2022届北京市西城区高三上学期期末考试英语试卷含解析

这是一份2022届北京市西城区高三上学期期末考试英语试卷含解析，共25页。试卷主要包含了5分，共15分）， A等内容，欢迎下载使用。

2022届北京市西城区高三上学期期末考试英语试卷
本试卷共13页，共100分。考试时长90分钟。
考生务必在答题卡指定区域作答，在试卷上作答无效。
考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。
第一部分：知识运用（共两节，30分）
第一节（共10小题；每小题1.5分，共15分）
阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
There are a lot of homeless people in the world. But ___1___ there are also a lot of giving people who are willing to help out. One lady in particular, Karine Gombeau from Paris, France, is one of these people.
Gombeau, 42 years old, was on vacation with her husband and their 15-year-old son in New York. They were near Grand Central Station in Manhattan when she ___2___ a homeless man, wearing a ski cap, digging ___3___ the garbage. What was he doing? He was looking for his next ___4___. Being the kind-hearted person she is, she decided to help this man out. She had just finished eating pizza with her family and had some extra, so she chose to give it to the man. She even ___5___ for the pizza being cold.
She went on with her life thinking that ___6___ was out of the ordinary until a couple of days later, at her hotel, a lady came running up to her with a newspaper. Gombeau was very ___7___ to see her picture in it along with a story. She suddenly ___8___ that the homeless man she had given the pizza to was actually a famous actor. Oddly enough, he was filming a movie in Grand Central Station when she ___9___ got involved. However, the actor didn’t even break character, saying “thank you” when Gombeau gave him the pizza. That was why she thought he was a homeless person!
Gombeau said that her ___10___ to give the poor man the pizza was because she was sad to see so many homeless people living on the streets of New York.
1. A. normally B. luckily C. naturally D. gradually
2. A. stopped B. recognized C. remembered D. spotted
3. A. through B. for C. around D. over
4. A. cap B. bottle C. meal D. newspaper
5. A. answered B. complained C. joked D. apologized
6. A. something B. nothing C. anything D. everything
7. A. surprised B. delighted C. satisfied D. disappointed
8. A. admitted B. claimed C. explained D. realized
9. A. mysteriously B. secretly C. mistakenly D. proudly
10. A. courage B. decision C. opportunity D. promise
【答案】1. B 2. D 3. A 4. C 5. D 6. B 7. A 8. D 9. C 10. B
【解析】
【分析】这是一篇记叙文。主要讲述了一位女士帮助了一个无家可归的男人，不料最终却发现对方实际上是正在拍摄电影的著名演员。
【1题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：但幸运的是，也有很多乐于帮助的人。A. normally通常；B. luckily幸运地；C. naturally自然地；D. gradually逐渐地。根据下文“there are also a lot of giving people who are willing to help out.”可知，幸运的是，也有很多乐于帮助的人。故选B项。
【2题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：当她看到一个无家可归的男人戴着滑雪帽在翻垃圾时，他们正在曼哈顿的格兰德中央车站附近。A. stopped停止；B. recognized认出；C. remembered记住；D. spotted看到。根据下文“a homeless man, wearing a ski cap, digging ___3___ the garbage.”可知，此处表示她看到一个无家可归的男人。故选D项。
【3题详解】
考查介词词义辨析。句意：当她看到一个无家可归的男人戴着滑雪帽在翻垃圾时，他们正在曼哈顿的格兰德中央车站附近。A. through从一端到另一端；B. for为了；C. around围绕；D. over在……上面。根据语境，此处表示一个无家可归的男人在翻垃圾，dig through the garbage表示“翻垃圾”。故选A项。
【4题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：他正在寻找他的下一顿饭。A. cap帽子；B. bottle瓶子；C. meal一餐，一顿饭；D. newspaper报纸。根据上文“a homeless man, wearing a ski cap, digging ___3___ the garbage”以及常识可知，这个无家可归的男人在翻垃圾，寻找下一顿饭。故选C项。
【5题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：她甚至为比萨饼凉了道歉。A. answered回答；B. complained抱怨；C. joked开玩笑；D. apologized道歉。根据下文“for the pizza being cold”可知，她因为披萨凉了向那个无家可归男人道歉。故选D项。
【6题详解】
考查代词词义辨析。句意：她继续她的生活，认为没有什么是不寻常的，直到几天后，在她的酒店里，一位女士拿着一份报纸向她跑来。A. something某些东西；B. nothing没有什么；C. anything任何东西；D. everything每件事。根据下文“Gombeau was very ___7___ to see her picture in it along with a story.”可知，贡博看到报纸上有她的照片和故事时很惊讶，所以此处表示她认为没有什么是不同寻常的。故选B项。
【7题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：贡博很惊讶地看到里面有她的照片和一个故事。A. surprised惊讶的；B. delighted高兴的；C. satisfied满意的；D. disappointed失望的。根据上文“She went on with her life thinking that ___6___ was out of the ordinary”可知，贡博继续她的生活，认为没有什么是不寻常的，所以此处表示看到照片和故事时，她很惊讶。故选A项。
