知，他们以前就是朋友，他们认为这次一起登陆国际空间站，使他们的关系更进一步，更亲近，并与后面第10空前的“Their close relationship...”呼应。故选B项。
28．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：所以当他们穿上宇航服登上SpaceX的“龙”号载人飞船时，两人不仅对他们的技术技能感到满意，而且知道他们会相互支持。A. comfortable舒适的；B. worried担心的，着急的；C. sad伤心的；D. puzzled困惑的。他们在此次执行任务过程中，彼此支持，使用了not only ...but also表示该空与后面的彼此支持是并列的关系，应该是正面积极的形容词，对技术方面应该是很满意，没什么可担心焦虑的。B.C.D.项内容都不符合语境。故选A项。
29．考查动词词义辨析。句意：所以当他们穿上宇航服登上SpaceX的“龙”号载人飞船时，两人不仅对他们的技术技能感到满意，而且知道他们会相互支持。A. pretending假装；B. wishing希望，祝愿；C. forgetting忘记；D. knowing知道。他们是朋友，同事，彼此信任，知道自己拥有对方的支持。故选D项。
30．考查名词词义辨析。句意：他们的亲密关系部分源于共同的家庭经历。A. learning学习；B. travel旅行；C. family家庭，家人；D. work工作。根据后面说他们二人的妻子都是在执行太空任务中起到作用的女性，应该都是同事；都有一个小儿子，由此可知，他们二人的家庭情况也是相似的，空前的shared意为“相同的”。故选C项。
31．考查动词词义辨析。句意：他们都娶了在太空任务中扮演角色的女性。A. saved挽救；节约；B. married结婚，娶；C. forgave宽恕，原谅；D. admired羡慕；欣赏。本段讲述他们的家庭情况，谈到了儿子，所指的women应该是指他们的妻子，用marry符合语境。故选B项。
32．考查名词词义辨析。句意：父亲的角色对两个男人来说都很重要：Behnken有一个6岁的儿子，Theodore Hurley有一个10岁的儿子Jack。A. question问题；B. harm危害；C. record记录；D. role角色，作用。他们二人都有一个小儿子，他们二人担负着父亲的角色。故选D项。
33．考查名词词义辨析。句意：两名宇航员以最好的朋友的身份实现了进入太空的梦想，这次任务有希望以他们两人安全着陆在大西洋凉爽的海水中结束。A. secret秘密；B. hobby爱好；C. habit习惯；D. dream梦，梦想。根据“of heading into space”可知，进入太空应该是他们的梦想，理想。故选D项。
34．考查动词词义辨析。句意：在他们完成他们的工作后，一旦他们回到地球上，他们可以与他们的家人一起分享经验。A. finish完成； B. combine结合；C. plan计划；D. seek寻求，寻找，追求。现在他们在太空站执行任务，后面主句表示他们回到地球可以和家人们分享他们的此次经历，那要他们完成他们的此次工作任务，才能返回地球。故选A项。
35．考查名词词义辨析。句意：在他们完成他们的工作后，一旦他们回到地球上，他们可以与他们的家人一起分享经验。A. expression表达，表情；短语；B. experience经历；经验；C. scene场景，场面，幕；D. manner方式，态度。他们一旦回到地球就可以和家人分享的是这次经历，即指此次太空之旅。故选B项。
第二节 (共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分)
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
（2021·上海普陀·一模）阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容（1个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式。
Billionaires Race to Space
In late July 2021, Jeff Bezos achieved an out-of-this-world ambition. The billionaire founder of Amazon ____36____ (fly) to the edge of space—62 miles (100 kilometers) above Earth’s surface—on a rocket designed by his company Blue Origin.
“Best day ever,” Bezos said over the radio to mission control after landing safely back on Earth, ____37____others weren’t so impressed. They called the mission an enormous waste of money. Bezos, they argued, ____38____be spending his billions to improve things on Earth.
Bezos wasn’t the first billionaire to set his sights on space. Nor was he the first ____39____ (criticize) about wasting enormous personal wealth. A week ____40____the Amazon founder made history, business owner Richard Branson did, too. Branson became the first person to fly to space on a rocket he helped fund, ____41____ (develop) by his company Virgin Galactic.
Critics say that the money ____42____ (go) toward commercial space travel would be better spent on ____43____they see as more important pursuits. These include working to cure diseases, reducing poverty, and helping to solve the climate crisis. Besides, launching spacecrafts is harmful to the planet, critics declare. ____44____naturalist Holly Haworth pointed out in Sierra magazine, “traveling in rockets is arguably the most carbon-emitting thing an individual can do.”
