专题 06-时态语态专题-备战2022年艺术类高考英语语法冲刺宝典

LESSON 6

时态语态

本章里，我们主要关注句子的谓语动词。英语谓语的核心是助动词(auxiliary)和实义动词，而对助动词与实义动词组合关系的探讨即是探讨时态问题。

动词除了能表达动作发生的时间，以及动作的状态外，还可以用来说明主语和谓语的关系，即主动和被动语态.

我们通常所说的时态( tense and aspect)。在英语中其实反映的是两个不同的概念，即tense(时)和aspect(态或体)。与时间相联系的““时”，以及与动作的内在结构相关的“体”或“态”，这两方面组合在一起就构成了时态”。

一、tense(时)

是用来规定事物发生的时间的。在英文中主要有四种不同的时间标识

1、现在时(present)

2、过去时(past)

3、将来时(future)

4、过去将来时(past future)

二、aspect(态)

是用来规定动作完成的程度，反映说话者对事物的态度的。在英文中，这种动作方面的规定有四种

1、简单体(simple，或者称为“零”体态)

2、进行体(continuous)

3、完成体(perfect)

4、完成进行体(perfect continuous)

英语的“态”是有关动作内在结构点方面的属性。当我们谈到“时”的时候，我们关心的是这个动作发生的时间，即是在现在，过去还是将来发生的。当我们谈到“态”的时候，我们关心的则是这个动作是固定不变的还是动态变化的，这个动作是完成了的还是在延续的，这个动作持续的时间是很短还是很长等等。

【课前检测】（5mins)

单句语法填空：

1.In the last few years, China __________(make) great achievements in environmental protection.

2.So far,I __________( organize)several English activities of my class successfully, which have been appreciated by both teachers and classmates.

3. China's Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope________(remain)the global leader for the next 10 to 20 years.

4.He_____( have) dinner with his friends at eight o'clock yesterday afternoon.

5.Tea from China, along with her silk and porcelain(瓷器)，began to be known to the world more than a thousand years ago and since then it_______( be ) an important Chinese export.

6.Albert was a skilled artist with a wife and two fine sons. One night,his older son______ ( develop)a severe stomachache.

7.It________( become)separated from Britain and Ireland by 6500 BC.

8.The museum____ ( be) a hit since it opened at the end of October.

9.One day, I _________ ( walk ) from class across campus to catch my bus when an old man came down the sidewalk toward me.

10.It is the third time so far that such a festival_________(hold) in my hometown.

11.It is time that we________ (take) measures to stop pollution.

12.Hardly had I arrived when she__________ (start) complaining.

课中讲解

一，时态

1.时态的定义

时态是表示不同时间发生的动作或存在的/态，需要用不同的动词形式表示。英语语法中的时态(tense)是一种动词形式，不同的时态用来表示不同的时间与方式。是表示行为。动作、/态在各种时间条件下的动词形式。

2，时态分类

分类标准按/态分:一般状态，进行状态、完成状态、完成进行状态

(1)一般状态

1)一般现在时   构成:  be:am /is/are 动词: do/does      用法: 

①.示在的状态。

例如:I'm twelve.我十二岁。

②.表示经常或者习惯性的动作。

例如:I have lunch at school every day.我每天在学校吃午饭。

③.表示客观事实或者存在。

例如:My sister is a teacher.我姐姐是一位老师。 The earth turns around the sun.地球绕着太阳转。

④.表示主语所具备的性格和能力。

例如:She likes English very much. 她很喜欢英语。

注意:

一般现在时态经常与often(经常)，sometimes(有时)，always(总是)，usually(通常)等副词连用，也经常与every day(每天)，every week(每周)，every month (每月)，every term(每学期)，every year(每年)，once a week(一周一次)，twice a year(一年两次)等时间状语连用。频度副词要放在谓语动词之前助动词之后。

例如:She doesn't often gets up early.她不是经常早起。

2)一般过去时   构成:did/was/were 用法: 

①一般过去时只是对过去事实的单纯描述，与现在无关。通常与以下时间状语连用

一般过去时常见的标志词有：
　　1. yesterday, the day before yesterday.
　　2. last week / year / month / term …(简称last系列)
　　3. two hours ago, three years ago, a moment ago…(简称ago系列)
　　4. in / on + 过去的年/月/日，如 in 1999, on April 1st, 2005
　　5. just now, once upon a time, one day…

如: 

He swam in the river and had a good time. 他在小河里游泳并且玩得很开心。

They left the farm a moment ago.

