2022届高考英语语法专题1：分析句子成分学案

高中英语语法专题1：分析句子成分

一．概述：

句子是由多个部分组成的，组成句子的这些部分被称为句子成分。句子成分主要分为：主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语、同位语等。不同的句子成分在千变万化的句子中各司其职。学会分析句子的成分，是后续学习从句和非谓语动词等重点语法和难点语法知识的必备基础。

二．英语中的五种基本句型：

1. 主谓宾

I picked up a wallet.

He is playing football.

The house is being built by several workers.

思考：（1）主语、谓语、宾语三者之间是什么关系？

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（2）“助动词”与“实义动词”的区别是什么？

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2. 主系表

His father is an excellent driver.

The ice-cream tastes good.

My girlfriend is very pretty.

思考：（1）“系动词”和“谓语动词”的区别是什么？

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（2）感官动词为什么能做系动词？感官动词都有哪些？

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3. 主谓

A terrible earthquake happened in Japan last night.

The house is being built.

These children are reading in the classroom.

思考：（1）主谓结构的句子为什么没有宾语？

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（2）“及物动词”和“不及物动词”的本质差异是什么？你能分别举几个例子吗？

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4. 主谓宾宾

My teacher showed us a beautiful picture.

My mother often told stories to me when I was young.

Can you buy me a gift?

思考：（1）双宾语结构中怎样区分“直接宾语”和“间接宾语”？

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（2）常见的能加两个宾语构成双宾语结构的动词都有哪些？

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5. 主谓宾补

The bad news made me sad.

He named the boy Steven.

The boy asked his mother to buy him a toy.

Our teacher made us hand in our homework.

思考：（1）“宾语+补语”与“宾语+宾语”的双宾语结构的本质区别是什么？

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（2）什么叫使役动词？常见的使役动词有哪些？

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三．常用的修饰性成分：

1. 定语

The handsome boy is my cousin.

I have a beautiful schoolbag.

Can you tell me an interesting story?

Do you know the man in blue?

I really want to say hello to the girl swimming in the river.

思考：（1）什么导致了定语有“前置定语”和“后置定语”的区分？

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（2）定语在句子中存在的价值和意义是什么？

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2. 状语

I usually do my homework at home at 7 in the evening.

In order to earn enough money, he worked day and night.

My parents often go to work by bus.

The woman was so frightened that she couldn’t say a word.

You will get good grades if you study hard.

I didn’t go to school yesterday because I was ill.

Though he was tired, he never gave up studying.

My teacher came into the classroom, with a book in his hand.

思考：（1）状语在句子中的作用是什么？

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（2）你知道的状语的类型都有哪些？

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3. 同位语

My little brother Tom is playing with his toys.

Lucy, my best friend, bought me a lovely gift for my birthday.

Mr. Black, the manager of a famous company, is going to give us a lecture next week.

思考：（1）你能体会出“同位语”这个名称的由来吗？

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（2）同位语除了可以跟主语“位置相同”、“内容相同”之外，是否能够跟宾语、表语也具有类似的典型特征？

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四．句子的进阶之旅之：简单句与并列句

1. 什么是简单句

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2. 什么是并列句

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3. 常见的并列连词有哪些？

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五．句子的进阶之旅之：主从复合句

1. 主从复合句的定义

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2. 主从复合句的类型

What you said just now is totally wrong.

That he got married with a much younger girl surprised all people.

The news is that an earthquake happened last night in Japan.

Do you know who is going to give us a lesson?

The news which is being discussed is that an earthquake happened last night in Tangshan.

Do you like the girl who wears a red hat?

I think that he will be all right in a few days.

He told us that he didn’t pass the final exam.

The fact that he was killed in war is known to all.

I was doing my homework when you called me.

He didn’t get to school on time because he was caught in the heavy traffic.

