新人教版高考英语一轮复习句子成分下的语法第八讲依据句子成分和结构突破定语从句课件+学案
展开第八讲 依据句子成分和结构突破定语从句
编者按：在复合句中，修饰名词、代词或整个句子的从句叫作定语从句。定语从句可以分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。被定语从句所修饰的词或句子叫先行词，作先行词的可以是一个词通常是名词，也可以是代词，一个短语，一个分句或一个完整的句子。引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词包括关系代词和关系副词。关系词有三大作用：代指先行词，引导定语从句，在从句中充当句子成分。
[真题集训——明考点]
一、语法填空常考点
1．(2021·浙江1月高考)BMI is an internationally recognized measurement tool that/which gives an indication of whether someone is a healthy weight.
2．(2020·全国卷Ⅲ)In ancient China lived an artist paintings were almost lifelike.
解析：whose 分析句子结构可知，artist后是定语从句，空处与其名词paintings之间构成所属关系，应用关系代词whose。
3．(2020·全国卷Ⅰ)Because the moon's body blocks direct radio communication with a probe, China first had to put a satellite in orbit above the moon in a spot it could send signals to the spacecraft and to Earth.
解析：where 分析句子可知，spot后是定语从句，从句中缺少地点状语，应用关系副词where。
4．(2020·新高考全国卷Ⅰ)The 80,000 objects collected by Sir Hans Sloane, for example, formed the core collection of the British Museum opened in 1759.
解析：which/that 分析句子结构可知，the British Museum后是定语从句，从句中缺少主语，指代先行词the British Museum，应用关系代词which/that。
5．(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)Now Irene Astbury works from 9 am to 5 pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield, she opened with her late husband Les.
解析：which 分析句子结构可知，此处是一个非限制性定语从句，且关系词在句中替代先行词the pet shop在从句中作opened的宾语，故填关系代词which。
6．(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)They were well trained by their masters had great experience with caring for these animals.
解析：who 分析句子结构可知，设空处引导定语从句，修饰先行词their masters，且在从句中作主语，故填关系代词who。
7．(2019·浙江6月高考)On the edge of the jacket, there is a piece of cloth gives off light in the dark.
解析：that/which 分析句子结构可知，先行词是cloth，设空处引导定语从句，且在从句中作主语，故用关系代词that/which。
二、短文改错常考点
1．(2020·全国卷Ⅲ)Understanding her good intentions, I eat all the food what is provided by Mom with appreciation.
解析：what→that I eat all the food这句话结构完整，不缺成分，后面的关系代词引导定语从句，先行词是the food，其前有all修饰，只能用关系代词that。
2．(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)One afternoon where I was in primary school, I was walking by the school playground.
解析：where→when 分析句子结构可知，afternoon后为定语从句，先行词One afternoon表示时间，且关系词在定语从句中作时间状语，故用关系副词when引导该从句。
3．(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)In the cafe, customers will enjoy themselves in the historical environment what is created for them.
解析：what→that/which 分析句子结构可知environment后为定语从句，修饰先行词the historical environment，先行词在定语从句中作主语，故将what改为that或which。
4．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)They also had a small pond which they raised fish.
解析：which前加in或which→where 分析句子结构可知，they raised fish是定语从句，其先行词为a small pond (一个小池塘)，在定语从句中应该作介词in的宾语，或者用关系副词where作地点状语。
5．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)In their spare time, they are interested in planting vegetables in their garden, that is on the rooftop of their house.
解析：that→which 分析句子结构可知，此句是非限制性定语从句，应用which而不能用that引导。
[语法精析——知规则]
一、关系代词
关系代词 | 先行词 | 句法功能 |
who | 人 | 主语、宾语(限制性定语从句中可省略)、表语 |
whom | 人 | 宾语(限制性定语从句中可省略) |
whose (＝of whom/of which) | 人或物 | 定语 |
that | 人或物 | 主语、宾语(限制性定语从句中可省略)、表语 |
which | 物 | 主语、宾语(限制性定语从句中可省略)、表语 |
as | 人或物 | 主语、宾语、表语 |
Each graduate standing on the playground, who was accompanied by a parent, would be awarded a diploma by the headmaster.每个毕业生都由父亲或母亲陪伴着站在操场上，等待校长给他们颁发毕业文凭。
My daughter, whose job requires her to do a lot of travelling, is always away from home.
