人教版高中复习之阅读理解讲解课件PPT

这是一份人教版高中复习之阅读理解讲解课件PPT，共60页。PPT课件主要包含了practice，表示作者态度的词汇等内容，欢迎下载使用。
1、理解主旨和要义；2、理解文中具体信息；3、根据上下文推断生词的词义；4、做出简单判断和推理；5、理解文章的基本结构；6、理解作者的意图、观点和态度。
1.直接细节题属于低层次的题，答案直接在文中能找到，常见的用wh, what, when, where, why, hw等提问。2. 语义转换题选项中不会出现原文中直接答案，而是借助同义词转换，概念解析，归纳事实等方法对原文信息进行适当变化来完成答题任务。3. 信息理解题这类信息主要用于应用文（广告，公告，海报，车船航班时间表等）类阅读理解题中考察。常常对文中某一方面进行提问，完全没有必要从头到尾仔细阅读材料。快速寻找信息。4. 细节排序题试题根据考生动作的先后顺序和句子之间的逻辑关系，找出事情发生，发展的正确顺序。运用首尾定位法，即先找出首先发生的事，再找出最后放生的事，迅速缩小范围，从而快速得出答案。
一、设题方式1. Which f the fllwing is true/false/nt mentined?2. What des the writer pay the least attentin t?3. Chse the right rder f the events given in the passage.4. All f the fllwing statements may be true/false Which f the fllwing is nt the result f Which f the fllwing best characterizes the main feature f
1) 题干定位法: 采取 “点击式阅读” 找出关键词2)扫读法: 迅速扫读相关词汇，然后寻出相关词汇的同义或反义表达。3)首尾定位法(排序题): 找出第一件事和最后一件事。
Sample 1Apprved and Prhibited ItemsThe fllwing items are apprved fr use in residential (住宿的) rms: electric blankets, hair dryers, persnal cmputers, radis, televisins and DVD players. Items that are nt allwed in student rms include: candles, ceiling fans, firewrks, waterbeds, sun lamps and wireless ruters. Please nte that any prhibited items will be taken away by the Office f Residence Life. 36. Which f the fllwing items are allwed in student rms?A. Ceiling fans and waterbeds. B. Wireless ruters and radisC. Hair dryers and candles. D. TVs and electric blankets.
语义转换细节题：apprve同义词allw
Sample 2Access t Residential RmsStudents are prvided with a cmbinatin (组合密码) fr their rm dr lcks upn check-in. D nt share yur rm dr lck cmbinatin with anyne. The Office f Residence Life may change the dr lck cmbinatin at any time at the expense f the resident if it is fund that the student has shared the cmbinatin with thers. The fee is $25 t change a rm cmbinatin.37. What if a student is fund t have tld his cmbinatin t thers?A. The cmbinatin shuld be changed.B. The Office shuld be charged.C. He shuld replace the dr lck.D. He shuld check ut f the rm.
tld… t…→share … with…
Sample 3Cking PlicyStudents living in buildings that have kitchens are nly permitted t ck in the kitchen. Students must clean up after cking. This is nt the respnsibility f husekeeping staff. Kitchens that are nt kept clean may be clsed fr use. With the exceptin f using a small micrwave ven (微波炉) t heat fd, students are nt permitted t ck in their rms.38. What d we knw abut the cking plicy?A. A micrwave ven can be used.B. Cking in student rms is permitted.C. A husekeeper is t clean up the kitchen.D. Students are t clse kitchen drs after cking.
题目无法定位时，利用选项定位
Sample 4Quiet HursResidential buildings must maintain an atmsphere that supprts the academic missin f the University. Minimum quiet hurs in all campus residences are 11:00 pm t 8:00 am Sunday thrugh Thursday. Quiet hurs n Friday and Saturday nights are 1:00 am t 8:00 am. Students wh vilate quiet hurs are subject t a fine f $25.40. When can students enjy a party in residences?A. 7:00 am, Sunday.B. 7:30 am, Thursday.C. 11:30 pm, Mnday.D. 00:30 am, Saturday.
