高中英语牛津译林版 (2019)必修 第三册Grammar and usage学案及答案

动词­ing作定语、状语和宾语补足语

[观察例句]

写出下列句中动词­ing的作用

①Walking in the park，she saw an old friend. 时间状语

②Being ill，he couldn't go to school.原因状语

③Working hard，you'll make great progress.条件状语

④The boy ran even faster，reaching the school out of breath.结果状语

⑤All night long he long awake，thinking of the problem.伴随状语

⑥Is there a swimming pool in your school？前置定语

⑦The bridge being built now will be the longest one in the world.后置定语

⑧He heard the song being sung next door.宾语补足语

[归纳用法]

一、动词­ing形式作定语

1．表示被修饰词的某种性能或用途，相当于for引导的介词短语。

No one is allowed to speak aloud in the reading room.

阅览室里不准大声说话。

2．和被修饰词之间有逻辑上的主动关系，表示所修饰词进行的动作，相当于一个定语从句。

The boy playing football on the playground is my younger brother.

＝The boy that/who is playing football on the playground is my younger brother.

在操场上踢足球的那个男孩是我弟弟。

[名师点津]　动词­ing表示正在进行或习惯性的动作；过去分词表示被动或完成意义；不定式表示动作尚未发生。

You should adapt to the changing situation.

你应该适应不断变化的形势。

The ground is covered with fallen leaves.

地上满是落叶。

I'm looking for a room to live in.

我正在找房子住。

[即学即练1]　单句语法填空

①When we got a call saying(say)she was short­listed，we thought it was a joke.

②The girl sitting(sit)next to me was my cousin.

③Look！There are some leaves floating(float)on the water.

④There is a page missing(miss)from this book.

⑤The library being built(build)now will be the biggest one in our city.

二、动词­ing形式作状语

(一)具体用法

1．作时间状语

常放在句首，相当于一个时间状语从句。

Hearing the noise，I turned round.

＝When I heard the noise，I turned round.

听到响声我转过身去。

2．作原因状语

相当于一个原因状语从句，也可以放在句首。

Being poor，he couldn't afford a TV set.

＝Because he was poor，he couldn't afford a TV set.

由于贫穷，他买不起电视机。

3．作条件状语

相当于一个if引导的条件状语从句。

Working hard，you'll certainly succeed.

＝If you work hard，you'll certainly succeed.

只要努力学习，你肯定会成功的。

4．作结果状语

通常放在句末，中间用逗号隔开，表示一种顺其自然、意料之中的结果。

The fire lasted a whole night，causing great damage.

大火持续了一整夜，造成了巨大损失。

[名师点津]　动词­ing形式作结果状语，是随着谓语动词的发生而产生的自然结果，其逻辑主语往往是前面整个句子所描述的情况，前面有时候可以加thus。而不定式作结果状语时常表示出乎意料的结果，常用only to do结构，其被动形式为only to be done。

He was caught in the rain，thus making himself catch a cold.

被雨淋后他感冒了。

I hurried to school，only to find it was Sunday.

我匆忙赶到学校，结果发现是星期天。

5．作让步状语

相当于although/though引导的让步状语从句。

Having been told many times，he still repeated the same mistake.

＝Although/Though he had been told many times，he still repeated the same mistake.

虽然被告诉过多次了，但是他仍旧重犯同样的错误。

6．作方式和伴随状语

动词­ing表示的动作和主句的动作同时发生，此时它可转换成由连词连接的并列谓语。

Mary sat by the window of the classroom，reading a book.

＝Mary sat by the window of the classroom and was reading a book.

玛丽坐在教室的窗边读书。

(二)注意事项

1．时态

以do为例，其­ing形式有一般式(doing)和完成式(having done)。

(1)当表示的动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生时，用动词­ing的一般式。

Walking in the street，I met an old friend of mine.

我走在街上的时候，遇到了一位老朋友。(walking和谓语动词met同时发生)

(2)当表示的动作先发生，而谓语动词的动作后发生时，用动词­ing的完成式。

Having finished the letter，he went to post it.

他写完信后就把它寄了出去。(having finished是先发生的，went是后发生的)

2．语态

使用动词­ing的主动式还是被动式，主要取决于它和句子主语之间的关系。表示主动关系就用主动式，表示被动关系就用被动式。

Having been shown around the factory，they were very happy.

被领着参观了工厂后，他们很高兴。

Having finished his homework，he went to bed.

完成了作业后，他上床睡觉。

3．动词­ing形式的否定式：not＋v.­ing；not having＋v.­ed

Not knowing this，he didn't come.

他不知道这件事，所以没来。

Not having made full preparations，we put off the sports meeting.