②一般过去时表示过去重复发生的动作。如:

 I used to smoke.

My father often took me to Beijing when I was a child.

☆口诀总结: 短暂性 延续性 重复性

3)一般将来 构成 1:will/shall do 

动作在现在或目前还未发生，要在将来某个时间内发生;shall只用于第一人称。如

I shall/will go to the cinema tomorrow morning.

常用时间状语: tonight,  the day after tomorrow,  this afternoon, next week/year, tomorrow 

afternoon/evening,in two days/weeks/years,

构成 2: be(am/is/are)+ going +to do如:

It is going to rain      I am going  to have a meeting 

构成3: be( am/is/are)+to do

按计划安排要发生的动作,这个动作发生的时间一般不会很远;要求或命令他人做某事.

You are to make the necessary changes.

The new bridge is to open to traffic in three days.

4)过去将来时:表示从过去某个时间看来，将要发生的动作。常用时间状语:the next day/morning/week/year..

构成1: would do 表示过去将要做某事。如:

He said he would go to Shanghai the next day.

构成2:was/were going to do 表示过去按计划将要发生的动作。如:

--Tom, you didn't come to the party last night.

-- I was going to, but I suddenly remembered I had homework to do.

构成 3: was/were to do 表示过去按计划将要发生的动作。如:

I felt nervous because I was soon to leave home for the first time.

(2)  进行状态

1）现在进行时

一：概念表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。

二、基本结构：am/is/are+doing

三、时间状语：now, at this time, these days...

     Eg: I am watching TV now.

         She is watering the flowers.

2）过去进行时

过去进行时用法:

1.   表示过去某个时刻正在做的事

We were having supper when the phone rang.

2. 表示过去某一阶段暂时性的习惯动作时。

　　Tom was getting up at six o’clock every day that week.

3. 与always连用表示赞美，厌烦等感情色彩时。

John was always coming to school late.　

Lei Feng was always doing good deeds for the people.

4. 用来描写故事发生的情景时。

　　It was a dark night. The wind was blowing hard and the rain was falling heavily.

5.when作并列连词，表示“（这时）突然”之意时，第一个并列分句用过去进行时，when 

    引导的并列分句用一般过去时。

　　I was taking a walk when I met him.　

　　We were playing outside when it began to rain.　

6. go, come, leave, start, arrive等动词可用过去进行时表示过去将来的含义。

　　I was leaving for Washington that day.　

She was coming later.

7. 用过去进行时表示现在，主要是为了使语气委婉、客气。

　　I was wondering if you could give me a lift.　

　　We were hoping you would stay with us.　

8. 动词be的进行时也可表示过去一时的表现或暂时的状态。比较：

　　He was friendly.　 (指过去长期如此)

He was being friendly.　 (指当时一时的表现)

基本结构：was/were+doing

时间状语：at this time yesterday, at that time或以when引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语

3)将来进行时

构成:  ①shall+be+doing用于第一人称单数I和We

②will+be+ doing用于各种人称

用法: 表示在将来某一时间正在进行的动作。如:

The Prime minister will be giving a speech on international affairs.

I shall be doing my homework this time tomorrow.

【过关检测】(8mins)

单句语法填空

1They ___( live) in the same building, don't they?

2.   I promise I ___________( support) you all the time.
3.   The plane ___________( take) off at 8:00 a.m.
4.   I hoped I _________( find) a job soon.
5.   Sorry, you can't use my computer. I________( use ) it now.
6.   I___________( watch) TV when you rang me up.
7.   At this time tomorrow, I ___________( sit) at the table.

单句改错

1. He said that he will see you off at the airport the next day.

2. When he will come back， I’ll let you know.

3. He said that he has had the bike for two years.

4. I work on a farm in North China in the 1970s.

5. A new bridge was being built in our city at present.

6. I finished my homework before I left school.

7. I feel regretful now that I don’t study hard when I was in my high school.

8. If I am you, I would do it.

9. She buys a bike yesterday.

10. I come here in two days.

（3）完成状态

1)现在完成时 构成 have/has done 用法:

①过去发生的动作对现在产生影晌(动作结束)。如:

I have decided not to go to the East Lake any more,

②至今的动作或状态(指用于延续意义的单词，常与 for/since)连用).如:

I have studied English for more than 10 years.

特殊句型: This/ That is the first(second,third)time that.(+现在完成时)，如:

It is the first time that I haye visited the East Lake.

