解密09 阅读理解之推理判断题(讲义+分层训练)-【高频考点解密】2022年高考英语二轮复习讲义+分层训练(浙江专用)

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解密09 阅读理解之推理判断题
A组 基础练


1
Urban planners may soon have a new way to measure traffic jams. By putting in the different routes by which vehicles can travel between locations, researchers have developed a new computer algorithm (运算法则) that helps quantify regions of jams in urban areas and suggests ways around them.
The study, published in the Journal of Physics: Complexity, used traffic speeds from taxis in New York City to demonstrate how road infrastructure (基础设施) and driver behavior can create complex road networks that differ among cities.
The team approached the issue by designing a computer algorithm to capture the topology-or relationship between the different routes between locations-of road networks. “We found that the most significant traffic bottlenecks in Manhattan seem to arise as a result of the city’s structural layout,” said study co-author Daniel Carmody. “For example, the fact that a bridge enters Manhattan at a range where traffic is already limited due to Central Park slows traffic in the area considerably.”
The researchers performed a comparative analysis using traffic patterns in Chengdu, China, to test if the algorithm works equally well in areas with different layouts. Manhattan has a long and thin structure, while Chengdu is round. There are significant differences in the way traffic moves between these two different setups, the researchers said.
“The bottlenecks in Chengdu seem to arise due to the function of the buildings in a particular area,” Carmody said. “For example, it is hard to travel in and out of the central business district in Chengdu because of the large amount of traffic alone. Beltways, or faster streets around busy areas, have emerged in circles around this area, which is not surprising because this feature was intentionally built into the city.”
In Manhattan, the bridges and underpasses that form the entry and exit points cause traffic slowdowns. However, in lower Manhattan, where drivers seem to obey the lower posted speed limits, traffic moves more smoothly, forming a new traffic beltway with the southern end of Central Park acting as a block between lower and central Manhattan.
“It surprised us that there is an emergent beltway in such a busy area of Manhattan,” Carmody said. “This indicates that, unlike in Chengdu, beltways seem to arise from driver behavior even when they aren’t part of the structural plan of a traffic network.”
“The researchers have imagined that this technology could give urban planners a means to quantify traffic patterns, leading to better traffic,” Carmody said. “As methods of transportation develop, new problems will emerge, and we hope that our tools will give planners new ways to measure what is going on with city traffic.”
1. According to the new study, what contributes to traffic jams in Manhattan?
A. The number of bottlenecks and beltways.
B. The location of bridges and underpasses.
C. Road facilities and driver behavior.
D. Road signs and urban population.
2. Researchers also studied Chengdu in order to .
A. compare the layouts of the two cities
B. find better infrastructure for one city
C. design traffic patterns with the algorithm
D. assess the effectiveness of the algorithm
3. Why do vehicles move faster in lower Manhattan?
A. Because of lower posted speed limits.
B. Because drivers follow the traffic rules.
C. Because it is planned in the traffic network.
D. Because a beltway has emerged around the area.
4. Who is the target of this new computer algorithm?
A. City planners.
B. Slower drivers.
C. Infrastructure developers.
D. Road sign designers.
【答案】CD B A
【解析】这是一篇说明文。研究人员开发出了一种新的计算机运算法则，该法则可以帮助城市规划者量化城市地区的拥堵区域，处理交通堵塞的问题。
1. 细节理解题。根据第二段中“The study, published in the Journal of Physics: Complexity, used traffic speeds from taxis in New York City to demonstrate how road infrastructure (基础设施) and driver behavior can create complex road networks that differ among cities. (这项发表在《物理学杂志：复杂性》上的研究，利用纽约市出租车的交通速度，展示了道路基础设施和司机的行为是如何在不同城市中创造出复杂的道路网络的)”可知，根据这项新研究，是道路设施与驾驶员行为导致了曼哈顿的交通堵塞。故选C项。
2. 推理判断题。根据第四段中“The researchers performed a comparative analysis using traffic patterns in Chengdu, China, to test if the algorithm works equally well in areas with different layouts. (研究人员利用中国成都的交通模式进行了对比分析，以测试该运算法则在不同布局的地区是否同样有效)”可知，研究人员也对成都进行了研究，以评估运算法则的有效性。故选D项。
3. 细节理解题。根据第六段中“However, in lower Manhattan, where drivers seem to obey the lower posted speed limits, traffic moves more smoothly (然而，在曼哈顿下城，司机似乎遵守较低的限速，交通移动更平稳)”可知，因为司机遵守交通规则，所以曼哈顿下城的车辆跑得更快。故选B项。
4. 推理判断题。根据第一段中“Urban planners may soon have a new way to measure traffic jams. (城市规划者可能很快就会有一种处理交通堵塞的新方法)”可知，这个新的计算机运算法则的目标人群是城市规划者。故选A项。
2
Sometimes you’ll hear people say that you can’t love others until you love yourself. Sometimes you’ll hear people say that you can’t expect someone else to love you until you love yourself. Either way, you’ve got to love yourself first and this can be tricky. Sure we all know that we’re the apple of our parents’ eyes, and that our Grandmas think we’re great talents and our Uncle Roberts think that we will go to the Olympics, but sometimes it’s a lot harder to think such nice thoughts about ourselves. If you find that believing in yourself is a challenge, it is time that you built a positive self-image and learn to love yourself.
Self-image is your own mind’s picture of yourself. This image includes the way you look, the way you act, the way you talk and the way you think. Interestingly, our self-images are often quite different from the images others hold about us. Unfortunately, most of these images are more negative than they should be. Thus changing the way you think about yourself is the key to changing your self-image and your whole world.
The best way to defeat a passive self-image is to step back and decide to stress your successes. That is, make a list if you need to, but write down all of the great things you do every day. Don’t allow doubts to occur in it.
It very well might be that you are having a negative self-image because you can’t move past one weakness that you see about yourself. Well, roll up your sleeves(卷起你的袖子) and make a change of it as your primary task. If you think you’re silly because you aren’t good at math, find a tutor. If you think you’re weak because you can’t run a mile, get to the track and practice. If you think you’re dull because you don’t wear the latest trends, buy a few new clothes. But remember, just because you think it doesn’t mean it’s true.
The best way to get rid of a negative self-image is to realize that your image is far from objective, and to actively convince yourself of your positive qualities. Changing the way you think and working on those you need to improve will go a long way towards promoting a positive self-image. When you can pat yourself on the back, you’ll know you’re well on your way. Good luck!
