2022年九年级中考英语语法知识梳理--介词用法学案

2022年九年级中考英语语法知识梳理--介词介词of用法大全1. 表示剥夺,除去deprive sb. of his rightdenude sb. of his possession (hope)divest the baby of his clothesrid him of this fear rob sb. of his walletdefraud sb. of gold ringcure sb. of cancer heal sb. of cancerpurify the nation clean the jar of crustclarify the river of flowing rubbish--get rid of, rid of, dispose of 2: of接直接宾语-告诉-tell sb. of sth. inform sb. of sth warn sb. of fireremind sb. of his duties acquaint sb. of sth. notify of..-其他,劝服-persuade sb. of honesty assure sb. of the best seats convince sb. of sth.-法律词汇-accuse sb. of burglary ; convict sb. of murder; suspect sb. of a theft-reassure his wife of his safe arrival 3. of接间接宾语request sth. of sb. expect sth. of sb. require sth. of sb.ask a question of sb. be fearful of mistakes be jealous of wealthy persons be reminiscent of his past be patient ofthe enormous noise be guilty of robbery be innocent of robbery 4. of表示人物的特性,籍贯,特性或出生等He is of Irish descend (ascent)People of obscure origin (humble /noble)Man of keen perception a man of moral integrity 5. 固定词组-say of, tale of, hear of, think of, learn of, savor ofThe room smells of stale cabbage.-brag of his achievements. Boast of his childrenbeware of pickpockets approve of the programdoubt of success complain of poor management-be sure of be suspicious of be aware ofbe confident of be proud of be ashamed ofbe afraid of be capable of be lack ofbe critical of be shortly of be conscious ofbe ignorant of be wary of be cautious ogbe appreciative of your advice-regardless of , irrespective of ,不管….无视in favor ofdecide on three most popular leisureactivities irrespective of ageabout用法易错点解析1. 表示“关于”，注意与介词 on 的区别：about 指泛泛地或非正式地谈论某事，其谈论的内容也较为普通；而 on 则指比较有系统地或理论性较强地论述某事，其论述的内容较正式或较为严肃。试比较：He was reading a book on ethics. 他正在读一本关于伦理学的书。He wrote a book on scientific baby care. 他写了一本有关科学育婴的书。She's writing a book on her travels in China. 她正在撰写一本有关她在中国旅行的书。He has written a book about angling. 他写了一本关于钓鱼的书。She had written a book about her childhood. (G51) 她写过一本关于自己童年的书。He has been working on the illustration of a book about animals. 他一直在给一本有关动物的书画插图。再比较：(1) a book on rabbits 指的是一本论及兔子的学术著作(2) a book about rabbits 指的可能是一本供小孩看的关于兔子的故事书2. 表示“带在身上”，一般指随身带的小物品，有时可与表示类似含义的介词 with / on 换用：He had a pistol about [on, with] him. 他身上带着一支手枪。Have you got any money about [on, with] you? 你身上带钱没有?How much cash do you have about [on, with] you? 你身上带着多少现金？Do you have any identification / ID about [on, with] you? 你身上带着身份证件了吗?3. 用于数字前，表示“大约”：A generation is about 25 years. 一代大约是25年。Please don't wake me till about 8. 请在八点左右才叫醒我。I will call for you about 2.30. 我将在2点30分左右来接你。I went to sleep about 11 last midnight. 我昨晚大约是在十一点睡着的。4. 在动词 know, hear, speak 等之后用不用介词 about / of, 含义有差别：I have heard about him, but I don't know him. 我听到过一些关于他的事，但不认识他这个人。I've heard of him, but I don't know about him. 我听说过他，但我不知道有关他的情况。比较：know sb 认识某人know of sb 知道有某人know about sb 知道有关某人的事或情况hear sb 听到某人（讲话）hear of sb听说过某人hear about sb 听到关于某人的事或情况5. be about to (do)，意为“即将”“马上”。注意该短语不与具体的时间状语（如：soon, tomorrow, immediately 等）连用：He was just about to burst into song. 他就要唱起歌来了。Work was about to start on a new factory building. 新厂房即将动工。I was about to leave when you came in, but I won't go now. 刚才我正要离开， 你就来了，我现在不走了。Please buckle up now；we're about to land. 现在请系好安全带，我们就要着陆了。比较正误句：正：He is about to return to his homeland. 他即将回乡。误：He is about to return to his homeland tomorrow.另外注意：(1) 该短语可与并列连词when（这时）连用：I was (just) about to go to bed when the telephone rang. 我正要上床睡觉，这时突然电话铃响了起来。(2) be about 之后可接动名词（但 be about to 之后不能接动名词）：I was (just) about going to bed when the telephone rang. 我正要上床睡觉，这时突然电话铃响了起来。介词短语在句中的作用介词不能单独在句子当中担当成分，它后面必须接名词、代词或相当于名词的其他词类搭配(介词+宾语)构成介词短语;和动词搭配构成短语动词，然后才能够在句子当中充当成分。