附间标志词：already, yet so far up to now, up til nowt by now, recently. lately, never, ever,(ever)since,for+一段时间，in/during/over the past/ last few years

2)过去完成时   构成: had done用法:表示的是过去的过去。如:

He had been ill for a week before he was sent to the hospital. itad worked in a car factory for two years before I came here.

特殊句型:

①I/ This/That was the first (second, third)time that. +rad done .

 lt was the first time that I' d seen the teacher face to face.

②No sooner+过去完成时+than+ 一般过去时

③Hardly/Scarcely+过去完成时 +when+ 一般过去时"-..就~"

No sooner had I arrived at the airport than I called him.

Hardly had I arrived at the airport when I called him.

动词think, want, hope, mean, plan, intend等用过去完成时来表示过去未曾实现的想法，希望，打算或意图等。 

They had wanted to help but could not get there in time.
　We had hoped to be able to come and see you .
时间标志   ①by+过去的时间                by nine o'clock last night.

② by the end of+ 过去的时间      by the end of last term.

③before+ 过去的时间            before last week

3) 将来完成时构成:will have done用法:表示将来的某一时间之前完成的动作

By the time you are back this evening, I will have done all the work

.时间标志:by+将来时间

【过关检测】

1.Happy birthday!By this time of next year, you________( turn)18.

2.I_________( think) you would come the next day, but you didn't.

3.This is the first time that he________( pass) the exam.

4. Hardly_________(have) we started when the car got a flat tyre.

5.Sofia looked around at all the faces: she had th e impression that she_______(see) most of the guests before.(2019 浙江)

6.In recent years some Inuit people in Nunavut__________ (report) increases in bear sightings around human settlements, leading to a belief that populations are increasing.

(4)完成进行状态

1)现在完成进行时 构成  have/has been doing~

用法:表示从过去一直持续到现在的动作，中间没有间断，翻译为“一直”。如:

 He has been doing this in order to repay the boy's kindness.

2)过去完成进行时构成: had been doing

用法:表示动作从过去某一时间之前开始，到过去的某一时间仍然在进行或刚刚结束:

【过关检测】

单句填空

1 The reports went missing in 2012 and nobody__________( see) them since.

2.I'm calling for the apartment you _________( advertise ) the other day.Could you tell me more about it?

3. During the last three decades, the number of people participating in physical fitness programs_________( increase) sharply.

单句改错

1.Have you ever been to Wuzhen? It is so beautiful a village that I had already visited it many times.

2.A farmer said the storm began early in the morning and last one hour.

3.After we left Barcelona, we come to spend several days in Granada.

二．语态

被动语态是动词的一种特殊形式,表示句子的主语是动作的承受者。一般来说,只有及物动词才有被动语态,不及物动词没有被动语态。

知识1被动语态的构成

被动语态由"助动词be+及物动词的过去分词"构成。助动词be与主语的人称、数保持一致,并有时态的变化。被动语态的各种时态形式见下表(以give 为例):

①A new railway is being built in this city.这个城市正在修建一条新的铁路。(现在进行时的被动语态)

②The railway had been built by the end of last year.这条铁路在去年年底前已经建成了。(过去完成时的被动语态)

③He told us that a new railway would be built next year. 他告诉，我们下一年将修建一条新铁路。(宾语从句用的是过去将来时的被动语态)

知识2不能使用被动语态的情况

1.不及物动词(短语)不用于被动语态,如happen,occur, take place, run out, break out 等。

①Fire broke out in the forest. 森林里突然发生了火灾。

 ②When exactly did the incident occur/happen?这一事件究竟是什么时候发生的?

2.一些及物动词(短语)不能用于被动语态。常见的有以下几类:

(1)表示状态的动词(短语)，如contain, fit, lack, benefit.

cost , join , mean , last , look like, consist of 等。

 He looks like his father. 他看起来像他父亲。  The rain lasted three days.雨持续了三天。

(2)表示归属的动词(短语),如 have, belong to 等。

 The blue car belongs to me. 那辆蓝色的汽车属于我。

(3)其他一些常见的及物动词(短语)，如 wish,  take part in,  date back to,  agree with,  suffer from, succeed in 等。

The custom dates back to the Tang Dynasty.这一习俗可以追溯到唐朝时期。

特别提醒 英语里大量句式用的是主动语态，因此大家很容易习惯主动语态，而忽略被动语态。另一方面，受汉语的影响，有些考生可能在写作中将英语中的许多不及物动{短语}用于被动语态。

基础检测：

1.单句填空

1.The World Wide Web is composed of different websites . which_________(create) by people and organizations around the world.

