专题 01 名词专题--备战2022年艺术类高考英语语法冲刺宝典

LESSON 1

名词

【课前检测】(5mins)

I.单句语法填空

1.[2020 全国Ⅱ,70]1.Where is ________(Lucy) sweater? I can't see it.

2.[2020全国I,64] The far side of the moon is of particular__________( interesting) to scientists because it has a lot of deep craters(环形山)...

3.[2020全国Ⅱ，61] Chinese New Year is a _________( celebrate) marking the end of the winter season and the beginning of spring.

4.[2020北京,7]Now,lots of__________(country)and regions are taking action to ban the sale of such bags to stop people using them.

5.[2020浙江1月,63]A child born in the US today has________ very realistic chance of living beyond 100 and needs to plan accordingly.

6.[2019 全国I,66]In recent years some Inuit people in Nunavut have reported increases in bear sightings around human settlements , leading to a_________( believe) that populations are increasing.

7.[2018 浙江 11 月,64] One study showed that_______( woman) who drank a lot of coffee, like eight or more cups per day, while they were pregnant were more likely to have children with birth defects.

II.单句改错

1.I failed to respond to their various question.

2.The teachers often encourage us to make more friend in the school.

3. She's getting married next month and decides to buy some furnitures.

4.She likes shopping at the shoe's shop.

5.The two thing that change your life are the people you meet and the books you read.

一．定义：名词(Noun，简称 n.)是表示人或事物名称的词，它分为普通名词和专有名词两大类。普通名词又可分为可数名词和不可数名词，可数名词包括个体名词和集体名词，有单数和复数之分;不可数名词包括物质名词和抽象名词，没有复数形式。

二、名词的分类

按照是否可数分类，名词可以分为可数名词和不可数名词。

可数名词

1.可数名词即指可以分为个体，且可直接用数目进行计数的名词。如:

book,    box,     potato,    knife

2.可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。指一个人或一件事物时,用单数形式:指两个及以上人或事物时,用复数形式。

可数名词复数的规则变化:

1.一般的名词词尾直接加-s.如:

book → books     desk → desks     boy → boys

house → houses    day → days      cellphone → cellphones

2.以 s,x,ch,sh 结尾的名词，在词尾加-es。如:

class→ classes    box → boxes    watch→ watches     brush → brushes

3.以”辅音字母+y”结尾的名词，要先将y 改为i再加-es。如:

family → families     story → stories     city → cities

以“元音字母+y”结尾的名词，直接加s,如：

boy → boys         day → days     holiday  → holidays

4.       以o结尾的名词，通常加s，一般是无生命的名词，但存在一些特例。如:

radio→ radios    zoo→zoos  photo → photos    piano→ pianos

以o结尾+es 的只有以下词:

heroes   tomatoes    potatoes   zeroes/zeros     Negroes

5.以或结尾的名词，要将f或fe改为v再加-es。但存在一些特例。如:

thief → thieves   leaf → leaves    knife → knives

加s的名词有: roof → roofs safe → safes belief → beliefs

巧学助记：

1.名词单数变复数的口诀:

名词单数变复数，直接加-s占多数。

词尾若是f或fe,加-s之前要变ve。

“辅音字母+y”,要把y变i。

词尾字母若是o,加-es的有 tomato和 potato.2简记f/fe结尾的名词变复数:

树叶(leaf)半数(half)自己(self)黄，妻子(wife)拿刀(knife)去杀狼(wolf)，

架(shelf)后小偷(thief)逃命（life)忙。

简记o结尾的名词变复数加-e:

英雄(hero)喜欢吃西红柿(tomato)和土豆(potato)

可数名词复数的不规则变化:

man → men     goose → geese    foot → feet    tooth  →teeth

mouse → mice   child → children  woman - women

口诀：男女孩子的脚踩住老鼠的牙

部分可数名词单复数同形，如:

deer → deer   sheep → sheep

部分集体名词以单数形式出现，实为复数，如:

staff      people        police       cattle

☆可数名词变复数常见限定词，如:

lots of,  a lot of,  some,  many,  those,  few,  all,  several,  one/each of.., a handful of.. dozens of...   one and a half...