【8题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：她突然意识到，她给予比萨饼的那个无家可归的人实际上是一位著名的演员。A. admitted承认；B. claimed主张；C. explained解释；D. realized意识到。根据下文“that the homeless man she had given the pizza to was actually a famous actor”可知，此时贡博才意识到那个无家可归的男人实际上是一位著名的演员。故选D项。
【9题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：奇怪的是，他正在大中央车站拍电影时，突然她错误地参与进去了。A. mysteriously神秘地；B. secretly秘密地；C. mistakenly错误地；D. proudly骄傲地。根据上文“he was filming a movie in Grand Central Station”可知，这位男士正在拍电影，贡博以为他真的是无家可归的人，送了披萨给他，错误地参与了电影拍摄。故选C项。
【10题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：贡博说，她之所以决定给这个可怜的人比萨，是因为看到这么多无家可归的人生活在纽约街头，她感到很难过。A. courage勇气；B. decision决定；C. opportunity机会；D. promise诺言。根据上文“She had just finished eating pizza with her family and had some extra, so she chose to give it to the man.”可知，贡博选择送披萨给这个无家可归的人，这是她自己做出的决定。故选B项。
第二节（共10小题；每小题1.5分，共15分）
A
阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
Tanni was born ___11___ an illness, which made her unable to move her muscles normally. Tanni was interested in sports, but when she ___12___ (grow) up she didn’t see many disabled athletes on television. Then several years later, while watching the London wheelchair marathon, she saw an athlete she knew. She dreamed that she would be on the starting line, ___13___ (compete) in the marathon too. Finally her dream came true. She was not only on the starting line, but also the winner at the finish line. Tanni believes you’ll never know what you can do ___14___ you try.
【答案】11. with
12. was growing
13. competing
14. unless
【解析】
【分析】这是一篇记叙文。主要讲述了因病不能正常活动肌肉的坦尼，对体育很感兴趣，最终实现了梦想，参加了马拉松比赛。
【11题详解】
考查介词。句意：坦尼生来就患有疾病，这使她无法正常活动肌肉。根据句意，空处应填介词with，构成短语be born with表示“与生俱来，生而具有”，符合题意。故填with。
【12题详解】
考查时态。句意：坦尼对体育很感兴趣，但在她成长的过程中，她在电视上看不到很多残疾人运动员。结合语境，此处表示“在坦尼成长的过程中”，表示过去在某一段时间内正在发生或进行的动作，应用过去进行时，主语she是第三人称单数，be动词应用was。故填was growing。
【13题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：她梦想自己能站在起跑线上，参加马拉松比赛。分析句子，空处作非谓语动词，compete与逻辑主语she之间是主动关系，应用现在分词作状语。故填competing。
【14题详解】
考查连词。句意：坦尼相信，除非你尝试，否则你永远不会知道自己能做什么。分析句子，空处引导条件状语从句，表示“除非”，应用连词unless。故填unless。
B
阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
When travelling abroad we are expected to respect the social customs of the places we visit. In conservative countries, for example, wearing appropriate clothes is a way of showing we are ___15___ (respect) and open-minded. Even if we are behind the walls of a hotel the entire time, the staff are locals, and should ___16___ (treat) accordingly. Remember we are guests in their home, and while we ___17___ (visit) foreign lands many times with this in mind, we still fall short occasionally.
【答案】15. respectful
16. be treated
17. have visited
【解析】
【分析】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是在国外旅行时，我们应该尊重我们所访问的地方的社会习俗。
【15题详解】
考查形容词。句意：例如，在保守的国家，穿着合适的衣服是一种显示我们尊重和开放的方式。空格处用形容词作表语，根据语境，句子表示“穿着合适的衣服是一种显示我们尊重和开放的方式”，空格处意为“尊敬的”，即respectful，故填respectful。
【16题详解】
考查语态。句意：即使我们一直躲在酒店的墙后面，员工也是本地人，应该得到相应的待遇。主语the staff和谓语动词treat是被动关系，员工是被相应地对待，should是情态动词，用情态动词的被动语态should be done，因此空格处是be treated，故填be treated。
【17题详解】
考查时态和主谓一致。句意：记住，我们是他们国家的客人，虽然我们多次怀着这一想法访问外国，但我们仍然偶尔会有所欠缺。由“many times”可知，句子表示“我们已经多次访问外国”，句子用现在完成时，主语we是复数，因此空格处是have visited，故填have visited。
C
阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
In the early days of space travel, scientists sent animals into space to learn about the conditions humans might face. By studying animals, they were able to understand ___18___ it was like to live without Earth’s gravity and atmosphere. The animals were used to test specially ___19___ (design) equipment that would later be used for human space flight. Animals ___20___ survived a space flight provided information about how weightlessness would affect humans, what spaceship designs would be the safest, and how well a spacesuit would work.