2.There was once a Chinese man in the USA who________( accuse)after he used a certain form of TCM

treatment to cure his grandson's disease.

3.Should naps actually __________(take) during the day?

4.You are having breakfast with your family. Your daughter knocks over a cup of coffee onto your business shirt. What happens next_________( determine ) by how you react.

5. Up to now， Aesop's Fablesg_________( translate) into many languages and is known all over the world.

6.Today, he is so good at woodcarving that his home city allows him to work his magic on old tree stumps and so far about 40 works of art__________(create) in the local parks.

7. When they destroy a farmer's crops, the farmer must_________(pay)compensation.

8.Since the very beginning, the technological base needed for 5G __________( consider) in terms of network architecture as well as the installment (安装) of optical fiber.

9.She________(put) in prison on two different occasions and almost died of a stroke when bearing a child.

10.These dams are sometimes six or seven hundred feet in length , and they are________( construct) so delicately that they look more like the work of man than of little dumb beasts.

Ⅱ.单句改错

1.Growing up, I didn't have much ambition and I was wasted a lot of time on video games.

2. She encourages us to think independently and have discussions among ourselves when we faced with problems.

3.On one occasion, he trapped by a snowstorm in a vast mountainous area.

4.Whistling by listeners regarded as a sign of approval in some countries.

5.A museum has managed to draw in lots of visitors to learn about a century-old duck recipe. It built for the public to understand the brand's culture.

巩固练习：

I单句语法填空：

1.[2021四省八校开学考，62]A century ago,when night-time________( fall), the dark arrived. Things are different today.

2.[2021 山东威海期中,37]Friendship is one of life's greatest gifts ,and it _______ ( value) in both Eastern and Western cultures.

3.[2021湖南五市十校联考,63]Nine spacecrafts_________( send) to study Jupiter by now.

4.[2020北京,4]Singe use plastic bugs are used at most a few times before they ________( throw ) away.

5.[2020江苏,26] Instead oh getting down to a new task as ._____( expect) , he examined the previous work again.

6.[2020天津,2]----You are a great swimmer.

----Thanks.It's because 1_________ ( practise )a lot these days.

7.[2019 浙江,62] One study in America found that students’ grades _______( improve) a little after the school introduced uniforms.

8.[2019 北京,1]On the first day of my first grade...1-________( voice)my biggest concern to my mother, " How will I make friends?"

9.[2019江苏,33]They are trying to make sure that 5G terminals_________(install)by 2022 for the Beijing Winter Olympics

.10.[2019 江苏,22]The musician along with his band members__________(give)ten performances in the last three months.

11. [2019天津,8]Amy,as well as her brothers,________(give)a warm welcome when returning to the village last week.

12.[2018 全国I，64] While running regularly can't make you live forever , the review says it ________(be) more effective at lengthening life...

13.[2018全国Ⅲ,69] When the gorillas and I frightened each other, I was just... True to a gorilla's unaggressive nature, the huge animal_______(mean) me no real harm.

14.[2018 北京,7]China's high-speed railways_________(grow)from 9,000 to 25 ,000 kilometers in the past few years.

15.[2018 江苏,31] Hopefully in 2025 we will no longer be e-mailing each other, for we ________( develop ) more

convenient electronic communication tools by then.

II.单句改错：

1.Have you ever been to Wuzhen? It is so beautiful a village that I had already visited it many times.

2.A farmer said the storm began early in the morning and last one hour.

3.After we left Barcelona, we come to spend several days in Granada.

4.In my opinion, it is time we throw away our mobile phones and raised our heads.

5.The incident had happened on my way to a bookstore on a rainy Sunday afternoon.

6. We spend a few hours digging holes and placing the young seedlings. Then we wrote our wishes on cards one by one and buried them deep down the roots of the trees.

7.One day my mother persuading me to live at school to learn to be independent , preparing for the future life.

拔高练习：

A专项语篇型填空(动词的时态、语态)

There1_______(be)a new modern art exhibition downtown for the last three days, which _ 2 _ ( close ) this coming Sunday. Having got two tickets for it,3_____(consider) inviting my friend Tony to go along with me. I know that he _4_____( finish) his paper by Sunday and can afford the time.

He once_5_____ (tell) me that he liked modern art, so I think he will be interested in this exhibition. Just this morning, when I entered my office, my colleagues6______(talk)about it, and some of them said they 7_______ ( go) to see it already. The exhibition8________(hold) in ten more big cities in America after it goes to San Francisco next week.