考查学生对一篇文章或一段文字的深层理解程度及在速读中准确把握文章主旨大意的能力。一般针对某一语段或某一语篇的主题,标题或目的设题。
一、设题方式1) 主题型主旨大意题的题干表现形式The main idea f the passage is …The passage is mainly abut …What is the passage mainly abut?Which f the fllwing statements best expresses the main idea f the passage?2) 目的类主旨大意题The passage is meant t …The purpse f this article is t …The authr intends ) 标题类主旨大意题The best title fr the passage might be …
1) 主旨大意题属于归纳概括题。如有标题，标题中蕴含的信息往往是关键信息。2) 找准文章的主题句是关键。“主题句定位法”是一种行之有效的方法。在答题时，我们可以： 读首句抓大意 读尾句抓大意 读首尾段抓大意3.) 无明显主题句时高频信息词 任一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，有的文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。
Sample 1Peple have different tastes in fd. Sme feel that they haven't eaten a meal unless they have had steak r ther red meat. Sme prefer chicken r fish and eat ne r the ther at every meal. Others prefer vegetables and fruits r grains and wuld enjy a meal f spaghetti, eggplant, and fresh fruit. Others culd live n what were called fast--fds: a hamburger r ht dg, French fries and a sft drink. （1）主题句在段首 一个主题句常常是一个段落的开头，其后的句子则是论证性细节。在论说文，科技文献和新闻报道中多采用这种格式。
Sample 2Sme students prefer a strict teacher wh tells them exactly what t d. Others prefer t be left t wrk n their wn. Still thers like a demcratic discussin type f class. N ne teaching methd can be devised t satisfy all students at the same time. （2）主题句也会出现在段尾。 作者先摆出事实依据，层层推理论证，最后自然得出结论，即段落的主题。本段的中心思想在结尾句得到体现，它是此段内容的结论。
Sample 3Nthing is as useful as a flashlight n a dark night if a tire ges flat. Few inventins are s helpful t a child wh is afraid f the dark. In fact, the mdern flashlight brings light t many dark situatins. Finding smething in the back f a clset is easy with a flashlight in hand . A camper als needs ne after the light f the campfire has been ut.（4）在短文中间当主题句被安排在段中间时, 通常前面只提出问题， 文中的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出, 而后又作进一步的解释, 支撑或发展.
1)关注一些表征强转折关系的连词“but, yet, hwever, in fact, indeed,”等，这些词后面连接的通常都是一段话的主题句。  2) 关注一些表征总结性，结论性的词：“in brief/shrt, abve/in/after/all in all, cnclusin, in a wrd”等，这些词后面连接的通常也都是一段话的主题句。  3) 如果主题句含有shw, indicate和suggest等词，重点看其后的宾语从句。 
Sample 5 A new eight-kilmeter rad is under cnstructin that links the prt area with mtrway system… As part f the prject, tw fur-kilmeter rad tunnels are being built belw the central area f the city, … The tw tunnels are abut 20 meters belw the surface and are 12 meters wide, prviding fr tw lanes f traffic in each directin. In the upper part f the tunnel tw air-cnditining pipes remve the waste gas f trucks and cars and keep the quality f air inside the tunnel. The lighting is at the tp f the tunnel, … The wall is made up f fur main elements, which include a waterprfing cvering and, n the inside f the tunnel, a cncrete lining. Each tunnel is rughly rund and the lwer part f the tunnel is smewhat flat. … alng the length f the tunnel. The fire main is at the side f the tunnel and at the level f the rad surface. Other systems in the tunnel will include emergency phnes.
The passage is mainly abut _____. A. the cnstructin f a rad B. the design f a rad C. the cnstructin f tw railways D. the design f tw tunnels
(5) 从段落中寻找高频率词
任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，许多文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词
● Sample 5
1.Lung cancer is the wrst cancer killer in America . Abut 160,440 Americans die each year frm it. Mre than 87 percent f lung cancers are smking related, accrding t the Lung Cancer Organizatin.