【答案】18. what
19. designed
20. that##which
【解析】
【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了动物对于太空研究的作用。
【18题详解】
考查宾语从句。句意：通过研究动物，他们能够理解没有地球引力和大气层的生活是什么样的。分析句子，空处引导从句作动词understand的宾语，从句中缺少介词like的宾语，应用what引导，指代“他们能够理解的事情”。故填what。
【19题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：这些动物被用来测试专门设计的设备，这些设备之后将用于人类太空飞行。分析句子，空处作定语修饰名词equipment，design与逻辑主语equipment之间是被动关系，应用过去分词形式。故填designed。
【20题详解】
考查定语从句。句意：在太空飞行中幸存下来的动物提供了有关失重将如何影响人类、什么样的太空船设计最安全以及宇航服能起多大作用等信息。分析句子，空处引导限定性定语从句，修饰先行词Animals，先行词指物，定语从句中缺少主语，应用that/which引导。故填that或which。
第二部分：阅读理解（共两节，38分）
第一节（共14小题；每小题2分，共28分）
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
A
“No,” Mama Lil said it plain and simple. “I ain’t never heard of no girls to be doing that. Bebe, you need to be getting yourself a real summer job, something civilized.”
I’d been living with Mama Lil since I was six, when my own mama and daddy were killed in an apartment building fire. Lillian Johns was my mom’s mother. Everybody on our street called her Mama Lil and that was what I called her too. I had been butting heads with her ever since I could remember. And the older I got, the more at odds we were and the more conflicts we experienced.
For weeks I’d been asking Mama Lil to let me join the youth renovation (修缮) team. It was a group of kids who had been chosen by city officials to work with engineers to help repair the Brooklyn Bridge. The project would last the summer and pay good money. It would help me get to college, where I wanted to study engineering.
But for Mama Lil, the thing that made her the most stubborn this time, was exactly my dream of becoming an engineer. In some respects, Mama Lil was right. It was true that there weren’t many black women engineers. But I wanted to build bridges more than anything.
“Let me go, Mama Lil,” I begged softly.
Mama Lil sat as still as a statue. “Mama Lil,” I said carefully, “if you don’t sign the bridge project permission form, I will sign it myself. Nobody will know the difference.”
The next morning, Mama Lil’s eyes looked red-tired. “I’m going to the bridge,” I said firmly. “I know, Bebe,” she said. From her housedress pocket, she took out a pen and signed the form. “Bebe, that bridge is lucky to have you,” she said.
I hugged Mama Lil good and hard, smiling big, right at her.
…
Ahead, in the distance, stood the Brooklyn Bridge. This was the best spot to see the bridge. I’d come to this corner and studied the bridge a million times. And on every one of those times, I was taken with what I’d come to call Brooklyn Belle.
At night, Belle was dressed in tiny light. On a cloudless night like this one, she was a sight like no other in the whole city. Jeweled in light. Beautiful.
I had drawn Belle in the high-noon light, at sunset, on snowy days, and on foggy twilight mornings... I was proud of my drawings, but with each page they showed a sad truth about Belle: She needed repair. That bridge renovation project needed me; and I needed it, in more ways than I could count.
21. Mama Lil refused to sign the permission form mainly because ______.
A. she had become stubborn in her old age
B. she wouldn’t allow Bebe to have a summer job
C. she thought the bridge project was too dangerous
D. she didn’t support Bebe’s desire to be an engineer
22. What can we learn from the story?
A. Bebe lost her parents in the bridge project.
B. Bebe liked to draw the bridge on winter mornings.
C. Bebe and Mama Lil often got into arguments with each other.
D. Bebe called her grandma Mama Lil because she was her mom’s mother.
23. By mentioning the name “Brooklyn Belle”，the author intends to help readers ______.
A. recall the history of the bridge
B appreciate the bridge’s beauty
C. ignore the damage to the bridge
D. imagine the bridge’s future look
24. Which of the following could be the theme of this story?
A. Dreams know no color or gender.
B. Elders always make the best decisions.
C. Conflict usually resolves itself in the end.
D. Pride wins out but makes things more difficult.
【答案】21. D 22. C 23. B 24. A
【解析】
【分析】本文是一篇记叙文，主要讲的是作者想要参加修复布鲁克林大桥的项目，作者的外婆不允许作者当工程师，因为当时黑人女性工程师并不多，但是最后她的外婆终于同意了。
【21题详解】
细节理解题。根据第四段的“But for Mama Lil, the thing that made her the most stubborn this time, was exactly my dream of becoming an engineer.”（但对Mama Lil来说，这次让她最固执的事情，恰恰是我想成为一名工程师的梦想。）可知，Mama Lil拒绝在这份同意书上签字，主要是因为她不支持Bebe想成为一名工程师的愿望，故选D。
【22题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段的“I had been butting heads with her ever since I could remember. And the older I got, the more at odds we were and the more conflicts we experienced.”（从记事起，我就一直与她作对。随着年龄的增长，我们之间的矛盾越来越多，我们经历的冲突也越来越多。）可知，Bebe和Mama Lil经常吵架。故选C。
【23题详解】
推理判断题。根据倒数第三段“And on every one of those times, I was taken with what I’d come to call Brooklyn Belle.”（每一次，我都被我称之为Brooklyn Belle的东西迷住了。）和倒数第二段的“At night, Belle was dressed in tiny light. On a cloudless night like this one, she was a sight like no other in the whole city. Jeweled in light. Beautiful.”（晚上，Belle穿着微弱的灯光。在这样一个万里无云的夜晚，她的身影在整个城市里是绝无仅有的。饰有宝石的光。美丽。）可知，通过提到“Brooklyn Belle”这个名字，作者想帮助读者欣赏这座桥的美丽，故选B。
【24题详解】
主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第四段的“It was true that there weren’t many black women engineers. But I wanted to build bridges more than anything.”（的确，当时黑人女性工程师并不多。但我最想做的是修建桥梁。）可知，本文主要讲的是作者虽然是黑人，但是却想当工程师修建桥梁，因此本文的主题是“梦不分肤色和性别”，即Dreams know no color or gender，故选A。
B
Hello, everyone! Welcome to another episode of our show Tease Your Brain. Today we will talk about brand language. When you walk into Starbucks, the world’s biggest coffee chain, you may hear a customer speaking a rapid-fire series of descriptions when asking for a drink — half-caf, black, and for the sizes — tall, grande, venti and trenta.
