2022届高考英语三轮复习考前冲刺特训+4.+阅读理解议论文

2022届高考英语三轮复习考前冲刺特训

4. 阅读理解议论文

◎命题特点及解题技巧

议论文是一种剖析事物、论述事理、发表意见并提出主张的文体。该文体以议论为主要表达方式，通过摆事实，讲道理，表达出作者的观点和主张。议论文的典型结构模式是：提出论点→提供论据（例证）→明确结论，也就是按照提出问题、分析问题、解决问题的逻辑顺序安排层次。

阅读理解议论文在每年的高考阅读理解中占有一定的比例。 此类体裁的文章中有关主旨大意和推理判断的题目会较多，这也是得分比较难的题型。

阅读议论文的关键是：通过抓主题句的方法把握文章主旨、弄清作者观点，认真把握作者的态度，领悟弦外之音，从而更好地依据文章的事实做出合理的推断，具体阅读流程如下：

◎典型高考真题体悟

【2021·全国乙卷，B】

Popularization has in some cases changed the original meaning of emotional（情感的）intelligence.Many people now misunderstand emotional intelligence as almost everything desirable in a person’s makeup that cannot be measured by an IQ test, such as character,motivation, confidence, mental stability, optimism and “people skills.”Research has shown that emotional skills may contribute to some of these qualities, but most of them move far beyond skill-based emotional intelligence.

We prefer to describe emotional intelligence as a specific set of skills that can be used for either good or bad purposes. The ability to accurately understand how others are feeling may be used by a doctor to find how best to help her patients, while a cheater might use it to control potential victims. Being emotionally intelligent does not necessarily make one a moral person.

Although popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run far ahead of what research can reasonably support, the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful. The most positive aspect of this popularization is a new and much needed emphasis (重视) on emotion by employers, educators and others interested in promoting social well-being. The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped both the public and researchers re-evaluate the functionality of emotions and how they serve people adaptively in everyday life.

Although the continuing popular appeal of emotional intelligence is desirable, we hope that such attention will excite a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion. It is our hope that in coming decades, advances in science will offer new perspectives（视角）from which to study how people manage their lives. Emotional intelligence, with its focus on both head and heart, may serve to point us in the right direction.

1.What is a common misunderstanding of emotional intelligence?

A. It can be measured by an IQ test.

B. It helps to exercise a person’s mind.

C. It includes a set of emotional skills.

D. It refers to a person’s positive qualities.

2. Why does the author mention “doctor” and “cheater” in paragraph 2?

A. To explain a rule.               B. To clarify a concept.

C. To present a fact.               D. To make a prediction.

3.What is the author’s attitude to the popularization of emotional intelligence?

A.Favorable.       B.Intolerant.      C.Doubtful.        D.Unclear.

4. What does the last paragraph mainly talk about concerning emotional intelligence?

A. Its appeal to the public.           B.Expectations for future studies.

C. Its practical application.           D.Scientists with new perspectives.

◎真题解析

【语篇解读】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要论述了什么是情商，以及情商普及的优势，同时作者提出了对情商研究是未来期望。

1. D 间接信息题。根据题干a common misunderstanding定位到第一段Many people now misunderstand emotional intelligence as almost everything desirable in a person’s makeup that cannot be measured by an IQ test, such as character, motivation, confidence, mental stability, optimism and“people skills.”可知，如今，许多人都误解情商是一个人的性格、动机、信心、心理稳定性、乐观主义和“人际交往能力”等无法用智商测试衡量的所有品质，也就是误解为一个人的积极品质，答案选择D项。

2. B写作意图题。根据题干定位到第二段We prefer to describe emotional intelligence as a specific set of skills that can be used for either good or bad purposes（我们更喜欢把情商描述为一套特定的技能，既可以用于好的目的，也可以用于坏的目的）可知，作者提到了“医生”和“骗子”只是为了进一步说明情商这一概念，答案选择B项。

3. A。直接信息题。根据题干attitude to the popularization of emotional intelligence定位到第三段Although popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run far ahead of what research can reasonably support, the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful可知，作者认为尽管关于情商的流行观点远远超过了研究所能合理支持的，但宣传的总体效果一直是利大于弊，再根据The most positive aspect of this popularization及The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped等内容判断，作者对情感普及总体上赞成的，答案选择A项。

4. B。段落大意题。根据最后一段Although the continuing popular appeal of emotional intelligence is desirable, we hope that such attention will excite a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion（虽然情商继续受到大众的青睐是可取的，但我们希望这种关注将激起对情感的科学和学术研究更大的兴趣）及It is our hope that in coming decades, advances in science will offer new perspectives（视角）from which to study how people manage their lives（我们希望在未来几十年里,科学的发展将提供新的视角去研究人们如何管理他们的生活）可知，作者对未来情商研究是充满期待，答案选择B项。

◎高考真题及仿真题专项练习

Passage A

【2021·全国甲卷，D】

Who is a genius? This question has greatly interested humankind for centuries.