一、介词的搭配与选择介词不能在句子中独立充当一个成分，而需要与其后面的宾语相结合，成为介词短语，在句中充当一个成分。所以选用什么介词要根据其后面所接的宾语而定。但是，有时介词也受其前面用词的限制，因此，许多情况下也应根据介词前面的词选用相应的介词。 二、介词的语法功能介词与其他词类或成分结合后方能在句子中充当语法成分，构成介词短语。介词短语可以作定语(须后置)、状语、表语、宾语补足语、另一个介词的宾语，间或作主语等。例如：The skyscraper in the distance isa five-star hotel.(定语)Her eyes were tired from long reading.(状语)The decision is of great importance to me.(表语)They found the machine in a bad state.(宾语补足语)A pretty girl appeared from behind the curtain.(介词宾语)On purpose or not on purpose is of great difference.(主语) 三、介词的分类介词是用于名词词组或相当于名词词组的结构之前，表示词语之间意义关系的词类。 英语常用的介词大致可分为四类：1.简单介词顾名思义，简单介词是指由一个单词构成的介词，也是使用最频繁的一类介词。简单介词也可能由形容词、副词、分词、名词、连词等转变而来。常用的简单介词有：at，about，above，across，after，among， against，before，behind，below，beside，between，beyond，but，despite，during，except，for，in，of，on，over，near，past， round，since，through，till，until，with，up等。2.合成介词指由介词+其它介词或副词构成的介词。常用的合成介词有：inside，into，onto， outside，throughout，towards，within，without等。3.二重介词指由两个单一的介词并列在一起，作为一个介词使用并表达一个完整意思的介词。常见的二重介词有：from among，from behind，from under，until /till after等。介词短语在句中的作用4.短语介词指由介词+介词、介词+名词、介词+分词、介词+动词、介词+形容词、介词+副词等构成的短语.常用的有：according to， along with，in front of，by means of，in spite of，together with，with regard to等。短语介词与介词短语不同。介词短语是由介词加宾语构成，本身可作句子成分，如定语或状语等，可单独使用;而短语介词是用作介词的短语，不可独立使用，本身不能作句子成分，后面要跟名词、动名词或代词等。 四、介词的宾语介词的宾语可以是名词、代词或其他词类或句子等。例如：名词：The car ran into a wall，and two men were killed.代词：Wherever he went，he carried the photo with him.形容词：Your plan is far from perfect.副词：I can't see the tower clearly from here.She came from afar.动名词：He entered the room without taking off his hat.不定式：He did nothing but cry.介词短语：She often studies till after midnight.数词：In nine out often he won't come.疑问词+不定式：The problem of how to get enough money is difficult to settle.疑问词引导从句：He does not care about who will be promoted.that引导的从句：Man differs from other animals in that man can laugh and speak. 五、介词短语的句法功能1.作定语The key to the door is missing.2.作表语As we know, Japanis to the east of China.3.作状语1) On Sundays, the family are mostly out. (时间状语)2) On top of the hill stands a TV tower. (地点状语)3)All the work must be done by hand. (方式状语) 六、介词的复合结构1. 介词+宾语+形容词He is used to sleeping with all the windows open.2. 介词+宾语+分词The wounded boy glared at the nobleman with his teeth clenched.3. 介词+宾语+不定式The cat humped its back just like a fierce tiger to jump upon me.4. 介词+宾语+副词The little boy rushed out of the house without anything on.5. 介词+宾语+介词短语The teacher entered the classroom with a book under his arm. 七、介词的叠用在少数介词之后还可接另一个介词短语，也就是我们所称的二重介词。如：The naughty boy suddenly rushed out from behind the tree to frighten the girl.介词+and+介词Not knowing what to do, the worried officer walked up and down the room.There are many trees in and outside the town. 八、介词的固定搭配在英语中固定搭配的介词词组和短语介词很多，平时需要加强记忆。此处讲解几个常见的动词与介词的固定搭配，并且就较容易混淆的介词搭配进行比较、分辨。1.act as 担任 act for 代理2.apply to 应用于，适合于，向……申请 apply for 申请，要求3.belong to 属于 belong in住在，应该…… belong with 应归于(类别，范畴等)4.call on 号召，请求，拜访 call at 探访(at后接地方) call in 请医生，召集，收集 call to 高声唤(某人)5.compare with 跟……相比较 compare to 把……比作，与……相比6.correspond with 与……通信;适合 correspond to 相当于7.deal in 做生意，经营(=engage in) deal with 对付，论及，与……交往(=cope with)8.play with 玩(某物) play at玩(某种游戏) play on 玩(某种乐器)9.suffer from 患(病)，受……祸患.10.wait on 伺候 wait for等待 九、常易混用介词的区别1. 表示“上、下”等方位的介词。2. 表示地点的in和at的区别a) at表示位置，in表示“在…内”如：— Where is he? — He is at the cinema. (问话者想知道的是位置)— Is he in the cinema? — Yes, he is. (问话者可能已经在影院门外)b) at表示小地点，in表示大地点They arrived at the village at seven.They arrived in Beijing at seven.3. in, to和on在方位名词前的区别in表示在某范围之内;to表示某范围之外的地方;on表示“毗邻、接壤”Taiwan lies in the east of China.Taiwan lies to the east of the mainland of China.Mongolia (蒙古) is (lies) on the north of China.4. 