It is a special language, so this morning we have invited Scott, the Starbucks Regional Manager to talk about it. Welcome Scott!
First of all, can you say something about Starbucks language?
Scott: Thanks for inviting me. OK, sure. Our company invented these rules in the booklet, “Make It Your Drink”. It only belongs to Starbucks. We have also trained our baristas (咖啡师) to reply to customers using Starbucks vocabulary.
That is so fascinating, Scott! Is Starbucks the only company that uses brand language?
Scott: No. Many companies use this technique. When hungry Californians order a meal at In-N-Out, a burger chain, they need to specify the proportion of cheese slices to patties: a “triple double” means two patties sandwiched between three slices of cheese.

Thank you so much for your insight, Scott.
This past week, Tease Your Brain left the studio to ask people’s opinion about brand language. Let’s find out what they said：
A marketing professor: In my book The Language of Branding, I mention that brand language is a brilliant way of enhancing customer loyalty (忠诚). Companies that persuade people to use their own terms create “a sense of belonging and improved loyalty to the brand”. It also enables employees to work more efficiently.
A sociologist: People become part of a “speech community” when they use specialized vocabulary, which creates a feeling of shared values. Every time a company gets a consumer to refer to its products using a branded term rather than a general description — whoppers, say, rather than burgers — it is drawing them into its own community. In so doing, it makes them more likely to buy its products in the future.
OK. Now let’s listen to what a customer in Starbucks said.
I heard you order your coffee with the brand language, “no-whip”. So, what do you think of this kind of language?
A customer: I think it helps to create a “tribe” that members identify with. Take CrossFit, a fitness firm as an example. It has come up with a set of extensive vocabulary —“wod” means “workout of the day”. Using this kind of description, I feel like I am in the CrossFit group.
25. Which of the following belongs to Starbucks language?
A. Triple double. B. Whopper. C. Wod. D. No-whip.
26. Starbucks language was invented to ______.
A. model a new marketing tool
B. give its baristas a sense of belonging
C. get customers to identify with the brand
D. provide a platform for people to share their values
27. What is the purpose of the episode of the show?
A. To feature Starbucks’ popular products.
B. To explore the function of brand language.
C. To highlight the importance of brand influence.
D. To advise more companies to create special terms.
【答案】25. D 26. C 27. B
【解析】
【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章以星巴克语言为例，说明了品牌语言的功能。
【25题详解】
细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“I heard you order your coffee with the brand language, “no-whip”. (我听到你点咖啡用的是品牌语言“不加鲜奶油”)”可知，no-whip属于星巴克语言。故选D项。
【26题详解】
推理判断题。根据倒数第五段“I mention that brand language is a brilliant way of enhancing customer loyalty (忠诚). Companies that persuade people to use their own terms create “a sense of belonging and improved loyalty to the brand”. (我提到品牌语言是提高客户忠诚度的一种极好的方式。说服人们使用自己的术语的公司创造了“归属感，提高了对品牌的忠诚度”)”可知，品牌语言是提高客户的忠诚度的好的方式，使用术语可以创造归属感，推测星巴克语言被创造是为了使客户认同品牌。故选C项。
【27题详解】
推理判断题。根据第一段“Today we will talk about brand language. (今天我们将讨论品牌语言)”可知，节目内容是为了探讨品牌语言的功能。故选B项。
C
No one has ever seen a teenage elephant hesitantly sit down at the family dinner table with earphones on and occasionally give one-word answers to questions. However, it turns out that adolescent elephants (elephants which are no longer children but not yet adults) exhibit other behaviors that parents of human teens might recognize.
“They’re innocent. They have a lot to learn and they make mistakes,” Cynthia Moss, an elephant expert in Kenya said.
This is particularly true for male elephants. They learn that if they ruin crops, they get beaten up and then die. “It’s just like young human males who drive too fast,” Moss said.
Barbara Natterson, a Harvard biologist pointed out that adolescent animals frequently put themselves in danger intentionally. This behavior is seen throughout the animal world. The adults of any species may consider some actions of their young low-judgment and high-risk; however, these actions actually serve a purpose.
An example is a practice called “predator (捕食者) inspection” which means adolescent animals approach predators rather than run away. The trade-off for the danger is that they can watch, smell and learn about the predator. They gather all kinds of information that can keep them safer as adults.
