备战2022年中考英语考前时事热点话题阅读+题型专练(全国通用) 热点27 彗星以及流星与流星雨

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备战2022年中考英语考前时事热点话题阅读+题型专练热点27 彗星以及流星与流星雨一、阅读理解1Since ancient times, human beings have looked up at the night sky. Comets (彗星) and meteors (流星) flying through the blackness were seen as signs from the gods. They were used to tell the future of human lives.In 2013, a meteorite shower hit an area in Russia. It injured around 1,200 people. In ancient times, this would have been a strange and terrible experience. Today, thought, science offers simple explanations for the occurrence (事件).Meteorites are small pieces of debris (碎片) that float around in space. Sometimes, they come near a planet, such as Earth. When they enter our atmosphere, they often heat up and become very bright. This is why they are sometimes called “fireballs”. They are usually made of metals, such as iron (铁), and other minerals (矿物). The Russian meteorites were stony, with iron making up 10 percent of them.Meteorite showers, such as that in Russia, happen when a large meteor enters the Earth’s atmosphere and, due to heat, breaks up into small parts. Most of these are very small — smaller than a grain of sand — and so don’t even make it to the ground. But others can cause a lot of damage.The meteor in Russia weighed 10 tons when it entered our atmosphere, and broke up about 20-30 miles (30-50 km) above ground. The sky was filled with bright lights and loud noises. Many windows were broken. The damage cost Russia around 206 million yuan.1. What did people in ancient times think when they saw a meteorite shower?A. It was a wonderful sight. B. It was common in nature.C. They respected it as a god. D. They felt puzzled and scared.2. Which of the following is NOT true about meteorites?A. They float around in space. B. They often heat up when entering Earth.C. There are fires around them. D. They are usually made of metals.3. When a large meteor comes into the Earth’s atmosphere, ___________.① meteorite showers happen② it breaks up into small pieces③ it falls to the ground as whole④ it seldom causes serious damageA. ①② B. ①③ C. ①④ D. ②④4. Which topic does the story NOT talk about?A. How meteorite showers happen. B. How to stop meteorite showers.C. The meteorites in Russia. D. The damage meteorites can cause.2There are lots of objects that we see in the sky. During the day we see the sun. After the sunset in the evening, we see mostly the stars. Not all the lights in the sky that we see are really stars.Of course, we see the moon. Some of the other lights in the sky are planets(行星). Planets go around the sun like earth does.Sometimes we can see a shooting star. Shooting star looks like a star that is moving quickly across the sky. Some people believe that seeing a shooting star will bring them good luck. It's hard to find shooting star because they run fast.The correct name for shooting star is meteor(流星). Space has lots of little objects. These can be rocks in space from old planets. These objects can be very small, they are called meteorites(陨石). When meteorite gets close to the earth, it gets pulled towards the earth by gravity(重力). Earth is surrounded by atmosphere(大气层). Atmosphere is made up of air and clouds. Meteorite burns in the earth's atmosphere. This makes the short bright moving light in the night sky. A meteorite then turns into meteor.5. At night the sky is filled mostly with ________.A. the moon B. the planets C. the stars D. the sun6. From the passage, we can know ________.A. all the lights in the sky that we see are really starsB. space has lots of little objects and they can be rocks from old planets.C. when a meteorite is near the earth, it gets pushed from the earth by gravity.D. shooting star looks like star that is moving slowly across the sky.7. How does a meteorite turn into a meteor? Please put the following sentences in order.①It is pulled towards the earth by gravity.②The burning gives off bright light.③A meteorite gets close to the earth.