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解密11 阅读理解之词义猜测题  考点热度   ★★★★☆内容索引核心考点1 词义猜测题的考查方法核心考点2 词义猜测题的解答方法猜测词义是应用英语的重要能力，也是高考中常用的题型。它不但需要准确无误地理解上下文，而且要有较大的泛读量，掌握或认识较多的课外词汇。词义猜测题要根据词、词组、句子所在的上下文语境来判断其意义，我们要特别注意熟词生义，切不可脱离语境主观臆断。我们要学会＂顺藤摸瓜＂，通过构词、语法、定义、同位、对比、因果、常识、上下文等线索确定词义。1. 定义法。Annealing is a way of making metal softer by heating it and then letting it cool very slowly.句子给予annealing 以明确的定义，即＂退火＂。It will be very hard but also very brittle — that is, it will break easily.从后面的解释中我们可以了解到brittle 是＂脆＂的意思。The herdsman, who looks after sheep, earns about 650 yuan a year.定语从句中 looks after sheep 就表明了 herdsman 的词义为＂牧人＂。2. 同位法。They traveled a long way and at last got to a castle, a large building in old times.同位语部分a large building in old times 给出了 castle 的确切词义，即＂城堡＂。We are on the night shift—from midnight to 8 a.m.—this week.两个破折号之间的短语很清楚地表明night shift 是＂夜班＂的意思。3. 对比法。She is usually prompt for all her class, but today she arrived in the middle of her first class.but一词表转折，因此but 前后的意思正相反。后半句的意思是＂她今天第一节上了一半才来＂，因此反向推理，可得出她平时一向＂准时＂的结论。4. 构词法(前缀、后缀、复合、派生等)。Perhaps, we can see some possibilities for next fifty years. But the next hundred?possibility 是 possible 的同根名词,据此可以判断定 possibility 意思是＂可能性＂。5. 因果法。The lack of movement caused the muscles to weaken. Sometimes the weakness was permanent. So the player could never play the sport again.从后面的结果＂永远不能再运动＂中，可以推测 permanent 的意思为＂永远的，永久＂。核心技能1：利用构词法猜测词义构词法能够不借助阅读上下文便能够大体猜出词义，然后再结合语境猜测，这样事半功倍，而且有双重保险，大大提高了解题效率和正确率。所以我们主张：可以利用构词法的，一定先利用构词法，再结合语境解题。构词法主要有派生、合成和转化三种形式。例如2019年全国卷Ⅱ第25题：tug at the heartstrings中的heartstrings是合成词：heart(心)＋string(弦)→heartstrings心弦，故本单词可能与feeling有关。【真题示例】　(2018·北京卷阅读D)A study from the University of California at Davis suggested that replacing petrol－powered private cars worldwide with electric，self－driving and shared systems could reduce carbon emissions from transportation 80% and cut the cost of transportation infrastructure(基础设施) and operations 40% by 2050.Fewer emissions and cheaper travel sound pretty appealing.The first commercially available driverless cars will almost certainly be fielded by ride－hailing services，considering the cost of self－driving technology as well as liability and maintenance issues (责任与维护问题)．But driverless car ownership could increase as the prices drop and more people become comfortable with the technology.49．What does the underlined word “fielded” in Paragraph 4 probably mean?A．Employed. B．Replaced.C．Shared. D．Reduced.【分析】　利用构词法猜测词义。field常用作名词，表示“场地，领域”，此处用作动词，引申为“使用，应用”。根据上段中画线词所在句的前半部分内容“The first commercially available driverless cars will almost certainly”并结合下句中的“as the prices drop and more people become comfortable with the technology”可知，随着价格的降低以及人们对这项技术开始应用自如，第一批上市的无人驾驶车辆会“被应用”到“叫车服务”中。核心技能2：利用反义词猜测词义有时作者会用表示对比或转折的信号词连接意思相反的两个词或句子，这时就可根据反义词线索猜测词义。表示对比或反义的信号词(组)常见的有：(whether)．..or，unlike，but，yet，however，while，although，nevertheless，instead，rather than，in contrast, contrary to，on the other hand等。【真题示例】　(2020·新高考卷Ⅰ阅读D)According to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research，both the size and consumption habits of our eating companions can influence our food intake.And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions(份)，it’s the beanpoles with big appetites you really need to avoid.13．What does the underlined word“beanpoles”in paragraph 1 refer to?A．Big eaters.B．Overweight persons.C．Picky eaters.D．Tall thin persons.【分析】　利用反义词猜测词义。根据 “And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions(份)，it’s the beanpoles with big appetites you really need to avoid.”，研究表明，与现存的研究发现(应该避免和食量大的胖人一起吃饭) 相反，你真正需要避开的是胃口大的又高又瘦的人。根据“contrary to”可知，画线词与heavier people含义相反。核心技能3：利用上下文猜测词义这是最常见的方法，一定要先从画线词语最近的位置找起，要求理解句子的顺序是：本句的意思→前后句的意思→本段和前后段的意思【真题示例】　(2020·全国卷Ⅲ阅读B)Yet“Apes”is more exception than the rule.In fact，Hollywood has been hot on live animals lately.One nonprofit organization，which monitors the treatment of animals in filmed entertainment，is keeping__tabs__on more than 2，000 productions this year.Already，a number of films，including“Water for Elephants，”“The Hangover Part Ⅱ”and “Zookeeper，”have drawn the anger of activists who say the creatures acting in them haven’t been treated properly.26．