Let’s state clearly: Einstein was a genius. His face is almost the international symbol for genius. But we want to go beyond one man and explore the nature of genius itself. Why is it that some people are so much more intelligent or creative than the rest of us? And who are they?

In the sciences and arts, those praised as geniuses were most often white men, of European origin. Perhaps this is not a surprise. It’s said that history is written by the victors, and those victors set the standards for admission to the genius club. When contributions were made by geniuses outside the club—women, or people of a different color or belief—they were unacknowledged and rejected by others.

A study recently published by Science found that as young as age six, girls are less likely than boys to say that members of their gender (性别) are “really, really smart.” Even worse, the study found that girls act on that belief: Around age six they start to avoid activities said to be for children who are “really, really smart.” Can our planet afford to have any great thinkers become discouraged and give up? It doesn’t take a genius to know the answer: absolutely not.

Here’s the good news. In a wired world with constant global communication, we’re all positioned to see flashes of genius wherever they appear. And the more we look, the more we will see that social factors (因素) like gender, race, and class do not determine the appearance of genius. As a writer says, future geniuses come from those with “intelligence, creativity, perseverance (毅力), and simple good fortune, who are able to change the world.”

1. What does the author think of victors’ standards for joining the genius club?

A. They’re unfair.                    B. They’re conservative.

C. They’re objective.                  D. They’re strict.

2. What can we infer about girls from the study in Science?

A. They think themselves smart.   

B. They look up to great thinkers.

C. They see gender differences earlier than boys.

D. They are likely to be influenced by social beliefs.

3. Why are more geniuses known to the public?

A. Improved global communication.

B. Less discrimination against women.

C. Acceptance of victors’ concepts.

D. Changes in people’s social positions.

4. What is the best title for the text?

A. Geniuses Think Alike     B. Genius Takes Many Forms

C. Genius and Intelligence    D. Genius and Luck

Passage B

【2020·天津卷，D】

After years of observing human nature, I have decided that two qualities make the difference between men of great achievement and men of average performance curiosity and discontent. I have never known an outstanding man who lacked either. And I have never known an average man who had both. The two belong together.

Together, these deep human urges (驱策力) count for much more that ambition. Galileo was not merely ambitious when he dropped objects of varying weights from the Leaning Tower at Pisa and timed their fall to the ground. Like Galileo, all the great names in history were curious and asked in discontent, “Why? Why? Why?”

Fortunately, curiosity and discontent don’t have to be learned. We are born with them and need only recapture them.

“The great man,” said Mencius (孟子), “is he who does not lose his child’s heart.” Yet most of us do lose it. We stop asking questions. We stop challenging custom. We just follow the crowd. And the crowd desires restful average. It encourages us to occupy our own little corner, to avoid foolish leaps into the dark, to be satisfied.

Most of us meet new people, and new ideas, with hesitation. But once having met and liked them, we think how terrible it would have been, had we missed the chance. We will probably have to force ourselves to waken our curiosity and discontent and keep them awake.

How should you start? Modestly, so as not to become discouraged. I think of one friend who couldn’t arrange flowers to satisfy herself. She was curious about how the experts did it. How she is one of the experts, writing books on flower arrangement.

One way to begin is to answer your own excuses. You haven’t any special ability? Most people don’t; there are only a few geniuses. You haven’t any time? That’s good, because it’s always the people with no time who get things done. Harriet Stowe, mother of six, wrote parts of Uncle Tom’s Cabin while cooking. You’re too old? Remember that Thomas Costain was 57 when he published his first novel, and that Grandma Moses showed her first pictures when she was 78.

However you start, remember there is no better time to start than right now, for you’ll never be more alive than you are at this moment.