5. You need to build a positive self-image when you ________.
A. dare to challenge yourself.
B. feel it hard to change yourself.
C. are unconfident about yourself.
D. have a high opinion of yourself.
6. According to the passage, our self-image ________.
A. have positive effects.
B. are probably untrue.
C. are often changeable.
D. have different functions.
7. How should you change your self-image according to the passage?
A. To keep a different image of others.
B. To make your life successful.
C. To understand your own world.
D. To change the way you think.
8. What is the passage mainly about?
A. How to prepare for your success.
B. How to face challenges in your life.
C. How to build a positive self-image.
D. How to develop your good qualities.
9. Who are the intended readers of the passage?
A. Adolescents. B. Parents. C. Educators. D. Grandparents.
【答案】 CBDC A
【解析】这是一篇说明文，文章主要讲述如何建立积极的自我形象。
5. 细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句“If you find that believing in yourself is a challenge, it is time that you built a positive self-image and learn to love yourself.(如果你发现相信自己是一种挑战，那么是时候建立一个积极的自我形象并学会爱自己了。)”可知，当你对自己不自信时，就需要建立起一个积极的自我形象。故选C项。
6. 推理判断题。根据第二段中“Interestingly, our self-images are often quite different from the images others hold about us. Unfortunately, most of these images are more negative than they should be.(有趣的是，我们的自我形象往往与别人对我们的印象截然不同。不幸的是，大多数形象都比它们应有的更消极。)”可推知，我们的自我形象可能是不真实的。故选B项。
7. 细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句“Thus changing the way you think about yourself is the key to changing your self-image and your whole world.”可知，改变你对自己的看法是改变你的自我形象和整个世界的关键。故选D项。
8. 主旨大意题。通读全文，结合第一段最后一句“If you find that believing in yourself is a challenge, it is time that you built a positive self-image and learn to love yourself.(如果你发现相信自己是一种挑战，那么是时候建立一个积极的自我形象并学会爱自己了。)”可知，本文主要讲述如何建立积极的自我形象。故选C项。
9. 推理判断题。根据第一段中“Sure we all know that we’re the apple of our parents’ eyes, and that our Grandmas think we’re great talents and our Uncle Roberts think that we will go to the Olympics…(当然，我们都知道我们是父母的掌上明珠，我们的奶奶认为我们是伟大的天才，我们的罗伯茨叔叔认为我们会去奥运会……)”可知，本文是写给青少年的。故选A项。
3
The first wave of a new class of anti-aging drugs have begun human testing. These drugs won't let you live longer but aim to treat specific illnesses by slowing a fundamental process of aging.
The drugs are called senolytics—they work by removing certain cells that accumulate as we age. Known as “senescent” cells, they can create low-level inflammation (炎症) that prevents normal systems of living cells repair and creates a poisonous environment for neighboring cells.
In June, San Francisco - based Unity Biotechnology reported initial results in patients with mild to severe osteoarthritis (关节炎) of the knee. Results from a larger clinical trial are expected in the second half of this year. The company is also developing similar drugs to treat age-related diseases of the eyes and lungs, among other conditions.
Senolytics are now in human tests, along with a number of other promising approaches targeting the biological processes that lie at the root of aging and various diseases.
A company called Alkahest injects patients with components found in young people's blood and says it hopes to stop conscious and functional decline in patients suffering from mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease. The company also has drugs for Parkinson's and dementia in human testing.
And in December, researchers at Drexel University College of Medicine even tried to see if a cream including the immune-suppressing drug could slow aging in human skin.
The tests reflect researchers' expanding efforts to learn if the many diseases associated with getting older- such as heart diseases, arthritis, cancer, and dementia- can be dealt with to delay their outbreak.
10. Why do the researchers develop the drugs?
A. To rid inflammation. B. To lengthen people's life.
C. To treat age-related diseases. D. To remove cancer cells.
11. What does the underlined word “senescent” in paragraph 2 probably mean?
A. Repairing. B. Cycling. C. Aging. D. Dividing.
12. How does the text mainly develop?
A. By listing data. B. By providing details.
C. By making comparisons. D. By analyzing causes.
13. Where is this text most likely from?
A. A diary. B. A guidebook. C. A novel. D. A magazine.
【答案】 CCB D
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了第一批抗衰老药物已经开始在人体上进行试验。
10. 细节理解题。根据文章第一段“These drugs won't let you live longer but aim to treat specific illnesses by slowing a fundamental process of aging.（这些药物不会让你活得更久，但目的是通过减缓基本衰老过程来治疗特定疾病。）”可知，研究人员研发这些药物是为了治疗与年龄相关的疾病。故选C。
11. 词义猜测题。根据上文“The drugs are called senolytics- they work by removing certain cells that accumulate as we age.（这些药物被称为衰老解药——它们通过清除某些随着我们年龄增长而积累的细胞发挥作用。）”可推知，此处表示“它们被称为“衰老”细胞”，senescent意为“衰老的”。故选C。
12. 推理判断题。根据文章第三段“In June, San Francisco - based Unity Biotechnology reported initial results in patients with mild to severe osteoarthritis of the knee.（今年6月，总部位于旧金山的Unity生物技术公司报告了轻度至重度膝关节骨关节炎患者的初步结果。）”、文章第五段“A company called Alkahest injects patients with components found in young people's blood and says it hopes to stop conscious and functional decline in patients suffering from mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease.（一家名为Alkahest的公司向患者注射在年轻人血液中发现的成分，并表示希望阻止轻度至中度阿尔茨海默氏症患者的意识和功能下降。）”以及文章第六段“And in December, researchers at Drexel University College of Medicine even tried to see if a cream including the immune-suppressing drug could slow aging in human skin.（去年12月，德雷塞尔大学医学院的研究人员甚至试图研究一种含有免疫抑制药物的护肤霜是否能减缓人类皮肤的衰老。）”可知，文章通过列举一系列研究的细节来组织和发展的。故选B。
13. 推理判断题。根据文章第一段“The first wave of a new class of anti-aging drugs have begun human testing.（第一批抗衰老药物已经开始在人体上进行试验。）”可知，文章主要介绍了这些抗衰老药物的相关研究。由此可推知，文章可能来自一本杂志。故选D。
4
Teaching children to empathize with others measurably improves their creativity, and could potentially lead to several other benefits, new research suggests.
The findings are from a year-long University of Cambridge study with Design and Technology (D&T) year 9 pupils at two London schools. Pupils at School A spent the year following the standard curriculum, while School B’s D&T lessons used a set of engineering design thinking tools to foster students’ creativity and empathy in solving real-world problems.
Both sets of pupils were assessed for creativity at the start and end of the school year using the Torrance Test of Creative Thinking: a well-established psychological test.
The results showed a significant increase in creativity among pupils at School B. At the start, the creativity scores of pupils in School A were 11% higher than those at School B. By the end, however, creativity scores from School B were 78% higher.
Pupils from School B again scored higher in categories such as “emotional expressiveness” and “open-mindedness”, indicating an improvement in empathy was driving the overall creativity scores.
Meanwhile, the study suggests encouraging empathy can deepen pupils’ general engagement with learning. They found that boys in School B showed an improvement in emotional expression, scoring 64% higher at the end of the year than at the start, while girls improved more regarding cognitive empathy, showing 62% more perspective-taking.