The idea that adolescents are hard-wired to take these risks can help people understand human teens’ behavior.
“Teens seem driven to try new things and test boundaries in their own version of ‘predator inspection’,” Natterson said. “They try to have as many experiences as they can before they leave the nest.”
Another key aspect of adolescence is an increase in time spent wandering in groups. Adolescence is marked by high levels of peer pressure as well as near-disaster. Scientists have found that adolescents of all kinds are more likely to make dangerous moves while with peers.
Laurence Steinberg, a psychology professor at Temple University, found similarities between mice and human group adolescent behavior. He set up two experiments. One involved mice, half of which were adolescents, drinking ethanol-.spiked (添加乙醇的) water. The other involved human teens playing a video game that reproduced driving conditions.
“We found that in the presence of peers, adolescent mice drank more than they do when they’re alone,” Steinberg said, “and that the teenagers in the driving study also took more risks when others were around.”
These findings fit with what Steinberg says is another multi-species adolescent quality: the desire to socialize.
“For the most part, adolescents, human and animal alike, prefer to be with other adolescents,” Steinberg said. “If I say teenagers are social animals, I think the word ‘animal’ is just as important in that sentence as the word ‘social’.”
While doing their study, both Natterson and Steinberg were raising a human teen in their homes. Their desire to understand animals was driven by wanting to understand their own children. They hope their findings will help people who are raising adolescents.
28. According to Natterson, what is a risky but valuable action for adolescent animals?
A. Watching enemies’ behavior up close.
B. Observing an adult hunting a large animal.
C. Challenging predators with other adolescents.
D. Gathering information with the help of parents.
29. Steinberg’s experiments found ______.
A. adolescent animals are less likely to get drunk while with peers
B. teenagers are not willing to be sociable in the presence of peers
C. both adolescent animals and human teens are affected by peer pressure
D. peer pressure is more common in adolescent animals than in human teens
30 What does the underlined sentence mean?
A. Adolescent animals long to socialize with teenagers.
B. Socializing with peers is one quality that adolescents share.
C. “Social” is a word that can be interpreted in different ways.
D. The importance of socializing has been realized by teenagers.
【答案】28. A 29. C 30. B
【解析】
【分析】这是一篇说明文。主要说明实验证明青少年动物和青少年人类类似，会故意冒险、受到同伴压力的影响。
【28题详解】
细节理解题。根据第五段“An example is a practice called “predator (捕食者) inspection” which means adolescent animals approach predators rather than run away. The trade-off for the danger is that they can watch, smell and learn about the predator. They gather all kinds of information that can keep them safer as adults.”（一个例子是一种称为“捕食者检查”的做法，这意味着青少年动物接近捕食者而不是逃跑。危险的代价是它们可以观察、嗅到和了解捕食者。它们收集各种各样的信息，使它们成年后更安全。）可知，对于青少年动物来说，接近它们的敌人——捕食者，并观察捕食者的行为是危险但有价值的。故选A项。
【29题详解】
细节理解题。根据倒数第四段““We found that in the presence of peers, adolescent mice drank more than they do when they’re alone,” Steinberg said, “and that the teenagers in the driving study also took more risks when others were around.””（斯坦伯格说：“我们发现，在有同龄人在场的情况下，青少年老鼠比它们独自一人时喝得更多，而且驾驶研究中的青少年在别人在场时也会冒更多的风险。”）可知，青少年动物和人类会受到同伴压力的影响。故选C项。
【30题详解】
词句猜测题。根据倒数第二段““For the most part, adolescents, human and animal alike, prefer to be with other adolescents,” Steinberg said.”（斯坦伯格说：“在大多数情况下，青少年，无论是人还是动物，都喜欢和其他青少年在一起。”）可知，斯坦伯格认为青少年的动物和人类都喜欢和其他青少年在一起，动物和人类是类似的，都具有与同龄人交往的特征，划线句子表示“与同龄人交往是青少年共有的一种特征。”故选B项。
D
Consider these facts: The tennis champion Williams sisters are a generation apart, according to the Pew Research Center. Venus, born in 1980, is labelled “Gen X”; Serena, born in 1981, is a “millennial”. Meanwhile, Donald Trump and Michelle Obama both belong to the same generation. The former was born in 1946 while the latter was born in 1964, making them both “baby boomers”.
Before you push these diverse personalities into generational stereotypes (刻板印象), let me stop you there: Just don’t. Generation labels, although widely adopted by the public, have no basis in social reality. In fact, in one recent survey, most people did not identify the correct generation for themselves, even when they were shown a list of options.
This is not surprising since the labels are forced by survey researchers, journalists or marketing firms before the identities they are supposed to describe even exist. Instead of asking people which group they identify with and why, they just declare the labels and start making pronouncements about them. That’s not how social identity works.
The practice of naming “generations” based on birth year goes back at least to the supposed “lost-generation” of the late 19th century. But as the tradition slid into a never-ending competition to be the first to propose the next name that sticks, it has produced gradually declining returns to social science and the public understanding.
The supposed boundaries between generations are no more meaningful than the names they’ve been given. There is no research identifying the appropriate boundaries between generations, and there is no statistical basis for requiring the sweeping character traits (特征) that are believed to define them. In one article you might read that millennials are “liberal lions”, “downwardly mobile”, and “distrustful”; even though they also “get along well with their parents, respect their elders and work well with colleagues”.