我的女儿总不在家，她的工作需要经常出差。
1．关系代词that与which的用法
(1)限制性定语从句中只用that不用which的情况：
①先行词是不定代词或者先行词被不定代词所修饰时，关系代词只用that。
Do you have anything that you want to say for yourself?
你有什么要为自己说的吗？
②先行词被序数词，形容词最高级，the only, the very, the last等修饰时，关系代词通常只用that，不用which。
This is one of the most exciting football games that I have ever seen.这是我见过的最激动人心的足球比赛之一。
This is the only thing that we can do now.
这是我们现在唯一能做的事情。
③先行词既有人又有物时，关系代词只用that，不用which。
The scientist and his achievements that you told me about are admired by us all.我们所有人都钦佩你告诉我的那位科学家和他所取得的成就。
④定语从句出现在which或who引导的特殊疑问句中时用that。
Which is the bike that you lost？哪辆是你丢的自行车？
Who is the boy that won the gold medal?
赢得金牌的那个男孩是谁？
⑤有两个定语从句时，其中一个关系代词宜用which，另外一个宜用that。
They secretly built up a small factory, which produced things that could cause pollution.他们偷偷地建了一家小工厂，这家工厂生产可能会造成污染的东西。
⑥当先行词在主句中作表语，而关系代词在从句中作表语时。
Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be.
上海不再是过去的那座城市了。
⑦主句是there be句型且关系词在从句中作主语时，用that不用which引导。
There is a seat in the corner that is still available.
在那个角落还有一个座位可用。
(2)只用which不用that的情况：
①引导非限制性定语从句。
Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others, which, of course, made the others envy him.
海伦对她最小的儿子比对其他的儿子好得多，这当然让其他的儿子很嫉妒她的小儿子。
②关系代词充当介词的宾语，且介词位于关系代词之前。
This is the house in which Lu Xun once lived.
这是鲁迅曾住过的房子。
③引导的定语从句修饰前面的整个主句，代替主句所表示的整体或部分概念。
The president of the World Bank says he has a passion for China, which he remembers starting as early as his childhood.
世界银行主席说他对中国有一种情结，他记得这种情结始于他的儿童时代。
The result was not the same as they had expected, which was rather disappointing.
结果与当初预料的不一样，这让人觉得很失望。
2．which与as引导非限制性定语从句的区别
| which | as |
位置上 | 只能放在主句的后面 | 位置灵活，可放在主句前也可放在主句后，有时还可插入主句中 |
搭配上 | 无动词的限制 | 谓语动词通常是表示感觉或心理活动的动词，如see, hear, know, expect, remember等 |
意思上 | 意为“这一点” | 意为“正如……，正像……的那样” |
She married again, which was unexpected.
她再婚了，这是始料不及的。
She married again, as we expected.
正如我们预料的那样，她再婚了。
[名师指津] as引导限制性定语从句常用于下列句式：
such＋名词＋as (像……一样的，像……之类的)；
such (pron.)＋as (像……一样的，像……之类的)；
the same＋名词＋as (和……同样的)。
We have found such materials as are used in their factory.
我们已经找到了像他们工厂里用的那种材料。
I have the same book as he has.
我和他有同样的书。
二、关系副词
关系副词 | 先行词 | 句法功能 |
when | 表示时间 | 时间状语 |
where | 表示地点 | 地点状语 |
why | 表示原因 | 原因状语(只引导限制性定语从句) |
It has set up a big stage for young people with a talent for music, where some have stood out among them.
它为有音乐天赋的年轻人建立了一个大舞台，在这个舞台上一些人从中脱颖而出。
The reason why he failed in the exam was that he didn't study hard.他考试失败的原因是他学习不努力。
I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing.