The research is part of a long-term cooperation between the Faculty of Education and the Department of Engineering at the University of Cambridge, led by Bill Nicholl and Ian Hosking. “Teaching for empathy has been problematic despite being part of the National Curriculum for over two decades. It’s vital if we want education to encourage the designers and engineers of tomorrow.” said Nicholl.
14. What was the purpose to introduce engineering design thinking tools in D&-T lessons?
A. To assess the pupils' creativity accurately.
B. To show the superiority of standard curriculum
C. To train pupils to empathize with others in reality.
D. To improve pupils' involvement with class activities.
15. How did the researchers get the result?
A. By doing an experiment.
B. By conducting interviews.
C. By giving out questionnaires.
D. By referring to related literature.
16. What can we infer from the study result?
A. The creativity of pupils in School B always took the lead.
B. The empathy of pupils in School A promotes their creativity.
C. Boys and girls differed in their change due to the D&T course.
D. Teaching for empathy has already achieved a lot due to education reform.
17. Where is the text probably from?
A. A popular journal.
B. A political report.
C. An autobiography.
D. A science magazine.
【答案】CACD
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一项研究，研究表明，教会孩子与他人产生共鸣可以显著地提高他们的创造力，并可能带来其他一些好处。
14. 推理判断题。根据第二段中的“while School B’s D&T lessons used a set of engineering design thinking tools to foster students’ creativity and empathy in solving real-world problems.”（而B 学校的D&T课程使用了一套工程设计思维工具来培养学生来解决现实问题的创造力和同情心。）可知，B学校引进工程设计思维工具的目的是培养学生解决现实问题的能力。故选C项。
15. 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Both sets of pupils were assessed for creativity at the start and end of the school year using the Torrance Test of Creative Thinking: a well-established psychological test.”（这两组学生在学年开始和结束时都使用Torrance创造性思维测验对创造力进行了评估，该测验是一个公认的心理测验。）可知，研究人员通过做实验得到结果的。故选A项。
16. 推理判断题。根据第六段中的“They found that boys in School B showed an improvement in emotional expression, scoring 64% higher at the end of the year than at the start, while girls improved more regarding cognitive empathy, showing 62% more perspective-taking.”（他们发现，B学校的男生在情感表达方面有所改善，年末的分数比年初高出64% ，而女生在认知移情方面的改善更多，表现出62% 的观点采纳能力。）可知，男孩和女孩在他们的变化上有所不同。故选C项。
17. 推理判断题。通读全文可知，文章主要介绍一项研究结果：教会孩子与他人产生共鸣可以显著地提高他们的创造力，并可能带来其他一些好处。这属于科研类文章，故猜测该文章应选自科学杂志。故选D项。
5
An unusual experiment in Botswana suggests that painting eyes on the rear (臀部) ends of cows may help protect them from large predators (食肉动物) like lions. Protecting cows could also end up protecting the lions from angry farmers.
Large predators like lions are under pressure. Much of the land they used to roam (徜徉) has been taken over by humans. Many are hunted illegally. One serious threat to large predators comes from farmers, who often shoot or poison them after losing farm animals for their attacks.
This has long been a problem in the Okavango Delta. Some parts of the Okavango are protected, but there are also many small farms in the area, with between 6 and 100 cows. Lions are the biggest threat to cattle in the area. At night, farmers normally keep their animals in closed areas protected from predators. But in the daytime, when many predators are most active, the cattle are allowed out to eat grass.
Scientists from the University of New South Wales wondered if painting pictures of eyes on the cows' rear ends might protect them. The idea isn't as strange as it may sound. There are many examples of animals such as butterflies or fish using fake “eyes” to protect themselves.
Working with over 2,000 cows 8 on 14 different farms in the Okavango area, the scientists tested their ideas in a four-year study. The researchers separated the cows into three different groups. They painted large eyes on the rear ends of one group of cows. The second group got simple Xs. The final group got nothing.
The eyes worked very well. Of the 683 cows with eyes painted on them, none were killed in the four-year period. Cows with nothing on their rear ends didn't do so well. Fifteen of the 835 cows with bare backsides were killed. The scientists were surprised to learn that even Xs seemed to give the cows some protection. Only 4 of the 543 cows with Xs were killed.
18. What makes farmers become a threat to large predators?
A. Hunting them for meat.
B. Defending themselves.
C. Protecting farm animals.
D. Shooting them for pleasure.
19. Why are butterflies mentioned?
A. They are close to life.
B. Their colors vary.
C. They are fierce enough.
D. Their fake eyes work.
20. How is the fifth paragraph carried out?
A. By listing the number of cows.
B. By presenting the facts of tests.
C. By analyzing the varieties of tests.
D. By showing the differences of tests.
21. What can be the best title for the text?
A. Protecting Cows Proves Urgent.
B. Lions Become Enemies of Cows.
C. Fake Eyes Protect Cows from Lions.
D. Cows Are in Danger of Extinction.
【答案】CD BC
【解析】本文为说明文。文章介绍，为了更好地保护牛免遭大型食肉动物的危害，人们在牛后部涂上眼睛。
18. 细节理解题。根据第二段内容“Large predators like lions are under pressure. Much of the land they used to roam (徜徉) has been taken over by humans. Many are hunted illegally. One serious threat to large predators comes from farmers, who often shoot or poison them after losing farm animals for their attacks.(像狮子这样的大型食肉动物正处于压力之下。它们曾经漫游的大部分土地都被人类占领了。许多人被非法猎杀。对大型食肉动物的一个严重威胁来自于农民，他们在袭击中失去农场动物后经常射杀或毒杀大型食肉动物)”可知，农民成为了大型食肉动物的威胁，其原因就是为了保护家畜。故选C。
19. 推理判断题。根据第四段中的“There are many examples of animals such as butterflies or fish using fake ‘eyes’ to protect themselves.(有很多动物比如蝴蝶和鱼用假眼睛保护自己的例子)”可推知，它们的假眼睛很有效。故选D。
20. 推理判断题。根据第五段内容“Working with over 2,000 cows 8 on 14 different farms in the Okavango area, the scientists tested their ideas in a four-year study. The researchers separated the cows into three different groups. They painted large eyes on the rear ends of one group of cows. The second group got simple Xs. The final group got nothing.(科学家们在奥卡万戈地区14个不同的农场饲养了2000多头牛，在一项为期4年的研究中测试了他们的想法。研究人员将奶牛分成三组。他们在一群牛的尾部画上了大眼睛。第二组得到简单的X。最后一组什么都没有得到)”可知，此段主要是通过陈述测试的事实进行展开的。故选B。
21. 主旨大意题。文章由第一段“An unusual experiment in Botswana suggests that painting eyes on the rear (臀部) ends of cows may help protect them from large predators (食肉动物) like lions. Protecting cows could also end up protecting the lions from angry farmers.(在博茨瓦纳进行的一项不寻常的实验表明，在牛的尾部画上眼睛可能有助于保护它们免受狮子等大型食肉动物的伤害。保护奶牛也可能最终使狮子免遭愤怒的农民的伤害)”可知，选项C Fake Eyes Protect Cows from Lions.(假眼睛保护奶牛免受狮子的伤害)能够概况本文中心。故选C。
6
Most parents can remember the artful mix of excitement and anxiety accompanying the choice of their baby’s name—it will follow the child his or her entire life. But the effect could be even more significant. In research recently published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, our research team shows that the stereotype (模式思维) that a given society has of a first name can influence the way people look.