因为没有做好充分的准备，我们把运动会延期了。

4．独立主格结构

动词­ing形式作状语，有时它也可以有自己独立的主语，这种结构称为独立主格结构，通常用来表示伴随的动作或情况，也可以表示时间、原因或条件。

The trees are extremely tall，some measuring over 90 metres.

那些树非常高，其中一些高达90多米。

The weather being fine，we went out for a walk.

由于天气好，我们去散步了。

[名师点津]　有些动词­ing形式在句中没有逻辑主语，它们往往作为句子的评注性状语来修饰整个句子，表明说话者的态度、观点等。例如：generally speaking “一般来说”，judging by/from...“从……判断”，taking everything into consideration “从全盘考虑”。

Judging from his behaviour，he must be mad.

从他的行为来判断，他一定是疯了。

Generally speaking，girls are more interested in literature than boys.

一般来说，女孩比男孩对文学更感兴趣。

[即学即练2]　用动词­ing短语改写句子

①The storm left and had caused a lot of damage to this area.

→The storm left，having caused a lot of damage to this area．

②Do be more careful when you cross the street.

→Do be more careful when crossing the street．

③As it was a wet day，we couldn't go for a walk.

→It being a wet day，we couldn't go for a walk.

④Because he did not know how to do it，he went to her for help.

→Not knowing how to do it，he went to her for help.

⑤As soon as she had made the beds，she started making breakfast.

→Having made the beds，she started making breakfast.

三、动词­ing形式作宾语补足语

1．动词­ing形式及其短语可以用在表示感觉的动词(如see，observe，notice，watch，hear，smell，listen to，look at，feel等)以及其他动词(如catch，have，make，get，start，leave，keep，find等)的宾语后面，作宾语补足语。

I saw a small girl standing in front of a goldfish pond.

我看到一个小女孩站在金鱼缸前。

[名师点津]　在一些感官、使役动词后既可以接省略to的不定式作宾语补足语，也可以接动词­ing形式作宾语补足语，其区别是：动词­ing形式作宾语补足语表示动作正在进行，不是指全过程；不定式作宾语补足语表示动作的完成，指全过程。

I saw the thief getting on the train.

我看见那个贼正在上火车。

I saw the thief get on the train and disappear.

我看见那个贼上了火车，消失了。

2．用于with复合结构中，作宾语补足语

I couldn't do my homework with the noise going on.

由于噪音不断，我没法做家庭作业。

With so many people looking at her，she felt nervous.

这么多人看着她，她感到紧张。

[即学即练3]　单句语法填空

①Suddenly we heard someone knocking(knock)gently on the window.

②I suddenly felt myself being hit(hit)by a heavy fist.

③They use computers to keep the traffic running(run)smoothly.

④When I got there，I saw the famous star being surrounded(surround)by some girls.

⑤With the crowds cheering(cheer)，they drove to the palace.

Ⅰ.单句语法填空

1．The waiting(wait)room is always full of all kinds of people.

2．I saw a stranger coming(come)into the manager's office.

3．The boys gathering(gather)at the school gate are my classmates.

4．Those wishing(wish)to join this club should sign here.

5．Having missed (miss)the bus，we had to walk home.

6．Watching(watch)the play，she couldn't keep back her tears.

7．Not knowing(know)how to do it，he turned to the engineer for help.

8．The student talking(talk)with the foreigners over there is my brother.

9．When I saw the dog being beaten(beat)by several boys，I came up to stop them.

10．The man left us standing(stand)alone，unable to find any help.

Ⅱ.短文语法填空

Buying books on the Internet is a great way 1.to save(save)time and money.Online bookstores offer new books and used books 2.saving(save)you a lot of money.What's more，they are far better 3.compared(compare)to traditional bookstores as they offer much broader kinds of books.You can either click the kind of e­books online or type the book title and get it in seconds.Another advantage of 4.shopping(shop)online is that you can also read the book reviews as well as readers' reviews to get an idea whether the book is worth 5.buying(buy).Online bookstores offer great discounts，which is a big attraction for book lovers.

For book lovers，it is most important 6.to get(get)books in time.Therefore，you need to find a reliable online bookstore that will be able to provide fast deliveries.

Here are some tips to use when 7.selecting(select)an online bookstore.Some online bookstores are popular for fiction books；some are for non­fiction books or novels，etc.8.Understanding(understand)their specialization will help you to get the right kinds of books in time.Check whether you 9.will be buying(buy)the books from a third­party seller or directly from the websites.Never jump at stores that offer super cheap prices，as books 10.sold(sell)at such low price could be in very bad condition.