But supporters of commercial space travel argue that it does benefit humanity. Personal funds _____45_____ (put) toward high-paying jobs and a new industry. That’s money they could have spent on new limousines or villas for themselves, supporters say. Plus, their companies are investing in new technologies that increase access to space and drive innovation in other areas as well.
【答案】
36．flew
37．while
38．should
39．to be criticized
40．before
41．developed
42．going
43．what
44．The
45．are put
【分析】本文是一篇议论文。文章阐述了人们对亚马逊的亿万富翁创始人乘坐由其公司Blue Origin设计的火箭飞到了距离地球表面62英里的太空边缘这件事的批评和支持的观点。
36．考查时态。句意：这位亚马逊的亿万富翁创始人乘坐由其公司Blue Origin设计的火箭飞到了距离地球表面62英里（100公里）的太空边缘。根据前一句的时间状语“In late July 2021”可知句子时态是一般过去时，动词使用过去式flew。故填flew。
37．考查连词。句意：“有史以来最好的一天，”贝佐斯在安全返回地球后通过无线电对任务控制中心说，而其他人则没有这么印象深刻。结合句意可知用while表示前后的对比表示“然而”。故填while。
38．考查情态动词。句意：他们辩论，贝佐斯应该花费数十亿美元来改善地球上的一切。结合前文“他们认为这次太空任务是一种金钱的浪费”，可知他们辩论说贝佐斯应该花费数十亿美元来改善地球上的一切。用情态动词should符合题意。故填should。
39．考查非谓语动词。句意：他也不是第一个被批评浪费巨额个人财富的人。结合空格前的the first可知，用动词不定式作后置定语，the first和criticize之间是被动关系，用动词不定式的被动式符合题意。故填to be criticized。
40．考查连词。句意：在亚马逊创始人创造历史的前一周，企业主理查德·布兰森也创造了历史。结合本段第一句“Bezos wasn’t the first billionaire to set his sights on space.”（他也不是第一个被批评浪费巨额个人财富的人。），可知表示在亚马逊创始人创造历史的前一周，用连词before符合题意。故填before。
41．考查非谓语动词。句意：布兰森成为第一个乘坐他帮助资助的火箭飞往太空的人，该火箭由他的公司维珍银河公司开发。分析句子可知句子谓语动词是became，空格处缺少非谓语动词，a rocket和develop之间是被动关系，用过去分词短语作后置定语。故填developed。
42．考查非谓语动词。句意：批评人士说，用于商业太空旅行的钱最好花在他们认为更重要的追求上。分析句子可知that引导的宾语从句中谓语动词是would be，空格处用非谓语动词作后置定语，the money和go之间是主动关系，用现在分词符合题意。故填going。
43．考查名词性从句连接词。句意：批评人士说，用于商业太空旅行的钱最好花在他们认为更重要的追求上。分析句子可知在介词on后缺少宾语从句连接词，在动词see后缺少宾语，指物用what符合题意。故填what。
44．考查冠词。句意：自然主义者霍莉·霍沃斯在《塞拉》杂志上指出，“乘坐火箭旅行可以说是个人能做的最具碳排放的事情。”分析句子可知在名词naturalist前应该用定冠词the表示特指，首字母大写。故填The。
45．考查时态和语态。句意：个人资金被投入高薪工作和一个新的行业。句子陈述是事实用一般现在时，主语Personal funds和put之间是被动关系，用一般现在时的被动语态，主语是复数，系动词用are。故填are put。
第三部分 写作（共两节，满分40分）
第一节 应用文写作（满分15分)
（2022·江西赣州·高三期末）假定你是李华。为了让同学们更好地了解我国航天发展的历史、学习中国航天精神，上周六你校学生会举办了第一届校园航天展。请为你校英文报写一篇英文报道，内容包括：
1. 展览的时间和地点；
2. 具体安排；
3. 你的感受。
注意：
1. 词数100左右；
2. 可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
参考词汇：aerospace exhibition航天展
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】
In order to make students have a better knowledge of Chinese space industry and develop the spirit of exploration. Last Saturday, the first campus aerospace exhibition was held in our school by Student Union.
There was a series of activities. In the morning, we invited the heroic astronaut wang yaping to give us a lecture in our school gym from 8:30——10：30 am. After that, some students got a signature by Wang Yaping, others even took a photo with her. In the afternoon , there was a show of picture , which was about the development of Chinese aerospace industry in our campus.
Feeling excited and inspired , we made up our minds to study hard now and master more knowledge and skills. In the future, we will make contributions to our country.