In eight studies, we found that participants shown ID-style photos of people they’d never met were able to recognize the first name of the described person well above the chance level. In other words, there is something about an Emily that…just looks like an Emily.
If an Emily really does look like an Emily, even a computer should be able to guess her true name. The computer was even able to produce a “heat map” for each name, a face with the features that “betray” a person carrying that name shown in red or orange colors. How should we understand this effect? Until now, social psychologists knew that our facial appearance influences the extent to which others perceive us as attractive, intelligent, trustworthy or warm. These studies show that others’ perceptions of our first name are reflected in our faces.
Interestingly, the face -name effect occurs even if we can only see the hair of a person. Our hair is possibly the part of our face that we control with the most ease. The fact that this alone can produce the face name effect further illustrates the suspected self-fulfilling mechanism behind it.
Together, the eight studies suggest that we wear our social belonging on our face, and that we actively shape our features to be recognized by our reference group. Choosing baby names remains exciting. Whatever the first name you give to your child, he or she will end up wearing it.
22. What was the participants’ assignment?
A. To pick out ID-style photos they’d never met.
B. To match strangers’ photos with their names.
C. To find out Emily from various ID photos.
D. To perceive Emily’s character.
23. How is the “heat map” formed?
A. By drawing a map for each name.
B. By sorting out different faces in a map.
C. By showing a person’s face in different colors.
D. By highlighting certain features in warm colors.
24. What is the face-name effect?
A. People wear their character on their faces.
B. Hairstyle accounts for a large part in appearance.
C. A fixed idea of first names determines one’s look.
D. Social belonging is irrelevant to our facial features.
25. Which of the following shows the structure of the whole text?
P=Paragraph
A. B.
C. D.
【答案】 BDAA
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了人们对名字的刻板印象会影响人们的长相这一观点。
22. 细节理解题。根据第二段“In eight studies, we found that participants shown ID-style photos of people they’d never met were able to recognize the first name of the described person well above the chance level.（在8项研究中，我们发现，参与者向他们从未见过的人出示身份证风格的照片，他们能够认出所描述的人的名字，几率远远高于这个几率。）”可知，参与者的任务是把陌生人的照片和他们的名字配对。故选B。
23. 细节理解题。根据第三段“The computer was even able to produce a “heat map” for each name, a face with the features that “betray” a person carrying that name shown in red or orange colors.（电脑甚至可以为每个名字生成一张“热图”，一张带有“背叛”这个名字的人特征的脸，以红色或橙色显示。）”可知，“热图”是通过用暖色突出某些特性形成的。故选D。
24. 细节理解题。根据第三段“Until now, social psychologists knew that our facial appearance influences the extent to which others perceive us as attractive, intelligent, trustworthy or warm. These studies show that others’ perceptions of our first name are reflected in our faces.（到目前为止，社会心理学家们都知道，我们的面部外表会在多大程度上影响到别人对我们的吸引力、智慧、值得信赖或温暖的看法。这些研究表明，别人对我们名字的看法反映在我们的脸上。）”可知，脸-名效应指的是人们把他们的性格表现在脸上。故选A。
25. 推理判断题。第一段是引出本文论述主旨：人们对名字的刻板印象会影响人们的长相；第二、三、四讲述的是8项研究的现象分析；最后一段是总结实验结果，重申论述观点。所以本文是总分总结构。故选A。
7
Skyscraper didn’t always mean a tall building. The earliest reference to the word dates back to 1788, when it was used to describe a really tall horse, according to The Oxford English Dictionary. By the 1790s, a Philadelphia doctor had used the term to describe the triangular sail at the very top of a ship.
After the Great Chicago Fire of 1871, the Home Insurance Company hired architect William Jenney to design a tall, fire-proof head office. Jenney was inspired to design the building’s steel framework (框架)after his wife placed a heavy book on a small birdcage and found that the cage supported the weight. Today, that revolutionary structure is widely considered to be the first skyscraper.
Since then, the competition to build the world’s tallest building has been as sharp as the top of the Empire State Building. In the late 1920s, Walter Chrysler and his architect arranged for the secret construction of a roof that added 125 feet of height to the new Chrysler Building, making it 1,046 feet tall. The plan allowed them to eclipse(使逊色)the 927-foot Bank of Manhattan Trust Building.
However, only 11 months after the Chrysler Building was ranked the world’s tallest, it was surpassed by a new neighbor — the Empire State Building. Yet when it opened in 1931, less than 25 percent of the building was occupied. New York jokers called it the “Empty State Building”.
The largest skyscraper in the world always seems to be under construction. Jeddah Tower in Saudi Arabia is the latest and it’s expected to stretch nearly one kilometer (3, 280 feet) into the sky.
26. What did the word “skyscraper” originally mean？
A. A triangular sail. B. A high building.
C. A fire-proof head office. D. An extremely tall horse.
27. Which of the following can best replace the underlined word “surpassed” in paragraph 4?
A. given away B. left behind C. put off D. taken up
28. Why was the Empire State Building called “Empty State Building”?
A. It was ranked the world’s tallest.
B. Tourists were not allowed to visit it.
C. Its construction lasted eleven months.
D. Only a few people lived or worked in it.
29. How does the passage develop?
A. In order of time. B. In order of space.
C. By analyzing causes. D. By giving definitions.
【答案】D B DA
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述摩天大楼的起源以及它的建造历史。
26. 细节理解题。根据第一段“Skyscraper didn’t always mean a tall building. The earliest reference to the word dates back to 1788, when it was used to describe a really tall horse, according to The Oxford English Dictionary. ”（摩天大楼并不总是指高楼。据《牛津英语词典》记载，该词最早见于1788年，当时它被用来形容一匹非常高大的马。）由此可知，摩天大楼起初意思是非常高的马。故选D。
27. 词义猜测题。根据最后一段“The largest skyscraper in the world always seems to be under construction.”（ 世界上最大的摩天大楼似乎总是在建设中。）可知上文“However, only 11 months after the Chrysler Building was ranked the world’s tallest, it was surpassed by a new neighbor — the Empire State Building.”（ 然而，在克莱斯勒大厦成为世界第一高楼的11个月后，它就被新邻居——帝国大厦超越了。）可推断，帝国大厦是继克莱斯勒大厦之后又一所比克莱斯勒大厦更高的摩天大楼，由此猜测surpassed意为“超越”的意思，同leave behind（使落后）同义，故选B。
28. 细节理解题。根据文章第四段“Yet when it opened in 1931, less than 25 percent of the building was occupied. New York jokers called it the ‘Empty State Building’. ”（ 然而，当它在1931年开放时，只有不到25%的建筑被占用。纽约有人称其为“空州大厦”。）由此可知，帝国大厦又被叫做“Empty State Building”是因为它被占用不到25%，所以应该很少的人在里生活或工作，故选D。
29. 推理判断题。根据文章的摩天大楼的一词起源时间1788年，到到了18世纪90年代，一位费城医生用这个词来描述船顶部的三角形帆，再到1871年芝加哥大火后，家庭保险公司聘请建筑师威廉·詹尼设计一个高大的防火总部，以及后来的一些建造各个摩天大楼的时间，可知本篇文章是按照时间顺序叙述的，故选A。
B组 提升练


1
Famous American poet Robert Frost once said, “Poetry is what gets lost in translation.” Although it is not impossible to translate poetry, Xu Yuanchong, a well-known Chinese translator, has striven to convey the beauty of ancient Chinese poetry throughout his life.