我还记得第一次来北京的那一天。
[名师指津] 当先行词为situation, case, stage, point等表示抽象意义的词，且关系词在定语从句中作状语时，用关系副词where。
They have reached the point where they have to separate with each other.他们已经到了必须分手的地步。
三、“介词＋关系词”引导的定语从句
构成 | 句法功能 | 用法指津 |
名词(代词)＋介词＋关系代词 | 主语 | 可转化为“whose＋名词”结构 |
数词(形容词最高级)＋of＋关系代词 | 主语 | 数词还可以被some, many, most, each等不定代词替换 |
介词(短语)＋关系代词 | 状语 | 关系代词只能用which或whom且不能省略，但可与关系副词互换 |
介词＋关系代词＋名词 | 状语 | 关系代词常用which 和whose |
介词＋关系副词 | 状语 | 有时为了表达清楚，还可以在关系副词where/when前加介词from或to |
Recently, I bought an ancient vase, the price of which was very reasonable.
最近，我买了一个古代花瓶，它的价格很合理。
He has three cousins, the youngest of whom is very clever.他有三个表兄弟，最小的那个很聪明。
We are looking for the person to whom the book belongs.
我们正在寻找这本书的主人。
Lily might possibly come, in which case I'll ask her.
莉莉可能会来，要是那样的话我就去问她。
There is a big window in my room, from where I can see the railway station.
我的房间有一个大窗户，透过它我可以看到火车站。
[应用落实——通方法]
一、单句语法填空
1．(2021·昆明模拟)Up till now, the website has been continuously updated, which gives lovers of the ancient language from all over the world free access to browse (浏览) in their free time.
2．(2021·烟台月考)Then, inspired by his baseball coach, T. Williquette, and those who were active in charity, he decided to take action and help.
3．(2021·金华联考)There's nothing that will ruin your day faster than a traffic jam.
4．The book tells stories of the earthquake through the eyes of those whose lives were affected.
5．In today's competitive economy, where everyone is trying to do more with less, you've got to figure out a way to profit from the very beginning.
6．Cultural shock is a feeling which/that most travelers experience in a foreign country where they find the culture is quite different from that of their own.
7．Tibet is such a place as all the people across the world are dreaming of visiting.
8．As is expected, these programs should be positive in their forms as well as functions.
[解题技法]
语法填空解题“3视角”
1．解答此类考题，关键是找准先行词，分析句子结构，根据从句所缺的成分确定关系词的使用。如果缺少主、宾、表或定语，需用关系代词；如果缺少状语，则用关系副词或关系代词that。确定所缺成分之后，再看先行词是人还是物，是表示时间的名词还是表示地点的名词，是reason还是way等，从而最后确定答案。
2．若先行词指人，“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句中关系代词用whom，若指物，则用which。
3．牢记that与which, as与which的区别。
二、单句改错
1．(2021·平凉模拟)Last year, my parents took me to France, when I was surrounded by foreigners.when→where
2．(2021·抚州质检)Thirdly, sit on the seat behind the driver, that is the safest place in the car.that→which
3．I appreciated all the paintings, each of that was drawn by the students.that→which
4．Last week, I along with my classmates was asked to attend a lecture, the theme of what was environmental protection.what→which
5．You'll find taxis waiting at the bus station where you can hire to reach your host family.where→which
6．The settlement is home to nearly 1,000 people, many of them left their village homes for a better life in the city.them→whom
7．I sat next to Hailey, that was my first friend there.that→who
8．It is known to all, the Internet is playing an important part in our daily life.It→As
[解题技法]
短文改错解题“3视角”
1．首先识别该句是否为定语从句，然后根据先行词的性质，判断关系词的使用是否正确或缺失，并予以改正或添加。
2．根据关系词在定语从句中所作的成分来判断关系词的使用是否正确。作主、宾、表语用which/that/who/whom/as；作定语用whose；作状语用when/where/why/that；作介词宾语用which/whom。
3．判断定语从句是非限制性定语从句还是限制性定语从句，从而判断句中关系词的使用是否正确。
三、高考写作佳句
1．(2020·全国卷Ⅲ书面表达)它讲述了一个贫穷的卖花女孩如何变成一个能说一口流利英语的美女。
It tells how a poor flower girl turns into a fair lady who speaks fluent English.