1. In writing Paragraph 1, the author aims to ________.

A. propose a definition     B. make a comparison

C. reach a conclusion      D. present an argument

2. What does the example of Galileo tell us?

A. Trial and error leads to the finding of truth.

B. Scientists tend to be curious and ambitious.

C. Creativity results from challenging authority.

D. Greatness comes from a lasting desire to explore.

3. What can you do to recapture curiosity and discontent?

A. Observe the unknown around you.    B. Develop a questioning mind.

C. Lead a life of adventure.            D. Follow the fashion.

4. What can we learn from Paragraphs 6 and 7?

A. Gaining success helps you become an expert.

B. The genius tends to get things done creatively.

C. Lack of talent and time is no reason for taking no action.

D. You should remain modest when approaching perfection.

55. What could be the best tile or the passage?

A. Curious Minds Never Feel Contented    B. Reflections on Human Nature

C. The Keys to Achievement              D. Never Too Late to Learn

Passage C

【2019·全国I卷，D】

During the rosy years of elementary school（小学）, I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes, which allowed me to keep my high social status. I was the queen of the playground. Then came my tweens and teens, and mean girls and cool kids. They rose in the ranks not by being friendly but by smoking cigarettes, breaking rules and playing jokes on others, among whom I soon found myself．

Popularity is a well-explored subject in social psychology. Mitch Prinstein, a professor of clinical psychology sorts the popular into two categories: the likable and the status seekers. The likables’ plays-well-with-others qualities strengthen schoolyard friendships, jump-start interpersonal skills and, when tapped early, are employed ever after in life and work. Then there’s the kind of popularity that appears in adolescence: status born of power and even dishonorable behavior．

Enviable as the cool kids may have seemed, Dr. Prinstein’s studies show unpleasant consequences. Those who were highest in status in high school, as well as those least liked in elementary school, are “most likely to engage（从事）in dangerous and risky behavior．”

In one study, Dr．Prinstein examined the two types of popularity in 235 adolescents, scoring the least liked, the most liked and the highest in status based on student surveys（调查研究）. “We found that the least well-liked teens had become more aggressive over time toward their classmates. But so had those who were high in status. It clearly showed that while likability can lead to healthy adjustment, high status has just the opposite effect on us．"

Dr．Prinstein has also found that the qualities that made the neighbors want you on a play date-sharing, kindness, openness — carry over to later years and make you better able to relate and connect with others.

In analyzing his and other research，Dr．Prinstein came to another conclusion: Not only is likability related to positive life outcomes, but it is also responsible for those outcomes, too. "Being liked creates opportunities for learning and for new kinds of life experiences that help somebody gain an advantage, ” he said.

32．What sort of girl was the author in her early years of elementary school?

A．Unkind．   B．Lonely．   C．Generous．   D．Cool．

33．What is the second paragraph mainly about？

A．The classification of the popular．      B．The characteristics of adolescents．

C．The importance of interpersonal skills．  D．The causes of dishonorable behavior．

34．What did Dr．Prinstein’s study find about the most liked kids?

A．They appeared to be aggressive．    B．They tended to be more adaptable．

C．They enjoyed the highest status．    D．They performed well academically．

35．What is the best title for the text?

A．Be Nice-You Won’t Finish Last    B．The Higher the Status, the Beer

C．Be the Best-You Can Make It     D．More Self-Control, Less Aggressiveness

◎答案解析

Passage A

【2021·全国甲卷，C】

【文章大意】：本文是一篇说明文。主要说明了天才的概念并着重阐明了天才表现形式现在有很多种。

1. A间接信息题。根据题干victors’ standards for joining the genius club定位到第二段It’s said that history is written by the victors, and those victors set the standards for admission to the genius club. When contributions were made by geniuses outside the club—women, or people of a different color or belief —they were unacknowledged and rejected by others（据说历史是由胜利者书写的，而这些胜利者为天才俱乐部设定了准入标准。当俱乐部外的天才——女性、不同肤色或信仰的人——做出贡献时，他们得不到认可，也会被其他人拒绝），据此可以推断出作者认为胜利者的标准是不公平的，所以选A项。

2. D观点态度题。根据题干girls from the study in Science定位到第三段A study recently published by Science found that as young as age six, girls are less likely than boys to say that members of their gender（性别）are “really, really smart.” Even worse, the study found that girls act on that belief: Around age six they start to avoid activities said to be for children who are “really, really smart.”（《科学》杂志最近发表的一项研究发现，在6岁时，女孩比男孩更不可能说出自己性别的成员，更糟糕的是，研究发现女孩们的行为都是基于这样的信念：在六岁左右，她们开始避免从事那些所谓“非常聪明”的孩子们的活动），据此可推知女孩有可能被社会错误信念所影响，故选D项。

3. A间接信息题。根据题干定位最后一段In a wired world with constant global communication, we’re all positioned to see flashes of genius wherever they appear（在一个全球互联世界里，我们都能看到天才的出现，无论它们出现在哪里），可知更多的天才被公众所知道的原因在于改善的全球通信，故选A项。