His teacher Qian Zhongshu commented on his poetry translation, “You are dancing while chained by rhyme (押韵) and rhythm, but the dance shows amazing freedom and beauty, which is quite extraordinary.”
Xu has just turned 100 years old. On April 1, China Translation and Publishing House published a series of commemorative (纪念的) books about his life and career to pay tribute to this centenarian.
Since 1978, Xu has published more than 100 translated novels, anthologies (选集) and plays in Chinese, English and French, reaching potentially millions of readers at home and abroad. Most notably, he translated Chinese poems into rhymed verses in both English and French. He is also the first Asian winner of the “Aurora Borealis Prize” for Outstanding Translation of Fiction Literature.
Xu is known to be very fastidious in his work. He has dedicated his life to“[translating] beautifully”. For him, English is a “scientific” language that demands accuracy, while Chinese is an “artistic” language that includes a wider range of content. Following this principle, Xu not only keeps faithfulness in sense but beauty in sensibility in his translation.
Through Xu’s translations, time-honored Chinese wisdom has made an impact on Western societies and the world at large.
For instance, when former US president Barack Obama tried to begin a controversial healthcare reform during his presidency, some senators (参议员) were opposed at first. But after reading the poem titled Fishing in Snow (《江雪》) translated by Xu, one senator was so impressed with the fisherman’s independent, non-conformist (不墨守成规的) thinking that he chose to part with the party line to support Obama, noted NewsChina.
Having made such great achievements, the 100-year-old remains diligent. He lives alone in an old house near Peking University. In his simple room, decorated with Chinese traditional furniture, he maintains a routine. Every day he translates roughly 1,000 words, working till 3 to 4 am, sleeping about 3 hours and getting up at 6 am to continue.
“Translation is a means of communicating with the writer’s soul. A sudden flicker (闪现) of [a] good word or [a] good line thrills every pore (毛孔) and every inch of my skin,” Xu told NewsChina.
30. What does the article tell us about Xu Yuanchong?
A. He’s the first winner of The Aurora Borealis Prize.
B. He has translated about 100 Chinese literary works into English.
C. He is widely known for his translated rhymed verse.
D. He has mastered at least three foreign languages.
31. What does the underlined word “fastidious” in paragraph 5 probably mean?
A. Particular. B. Satisfied. C. Inventive. D. Productive.
32. Why was Barack Obama mentioned in the article?
A. To show Xu’s popularity.
B. To illustrate Xu’s impact.
C. To introduce his reform.
D. To stress Xu’s wisdom.
33. Which of the following best describes Xu?
A. Modest and insightful.
B. Considerate and cautious.
C. Creative and open-minded.
D. Dedicated and passionate.
【答案】 C ABD
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要向读者介绍了著名翻译家许渊冲先生在诗歌翻译方面的成就以及他的影响力。
30. 推理判断题。根据第一段的“Xu Yuanchong, a well-known Chinese translator, has striven to convey the beauty of ancient Chinese poetry throughout his life.(著名中文翻译家许渊冲一生都致力于传达中国古代诗歌的美)”第四段的“Since 1978, Xu has published more than 100 translated novels, anthologies (选集) and plays in Chinese(自1978年以来，许已经出版了100多部中文翻译小说、选集和戏剧)”以及“Most notably, he translated Chinese poems into rhymed verses in both English and French. (最值得注意的是，他把中文诗歌翻译成英语和法语的押韵诗歌)”可知，许渊冲以其翻译过的押韵诗而闻名。故选C项。
31. 词句猜测题。根据第五段的“He has dedicated his life to “[translating] beautifully”. For him, English is a “scientific” language that demands accuracy, while Chinese is an “artistic” language that includes a wider range of content. Following this principle, Xu not only keeps faithfulness in sense but beauty in sensibility in his translation. (他一生都致力于“优美的翻译”。对他来说，英语是一种要求准确的“科学”语言，而汉语是一种包含更广泛内容的“艺术”语言。按照这一原则，徐在翻译中不仅保持忠诚，而且保持感性的美)”可知， 他不仅仅致力于翻译要忠实原文的意义，还力求保持翻译出诗歌细腻的美。因此推断，许对于他的作品很讲究。故划线词与Particular意为“讲究的，挑剔的”意思相近。故选A项。
32. 推理判断题。根据第六段的“Through Xu’s translations, time-honored Chinese wisdom has made an impact on Western societies and the world at large.(通过许的翻译，历史悠久的中国智慧对西方社会和整个世界产生了影响)”以及接下来第七段的“For instance”可推断，举例子是为了阐明他的作品在西方社会和世界有很大的影响力。故选B项。
33. 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段的“Having made such great achievements, the 100-year-old remains diligent.(在取得了如此伟大的成就之后，这位100岁的老人仍然很勤奋)”以及倒数第一段的“Translation is a means of communicating with the writer’s soul. A sudden flicker (闪现) of [a] good word or [a] good line thrills every pore (毛孔) and every inch of my skin(翻译是一种与作者的灵魂交流的手段。一个好词或一句好台词的突然的闪现刺激我的每一个毛孔和每一寸皮肤)”可推断，许渊冲先生即使100岁高龄还每天要翻译作品，并且他认为翻译是与作者的灵魂交流的方式，突然的灵光闪现的感觉非常美妙，由此可见他对翻译事业的奉献和热爱。故选D。
2
The conductor on the podium (指挥台) has no baton (指挥棒), no tailcoat and no musical score, but Android Alter 3 is kicking up a storm as it guides a symphony orchestra's players through their paces.
The robot has a humanoid face, hands and lower arms, which gesture with what could pass for passion as it bounces up and down and rotates during the live performance of Keiichiro Shibuya's opera Scary Beauty in the Emirate of Sharjah.
Video from the recent performance in the Emirate of Sharjah showed the machine turning to face orchestra members and waving its arms. Alter 3 even sang at times.
Shibuya said the involvement of robots in the everyday lives of humans is continually increasing. But, he said he thinks people will need to decide in the future how artificial intelligence can best improve the human experience.