[练习]

1. The instructor kept repeating the word“Speed up!”“Slow down!”(2017 全国)

2. Since then- for all these year-we have been allowing tomatoes to self-seed where they please.

3. After supper, we would play card games of all sort in the sitting room.(2018全国卷I)

4. As the old man looked over the things in the yard that were to be sold, he stopped at a box of golden ball for Christmas trees.

5. At that moment, I remembered that my father once said, The classroom is a place for caring and that includes learning from textbooks, and mistake as well. (2018全国卷II1)

不可数名词

不可数名词是指不能以数目来计算，不分成个体的概念、状态、品质、感情或表示物质材料的东西;它-般没有复数形式，只有单数形式，它的前面不能用不定冠词a/an

常见的不可数名词有:homework，information，traffic，luggage, money, air,news, progress,environment, advice, baggage, furniture, housework, knowledge，equipment...

不可数名词没有复数，当它作句子的主语时，谓语动词要用单数形式。如:

The food is very fresh. 食品很新鲜。

【练习】单句改错

1. The airs we breathe in is getting dirtier and dirtier. (2015 全国|)

2.It felt very strange to travel without any luggages.(2011全国|)

3.A lot of informations can be stored in it.

4.He has much knowledges and his teaching method is scientific.

特殊情况名词

有的不可数名词或集合名词变成复数形式以后，他们的意义会发生变化。

chicken-chickens(小鸡)    water-waters(水域)    fish-fishes(各种鱼)

[练习]

1.Last winter when I went there again, they had a big separate house to raise dozens of chicken.(2018全国卷1)

三、名词的格

名词所有格用来表示名词之间存在内外部联系或者拥有、使用关系。一般用's和 of名的所有格

1.’s 所有格

1）所有格中最常见的形式，一般情况下在名词词尾加’s。如:

Jim's friend                the boy's book,

2）以-s 或-es 结尾的复数名词直接在其后加’。如:

my parents’ hometown       heroes’ name;

3）复合名词在词尾加’s.如:

the grown-up's education      my brother-in-law's computer.

4）在表示店铺或某人的家时，名词所有格的后面通常不出现它所修饰的名词。如:

the barber's 理发店          to Tom's 到汤姆家去

2.of 所有格

名词的所有格形式除s外,还可用of+名词构成短语修饰前面的名词或表示两个名词间的所有关系。使用名词所有格须注意:一般来说，'s所有格多用于有生命的东西，of所有格多用于无生命的东西。如

a map of the world       the windows of the room         the title of the film

【过关检测】(3mins)

一.单句语法填空

1. The market isn't far from here. It's only half an________(hour) bicycle ride.

2. Taking twenty _______(minute) exercise every day is good for your health.

3. The_______(girl) shoes were covered with mud, so I asked them to take them off before they got into________(Tom) car.

4._______ (John) and_________(Susan) mothers are working in different factories.

二.单句改错

1. When I finally arrived at my friend he lent me lots of clothes. (2017全国|)

2. I was playing at my cousin house.(2018 浙江)

3.When I was little, Friday's night was our family game night.(2018全国卷11)

基础练习：

1.Last October, while tending her garden in Mora, Sweden, Lena Pahlsson pulled out a handful small_______(carrot) and was about to throw them away.(2017浙江)

2.Any smell might attract natural________(enemy)that would try to cat the little comforting pats.(2016 四川)

3.Recent_________(study) show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks regularly.(2016 全国Ⅱ)

4.The nursery team switches him every few ________ (day) with his sister so that while one is being bottle-fed, the other is with mum-she never suspects.(2016全国 !)