Lung cancer is the N.1 cancer killer Smking is a bad habitLCO advises peple t stp smkingWhy did peple die f Lung cancer?
The main idea f the passage is ___.
2.Frget Twitter and Facebk, Ggle and the Kindle. Televisin is still the mst influential medium arund. Indeed ,fr many f the prest regins(地区)f the wrld, it remains the next big thing——finally becmes glbally available. And that is a gd thing, because the TV revlutin is changing lives fr the better… …T much TV has been assciated with vilence, verweight and lneliness. Hwever, TV is having a psitive influence n the lives f billins wrldwideThe authr intends t             .   A. stress the advantages f TV t peple’s lives    B. persuade wmen t becme mre independent    C. encurage peple t imprve their reading skills    D. intrduce the readers sme websites such as Ggle
3 Smking cigarettes is harmful t yur health. Experiments shw that cigarette smking can cause cancer. Besides the mst serius and terrible disease(illness), cancer, cigarette smking als can cause ther health prblems. Fr example, it can give ne a “smker’s cugh”. Finally, studies have shwn it is easy fr cigarette smkers t catch clds. Whether yu get an unimprtant cld r terrible killer, cancer, smking is harmful. Is it wrth it? What is the main idea ?Smking can cause cancer. Smking is a terrible killer Smking is harmful t ur health. An experiment n smking.
要求考生读懂熟悉的有关日常生活话题的简短文字材料，例如公告、说明、广告以及书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文章。考生应能根据上下文推断生词的词义
一、设题方式词义猜测题常用的提问方式有1. The wrd “…” refers t / prbably means / culd best be replaced by _______. 2.The wrd “…” is mst likely t mean ______. 3. What d yu think the expressin “…” stands fr? 4. The underlined wrd “…” means ______.
二、如何做词义猜测型题
1)构词法 Wrd frmatin1. 派生词、复合词、词性变化2. 英语各种前缀与后缀2)语境法 Cntext clues 1. 定义描述2. 同义反义 3. 因果关系4.举例归纳5.生活常识 6.上下推断
1. (05重庆卷) 1.When he reached the place with his army, he fund an impassable river in frnt f him.2. It’s true that lighthuse were built in ut-f-the-way place.3. When men and wmen lived by hunting 50,000 years ag, hw culd they even begin t picture mdern life?
（派生法, 复合法，转化法）
1)构词法 Wrd frmatin
superman micrwave(超人)nnnatural misprnunce(非自然的) hmeless nnsmker(无家可归的) rebuild eastwards(重建)
Can yu guess the right meanings?
中学英语中常见的前缀和后缀有：super- (超) mini- (极小的, 微小的)micr-（极微小的） re- （再，反复） mis-（误，恶） im-（不） un-（不，非） in-（不，非）nn-（不，非） -able（能…的 ） -less（不，无） -wards (向)
Sample 1 With their shining brwn eyes, wagging tails, and uncnditinal lve, dgs can prvide the nnjudgmental listeners needed fr a beginning reader t gain cnfidence.
uncnditinal:nnjudgmental:
Ex.1 1. The new tax law supersedes, r replaces, the law that was in effect last year. 2.Mther was tall, fat and middle-aged. My aunt was an ld wman, almst as plump as mther, and much shrter.
2)语境法Cntext clues
定义或释义关系常由定语从句或is, be called，be knwn as, be defined as等词汇或破折号来表示 ；或由that is (t say), in ther wrds，t put it anther way引出 一些具体的解释性的短语解释生词
◎In the past the wrld seemed t run in an rderly(有秩序的) way. Nw, hwever, everything seems t be in a state f turmil. ◎Sme human actins are learned, but quite a few ther actins are innate.
由and或r， like ,as …as, the same as等连接的两个词构成同义关系；表转折关系的词常有如but, while, hwever, instead f , rather than , unlike, yet, therwise, thugh, n the cntrary
◎ The river is s turbid that it is impssible t see the bttm even when it is shallw.