Shibuya added that he believes humans and robots can learn to work together to create beautiful art. "This work is a metaphor of that relations between humans and technology," he said. Shibuya noted that sometimes the music-leading robot can "get crazy", making it difficult for the musicians to keep up. But other times, the humans and machines cooperate very well.
Shibuya said the robots and AI that exist today are "far from complete". He is interested in studying how such incomplete technology can be combined with art.
"I think this is a very exciting idea…We came to see what it looks like and how much is possible," said Anna Kovacevic. Another audience member, who gave his name only as Billum, said after the show, "You know, a human conductor is so much better." Although he said he is interested in AI and looks forward to big developments, he concluded on the project: "The human touch is lost."
34. What does Shibuya think of Alter 3?
A. It is not perfect at present. B. It teams up with humans well.
C. It often makes humans crazy. D. It is better than human conductors.
35. What can we infer from the last paragraph?
A. The performance drew mixed reactions.
B. Billum took no interest in the performance.
C. The audience were fascinated by the performance.
D. The audience thought Alter 3 would have a bright future.
36. What is the author's attitude towards the combination of robots and art?
A. Positive B. Negative. C. Objective. D. Critical.
37. What can be the best title for the text?
A. Robot Cooperates with Humans
B. Robot Conducts Human Orchestra
C. The Significance of Robots in Art
D. The Relations Between AI and Humans
【答案】AAC B
【解析】本文是说明文。文章介绍了机器人Alter 3在Emirate of Sharjah指挥人类管弦乐队演出的情况，人们对此的观点和不同反应。
34. 细节理解题。根据第五段“Shibuya noted that sometimes the music-leading robot can "get crazy", making it difficult for the musicians to keep up.(Shibuya指出，有时候，指挥音乐的机器人会“发疯”，让音乐家很难跟上节奏)”和倒数第二段“Shibuya said the robots and AI that exist today are "far from complete". He is interested in studying how such incomplete technology can be combined with art. (Shibuya说目前存在的机器人和人工智能“还远远不够完善”。他对研究这种不完善的技术如何与艺术结合很感兴趣)”可知，Shibuya认为Alter 3目前还不完美，还需要改进。故选A。
35. 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“"I think this is a very exciting idea…," said Anna Kovacevic. Another audience member, …said after the show, "You know, a human conductor is so much better." …he concluded on the project: "The human touch is lost."”列举的不同观众对机器人指挥人类管弦乐队发表的观点，可知这一表演引起了观众们不同的反应。故选A。
36. 推理判断题。根据文章后四段中“Shibuya said”，“he said”，“Shibuya added”，“said Anna Kovacevic.”，“Another audience member, who gave his name only as Billum, said”等内容可知，作者在文中只是客观引用了人们对机器人与艺术的结合的看法，并没有发表自己的观点。所以作者的态度是客观的，故选C。
37. 主旨大意题。文章前三段介绍了机器人Alter 3指挥人类管弦乐队演出的情况，下文介绍了人们对此的观点和不同反应。B项Robot Conducts Human Orchestra概括了全文内容，适合作为文章标题。故选B。
3
Soft robots, which can move around the ocean without harming sea life, are ideal for underwater exploration. However, they are not so welcome in robot market because they are extremely slow and have a hard time operating through the water. But that may change soon thanks to a self-driven soft robot created by researchers at the University of California, San Diego.
The recently-developed robot, which resembles a paper lantern, was primarily built using soft materials. Its flexible ribs are attached to a circular plate at both ends. An adjustable nozzle (喷嘴) fitted on one side helps draw in and jet (射出) water each time the robot shrinks. The resulting jets of water enable it to swim forward, similar to a squid (乌贼). A plate holds a waterproof component that can house a camera to record data, which is of great value to further development of the robot. It also has its own power source, allowing it to float autonomously for long periods of time.
“Essentially, we recreated all the key features that squids use for high-speed swimming. This is the first robot that can achieve these jets of water by changing its body shape, which improves swimming efficiency,” said Professor Michael T. Though the squid robot has not been tested in open waters, it successfully swam around coral and fish in a large tank in the UC San Diego Birch Aquarium. What’s more, the robot clocked an impressive speed of 18 to 32 centimeters per second, or about half a mile per hour. Though nowhere close to real squids, it is faster than most other soft robots.
“After we were able to improve the design of the robot so that it would swim in a tank in the lab, it was especially exciting to see that the robot was able to successfully swim in a large tank among coral and fish, showing its possibility for real-world applications,” said Caleb Christianson, who led the study as part of his Ph. D paper.
38. Why were the previous soft robots seldom used?
A. Their application places are limited.
B. They do great damage to sea life.
C. They are very difficult to control.
D. Their advertising effect is hot good.
39. What’s the similarity between the newly-developed robot and squids?
A. Their body material. B. Their general speed.
C. Their power source. D. Their swimming pattern.
40. What can we learn about the squid robot according to Paragraph 3?
A. It is the first robot that can transform.
B. It will function well in open waters.
C. It has every feature that a squid has.
D. It can defeat most other soft robots in speed.
41. What’s Caleb Christianson’s attitude towards the newly-developed robot?
A. Positive. B. Critical. C. Uncaring. D. Doubtful.
【答案】 CD D A
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一种新型软体机器人，包括它的行进原理、目前取得的进展及其应用成果。
38. 细节理解题。根据第一段中“However, they are not so welcome in robot market because they are extremely slow and have a hard time operating through the water. (然而，它们在机器人市场并不受欢迎，因为它们速度极慢，在水中操作也很困难。)”可知，早期的软体机器人在机器人市场中并不受欢迎是因为它们在水中移动得非常慢而且难以在水中操控。故选C项。
39. 细节理解题。根据第二段中“The resulting jets of water enable it to swim forward, similar to a squid (乌贼).(喷射出来的水流使它能够向前游动，就像乌贼一样。)”可知，新型软体机器人在水中（向前）移动的方式和乌贼游动的方式相似。故选D项。
40. 细节理解题。根据第三段中“What’s more, the robot clocked an impressive speed of 18 to 32 centimeters per second, or about half a mile per hour. Though nowhere close to real squids, it is faster than most other soft robots. (更重要的是，这个机器人的速度达到了每秒18到32厘米，也就是大约每小时半英里。虽然与真正的乌贼（的游动速度）相差甚远，但它比其他大多数软机器人都要快。)”可知，这种新型机器人的行进速度大约是每小时半英里，它比其他大多数软体机器人（的移动速度）都要快。故选D项。
41. 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“it was especially exciting to see that the robot was able to successfully swim in a large tank among coral and fish, showing its possibility for real-world applications (尤其令人兴奋的是，看到这个机器人能够成功地在一个大水族箱的珊瑚和鱼中游泳，展示了它在现实世界中被应用的可能性)”可知，Caleb Christianson表示看到这种新型软体机器人能在水族箱中成功地游泳是一件很令人兴奋的事，这也展示了它在现实世界中被应用的可能性。因此，Caleb Christianson 对这种新型软体机器人持积极的态度。故选A项。
4
My life as a tax-paying employed person began in middle school, when, for three whole days, I worked on an assembly (装配) line. My best friend Betsy’s father was an executive (管理者) at Hough Bakeries, which, at special festivals, made little rabbit-shaped cakes for all its stores. The plant downtown needed eight kids for temporary help, and the shift (轮班) fell over spring break, during which I had no plans. Cake? I loved cake-icing especially. I’d earn minimum wage. I’d see how a factory worked. My parents thought all of this was a grand idea for a girl like me and called Betsy’s dad with their permission.