【分析】
本篇书面表达属于开放性作文。假定你是李华。为了让同学们更好地了解我国航天发展的历史、学习中国航天精神，上周六你校学生会举办了第一届校园航天展。请为你校英文报写一篇英文报道，内容包括：1. 展览的时间和地点；2. 具体安排；3. 你的感受。
【详解】
1.词汇积累
更好了解：have a better knowledge of →have a better understanding of
各种各样：a series of→ a variety of
下决心：make up one’s mind to do → be determined to do
贡献：make contributions to→ serve
2.句式拓展
同义句转换
原句：we made up our minds to study hard now and master more knowledge and skills. In the future, we will make contributions to our country.
拓展句：Only by studying hard now and mastering more knowledge and skills will we make contributions to our country in the future.
【点睛】
[高分句型1] In the afternoon , there was a show of picture , which was about the development of Chinese aerospace industry in our campus. (运用了which引导的非限制性定语从句)
[高分句型2] Feeling excited and inspired , we made up our minds to study hard now and master more knowledge and skills. (运用了现在分词作状语)
第二节(满分25分)
（2022·广东阳江·高二期末）阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。
In January 2020, my life wasn’t just great. I was the youngest in my amazing group of best friends, I had managed to secure 8 spot on the swim team. Then when February began, I had the best Sweet Sixteen a girl could ask for. Shortly after my birthday, my team traveled for week in Hawaii.
Little did we know we would return to chaos and a complete change of our way of life. It was March 13 and there was talk of school shutting down for two weeks. We were all excited, but on top of the news of the day, some students pulled the fire alarm and we found ourselves in the pouring rain on the wet, muddy field. About to be dismissed for what was only supposed to be a long spring break, my best friends, who I had seen practically every day, made promises to each other about how we would stay close during the lockdown.
Shortly into quarantine(隔离期), I found myself taking up hobbies like learning French, catching up on TV shows, learning piano, and doing anything I could to keep myself busy. At the time, online school was a complete joke. It was all homework because the teachers didn’t know how to teach online yet. Looking back on March 13th, I felt like a fool for thinking two weeks would be a solution to a pandemic(流行病). Months went by and the new school year began. I couldn’t wrap my head around the fact that I went from training in the pool for fifteen hours a week to zero. My desire to catch up on hobbies went away, and the pain of missing my friends came. I was in a battle for my mental and physical health.
注意：1续写词数应为150左右。
2.请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。
Still, all the same, I felt ever so determined to climb out of the darkness.
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I made a New Year’s resolution to become more devoted to my studies.
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【答案】
One possible version:
Still, all the same, I felt ever so determined to climb out of the darkness. With the holidays around the corner, things started to look up. Even though it wasn’t warm enough, I was confident about finding the new year’s spirit. It was different this year but I still looked forward to the normal activities: New year’s eve dinner, opening gifts with my family on New Year’s Day, no school for two whole weeks!
I made a New Year’s resolution to become more devoted to my studies. As I did that, I found the college conversation became less stressful. I thought about all the possibilities for my future, and the passions I would pursue. I became more excited about the unknown. As I allowed myself to embrace the future, everything started to become harmonious. We were getting a new term in a matter of weeks, and I had my friends and family. My larger world and my unknown but exciting future became clearer.
【解析】
【分析】
文章以人物为线索展开，讲述了作者在隔离前后心态发生的变化，以为两周就能解决流行病，结果几个月过去了，仍在隔离中，作者不能去做自己喜欢的事并且非常想念朋友，作者在为自己的身心健康而战。
【详解】
1.段落续写：
①由第一段首句内容“尽管如此，我还是下定决心要爬出黑暗。”可知，第一段可描写作者对新年的畅想。
②由第二段首句内容“我下了一个新年决心，要更专注于我的学习。”可知，第二段可描写作者下定决心后心态发生的积极变化。
2.续写线索：自信的寻找新年精神——期待正常活动——发现大学谈话压力变小——考虑未来的可能和追求激情——允许自己拥抱未来——对未来感到兴奋——未来变得更清晰
3.词汇激活：
行为类
寻找：find/search for
期待：look forward to /expect to do
考虑：think about/consider
追求：pursue/go for
拥抱：embrace/hug
情绪类
自信的：confident/assured
兴奋的：exciting/thrilling
【点睛】
[高分句型1]
Even though it wasn’t warm enough, I was confident about finding the new year’s spirit.（even though引导让步状语从句）
[高分句型2]
As I allowed myself to embrace the future, everything started to become harmonious.（as引导的时间状语从句）