What does the underlined phrase“keeping tabs on”in paragraph 3 probably mean?A．Listing completely.B．Directing professionally.C．Promoting successfully.D．Watching carefully.【分析】　利用上下文猜测词义。根据最近句子 “One nonprofit organization...more than 2，000 productions this year.”可知，一个非营利组织的工作就是监督在电影拍摄中动物是如何被对待的， 这个非营利组织正在密切关注今年2 000多部电影的制作。根据上下文语境，画线短语keeping tabs on与monitor(监督)意义最为接近。核心技能4：利用“语法关系”猜测词义【真题示例】　(2018·全国卷Ⅰ阅读C)In recent centuries，trade，industrialisation，the development of the nation－state and the spread of universal compulsory education，especially globalisation and better communications in the past few decades，all have caused many languages to disappear，and dominant languages such as English，Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.29．Which of the following best explains “dominant” underlined in Paragraph 2?A．Complex. B．Advanced.C．Powerful. D．Modern.【分析】　利用“语法关系”猜测词义。根据“dominant languages such as English，Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over”中such as后的内容可知，英语、西班牙语和汉语正在替代其他语言。由此推知，dominant languages意为“强有力的语言”。核心技能5：利用“逻辑关系”猜测词义【真题示例】　(2020·全国卷Ⅰ阅读B)While I tend to buy a lot of books，these three were given to me as gifts，which might add to the meaning I attach to them.But I imagine that，while money is indeed wonderful and necessary，rereading an author’s work is the highest currency a reader can pay them.The best books are the ones that open further as time passes.But remember，it’s you that has to grow and read and reread in order to better understand your friends.26．What does the underlined word“currency”in paragraph 4 refer to?A．Debt. B．Reward.C．Allowance. D．Face value.【分析】　利用“逻辑关系”猜测词义。根据But I imagine that...the highest currency a reader can pay them.可知，作者认为，虽然金钱确实是美妙而必要的，但重读作家的著作是读者对该作家的最高奖励，因此画线词在此处指“奖励”。核心技能6：“就近原则”解答代词猜测题代词猜测题主要考查文章中的人称代词、不定代词、指示代词或关系代词所指代的内容。解答这类题目时候一定要遵循“就近原则”，即：代词往上找，就近原则不能忘，找出离代词最近的名词、词组或句子等。【真题示例】　(2020·浙江7月卷阅读B)The traffic signals along Factoria Boulevard in Bellevue，Washington，generally don’t flash the same length of green twice in a row，especially at rush hour.At 9：30 am，the full red/yellow/green signal cycle might be 140 seconds.By 9：33 am，a burst of additional traffic might push it to 145 seconds.Less traffic at 9：37 am could push it down to 135.Just like the traffic itself，the timing of the signals changes.That is by design.Bellevue，a fast－growing city just east of Seattle，uses a system that is gaining popularity around the US：intersection(十字路口)signals that can adjust in real time to traffic conditions.These lights，known as adaptive signals，have led to significant declines in both the trouble and cost of travels between work and home.25．What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 2 refer to?A．Increased length of green lights.B．Shortened traffic signal cycle.C．Flexible timing of traffic signals.D．Smooth traffic flow on the road.【分析】·第一步　确定题干中的关键信息：the underlined word “that” in paragraph 2·第二步　定位到原句，并找出该词所代替的内容：根据代词永远出现在原词之后的原则，故代词所指代的内容应在这一句的前面一句或者前面几个句子中。所以该词所代替的内容为：Just like the traffic itself，the timing of the signals changes.·第三步　综合判断得出答案：that指代第一段中的多变的交通信号灯时间。核心技能7：“意义吻合”突破句意猜测题句意猜测题一般出现在前后文有解释的特殊含义的语句或高度概括句中，要求考生用合适的句子解释这一语句或这一语句的某一部分。锁定语句前后寻，意义吻合是解题关键。【真题示例】　(2019·浙江6月卷阅读B)Money with no strings attached.It’s not something you see every day.But at Union Station in Los Angeles last month，a board went up with dollar bills attached to it with pins and a sign that read，“Give What You Can，Take What You Need.”24．What does the expression “money with no strings attached” in paragraph 1 mean?A．Money spent without hesitation.B．Money not legally made.C．Money offered without conditions.D．Money not tied together.【分析】·第一步　定位到原句，找出题干关键信息在原文中的位置：money with no strings attached·第二步　寻找信息句，找出与该句相关的信息句：“Give What You Can，Take What You Need.”·第三步　分析选项，细读信息句，合理推断画线句的句意。综合判断得出画线句的意思应该是“无条件提供钱”。·第四步　仔细比对选项，Money offered without conditions.符合句意。