考点13-阅读理解-2022年小升初衔接英语训练营（通用版）

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考点十三  阅读理解【课程讲解】————小学初中课程概要————小学课程初中课程 小学英语中，掌握阅读理解的基本做题方法。初中英语中，掌握阅读理解的做题方法。 【知识再现】————小学知识总结————阅读一是要读得懂，二是要读得快，读而不懂不行，懂而太慢也不行，作为阅读的基本要求，如何才能帮助我们的学生们打好阅读的基础呢？　　一、培养正确的阅读习惯　　有许多孩子在长期的学习中往往形成了各种阅读习惯，如一个词一个词地读，且常伴有一些习惯动作：用手指、摆头等，这就是速读的障碍，并且可能影响到孩子一生的阅读。有些不良的习惯会影响到他们正常的阅读，我们应注意纠正他们以下的不良方式：（1）用手指或笔指词阅读；（2）逐词阅读；（3）复读；（4）声读；（5）心译。这些做法的结果往往是降低阅读速度，不利于把注意力集中在作者要表达的思想或传递的信息上。应当指出，孩子在平常的阅读中都会出现个别的、有意识的复视或回视，但过分的回视则会影响阅读的速度乃至对文章有效的理解。　　二、加强按意群阅读的训练　　按意群阅读是一种科学的阅读方法。它首先要求把所读的句子尽可能分成意义较完整的组群，目光要尽可能少地停顿。试比较：（1）I / usually / go / to / school / by / bike.（目光停顿7次），（2）I usually / go to school / by bike.（目光停3次）。其中，（1）为逐词读，（2） 为按意群读。具体说来，读的时候我们要指导学生，不要把目光停在某一个词上，而应该用两眼余光看这个词两侧的词，眼睛不要盯在字行上，要高一些，这样，映 入眼帘的便是词组而不是单个的词；读的时候要少眨眼、不摆头，只要眼球来回转动就可以了；保持坐姿端正，书本应放到眼睛正前方，眼睛与书本距离大约一尺为宜，这样才能保证同一适当距离、同一视角范围内尽可能多地摄入文字信息，正确的读书写字姿势，如下图：关键在于它既不是默读（心读）更不是朗读，而是通过目光在外语与大脑之间建立直接的联系，即外语思维。这是一个简捷快速的过程，非经过大量阅读训练的妙手岂能偶而得之？因此，我们在平常可以教给学生试试以下两个方法：1. 快速朗读已经熟悉的课文等文字材料（最好朗读到能够熟练背诵的程度）。通过这种练习，对什么是意群，怎样区分意群，如何把注意力放在一个意群的中心词上，逐步就会有所实际地感受。　　2. 把课文或阅读过的材料按意群分行抄写下来，再用目光扫读，使眼睛习惯于一扫一段。　　随着阅读的深入，熟练的孩子在阅读过程中能根据自己的阅读目的、阅读内容和文体调整阅读速度，并利用头脑中已有的相关知识，借助尽可能少的文字信息进行选择、推测和推理，必要时还能跳出文段客观地判断作者意图。也就是说一些孩子能过渡到跳读和略读环节。我们必须明确地告诉孩子，跳读和略读的关键是要抓住文 章的开头和结尾以及各段的关键词和主题句。主题句可能在各段开头也可能出现在结尾。　　三、培养语言预测能力　　所谓语言预测，就是根据词语的搭配习惯以及语法知识（词法和句法），凭借上文，猜测出下文可能出现的内容，达到“未睹先知”的目的。例如，利用词法的搭配习惯，在读到I go to school by ... 时，我们就能猜到下文要出现一个交通工具的单词；利用句法知识，在我们读到Thank you for ... 时，我们就可以预知下文会出现一个动名词，这样就有助于我们在整体理解全句。熟悉和体验词语的搭配关系也是预测能力的体现。例如读到He likes listening ... 时，就知道下面一定跟一个介词to的结构；读到Little Water Drop goes higher and ... 时也会知道下面要跟的肯定是一个比较级的形式。　　眼未到心先知，眼再到时得到证实一闪而过就行了，这样读起来，自然就会快多了。　　四、避免翻译在开始的时候，逐句翻译成中文来心译理解是难以避免的一个现象。但如果总要依赖翻译，养成习惯了，势必影响到阅读速度。当然用英文直接思维，这不是一下子就可以完全做到的，但可以循序渐进，例如我们学了apple这个单词，我们在文章中见到它时，并不是按照英语——中文——实物去理解，而是可以直接由英语到实物。再如读到She was flying a kite.时，我们就可以直接体会到“一个女孩子手中拿着线，天上风筝飘呀飘呀”的画面，避免了译成中文“她正在放风筝”后，再到画面的中间环节，那么就节省了时间。在英语的阅读理解中，孩子往往会或多或少地遇到各种各样的生词，这是影响孩子阅读速度的最大障碍了。若把阅读过程比作一条奔流的小溪，那么生词便是顽石、沟坎，使溪流不断回漩激起浪花；冲过去便渐入佳境，冲不过去便成为一潭死水。跨越生词障碍可以通过猜测词义来解决。猜测词义的方法有很多，有的时候不靠查字典的确很难猜出一个词的真正意义，其实这时只要孩子能看出它的词性、在句中的作用，不影响阅读就足够了。 ————初中知识归纳————1、阅读文章，练习推理阅读能力  2、快速阅读，练习速读技能1） 先读全文，后看问题，再略读找答案；2） 先看问题，后细读全文找答案，再重读各个问题来验证答案；The tradition of birthday parties started a long time ago.5 There are some traditions that you can find almost anywhere, anytime, such as sending birthday cards,1 blowing out the candles on a birthday cake and singing the Happy Birthday song. Others are only found for certain ages and in certain countries.5In China, on a child’s second birthday, family members put many things on the floor around the child. According to Chinese tradition, the first thing that the child picks up tells you what profession the child will choose later in life.For Japanese children, the third, fifth and seventh birthdays are especially important. At this age, there is a special celebration Shichi-Go-San (seven, five, three in Japanese) when children go to the temple wearing a new kimono (和服). The priest (僧侣) gives them special sweets, and the parents usually organize a party for their friends in their home.2In Argentina, Mexico and several other Latin American countries, girls have a special birthday celebration when they reach the age of fifteen.3 After a special ceremony (仪式), the girls dance a waltz with their father and other boys.Eighteen is the traditional “coming of age”, the age when (in many countries) you have the right to vote (选举)5, join the army 4and (in Britain) drink alcohol or buy a house.In many English-speaking countries, a twenty-first birthday cake often has a key on top, or the cake itself is sometimes in the shape of a key. The key means that the young person is now old enough to leave and enter the family home at any time they want to! 1. Which of the following birthday traditions can be found almost anywhere, anytime?A. Putting many things on the floor.B. Wearing a new kimono.C. Dancing a waltz.D. Sending birthday cards. D。从第一段第二句话就能得出答案。2. The ______ usually organize a party at children’s special birthday celebration in Japan.A. priests B. parentsC. friends D. Relatives    B。