思考：（1）从以上例句你能总结出英语中有哪几种从句吗？

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（2）要想准确分辨出从句的不同类型，你找到窍门了吗？不同类型的从句之间到底有什么本质的差异呢？

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我们再来观察下面的几个句子，找找他们的共同点和不同点：

That the girl married an 80-year-old man made us surprised.

We heard that the girl married an 80-year-old man.

The surprising news is that the girl married an 80-year old man.

The news that the girl married an 80-year-old man made us surprised.

思考：（1）标下划线的四个句子分别是什么从句？他们的共同之处和不同之处是什么？

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（2）通过这些例句，我们可以总结出区分四种名词性从句（主从、宾从、表从、同从）的根本方法是什么？

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有些学生在学习了定语从句和同位语从句之后，往往在两者之间弄混淆。毕竟定从和同从位置相似，也大都是放在一个名词的后面。那该如何彻底地区分开这两种从句呢？我们来观察下面的两个句子：

The news that the girl married an 80-year-old man made us surprised.

The news that has been posted on the newspaper made us surprised.

思考：你发现这两个标下划线的从句有什么不一样了吗？

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举一反三，辨析下面的几个从句属于定语从句还是同位语从句：

The suggestion that my teacher gave to me was that I should study harder.

The suggestion that I should study harder was given to me by my teacher.

My mother holds an opinion that senior three students should pay more attention to their schoolwork.

I don’t agree to your opinion that you told me yesterday.

思考：这四个从句的引导词都是that，每一个that在从句中的作用有何不同？

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六．句子的进阶之旅之：形式主语和形式宾语

That he became the president is impossible.

→It is impossible that he became the president.

That I missed the flight made me disappointed.

→It made me disappointed that I missed the flight.

思考：（1）观察上面的两个例子，你能发现It这个词起到了什么作用吗？形式主语存在的价值和意义是什么？

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（2）举一反三，参考形式主语的语法意义和使用规则，你认为什么是形式宾语，形式宾语存在的价值和意义是什么？

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（3）分析下列几个句子，在横线处填入恰当的单词。

I found to watch such kind of TV programs boring.

→I found ________ boring to watch such kind of TV programs.

I don’t feel to understand the old man’s words difficult.

→I don’t feel ________ difficult to understand the old man’s words.

I hate _________ when my mother asks me to eat eggs.

七．句子的进阶之旅之：强调句

I picked up a wallet on my way home yesterday afternoon.

强调主语：→It was I that/who picked up a wallet on my way home yesterday afternoon.

强调宾语：→It was a wallet that I picked up on my way home yesterday afternoon.

强调地点状语：→It was on my way home that I picked up a wallet yesterday afternoon.

强调时间状语：→It was yesterday afternoon that I picked up a wallet on my way home.

思考：（1）如果把It was … that/who这几个单词去掉，那么这个句子还成立吗？这说明了什么？

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（2）强调句的结构为It is/was … that/who …，用is还是was，用that还是who遵循一个什么样的标准呢？

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（3）分别强调下面这个句子中的主语和时间状语：My best friend saved my life on Sunday.

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八．特别复杂的句子（长难句）该如何分析

我们一起来看下面这个摘抄自一篇完形填空题的句子：

For example, those parents who yell at their children for their untidiness, but later clean the room for them, have fewer chances of changing their children’s behaviors.

初看这个句子，又长又复杂。但细看之下，我们先根据标点符号天然地将这个长句子划分成4个部分：①for example ②those parents who yell at their children for their untidiness ③but later clean the room for them ④have fewer chances of changing their children’s behaviors 类似①这样的相对独立的部分可以单独翻译，②③④部分再作进一步的分析。

然后再去看连词。连词but并列连接了yell at their children for their untidiness和later clean the room for them，我们能看出来是一个对称结构，动作的发出者都是those parents。

再然后我们去看从句引导词。Who是定语从句的引导词，我们可以把who yell at their children for their untidiness, but later clean the room for them这个定语从句先单独摘出来，再去读剩下的句子：For example, those parents have fewer chances of changing their children’s behaviors. 句子的主谓宾的结构就变得非常清晰了：those parents是主语，have是谓语，fewer chances of changing their children’s behaviors是宾语。