Ridiculous, clearly. But what’s the harm? Aren’t these labels just a bit of fun for writers? A method to attract readers and a way of communicating generational change, which no one would deny is a real phenomenon? We, in academic social science, study and teach social change, but we don’t study and teach these labels because they simply aren’t real. And in social science, reality still matters.
Worse than irrelevant, such baseless labels drive people toward stereotyping and thoughtless character judgment. Measuring and describing social change is essential, and it can be useful to analyze the historical period in which people were born and raised, but drawing random lines between birth years and assigning names to them doesn’t help.
Today there are lots of good alternatives to label generations. We can simply describe people by the decade in which they were born and define generational groups specifically related to a particular issue—such as 2020 school kids. With the arrival of “Generation Z”, there has never been a better time to get off this train.
31. What do the facts listed in Paragraph 1 imply?
A. Different people have different opinions about generation labels.
B. People with the same generation label may not be of similar age.
C. Generational change can be measured by generation labels.
D. Generation labels are widely adopted by celebrities.
32. The underlined word “sticks” in Paragraph 4 probably means ______.
A. is understood B. is analyzed C. is described D. is accepted
33. According to the passage, the author may agree that ______.
A. the generation label is a harmless device writers use to reflect reality
B. generation boundaries are more meaningful than generation labels
C. assigning character traits to a certain generation is misguided
D. journalists should find alternative ways to judge character
34. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?
A. Generation labels: It’s high time to retire them
B. Generation labels: The ongoing debate will never end
C. Generation labels: What do they say about who we are?
D. Generation labels: Expand or bridge generational differences?
【答案】31. B 32. D 33. C 34. A
【解析】
【分析】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了代际标签的制定，说明代际标签具有不可靠性，给一代人贴标签，有很多好的替代选择。
【31题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段“Meanwhile, Donald Trump and Michelle Obama both belong to the same generation. The former was born in 1946 while the latter was born in 1964, making them both “baby boomers”.”（同时，唐纳德·特朗普和米歇尔·奥巴马都属于同一代人。前者出生于1946年，而后者出生于1964年，他们都属于“婴儿潮一代”。）可知，具有同一代标签的人可能年龄不同。故选B项。
【32题详解】
词句猜测题。根据第四段“But as the tradition slid into a never-ending competition to be the first to propose the next name”（但是，随着这一传统滑向一场无休止的要成为第一个提出下一个名字的竞争，）以及“it has produced gradually declining returns to social science and the public understanding.”（社会科学和公众理解的回报率逐渐下降。）可知，句中the next name指的是为下一代取的名字，即可以被接受的一个名字，推测划线单词表示“接受”，与is accepted同义。故选D项。
【33题详解】
推理判断题。根据第二段“Before you push these diverse personalities into generational stereotypes (刻板印象), let me stop you there: Just don’t.”（在你将这些不同的性格推入代际刻板印象之前，让我在这里阻止你：不要这样做。）以及第六段“We, in academic social science, study and teach social change, but we don’t study and teach these labels because they simply aren’t real. And in social science, reality still matters.”（在学术社会科学中，我们研究和教授社会变革，但我们不研究和教授这些标签，因为它们根本不是真实的。在社会科学中，现实仍然很重要。）可知，作者不同意将不同的性格推入代际刻板印象，认为代际标签是不真实的，可能同意将性格特征分配给某一代是错误的。故选C项。
【34题详解】
主旨大意题。通读全文，文章主要说明了代际标签的制定以及一些代际标签制定的发展，说明了代际标签具有不可靠性，给一代人贴标签，有很多好的替代选择，所以“时代标签：是时候让它们退役了”可以作为文章标题。故选A项。
第二节（共5小题；每小题2分，共10分）
根据短文内容，从短文后的七个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。选项中有两项为多余选项。
Sometimes in our life we face this problem: loved ones as well as strangers annoying us. At home, we’ve had to put up with children screaming during online meetings, and family members on the computer all the time. ___35___
Kindness seems like a distant memory. The ability to live peacefully with annoying housemates or neighbors seems more difficult than ever. ___36___ If we take kindness as a skill, making it a daily practice, it will come easier over time.
___37___ Loving Kindness Meditation (默想) (LKM), which dates back to the time of its roots to early Buddhism, helps us find sympathy for one another even during trying times. The meditation asks us to send thoughts of loving kindness to loved ones, then to acquaintances (people you don’t know very well) and finally to challenging people. Over time, our unkind thoughts are replaced with more open, accepting ones. Anger is replaced by love, or at least kindness.
Donald Altman, a psychotherapist from Portland, Oregon, says LKM helps us recognize we are all weak and have been hurt. ___38___
So how? To begin with, Altman suggests finding a quiet place to sit. He says to then imagine a favorite family member or friend sending you the words, “May you be well, happy and at peace.” After a few minutes, direct the words at yourself, “May I be well, happy and at peace.” ___39___ Replace the “I” with the name of a teacher or coach, then a family member or friend, then an acquaintance, and finally an unfriendly person in your life. End the meditation by spreading the blessing to all living beings.