从第三段最后一句话便可知正确答案。3. Mexican girls have a special birthday celebration at the age of _____.A. five B. sevenC. fifteen D. twenty-one     C。根据第四段第一句话。4. In many countries you can _____ when you reach the age of eighteen.A. join the armyB. have a keyC. have a special ceremonyD. have special sweets     A。从第五段中便可找到正确答案。5. Which of the following sentences is NOT true?A. The tradition of birthday parties started a long time ago.B. Some birthday traditions are only found in certain countries.C. You become the owner of your house at the age of fifteen.D. In many countries you have the right to vote at the age of eighteen.C。通读全文，即可推断出选项A、B、D这三项文中都有叙述，只有选项C不符合文章的意思，故选C。6. Which is the best title of this passage?A. Birthday Traditions around the WorldB. Chinese Birthday CelebrationsC. Japanese Special CelebrationD. The Drinking Age in Many Countries  A。根据短文第一段第一句（主题句），并通读全文，即可知道本文主要是介绍了世界各地的生日传统习俗。3、词汇学习，练习语境猜词语境猜词、词汇分类、派生词结构、用词搭配、写定义和意译等等。4、练习多种泛读技能在泛读阶段，我向学生介绍阅读长文章之前的热身技能练习。其中包括：1）看题目：预测有关内容并调动有关的常识或背景知识。2）浏览：翻看全章的页数，包括图表、图画、问题或小结等以便了解其长度和复杂性。3）提问：将每个标题和小标题转换成问题以便带着问题去读。4）阅读：有目的地读，边读边画出重点和不理解的地方。5）复述；通读一遍之后根据前面的记号复习主要内容并重读标有问号的片段。 【典型例题】 一、    阅读理解。1.根据表格信息，选择正确答案。Visit Dongqian Lake ZooCome and see big elephants from Yunnan and tigers from the northeast. The African giraffes are waiting for you. Clever monkeys are going to make you laugh. A lot of other animals you have never seen are waiting to meet you.TicketsGrown-ups(成年人): $5 each personChildren: $2 each personUnder Six: FreeOpening HoursFrom Monday to Friday: 9:00 am-4:00 pmSaturday and Sunday: 8:00 am-5:30 pmKeep the zoo clean. Do not feed the animals.1．The big elephants are from ________.A．Jilin B．Yunnan C．Henan2．________ will make you laugh.A．The monkeys B．The giraffes C．The elephants3．We can visit the zoo ________.A．from Monday to Friday B．only on Saturday and Sunday C．every day4．Mr. and Mrs King are going to the zoo with their five-year-old son, they should pay ________.A．six dollars B．ten dollars C．twelve dollars5．We can't ________ the animals in the zoo.A．count B．look at C．feed 2. 阅读下列文章，根据文章内容选择正确答案。    Suzy—I’m really good at selling things and communicating with others. I also love helping people. I hope to work for the sales department in a big company. I think I can be a good saleswoman or a manager.Daniel—I really like making things with my hands. I also enjoy searching for something better or different. I don’t enjoy working in the same place every day, and I hate being in noisy places. I think I’d like to be an artist or a computer engineer.Billy—I’m good at talking and I really like children. I also want to keep people healthy. I’m patient and I’m willing to work extra hours. I think I can make a good doctor or a teacher.Maria—I’m really interested in meeting people, and I enjoy wearing different clothes every day. I’m not so good at organizing time and computers. I am going to be a model or a social worker.Millie—I enjoy helping people, but I can’t stand working at nights or weekends, I think it’s the time for me to relax. I want to be an accountant or a shopkeeper.6．Suzy wants to be ________.A．a worker or a teacher B．a nurse or a doctorC．a saleswoman or a manager D．a model or a driver7．Daniel doesn’t enjoy working in ________.A．quiet places B．different places C．noisy places D．the office8．________ wants to be a teacher or a doctor.A．Suzy B．Billy C．Maria D．Millie9．Maria likes ________.A．meeting people B．wearing different clothesC．working at nights and weekends D．both A and B10．What do the underlined words “can’t stand” mean in Chinese?A．不能忍受 B．不能站立 C．不能坚持 D．不能代表 3.阅读下文，选择正确答案。Summer JobDo you like to talk with people? Do you like to write stories? Would you like to work for a magazine? Then come and work as a reporter. We offer you this chance from July to August. You can get 2,000 yuan for a month. If you are interested, please call Karen at 5561-8823.   