I’ve just called Tony and he has agreed to go with me , saying that he _ 9 _(look) forward to going to an exhibition for months. I will call for him this Sunday. rl go home for lunch now. as .10______( starve)

B语法填空

Starting from Nov. 1, there will be people knocking on doors across the country personal information. But don't panic. This is for the seventh1________( nation) population census(人口普查).

The Chinese population census2________( take) place every 10 years, which gathers data including name, age, ID number , gender , education , job , marital status and housing situation.

Tracking down more than 1 billion Chinese citizens is by no means easy. New methods will be used during this census, including online information registration,3_______ ( apply ) of electronic devices and big data.

4_________ ( compare) previous surveys with the present ones, you' ll notice new methods will be convenient for people who are not living5_________ they are officially registered , as well as those who do not want to be bothered by census takers’ door-to-door surveys.

The data6_______ (expect) to give a full picture of the population , including its size , structure and distribution and recent changes. It provides support for making various future development7.______(policy)

The census has a large impact on our lives. For instance, areas _ 8______ a high number of children may receive more funding and researchers can make use of the results 9________(investigate) population trends in different cities. The census will help to find out10_______ number of foreigners living in China. It can also tell how many Chinese people have moved to other countries.

C短文改错

I

[2021安徽合肥调研]Last year, I studied as an exchanged student in Paris. When I learned a local Chinese restaurant needed a waiter who could work on the evening, I made a quickly decision and applied for the job. Having some knowledge of French and Chinese cuisine, I got chance. At first, I mainly laid the table but served the dishes. Then it occurs to me that I could tell some interesting story about many Chinese dishes, which helped attract more customers. The owner of the restaurant was highly praised my performance and even raised his pay. The experience of work in the restaurant will always remain in my memory.

II

As it we all know, do exercise is good for our health. I join in a school sports meeting at the beginning of this term. There were many activity that we could do, such as running, relay race or so on. All the students and teachers took part all kinds of sports competitions. I joined in the boy's100-meter relay race of Senior 3 with an other three boys from our class, We won the first prize with your efforts. I felt very happily not only because we won but also because we enjoyed doing sports, where helped us to be stronger and healthier.

参考答案：

课前检测：

1.   has made  2.have organized  3.will remain  4.was having  5.has been  6.developed  7.had become  8.has been 9.was walking  10.has been held  11.should take/took  12.started 

过关检测

题组训练单句填空 1live 2will support3takes4would find5am using6was watching 7will be sitting

单句改错1. will改为would。宾语从句要用过去将来时态。

2. will come改为comes。时间状语从句用一般现在时表将来。

3. has改为had。宾语从句需用过去完成时。

4. work改为worked。此句要用一般过去时态。

5. was 改为is。从at present可知，此句用现在进行时。

6. finish前加had。离开学校是过去时态，在此之前完成就应用过去完成时。

7. don’t改为didn’t。定语从句表示的是过去时态。此句要用一般过去时。

8. am改为were。此句为虚拟语气，要用过去时。

9.buys改为bought。从yesterday可知，要用一般过去时。

10. come改为will come。从in the two days可知，谓语动词要用一般将来时。

基础检测：

I .1.are created 2.was accused 3.be taken 4.will be determined 5.has been translated 6.have been

created7.be paid 8.has been considered 9.was put 10.constructed

Ⅱ.1.删除was2.faced 前加are 3.he 后加 was 4.regarded前加is 5.It 后加 was

巩固练习：

I 1.fell  2.is valued  3.have been sent 4.are thrown 5.had expected  6.have been practising  7.improved 8.voiced  9.will have been installed  10.has given  11.was given  12.is  13.meant  14.have given  15.will have developed

II.1.had→have2.last→lasted3.come→came 4.throw-> threw5.去掉 had 6.spend→spent7.persuading+persuaded

拔高练习

A专项语篇型填空1.has been 2. will/is going to close; is closing  3.am considering  4.will have finished 5.told

6. were talking  7. had gone  8. will be held  9. has been looking  10.am starving

B语法填空

1.   national  2.takes  3.application  4.Comparing  5.where  6.is expected 7.policies 8.with 9.to investigate  10.the

C短文改错：

I 1.exchanged-exchange  2.on-in  3. quickly→quick  4.chance  5.but-and  6.occurs-occurred 7. story-stories  8.删除was  9.his-my  10work-working

II 1.it 去掉 2.do-doing  3.join-joined 4.activity-activities 5.or-and 6.part后加in  7.your-my 8.happily-happy 9.where-which