◎Since I culd nt affrd t purchase the riginal painting, I bught a replica. An inexperienced eye culd nt tell the difference. ◎He’s such a shrewd businessman that he lses n mney in any trade. ◎She wanted the hairdresser t trim her hair a bit because it was t lng.
常用关联词(如because，as，since，fr，s，thus，as a result，s, s … that, such … that therefre等)表示前因后果。
1.The new cuple bught a lt f husehld appliances , such as washing machine, fridge and micrwave ven mst bradly, flklre includes all the custms, belief and traditin that peple have handed dwn frm generatin t generatin.
常用such as, like， fr example, fr instance等引出例子，可根据例子隶属的类别归纳出总称词即词义 。
EX.5 When a dctr perfrms an peratin n a patient, he usually gives an anaesthetic t make him uncnscius, because he des nt want his patient t feel pain r t knw what is happening t him. When yu thrw a stne int still water f a lake, yu will watch a ripple spread in rings n the surface f water. Metal expands when heated and cntracts when cled.
根据自身的直接或间接的经验，或运用自己已有的常识将生词推测出来。 因此平时多了解英美国家的风俗习惯，宗教信仰，社会生活等，可以帮助加深对文章的理解，遇到生词，猜测词义的能力自然就提高了
Jane is usually prmpt. A．late B．n time C．pleased
Jane is usually prmpt fr all her classes，but she arrived in the middle f her first class tday.
adj.敏捷的, 迅速的, 即时的adv.准时地
所谓“词不离句，句不离章“讲的就是对于词语或句子的正确理解依赖于一定的情景。猜测生词义或句意时， 一定要认真读懂与生词密切相关的前后句子，进行合情合理的推测，排除肤浅的表义，选择蕴含在其中的深意。
Passage 1 A man’s psitin amng the black-tent peple depends n his ancestrs, relatives, and fellw tribesmen. If they are hnred, he is als hnred. If they are disgraced, he t is disgraced. Therefre ne carefully guards the hnr f his family, his lineage(宗系), and his tribe.The wrd “disgrace” means _________ in this text.A. hnr B. endanger C. prud D. shame
Passage 2 The ruler had been s cruel and dishnest that after the revlutin he was banished. A few members f the Senate(参议院) ppsed this decisin, but the majrity vted that the ruler shuld leave the cuntry fr ever. The underlined wrd “banished” mean_______. A. killed by stning B. sent away C. imprisned D. punished by whipping
Passage 3 My first jb was t drive the xen that plughed the cane fields. I wuld walk behind an x, guiding him with a brmstick. Fr $ 1 a day, I wrked eight hurs straight, with n fd breaks. It was very tedius wrk, but it prepared me fr life and taught me many lasting lessns. Because the plantatin wners were always watching us, I had t be n time every day and wrk as hard as I culd. What des the underlined wrd “tedius” prbably mean?A. interesting B. tiresme C. relaxing D. challenging
Passage 4 Althugh he ften had the chance, Mr. Brwn was never able t steal mney frm a custmer. This wuld endangered his psitin at the bank, and he did nt want t jepardize his future. The wrd “jepardize” means _____ in this text.A. prtect B. endanger C. cntinue D. stp
Passage 5 After a fur-year relatinship with a majr frtune 100 cmpany beginning as a sales trainee and ending as a reginal sales manager, I left the cmpany at the height f my career. Many peple were astunded that I wuld leave after earning a six-figure incme. And they asked why I wuld risk everything fr a dream. The underlined wrd “astunded” means ____.A. very sad B. very srry C. very pleased D. greatly surprised
Hw t guess the meaning f wrds?