Guitar Player WantedDo you love music? Can you play the guitar? Can you sing or dance? If you are free on Saturday night from 7 pm-10 pm, join our Sunshine Rock Band. Please call Mike at 5487-6598 or send an email to sunshine@ yahoo.com.Hot ClubDo you like to play table tennis? Do you want to play it well? Mr Zhang is a good teacher. You can come here every Wednesday afternoon from 2:30 to 5:30.Telephone:8665-7868Address:Room15,Lantian Hotel 11．If you like writing, you can call ______ for a job.A．5561-8823 B．8665-7868 C．8472-999912．The Sunshine rock band needs ______.A．a reporter B．a guitar player C．a teacher13．Your classmate wants to learn to play table tennis, so you can advise her to call ______.A．Mike B．Mr Zhang C．Karen14．What can we learn from the advertisement?A．The Sunshine Rock Band plays a show every night.B．You can learn to play table tennis for free.C．You can get paid from the summer job.15．The ads above are probably from ______.A．a newspaper B．a story book C．a textbook 4.阅读下文，选择正确答案。    Sylvan Goldman, an American supermarket owner, invented the shopping trolley (购物车) in the 1930s. The reason why he invented the trolley was not just to help shoppers carry their shopping, but to encourage them to buy more as well.To create the first trolleys, Goldman used folding chairs (折叠椅). He put one basket on the seat, and raised the chair by putting wheels under the legs. So people could shop with them. But he was disappointed (失望的) to find that business did not improve. Many shoppers wouldn’t like to use the trolleys, because they were afraid they might not be able to control them.However, Goldman didn’t give up his idea because he knew that people could be easily influenced. He tried again, and this time his ideas seemed to work. Crowds of people were seen coming from his supermarket with trolleys. Their trolleys were full of goods (商品). Others, after seeing them, began to believe that the trolleys were safe after all. What they did not know was that they were cheated (欺骗), Goldman paid those people they saw to act as shoppers happily pushing full trolleys.16．Which picture of the following might be the first shopping trolley?A．  B． C．  D．17．Which word can best describe Goldman?A．funny B．honest C．creative D．friendly18．The underlined word “them” in Paragraph 3 refers to ________.A．the shopping trolley B．the shoppers C．the goods D．the actors19．The right order of the following is ________.a. Many shoppers began to use the trolleys.b. Goldman invented the shopping trolleys.c. Goldman paid some people for using the trolleys.d. Few shoppers would like to use the trolleys.A．b-d-c-a B．b-a-d-c C．a-d-c-b D．a-b-d-c  5.阅读下文，选择正确答案。    We have been used to wearing masks (口罩) in public since February. About 300 million masks are used and then thrown away every day in China. Where do these masks go? You might think they just go in a rubbish bin. But that’s just the first stop on the masks’ journey.After the masks are thrown into the bins, rubbish trucks empty the bins and take the rubbish to landfills (垃圾场). Next, the masks will be taken to rubbish incinerators (焚化炉) and burned. Burning masks might not seem to be very good for the environment. Won’t it cause pollution? The answer is “no”, according to China Daily. The main material of most masks is polypropylene (聚丙烯). It’s non-toxic (无毒的). After burning, it changes into water and CO2. In fact, burning the masks can bring some benefits (益处). The process of burning the rubbish can produce electricity. Burning one ton of rubbish can produce more than 400 kilowatt hours (度) of electricity. Some people make a prediction that there will be 162,000 tons of used masks in China this year. Burning all of them can produce more than 64 million kilowatt hours of electricity.This is enough to make an electric car drive about 370 million km, which is 9,250 times as long as the earth’s equator.At last, the slag (残渣) from burning masks can be recycled to make bricks (砖块) or fill the roads.20．How many masks are used and then thrown away every day in China?A．More than 64 million. B．About 300 million. C．About 370 million. D．About 9,250 million.21．The first stop on the masks’ journey is ______.A．electricity factories B．landfills C．