5. It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible _________(crowd) on the roads above as they travelled to and from work.(2017全国 Ⅱ)

6. Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 which showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early death from all_____(cause).(2018全国卷1)

7. My name is Mireya Mayor. I'm a____(science )who studies animals such as apes and monkeys.(2018全国卷）111)

8.They invited us to local events and let us know of an interesting_______ (compete) to watch.(2019全国川卷)

【巩固练习】(7mins)

一.单句改错

1. From the time I was about four until I was about six, I destroyed each of my toy.(2018全国I)

2. We've called several time about Cleo's early morning barking.(2019 辽宁)

3. I saw him lying in bed, looking at some of the picture we had taken together. (2018辽宁)

4.As I told you last time, I made three new friend here.(2019 四川)

5.The teacher was angry because we had the same answers in the tests.(2018四川)

6. Mum taught me some basic step of baking.(2019陕西)

7.Within the next few minute, my grandfather also caught a fish.(2018 陕西)

8. The teenager year from 13 to 19 were the most difficult time for me.(2016全国)

9.Yet, they had so quickly offered the strangers their help.(2019 浙江)

10.Suddenly football fell just in front of me but almost hit me. (2019全国I卷)

11.All the football player on the playground cheered loudly. (2019全国 I卷)

12.Since I was a kid, I've considered different job I would like to do. (2019全国 Ⅱ)

13.I wish to have a chain of cafes in many different city.(2019全国Ⅲ卷)

【拔高练习】(15mins)

1.语法填空（2020课标全国I)

China has become the first country to land a spacecraft on the far side of the moon. The unmanned Chang'e-4 probe( 探测器)-the name was inspired by an ancient Chinese moon goddess-___1___( touch) down last week in the South Pole- Aitken basin. Landing on the moon's far side is _____2______( extreme) challenging. Because the moon's body blocks direct radio communication with a probe, China first had to put a satellite in orbit above the moon in a spot_____3___ it could send signals to the spacecraft and to Earth. The far side of the moon is

of particular______4_____( interesting) to scientists because it has a lot of deep craters(环形山),more so_____5____ the familiar near side. Chinese researchers hope to use the instruments onboard Chang'e-4 _______6____( find) and study areas of the South Pole- Aitken basin.“This really excites scientists," Carle Pieters, a scientist at Brown University, says,“because it _7___( mean) we have the chance to obtain information about how the moon_____8____(construct).”Data about the moon's composition, such as how ___9____ ice and other treasures it contains, could help China decide whether ____10___(it)plans for a future lunar(月球的）base are practical.

2.   短文改错：

When I was little, Friday's night was our family game night. After supper, we would play card games of all sort in the sitting room. As the kid, I loved to watch cartoons, but no

matter how many times I asked to watching them, my parents would not to let me. They would say to us that playing card games would help my brain. Still I unwilling to play the games for them sometimes. I didn't realize how right my parents are until I entered high school. The games my parents taught me where I was a child turned out to be very useful later in my life.

参考答案：

名词

课前检测：I.1.Lucy’s  2.interest  3.celebration 4. countries  5.a  6.belief 7.women

 II.1.question-questions  2.friend-friends 3.furnitures- furniture  4.shoe's-shoe  5.thing-things

过关检测：I 1.hour’s  2.minutes’ 3.girl’s, Tom’s  4.Join’s ,Susan’s

 II.1.friend-friends 2.cousin-cousin’s  3.Friday’s-Friday

基础练习：

1.carrots 2.enemies 3.studies 4.days 5.crowds 6.causes 7.scientist 8.competition

巩固练习：

1.   toy-toys 2.time-times 3.picture-pictures 4.friend-friends 5.answers-answer 6.step-steps 7.minute-minutes 8.year-years 9.strangers-stranger 10.but-and 11.player-players 12.job-jobs

拔高练习：语法填空

1.   touched 2.extremely 3.where 4.interest 5.than 6.to find 7.means 8.is constructed 9.much 10.its

短文改错：

1.Friday’s-Friday 2.sort-sorts 3.the-a 4.watching-watch 5.to划掉6.us-me 7.I后加was 8.for-with 9.are-were 10.where-when