最后，将主句的汉语翻译跟从句的汉语翻译结合在一起，我们可以翻译成：

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根据上面的例子，我们可以发现标点符号、连词、从句引导词是将长难句切分成为若干个相对独立单元的突破口。现在试着独立分析下面的几个长难句：

1. On the contrary, those who let teenagers experience the consequences of their actions can do better.

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2. For example, when teenagers who don’t help their parents with the shopping don’t find their favorite drink in the refrigerator, they are forced to reconsider their actions.

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3. It is only by listening to and understanding each other that problems between parents and children can be solved.

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4. The moon’s far side, also called the dark side, because it faces away from the earth and little is known about it, has never been explored by humans.

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5. However, those of us who are parents of children in this age group know that such offers are relatively rare and that many liberal-arts students graduate with the belief that the prospective workplace may not have a place for them.

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6. Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to have $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation.

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7. When she wrote down “studying Chinese policies on ethnic groups” on the application form as the reason for a scholarship, what she really had in mind were Sichuan dishes.

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参考解析

二．1.主语主动地发出谓语这个动作，宾语被动地承受谓语这个动作。

2. be动词、感官动词（look\sound\taste\smell\feel）和其他一些能用be来代替的动词统称为系动词。除系动词之外的动词一般可以笼统地看做谓语动词。
3. 及物动词如eat后面可以直接加一个名词做宾语，而不及物动词如rise后面则不能添加名词做宾语。如若不及物动词后面确实需要加名词，则需要在中间使用介词。
4. 双宾语结构中，如tell somebody something，something是直接讲述的对象，而somebody是间接地听到这个something，所以某物与tell之间是直接关系，称作直接宾语，某人与tell之间是间接关系，称作间接宾语。也可以这样记忆：人间物直。
5. 使役动词常见的有三个：let   have    make.  高考中对这三个使役动词的考察主要是三个固定用法，以make为例：make sb. + adj.        make sb. do sth.      make sth. Done    这也与后面要学的非谓语动词相关。

三．1.定语对它后面或前面的名词进行修饰和限定。

2. 状语常见的类型有：时间状语、地点状语、原因状语、结果状语、条件状语、方式状语、目的状语、伴随状语、让步状语等。
3. 同位语的特征：与它前面的名词在句子中所作的成分相同（位置相同）、所讲述的内容是同一件事或同一个人、同样一个物品等（内容相同）。

四．1.五种基本句型就是简单句。

2. 用并列连词如and等把两个或两个以上的简单句并列连接起来，就构成了并列句。
3. 带有任意一种从句的句子就是主从复合句。

五．2.主从复合句主要有六种：定语从句、状语从句、主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句。其中，主从、宾从、表从、同从这四种从句合称名词性从句。辨别从句的类型关键看这个从句在整个句子中所处的位置、所充当的成分和作用。比如：主语从句一般在谓语动词和系动词的前面，宾语从句一般在谓语动词的后面，表语从句一般在系动词的后面等。同位语从句和定语从句从位置上非常相像，但区别也很明显。比如可以看这个从句是否与前面的名词内容相同就可以判断是同从还是定从，也可以看引导词的区别。定从的引导词如that是要做宾语或主语的，而同从的引导词that是不充当任何句子成分的。

六．it, it, it

七．It was...that结构所构成的强调句，去掉这个结构之后，句子依然成立。否则就不是强调句了。用is还是was取决于原来句子的时态，用who还是用that取决于被强调的部分是不是人。

It was my best friend who saved my life on Sunday.

It was on Sunday that my best friend saved my life.

八．例如，那些因为孩子房间凌乱先是冲孩子大喊大叫而后又帮他们打扫干净的父母就不太容易改变他们孩子的行为习惯。