Our roles on the line were simple: Place cakes on conveyor belt. Attach icing ears. Apply icing eyes and nose. Remove the cakes from belt; place onto trays. This was harder than it sounds. With your mind wandering, the cakes pile up. As I told my parents that first night, it was all a little more high-pressure than I’d expected. Dad smiled. This was the sort of work that made you appreciate the money you earned, he told me. And if your feet hurt or the minutes felt like hours, well then that was just motivation to keep those grades up and get that college education.
And the icing? We kids were allowed to eat as much as we wanted. By noon the first day, I could barely look at the stuff. To borrow a favorite phrase from my father: The executives weren’t born yesterday.
42. Why did the writer decide to take the job?
A. To earn lots of money.
B. To enjoy her spring break.
C. To help Betsy’s father temporarily.
D. To learn of the operation of the plant.
43. What can we learn from paragraph 2?
A. The writer found the job simple.
B. The job needed great concentration.
C. The writer quit the job the first night.
D. Father laughed at the writer’s performance.
44. How did Dad respond to the writer’s first-day experience?
A. Inspiring. B. Doubtful. C. Critical. D. Sympathetic.
45. What does the writer mean by saying “I could barely look at the stuff”?
A. She found the icing ugly. B. She was tired from the work.
C. She had eaten too much icing. D. She felt depressed with the job.
【答案】DBAC
【解析】这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了作者第一次工作，在蛋糕生产线上工作的经历。
42. 细节理解题。由第一段中的“I’d see how a factory worked. (我想看看工厂是怎么运作的。)”可知，因为想了解工厂的运作情况作者才决定接受这份工作。故选D项。
43. 推理判断题。由第二段中的“Our roles on the line were simple: Place cakes on conveyor belt. Attach icing ears. Apply icing eyes and nose. Remove the cakes from belt; place onto trays. This was harder than it sounds. With your mind wandering, the cakes pile up. (我们在生产线上的角色很简单：把蛋糕放在传送带上。安装冰耳。给眼睛和鼻子放糖霜。把蛋糕从生产线上取下来；放在托盘上。这比听起来更难。你心不在焉，蛋糕就堆起来了。)”可知，在蛋糕生产线上工作，工作程序繁杂，一不留心，蛋糕就堆起来乱了，可得出这项工作需要全神贯注。故选B项。
44. 推理判断题。由第二段中的“Dad smiled. This was the sort of work that made you appreciate the money you earned, he told me. And if your feet hurt or the minutes felt like hours, well then that was just motivation to keep those grades up and get that college education. (爸爸笑了。他告诉我，这种工作让你感激自己挣的钱。如果你的脚受伤了，或者感觉几分钟就像几个小时，那么这就是保持这些成绩，接受大学教育的动力。)”可知，爸爸认为作者现在感到的压力与困难都会成为作者以后前行的动力。由此推知，爸爸说的话很鼓舞人心（Inspiring）。故选A项。
45. 句意猜测题。由最后一段中的“And the icing? We kids were allowed to eat as much as we wanted. By noon the first day, I could barely look at the stuff. (糖霜呢？我们孩子可以想吃多少就吃多少。到了第一天中午，我几乎不看那些东西。)”可知，作者他们可以想吃多少糖霜就吃多少糖霜，以至于最后吃了太多的糖霜，都不想看见糖霜了，由此可知“I could barely look at the stuff”在此处意为“她吃了太多糖霜”。故选C项。
5
A young woman was walking in Santa Ana, California, when she came upon an elderly street vendor (小贩) selling tamales (玉米粉蒸肉). Seeing how tired he looked in his wheelchair, she decided to give him a few bucks and a sandwich—and she also gave him a sympathetic ear to listen to his story.
When Kenia Barragan first saw Jose Villa Ochoa, she thought of her own parents. “I felt for him,” she told KTTV News, “My parents are both older, and I would hate to see my dad out selling tamales for somebody and barely making ends meet.”
Known as “Don Joel”, he explained that although he wanted a job, no company would hire him because of his age. In order to keep himself out of debt, he started to sell tamales cooked by a local woman. At the end of each hard day, she would give him a cut of the earnings. This allowed him to buy food, but was not enough for him to afford his medical treatment or a phone.
The 28-year-old woman was happy to listen to Don Joel’s story, but she wanted to do more. She made an appeal to her followers on Instagram for some assistance. Within a week, friends and strangers flooded her with more than $84 000 in donations.
In addition to the money raised for Don Joel’s retirement, Kenia purchased him a new wheelchair and a shiny new pair of shoes. Even though he’s 94, he says he feels like he’s 40 now, because the kindness has made him feel so alive. He describes the generosity as “life-changing”.
Kenia feels exactly the same way. She says she’s always looking for a purpose that helps people and that she’s been living in line with those values in her current job, working with people who have disabilities to get them transportation. Her goal in life is to establish a homeless shelter.