rubbish trucks D．rubbish bins22．Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?A．Burning masks won’t cause pollution.B．People are not used to wearing masks in public.C．There are 162,000 tons of used masks every month in China.D．The process of burning the masks can produce electricity and bricks.23．What is the best title of the passage?A．How do We Burn Used Masks? B．How do People Produce Electricity?C．Where do the Used Masks Go? D．Why do We Throw Away Used Masks?  6.阅读下文，选择正确答案。Languages are powerful, sometimes more than one can imagine. Most recently an ancient saying “山川异域，风月同天” has deeply touched the Chinese people, which means even though the landscapes(风景) are different, we share the wind and moon under the same sky.The saying was printed on packages(包裹) of masks sent to Wuhan, Hubei Province from Japan when the novel coronavirus broke out in China. On the packages, there were also Chinese and Japanese national flags, as well as encouraging Chinese characters “加油！中国”. It’s not only the friendship behind the masks, but also the special beauty of the ancient Chinese language.Although it is written in ancient Chinese language, is from a Japanese prince(王子). The ancient saying first appeared on the frocks(袈裟) which were sent to the monks in the Chinese Tang dynasty.The Chinese monk Jianzhen was touched by these Chinese characters at that time and decided to start his journey to Japan. He tried six times in 11 years before finally arriving in the country and then helped a lot with the development of Japanese arts and medical studies. Jianzhen was known as the messenger(信使) of culture between China and Japan. He was remembered by the people of both countries.Now once again, the Chinese are deeply touched by the meaning in the ancient saying: understanding, sharing, and support. It feels like walking into the house from outdoors in the freezing winter and having a cup of hot tea. The warmth is inside.24．We can see something written on the packages except ________.A．“加油！中国” B．the Chinese national flagC．the Japanese national flag D．the beautiful scene of Japan25．________ created the ancient saying “山川异域，风月同天”.A．A Chinese tourist B．A Japanese tourist C．A Chinese prince D．A Japanese prince26．What does the underlined sentence mean?A．The ancient saying was written on the frocks by the Chinese monks.B．The frocks with the ancient saying were made in China, and sent to Japan.C．The frocks made in Japan with the ancient saying were sent to Chinese monks.D．The ancient saying was first appeared on the frocks of Japanese monks.27．Which word can describe the Chinese monk Jianzhen’s journey to Japan?A．Exciting. B．Boring. C．Difficult. D．Interesting.28．What is the passage mainly about?A．The masks from Japan.B．The friendship under the same sky.C．The power of the ancient Chinese language.D．The culture messenger between China and Japan. 7.根据短文内容,判断正(T)误(F)。    All living things on the earth need other living things to live with. Nothing lives alone. Sometimes one living thing kills another to live, so they form a food chain.Plants make food from sunlight, water, air and so on, while some animals feed on (以…为生) plants directly. For example, locusts (蝗虫) are small insects. Millions and millions of locusts in a group can eat anything that is green, including a lot of food that people need. In India, locusts have ever destroyed (破坏) many fields of crops. However, locusts can be food for birds, chickens, ducks or other living things, even humans.Humans are at the top of the food chain, they eat not only locusts, but also birds, chickens, ducks or many other plants and animals. They are members of many food chains, but they often break up the food chains.Each form of life is linked (有…联系) to all the others. Breaking the links puts all lives in danger. Humans should share the world with other living things in peace.29．No living things can live alone.30．Some animals eat plans directly to live.31．Locusts don’t eat food that people need.32．Humans hardly ever break up the food chains.33．It’s dangerous for humans to break up the food chains.