④It burns in the earth's atmosphere.A. ③④②① B. ③④①② C. ③①④② D. ③②①④8. Where can we probably read this passage?A. In a diary. B. In a science magazine. C. In an advertisement. D. In a novel.3BOOM! That’s a word we often use to describe a loud sound. It’s also part of the term “sonic boom (音爆)”, which is something that happens when air is pushed so strongly and quickly that it creates a loud noise.On March 20, a rare daytime meteor (流星) created a sonic boom over parts of the UK and France, according to Live Science. The meteor flew through the sky so fast that it could hardly be seen - but it could definitely be heard.So how exactly are sonic booms made? You can think of air as being like water. When something moves through water, you can see ripples (波纹). If the object moves very quickly, the ripples start to run into each other.The same thing happens in the air, even if it can’t be seen. When the object moves faster than the speed of sound, the air is pushed hard, and it compresses (压缩) like the ripples on water. This will create a sound wave that is very loud, which is a sonic boom.In fact, lots of things can make sonic booms. When you go to the park and see people play with whips and tops (鞭子和陀螺), you might hear a tiny sonic boom when they crack the whip. Aircraft that travel faster than the speed of sound can also make sonic booms.A strong sonic boom can cause damage to windows or buildings, although the possibility of this is very low, according to the US Air Force. The loud sound can also disturb (影响) people on the ground and even cause hearing loss. That’s why supersonic aircraft are only allowed in times of war.9. Which of the following wouldn’t cause a sonic boom?A. a meteor B. whips and tops C. supersonic aircraft D. water ripples10. In paragraph 3, the writer mentions water to ________.A. help explain how a sonic boom happens.B. describe what water ripples look likeC. prove that water can move like air.D. explain the differences between water ripples and sonic booms.11. According to the passage, a sonic boom is something that ________.A. happens when air is pushed softly and slowlyB. never appears as a loud soundC. may cause damage to your houseD. can be seen when it happens12. On which website can we probably read this passage?A. www.i21st.cn/history B. www.chinascience.org/soundC. www.Chinadailyxom.cn/power D. www.airforcexom/aircraft4I’m Victor. On my seventh birthday, my mom gave me a book about stars. That was the beginning of my lifetime hobby.I always went outside with my mom on clean nights and looked at the sky. In different seasons. we saw different groups of stars. Sometimes we saw stars shooting brightly（明亮地）across the sky. How beautiful they were!Studying the stars was great fun for me . When I learnt a little about them, Iwanted to find out more and more. Now it is my job. I host a TV show called The Sky at Night. I use what I know to tell people about the stars in a great way. I am happy because my TV show started over 50 years ago, now it’s still popular.Now I am seventy-five years old. Actually, I think you can turn your hobby into your job too. Anybody can make their dreams come true. You just have to enjoy what you do!13. The underlined word “shooting” means              .A. 飞过    B. 闪耀    C. 眨眼    D. 唱歌14. “Studying the stars was great fun for me.”tells us                .A. Victor was interested in stars    B. Victor loved the book very muchC. Victor often saw different stars    D. Victor loved his TV show15. The sky at Night is over              years old.A. 7    B. 50    C. 65    D. 7516. The writer wants to tell us that            .A. hobbies are just jobs    B. TV show helps us a lotC. we need to enjoy what we do    D. reading is important in our life5If you look at the sky one night and see something moving and shining that you have never seen before, it might be a comet (彗星).　　A comet sometimes looks like a star. Like a planet, a comet has no light of its own. It shines from the sunlight it reflects (反射). Like the earth, a comet goes round the sun, but on a much longer path (轨道) than the earth travels. If a comet isn’t a star, what is it then?　   Some scientists think that a large part of a comet is water frozen into pieces of ice and mixed with iron and rock dust and perhaps a few big pieces of rock. When sunshine melts (融化) the ice in the comet, great clouds of gas go trailing after it. These clouds, together with the dust, form a long tail.Many people perhaps have seen a comet. However no one knows how many comets there are. There may be millions of comets, but only a few come close enough for us to see.　　