2．(2019·全国卷Ⅱ书面表达)比赛定于本周六下午在市体育场举办，比赛旨在帮助我们与你的学校交流和增进友谊。
The match is due to be organised this Saturday afternoon in the city's stadium, whose aim is to help us communicate with your school and improve our friendship.
3．(2019·天津高考书面表达)我之所以喜欢西方音乐，是因为贝多芬的《命运交响曲》(Fate Symphony)激励了我在困难中前进。
The reason why I love western music is that the piece of music named Fate Symphony by Beethoven has inspired me a lot to move on when I am in difficulty.
4．(2018·北京高考书面表达)上周，我们带领外国学生体验了正宗的(authentic)茶文化，结果证明非常值得。
Last week, we took the foreign students to experience the authentic tea culture, which turned out to be extremely rewarding.
5．(2018·北京高考书面表达)它的中国文学专业对你来说是适合的，在那儿你可以完全沉浸在中国深厚的历史和丰富的文化中。
Its Chinese literature major is perfect for you where you can be completely devoted to Chinese profound history and rich culture.
四、用适当的关系代词和关系副词填空
There was a time 1 I was tired of learning English and disliked to speak English.And this was the reason 2 my father forced me to join in a 30day training in an English club before I went to senior high school.When I first came to the club, 3 I met many strangers, I missed my parents very much.So I packed up my things and wanted to go home.Fortunately, my guide, 4 teacher was Yu Minhong, communicated with me facetoface, from 5 I gained some useful instructions.He also showed me a good partner, and we got along well with each other.Gradually I adapted to the life there.Every day I would like to talk to other teenagers and set down a series of activities 6 we did.I should be grateful to my father and the guide, 7 encouraged me to fall in love with English.Now I feel it interesting to learn English, into 8 I put my entire energy.Every day I read my words and passages aloud.In class I join in English discussions.Before I go to sleep, I recall the passages, through 9 I can memorize a large number of new words. 10 our English teacher says, “As long as you form the habit of learning English every day and have perseverance, you will conquer English sooner or later.”
语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章叙述了作者参加英语俱乐部的难忘经历。在那里作者遇到了一位好老师，那位老师使作者对英语学习产生了兴趣。作者还养成了学习英语的好习惯。
1．when 句意：有一段时间，我讨厌学英语并且不喜欢说英语。There was a time when... “有一段时间……”。
2．why This is/was the reason why... “这就是……的原因”。
3．where 先行词是the club，关系词在从句中作地点状语，故填where。
4．whose 先行词为my guide，代入定语从句后为：My guide's teacher was Yu Minhong.由此可见，先行词与teacher之间是所属关系，故用whose引导。
5．which 先行词为“my guide communicated with me facetoface”；先行词在定语从句中作from的宾语，且介词from提前，故填which。
6．that/which/不填 先行词是activities，且先行词在定语从句中作宾语，故用that或which引导或省略关系代词。
7．who 先行词为my father and the guide，关系词在定语从句中作主语，且指“人”，所以用who引导。
8．which 先行词为English，关系词在定语从句中作介词into的宾语，且介词into已被提前，故填which。
9．which 每天入睡前我总是回忆所学的文章，通过这种方法，我能记住大量的英语生词。先行词为I recall the passages，关系词在定语从句中作介词through的宾语，且介词已被提前，故用which引导。
10．As 句意：正如我们英语老师所说的：“只要你们养成每天学英语的习惯并且坚持不懈，你们迟早会征服英语。”非限制性定语从句置于句首，指代引号内直接引语的内容，故需用as引导。
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