　 推理判断题
考查学生由文章的字面信息推出未知信息或隐含信息的能力,根据文章提供的事实和线索，进行逻辑推理，推测作者未提到的事实或某事发生的可能性、作者的倾向或意图、文章的论调等。考察类型一般分为四种： 细节推理题；写作意图题；文章来源或读者对象题；作者态度倾向题
“暗示”/“支持”/“总结”
Sme scial apps were ppular amng the children even thugh they suppsedly require users t be at least 13. The yungsters admitted planning trips arund ptential pht-pprtunities and then messaging friends—and friends f friends—t demand “likes” fr their nline psts.
66. Sme scial app cmpanies were t blame because_______.A. they didn't adequately check their users' registratinB. they rganized pht trips t attract mre yungstersC. they encuraged yungsters t pst mre phtsD. they didn't stp yungsters frm staying up late
(2018·江苏卷D篇)
“找到”/“来自”/“拿出”
考查出处的选项中可能出现的词汇: advertisement广告newspaper报纸pster海报diary日记letter信件 magazine杂志 guide bk指南 stry bk故事书science bk科学书 brchure小册子
“目的”/“想要告诉”/“展示”
“态度”/“作者认为”
What is the authr's attitude twards the Yellwstne wlf prject?A．Dubtful. B．Psitive. C．Disapprving. D．Uncaring.
一 肯定psitive adj.肯定的, 实际的, 积极的, , 确实的 favrable adj.赞成的, 有利的, 赞许的, 良好的apprval n. 赞成, 承认, 正式批准 enthusiasm n.狂热, 热心, 积极性 supprtive adj.支持的，支援的 defensive 为……而辩护 二 否定 negative adj.否定的, 消极的, 负的, 阴性的 disapprval 不赞成 bjectin 异议 ppsitin 反对 critical 批评的 criticism 批评批判 wrried adj.闷闷不乐的,焦虑的 三 怀疑 suspicin n.猜疑, 怀疑 suspicius adj.(～ f) 可疑的, 怀疑的 dubt dubtful adj.可疑的, 不确的, 疑心的 questin puzzling adj.使迷惑的, 使莫明其妙的
四 客观 (即好的坏的都说，选的可能性极大) bjective adj.客观的 neutral adj.中立的 impartial adj.公平的, 不偏不倚的 imprejudiced adj.没有偏见的 unbiased adj.没有偏见的 unprejudiced adj.公平的, 无偏见的, 没有成见的 detached 不含个人偏见的 五 主观 subjective adj.主观的, 个人的 indifference n.不关心 tlerance n.宽容，容忍，忍受 pessimism n.悲观, 悲观主义 ptimistic adj.乐观的 scared adj.恐惧的 reserved adj.保留的, 包租的 cnsent vi.同意, 赞成, 答应n.同意, 赞成, 允诺 radical adj.激进的 mderate adj.中等的, 适度的, 适中的v.缓和 irnic adj.说反话的, 讽刺的 cnfused adj.困惑的, 烦恼的 amazed adj.吃惊的, 惊奇的 cncerned adj.关心的, 有关的 mixed 喜忧参半 biased 有偏见的
六 积极 bjective 客观的 cncerned 关注的 cnfident adj.自信的, 确信的 interested adj.感兴趣的, 有成见的, 有权益的 ptimistic adj.乐观的 psitive 正面的 impressive adj.给人深刻印象的, 感人的 七 中立/折中 impartial adj.公平的, 不偏不倚的 neutral 中立的 impersnal adj.非个人的 factual adj.事实的, 实际的,根据事实的 detached 不含个人偏见的 八 不是解的选项（消极） negative 消极的 indifferent 漠不关心的 depressed 消沉的 subjective 主观的 pessimistic 悲观的 uncncerned 不关心的 cntemptuus adj.轻蔑的, 侮辱的 hstile adj.敌对的, 敌方的
Brief Summary
1）就近原则 定位句找到后，一般就是根据前后句来推理2）中心句、词原则 推理不肯定时，可以结合中心句、词的意思来推理3）路标词原则 即衔接词，如in fact, because, thugh, hwever/ but, fr example等4）情感词原则 推理题往往要结合作者的真实看法来进行，所以需要锁定情感类形容词