An Englishman named Edmund Halley, who lived from 1656 to 1742, found out a lot about the paths that comets take through the sky. Some comets move out of our sight and never come back. Others keep coming back at regular times. A big comet that keeps coming back was named after Halley because he was the one who worked out when it would come back again. Maybe you have ever seen Halley’s Comets because the last time it came close to the sun and the earth was in the year 1986. Then people all over the world were outside at night to look at it. You will probably be able to see Halley’s Comets when it comes near the earth again.17. A comet is like ________.A. sun B. moon C. sunlight D. the earth18. A large part of a comet is ______.A. water and rockB. water frozen into pieces of ice and mixed with ironC. ice, iron and rock dustD. only a few big pieces of rock19. Maybe many people _______.A. haven’t seen any comets B. have seen all cometsC. have seen a comet at daytime D. have seen a comet20. Some comets keep coming back ________.A. at any time B. at noon C. at regular times D. at daytime21. Halley’s Comets came back _____.A. in 1990 B. in 1980 C. in 1986 D. in 19896Comets(彗星) are parts of our solar system. Like the planets, they go around the sun.But comets are not made of solid rocks like planets. A comet is a ball of dust, stones, and ice. Many people call comets dirty snowballs.The “snowball” may be only a few miles across. But when the sun heats the “snowball,” much of it is changed to gases. The gases spread out and form the comet’s head, which may be thousands of miles across.A comet moves fast in its trip around the sun. But when we see it, the comet does not seem to move. That’s because it is so far away. The moon moves fast, but when you look at it, you can’t see any motion(运动). That’s because the moon is far away.Each year astronomers(天文学家) discover new comets. Some of them are seen only once. They make one trip around the sun and then go away out into space. The sun’s gravity cannot hold them.Other comets, like Halley, keep returning. They have been captured by the sun. Halley’s earliest visit was probably 3,000 years ago. It may keep returning for another 3,000 years.But every time a comet goes around the sun, the comet loses part of itself. Gases and dust are pulled out of the comet. That’s why Halley is now dimmer（暗淡的） than it used to be. Next time it visits us, in 2062, it may be even dimmer. Each visit it may get dimmer and dimmer, until it finally disappears.22. What is this passage mostly about?A. Comets and the sun.B. Why comets are like snowballs.C. Who discovered the first comet.D. Facts about comets.23. How does the writer help the reader understand what a comet looks like?A. By telling about a famous one.B. By explaining how far away it is.C. By describing how fast it moves.D. By describing it as a dirty snowball.24. What is the most likely reason the writer wrote this passage?A. To give information about comets.B. To tell readers about famous comets.C. To explain the importance of comets.D. To encourage readers to look for comets.7The planets aren’t the only wanderers(漫游者) of the sky. There’re some things even farther and longer. Long after people were no longer afraid of planets, they still thought the comets(彗星) were bad objects that traveled in the sky. They were afraid that the comets would suddenly land on the earth and hurt them.But, in fact, even if a comet did hit the earth, nothing much happened. A comet is really a harmless （无害的）thing.Comets have round heads and long tails , and they are very bright. Sometimes they look like heads with long hair flying with them. That’s why they’re called comets. Comet means long-haired.Like the stars and planets, comets are far away. But we can know its size. The head of a small comet is as wide as the Pacific Ocean. And a big comet’s head is ten times as big as the earth. Its tail is millions of kilometers long. Then why wouldn’t the great big thing hurt us if it hit the earth? Because it isn’t solid. It’s thin like cloud. Its tail is nothing but bright gas. And its head is made of small pieces and they could not hurt the earth.Some comets can be seen for a few months. Then they go away. Some of them come back in a certain number of years. Some are never seen again.Perhaps these comets that never return have broken into pieces. For some______think that shooting stars(流星) are pieces of broken comets.25. People were afraid ________.A. comets are different from planetsB. comets travel in the skyC. comets are much bigger than the earthD. comets could hit the earth26. Comets have long tail like ________, so we call them comets.A. long hair B. round heads C. round dishes D. wide wings27. From the passage we know the tails of comets are made of ________.A. water B. solid C. gas D. small stones28. The underlined word “astronomers”may mean ________ in Chinese.A. 心理学家 B. 艺术家 C. 天文学家 D. 考古专家29. Which of the following is TRUE ?A. A comet is a kind of planets.B. Comets are all ten times as big as the earth.C. People can hardly see comets.D. Shooting stars may come from the broken comets.