Indeed, we should find our own way toward LKM — but only if we are prepared to access its benefits and extend them to anyone who may need them.
A. The good news is that it isn’t lost.
B. Luckily, we can look to ancient disciplines for guidance.
C. At work, we’ve had to face the added pressure these demanding jobs create.
D. Then, extend the blessing to other people, in order of decreasing fondness.
E. For that reason, we could all benefit from love’s warm and comforting blessing.
F. You can combine the words with breathing, repeating a phrase of love for yourself.
G. Outside, we’ve encountered drivers speeding on busy roads and passengers talking loudly on the subway.
【答案】35. G 36. A 37. B 38. F 39. D
【解析】
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了什么是仁爱冥想。
【35题详解】
空格前说“Sometimes in our life we face this problem: loved ones as well as strangers annoying us. At home, we’ve had to put up with children screaming during online meetings, and family members on the computer all the time.( 有时在我们的生活中，我们会遇到这样的问题：所爱的人和陌生人让我们烦恼。在家里，我们不得不忍受孩子们在网上会议时的尖叫，家人一直在电脑前)”，G选项“Outside, we’ve encountered drivers speeding on busy roads and passengers talking loudly on the subway.(在外面，我们遇到了在繁忙道路上超速行驶的司机和在地铁上大声说话的乘客)”中的“Outside”和前面的“At home”形成对比，“drivers”和“passengers”指的是前面的“strangers”，因此G选项承接上文，符合语境，故选G。
【36题详解】
空格前说“Kindness seems like a distant memory. The ability to live peacefully with annoying housemates or neighbors seems more difficult than ever.(善良似乎是遥远的记忆。与烦人的室友或邻居和平相处的能力似乎比以往任何时候都要困难)”，空格后说“If we take kindness as a skill, making it a daily practice, it will come easier over time.(如果我们把善良当作一种技能，让它成为日常练习，随着时间的推移，它会变得更容易)”可知，善良并没有消失，A选项“The good news is that it isn’t lost.(好消息是它没有丢失)”正好说明了这一点，因此A选项承上启下，符合语境，故选A。
【37题详解】
空格后说“Loving Kindness Meditation (默想) (LKM), which dates back to the time of its roots to early Buddhism, helps us find sympathy for one another even during trying times.(仁爱冥想（LKM）的起源可以追溯到早期的佛教，它帮助我们在困难时期找到彼此的同情)”可知，这是一种古老的做法，B选项“Luckily, we can look to ancient disciplines for guidance.(幸运的是，我们可以从古代的训练中寻求指导)”指出这是古老的方法，因此B选项引起下文，符合语境，故选B。
【38题详解】
空格后说“He says to then imagine a favorite family member or friend sending you the words, “May you be well, happy and at peace.” After a few minutes, direct the words at yourself(他说，然后想象一个你最喜欢的家人或朋友给你发了这样的话：“祝你健康、快乐、平安。”几分钟后，对自己说)”，F选项“You can combine the words with breathing, repeating a phrase of love for yourself.(你可以把这些词和呼吸结合起来，重复一句爱自己的话)”中的“phrase”即指后面的“words”，因此F选项引起下文，符合语境，故选F。
【39题详解】
空格后说“Replace the “I” with the name of a teacher or coach, then a family member or friend, then an acquaintance, and finally an unfriendly person in your life.(把“我”的名字换成老师或教练，然后是家人或朋友，然后是熟人，最后是你生活中不友好的人)”，因此此处有一个顺序，即越来越不喜欢。D选项“Then, extend the blessing to other people, in order of decreasing fondness.(然后，按照喜爱程度减少的顺序，将祝福传递给他人)”，因此D选项承上启下，符合语境，故选D。
第三部分：书面表达（共两节，32分）
第一节（共4小题；第40、41题各2分，第42题3分，第43题5分，共12分）
阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英文回答问题。请在答题卡指定区域作答。
From the cheeky sound of a whoopee cushion to a spring-loaded spider rocketing from a glass, pranks (恶作剧) are a popular way of making fun of others and getting a laugh. While some experts point out potential negatives, pranking can also decrease stress, raise a smile, and strengthen relationships.

It’s little wonder that best-selling children’s author Matt Stanton has shaped his latest book around pranks for young jokesters. Part of his Funny Kid book series, Prank Aliens, is about a boy named Max who is searching for the greatest prank of all time. Stanton said that pranking in the home can build strong relationships between parents and kids.
“Some of the best relationship-building moments I have with my own kids are when I enter into their space,” Stanton said. “An adult joining in their games can be surprising for kids and bring wonderful moments of joy. It’s a great way to demonstrate to our kids that we can laugh at ourselves and still feel loved and secure,” he added.
But playing tricks can come with unintended consequences, said psychiatrist Mark Cross. Pranks that are intended to harm or embarrass can anger the target and even ruin a relationship. However, Cross also added “Pranking can be good when the outcome is laughter for everyone, including the pranked person. It can be a great release of stress. When you laugh, you breathe deeper, which helps ease anxiety.”