46. Why did Don Joel sell tamales?
A. To buy a new wheelchair. B. To struggle for a living.
C. To pay off his medical debt. D. To help a local woman.
47. How did Kenia change Don Joel’s life?
A. By establishing a homeless shelter. B. By giving him money and sandwiches.
C. By collecting donations on Instagram. D. By listening to his story attentively.
48. What can we infer about Kenia in the text?
A. She disliked her father because of his job.
B. She is a wealthy woman ready to help others.
C. She helped Don Joel when she was 40 years old.
D. She is a kind woman aiming to do more charity.
49. What does the author want to tell us?
A. Rose given, fragrant in hand. B. The best hearts are always the bravest.
C. No pain, no gain. D. Sharp tools make good work.
【答案】 B C DA
【解析】本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了一位热心的年轻女士在遇到一位年迈的靠卖玉米粉蒸肉维持生计的老人后，决定通过网络募捐来帮助这位老人的故事。
46. 细节理解题。根据第三段第二句“In order to keep himself out of debt, he started to sell tamales cooked by a local woman.(为了不欠债，他开始售卖由一位当地的女人制作的玉米粉蒸肉)”可知， Don Joel是为了维持生计才去卖玉米粉蒸肉的。故选B。
47. 细节理解题。根据第四段第二、三句“She made an appeal to her followers on Instagram for some assistance. Within a week, friends and strangers flooded her with more than $84000 in donations.(她在Instagram上向她的粉丝请求帮助。不到一周，朋友和陌生人就向她捐赠了超过84000美元)”及倒数第二段内容可知，Kenia通过在Instagram上为 Don Joel筹集捐款进而改善了Don Joel艰苦的生活。故选C。
48. 推理判断题。通读全文尤其是最后一段最后一句“Her goal in life is to establish a homeless shelter.(她的人生目标是建立一个无家可归者收容所)”可知，Kenia不仅帮助 Don Joel提升了生活质量，她还想专门为无家可归的人们建立一个收容所。由此可推知，她是一个想要做更多慈善（工作）的善良女性。故选D。
49. 推理判断题。通读全文尤其是倒数第二段最后一句“He describes the generosity as ‘life-changing’.(他将这种慷慨描述为“改变生活的”)”及最后一段第一句“Kenia feels exactly the same way.(Kenia也有同样的感觉)”可知，Kenia Barragan在帮助他人的同时感觉自己的生活也发生了改变。由此可推知，文章旨在告诉我们，赠人玫瑰，手有余香。故选A。
6
When we experience earthquakes, medical emergencies — whatever the situation, the first thing you probably do is panic. Everybody does. While many of us think that we’re cool in a crisis, science tells us that we seldom are. At the moment we need to be keenly aware of our surroundings, but our attention goes to the scariest thing on the scene, leaving us unaware of the other sights, sounds, and even smells around us. At the moment, we’re anything but at our best.
These normal human reactions can be reversed. For example, firefighters are taught how to bring down their blood pressure and heart rates quickly, box breathing, belly breathing, hum breathing — you can learn these techniques in minutes. Once you calm down, you’ll identify accurately what the problem is really about. Lack of practice always causes us to judge problems in wrong ways. Doing the thinking ahead of time also helps you fire off the solution when it’s show time. This is why you are advised to find the closest exit before the flight. And sometimes we aren’t prepared with all the knowledge we need. Let’s say we’re on a hike and a bear shows up. What shall we do? Better to read suggestions on how to respond before heading into the wild.
Performing in a crisis is becoming more important for all of us for two reasons. Back in the good old days, the reliability of most anything we used or did was far less than it is today. Now think about what happens to our preparedness as the probability of something had happening reduces. Unless we practice what hardly ever happens, our ability to respond when it does happen tends to slip away. Reliability can kill you. Also, the systems we use today are more complex. There are seldom moving parts in plain view that allow us to see when things are about to go wrong. Consequently, terrible situations can “come out of nowhere”. Ironically, the systems that were designed to lessen our workload might require us to remain in a state of increased vigilance (警觉) in order to survive these increasingly infrequent events when they do happen.
As technology becomes part of most everything, and as once-large risks break into countless small ones, crisis situations may become standard affairs. We should all learn to breathe, recognize the situation, and carry out the plan that we are smart enough to prepare well in advance.
50. According to the passage, when an armed robbery (抢劫) happens, most witnesses will first___________.
A. observe the surroundings
B. pretend to be calm
C. decide what to do
D. focus on the gun
51. What does the underlined word “reversed” in Paragraph 2 probably mean?
A. Tested. B. Changed. C. Predicted. D. Understood
52. It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that ___________.
A. things are less dependable than they used to be
B. cautiousness helps prevent the occurrence of crisis
C. convenience reduces our problem-solving capability
D. the complexity of present systems ensures our safety
53. What is the main purpose of the passage?
A. To introduce ways of avoiding crisis situations.
B. To point out the connection between stress and risks.
C. To raise awareness of the preparation for emergencies.
D. To analyse the influence of technology on crisis management.
【答案】DBCC
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述的是，虽然很多人都认为自己在危机中很冷静，但科学告诉我们，我们很少能做到。因此，市民对突发事件的防范意识要提高。
50. 推理判断题。根据第一段中“While many of us think that we’re cool in a crisis, science tells us that we seldom are. At the moment we need to be keenly aware of our surroundings, but our attention goes to the scariest thing on the scene, leaving us unaware of the other sights, sounds, and even smells around us.（虽然很多人都认为自己在危机中很冷静，但科学告诉我们，我们很少能做到。此时此刻，我们需要敏锐地意识到我们周围的环境，但我们的注意力却集中在了现场最可怕的东西上，让我们对周围的其他景象、声音甚至气味浑然不觉。）”可知，根据文章，危机出现时，人们的注意力集中在了现场最可怕的东西上，可得出当武装抢劫发生时，大多数目击者会首先关注枪。故选D。
51. 词义猜测题。根据第一段中“At the moment we need to be keenly aware of our surroundings, but our attention goes to the scariest thing on the scene, leaving us unaware of the other sights, sounds, and even smells around us. At the moment, we’re anything but at our best.（此时此刻，我们需要敏锐地意识到我们周围的环境，但我们的注意力却集中在了现场最可怕的东西上，让我们对周围的其他景象、声音甚至气味浑然不觉。目前，我们还没有达到最佳状态。）”，和第二段中的“For example, firefighters are taught how to bring down their blood pressure and heart rates quickly, box breathing, belly breathing, hum breathing — you can learn these techniques in minutes.Once you calm down, you’ll identify accurately what the problem is really about. （例如，消防员被教导如何快速降低他们的血压和心率，箱式呼吸法，腹部呼吸法，哼哼呼吸法——你可以在几分钟内学会这些技巧。一旦你冷静下来，你就会准确地识别出问题的真正原因。）”可知，上文讲危机出现时，人们的注意力集中在了现场最可怕的东西上，害怕因而无法冷静，下文讲通过适当方法，人们可以冷静下来，所以这些正常的人类反应（害怕/无法冷静）是可以逆转的。由此推知，划线词的意思是“改变”。故选B。
52. 推理判断题。根据第三段中“Unless we practice what hardly ever happens, our ability to respond when it does happen tends to slip away. Reliability can kill you. Also, the systems we use today are more complex. There are seldom moving parts in plain view that allow us to see when things are about to go wrong.（除非我们练习几乎不发生的事情，否则当事情发生时，我们的反应能力往往会消失。可靠性会毁了你。此外，我们今天使用的系统更加复杂。在肉眼可见的情况下，很少有活动部件能让我们看到事情什么时候会出错。）”可知，从第三段中可以推断出，现代生活给予人们生活可靠性，系统性让人们规避很多错误，世界的便利性降低了我们解决问题的能力。故选C。
53. 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“As technology becomes part of most everything, and as once-large risks break into countless small ones, crisis situations may become standard affairs. We should all learn to breathe, recognize the situation, and carry out the plan that we are smart enough to prepare well in advance.（随着技术成为绝大多数事物的一部分，随着曾经的巨大风险演变成无数的小风险，危机局势可能会成为常态。我们都应该学会呼吸，认识到情况，并执行计划，我们足够聪明地提前做好准备。）”可知，危机局势可能会成为常态，人们应该要做好准备应对它，这篇文章的目的是为了提高市民对突发事件的防范意识。故选C。