二、完型填空Maria Mitchell was born in 1818 during a time when many people thought that woman did not need to learn . But , Mitchell’s father thought that both boys and girls should go to school .    30   , he tutored her at home as well as sent to her to school .Mitchell’s father , recognizing her interest in astronomy (天文学) at early age , encouraged her interest and taught her how to use a telescope . As an    31   , she worked as the first librarian at the Nantucket Atheneum library from 1836to 1856 , all the while still looking at the sky at night , studying the stars and the planets.In October 1847, Mitchel saw a bright star through the telescope . She was sure that she had    32   seen that star before. Excited , she ran to tell her father . She carefully wrote notes about the star. The next night , it looked as if the” star” had    33   . It also seemed to have a tail (尾巴)！Now , Mitchell was sure that she had found a comet , not a star.At eh time , the king of Denmark was offering a prize to the first person to find a comet that could only be seen through a telescope . Mitchell won the prize! It was a gold medal . But , she won something else too . She won people’s respect when they saw that she was    34    her work . Later , the American Academy of Arts and Sciences voted her in as its first female member .In 1856, a new college just for women opened . It was called Vassar College , and Mitchell became a professor there . She was the first female professor to teach astronomy , or the science of stars and planets . Because of her , female students learned that they could be scientists too . Women could make valuable    35   to help understand our world .30. A. Instead        B. In addition      C. So             D. After all31. A. adult         B. agent           C. astronaut        D. audience32. A. once          B. never          C. probably         D. certainly33. A. disappeared    B. fallen           C. moved          D. grown34. A. famous for     B. honest about     C. responsible for    D. serious about35. A. decisions       B. discoveries      C. mistakes        D. connections三、短文汉语提示填空请用适当的词完成这篇短文，每个空只能填写一个形式正确、意义相符的单词。When you are about to do something brave, a cheerful wish of “Good luck！” from a friend can be helpful.But if you think you need lots of luck, what else might you do?In the UK and US there are some strange traditions for bringing yourself a little more good 36. .Some are hundreds of years old and some are 37.  newer.Have you heard the saying “When you wish upon a star”？ If you are looking up at the sky on a clear night and you 38. a sudden flash of light, it is probably a shooting star! Seeing one doesn't happen very often.The saying goes that  39.  you see one you have been very lucky, and so if you make a wish, it will come40. .Maybe you have heard 41. the lucky rabbit's foot.Some people believe that rabbits are lucky 42. ， so they carry a part of the rabbit, its foot, for good luck.There are all 43.  of strange, unclear rules about which of the rabbit's feet is the luckiest.It is 44.  that this good luck tradition is the oldest one of all.However, as the funny saying goes, “Depend on the rabbit's foot if you will, but remember 45.  didn't work for the rabbit！”四、短文首字母填空根据短文内容及首字母提示，填写所缺单词，使短文意思完整。每空限填一词。The earth once has been “ruled” by a kind of animals called dinosaur from 65 to 230 million years ago. Then the dinosaurs disappeared with o46. huge bones, eggs or footprints being left behind. What did the dinosaurs look like? Why did they die out? Scientists spent 10 years c47. a lot of information of dinosaurs to show to the world.Dinosaurs are animals that had many sizes and s48. . Some of them were long-necked, some were fierce（凶猛的）, some f49. in the sky, and others lived in the ocean. Some dinosaurs ate plants; some ate meat; others may eat b50. . The biggest dinosaurs were as tall as five-storey-tall buildings while the s51. were only as big as chickens.Scientists have tried to e52. why the dinosaurs disappeared 65 million years ago. Some think that 65 million years ago, a comet fell down to the Earth. It filled the sky with dust which blocked the sunlight. The Earth became so cold that the plants died. Dinosaurs had nothing to eat. So they all died, too. But others believe dinosaurs die because of poisonous plants or gases, or climate warming or cooling. They all agree that eventually the dinosaur could not get used to the c53. in living conditions on the Earth.People think dinosaurs are a54. so they star in many movies. But to scientists, how the dinosaurs disappeared is more important because the cause that l55. the dinosaurs to die out might also be a danger to human beings.