So why not try some pranks? Wrapping vegetables and shoes up as presents for kids on their birthdays always gets a great reaction. Putting plastic spiders in guests’ drinks or placing a whoopee cushion on an unsuspecting person’s chair is sure to cause a belly laugh. All these might just be good for you and everyone involved.
40. What are the benefits of pranking?
41. When can pranks anger the target or even ruin a relationship?
42. Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.
Pranking is good when everyone laughs at the pranked person, since laughter releases stress.
43. In addition to pranking, what other ways can you use to strengthen relationships with family members? (In about 40 words)
【答案】40. Decreasing stress, raising a smile, and strengthening relationships.
41. When they are intended to harm or embarrass.
42. Pranking is good when everyone laughs at the pranked person, since laughter releases stress.
Pranking is good when the outcome is laughter for everyone, including the pranked person, since laughter releases stress.
43. I can keep in touch with my family by calling them every day. Besides, travelling with my family during the leisure holidays can give me the opportunity to communicate with them. Finally, I can celebrate with my family on special occasions, which will be unforgettable.
【解析】
【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了虽然恶作剧有潜在的负面影响，但是恶作剧也可以减轻压力、带来微笑和增强人际关系。
【40题详解】
考查细节理解。根据第一段“While some experts point out potential negatives, pranking can also decrease stress, raise a smile, and strengthen relationships.(虽然一些专家指出了潜在的负面影响，但恶作剧也可以减轻压力，带来微笑，加强人际关系)”可知，恶作剧可以减轻压力，带来微笑，加强人际关系。故答案为Decreasing stress, raising a smile, and strengthening relationships.
【41题详解】
考查细节理解。根据第四段“Pranks that are intended to harm or embarrass can anger the target and even ruin a relationship.(故意伤害或使对方尴尬的恶作剧会激怒对方，甚至毁掉一段感情)”可知，故意伤害别人或者使人尴尬的恶作剧会激怒对方甚至毁掉一段关系。故答案为When they are intended to harm or embarrass.
【42题详解】
考查细节理解。根据第四段“Pranking can be good when the outcome is laughter for everyone, including the pranked person. It can be a great release of stress. When you laugh, you breathe deeper, which helps ease anxiety.(当结果是包括被恶作剧的人在内的所有人都会大笑时，恶作剧就是好的。它可以极大地释放压力。当你笑的时候，你会呼吸更深，这有助于缓解焦虑)”可知，当结果是包括被恶作剧的人在内的所有人都会大笑时，恶作剧是好的，因为笑可以缓解焦虑，所以句子中“when everyone laughs at the pranked person(当每个人都嘲笑恶作剧的人时)”是错误的。故答案为Pranking is good when everyone laughs at the pranked person, since laughter releases stress. Pranking is good when the outcome is laughter for everyone, including the pranked person, since laughter releases stress.
【43题详解】
开放性题目。我可以通过每天给家人打电话来保持联系。此外，在休闲假期与家人一起旅行可以让我有机会与他们交流。最后，我可以在特殊的场合和家人一起庆祝，这将是令人难忘的。故答案为I can keep in touch with my family by calling them every day. Besides, travelling with my family during the leisure holidays can give me the opportunity to communicate with them. Finally, I can celebrate with my family on special occasions, which will be unforgettable.
第二节（20分）
44. 假设你是红星中学高三学生李华。你校英文网站将新增“Beijing 2022 Winter Olympics”版块，现正征集栏目设置建议。你想参加此次活动，请给负责人Mr. Smith写信，内容包括：
1. 你最想设置的一个栏目及其内容；
2. 设置该栏目的理由。
注意：1. 词数100左右；
2. 开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数
Dear Mr. Smith,
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Sincerely,
Li Hua
【答案】Dear Mr. Smith,
I’m Li Hua, a senior from Hongxing Middle School. I am glad that there will be a new column about Beijing 2022 Winter Olympics in our school website. In terms of this column, I have higher expectation to Olympic athletes who are from different countries.
In order to introduce athletes, we can focus on not only their gold medals, but also their inspiring stories. Most of students always adore athletes and consider them as models because of their tremendous spirit. The spirit teaches us not to give up forever, and encourages us not to be afraid of frustration. I think these mottos can help seniors build up confidence and succeed in college entrance examination.
Thanks for giving me a chance to express my idea. Looking forward to your early reply.
Sincerely,
Li Hua
【解析】
【分析】本篇书面表达属于应用文。要求考生以红星中学高三学生李华的身份，为你校英文网站即将新增的“Beijing 2022 Winter Olympics”栏目设置提供建议，并给负责人Mr. Smith写信。
【详解】1.词汇积累
高兴的：glad→elated
集中：focus on→concentrate on
把……当作：consider…as→regard…as
机会：chance→opportunity
2.句式拓展
同义句转换
原句：Most of students always adore athletes and consider them as models because of their tremendous spirit.
拓展句：Because athletes have tremendous spirit, most of students always adore them and consider them as models.
【点睛】[高分句型1] I am glad that there will be a new column about Beijing 2022 Winter Olympics in our school website.（运用了that引导的宾语从句。）
[高分句型2] In terms of this column, I have higher expectation to Olympic athletes who are from different countries.（运用who引导的定语从句。）