表示时间的in和after用于将来时态时，in后面接“时段”;after后面接“时点”。试比较：He will be back in five hours.He will be back after five o'clock.after后面也可接“时段”，但应该用在过去时态的句子中。They came back after five days. 十、常见考法一些常见介词如in, at, for, to, by, on, against, between, along, below, with, as等的辨析;一些介词短语如next to, far from, out of, due to, in all, in fact, in short, in return, in search of, in place of, for lack of, for fear of, by nature, in case, by chance 的辨析. 十一、误区提醒1. 一些介词的基本用法不清;2. 一些多义介词的用法弄混;3. 一些介词短语不会灵活运用。【典型例题】1.Would you mind not picking the flowers in the garden? They are ____ everyone's enjoyment.A.in B. at C. for D. to解析: 错选D。for everyone's enjoyment 意为“为了大家欣赏”，for在此处为一基本用法，但受to one's joy的影响错选答案。正确答案为C。2. So far, we have done a lot to build a low-carbon economy, but it is ____ ideal. We have to work still harder.A. next to B. far from C. out of D. due to解析：错选C。next to 挨着，far from 远非，out of 出于，due to 因为，根据意思，有空的句子要表达“但还很不理想”。正确答案为B。over作为介词的用法1、在……上方（垂直）；在……上面There's a bridge over the river. 河上有座桥.Spread a cloth over the table. 给桌子上铺块布.A lamp hung over us. 我们头上吊着一盏灯.The magistrate looked at the merchant from head to foot, and a faint smile passed over his face.那个官员把商人从头到脚看了一遍，一丝淡淡的微笑掠过他的脸上。You can't wear a blue jacket over that shirt—it'll look terrible.你不能把一件蓝夹克穿在那件衬衫的外面，太难看了。It was very difficult to build and rebuild such a great wall over wild and distant country without any modern machines.没有现代化的机械,要在荒凉、偏远的乡下建造并重建这样一道巨大的城墙是非常难的。They lifted earth in baskets, passed bricks from hand to hand and dragged heavy stones with ropes over their shoulders.他们用筐抬土，用手递砖，肩上套着绳子拖拉沉重的石块。Then he moved it slowly up and down over his open hand.接着他就伸开手，慢慢地上下抛动它。This was their work—to move the ship over the high sea and into the very eye of the wind.这就是他们的工作——驾驶轮船穿过大海，进入风暴中心。2、（地位、职位、势力等）高于，在……之上；He is over me in the office. 他职务比我高。Their owners had complete power over them. 他们的主人对他们有绝对的控制权。3、（数目、程度）在……以上，超过：（=more than）He is over fifty. 他五十多岁。He spoke (for) over an hour. 他讲了一个多小时。The Great Wall has a history of over twenty centuries. 长城有两千多年的历史。4、越过，从……边缘往下：She looked over the fence to the distance.她双眼越过篱笆向远处望去。He jumped over the fence and disappeared in a moment.他跳过篱笆，一会儿就不见了。It winds its way from west to east , across desert, over mountains, through valleys till at last it reaches the sea.长城自西向东蜿蜒迂回，过沙漠，越高山，跨峡谷，最后直达海边。On the way home, I talked over the shoulder to David.回家的路上，我回过头跟大卫说话。The child fell over the balcony. 孩子从阳台边上掉了下去。5、（时间）在……期间；直到……过完：American English has changed over the centuries, too.几个世纪以来，美国英语也起了变化。In this way over several days the artist and his mouse became good friends.就这样过了几天，画家和老鼠成了好朋友。It was difficult for me to do any interesting “collecting” over the last few months.过去的几个月里，我想做点有趣儿的“收集”都很难。Can't you stay over Sunday? 你不能等过了星期天再走吗？-Do you think it's going to rain over the weekend? –I believe not.——你觉得这个周末会下雨吗？ ——不会吧。Some of the rubbish, such as food, paper and iron, rots away over a long period of time.一些垃圾，像食物、纸和铁，经过较长一段时间就腐烂了。If we read bad news about well-known people, or get the frightful details of our neighbor's bad situation over a cup of coffee, our own problems begin to pale in comparison.如果我们喝咖啡时看到了名人的不幸消息，或是了解到邻居所处的可怕窘境，那么，我们自己的问题相比之下好像就小多了。6、在……方面，关于，由于：It's no use crying over spilt milk. 【谚语】木已成舟，哭亦无用。They wept over (for) their failure. 他们为失败而哭泣。We had a good laugh over the cross-talk. 那段相声让我们笑得不轻。They mourn over the old man's death. 他们哀悼老人的去世。“Someone must be very unhappy over the loss,” she said. “My son, you must return this to the owner.”“有人丢东西肯定非常地不高兴，”她说，“我儿，你得把这个还给它的主人。”7、通过……的通讯途径：He heard the exciting news over (on) the radio.他从收音机上听到了那个令人兴奋的消息。People at the shop will show you the thing you're interested in right over the phone.商店里的人刚好可以通过电话让你看一看你感兴趣的东西。