4.B标题判断题。A项（天才的想法相同）文章没有涉及；C项（天才和智力）只是文章的一个细节不能作为文章的主旨； D项（天才和运气）也只是在文章的最后稍微提起，也只是文章的一个小细节。根据文章的最后一句As a writer says, future geniuses come from those with"intelligence, creativity, perseverance（毅力）, and simple good fortune, who are able to change the world.”（正如一位作家所说，未来的天才来自那些具有“智慧、创造力和毅力”的人和简单的好运，那些能改变世界的人）纵观全文可知，天成具有多样性，故选B项。

Passage B

【2020·天津卷，D】

【文章大意】本文是一篇议论文。文章论述了获得成就的两个关键因素——好奇心和不满足。

1. 推理判断题。根据第一段内容After years of observing human nature, I have decided that two qualities make the difference between men of great achievement and men of average performance curiosity and discontent. I have never known an outstanding man who lacked either. And I have never known an average man who had both. The two belong together.可知，作者经过多年对人性的观察，认为成就非凡的人和平庸的人的区别在于好奇心和不满足，而且两者是相辅相成的。由此推知，作者写第一段的目的是提出一个论点。故选D。

2. 推理判断题。根据第二段中的Like Galileo, all the great names in history were curious and asked in discontent, “Why? Why? Why?”可知，像伽利略一样，历史上所有的伟人都感到好奇，并不满地问：“为什么？为什么？为什么？”由此推知，伽利略的例子告诉我们，伟大来自于持久的探索欲望。故选D。

3. 细节理解题。根据第二段中的Like Galileo, all the great names in history were curious and asked in discontent, “Why? Why? Why?”及第四段中的“The great man,” said Mencius (孟子), “is he who does not lose his child’s heart.” Yet most of us do lose it. We stop asking questions. We stop challenging custom. We just follow the crowd.可知，历史上所有的伟人都感到好奇，并不满地问：“为什么？为什么？为什么？”孟子认为“不失去孩子的心，就是伟大的人。”然而，我们大多数人确实失去了它。我们不再问问题。我们不再挑战习俗。我们只是随大流。由此可知，你可以通过培养了一个善于提问的头脑，来重新获得好奇心和不满。故选B。

4. 推理判断题。根据第六段中的How she is one of the experts, writing books on flower arrangement.及第七段中的You haven’t any special ability? Most people don’t; there are only a few geniuses. You haven’t any time? That’s good, because it’s always the people with no time who get things done.以及列举了Thomas Costain在57岁时出版了他的第一部小说，Grandma Moses在78岁时展示了她的第一批照片。由此可知，这两段想告诉我们“缺乏天赋和时间不是不采取行动的理由”。故选C。

5. 主旨大意题。根据第一段内容After years of observing human nature, I have decided that two qualities make the difference between men of great achievement and men of average performance curiosity and discontent. I have never known an outstanding man who lacked either. And I have never known an average man who had both. The two belong together.及下文论述可知，本文主要论述了获得成就的两个关键因素——好奇心和不满足。由此可知，C项The Keys to Achievement(成就的关键)适合做本文最佳标题。故选C。

Passage C

【2019·全国I卷，D】

【文章大意】本文主要探讨了青少年小学与中学阶段的受欢迎类型及其影响。

1. C根据第一段的第一句“During the rosy years of elementary school（小

学），I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes, which allowed me to keep my high social status”可知，作者在小学时乐于分享。unkind“不友好的”，lonely“孤独的”，generous“慷慨的，大方的”， cool“酷的”，故选C。

2. A根据第二段的第二句“Mitch Prinstein，a professor of clinical psychology sorts the popular into two categories: the likable and the status seekers”可知，受欢迎的人被分为两类：受人喜爱的人和追求地位的人，接着第三、四句分别描述了两类受欢迎的人的特征，故A项最能概括本段主要内容。B项青少年的特征，可排除；第二段没有提到人际交往能力的重要性和不光彩行为的原因，故可排除C、D。
3. B根据第四段的最后一句“It clearly showed that while likability can lead to healthy adjustment, high status has just the opposite effect on us”可知，受人喜爱的人能够进行健康的调整，故选B。根据第四段的第二句可知，最不受欢迎的青少年变得越来越好斗，故可排除A；原文没有信息支撑C、D两项，可排除。
4. A根据全文内容尤其是最后一段的第一句“In analyzing his and other research．Dr．Prinstein came to another conclusion: Not only is likability related to positive life outcomes, but it is also responsible for those outcomes，too”可知，受人喜爱与积极的人生结果相关，是这些结果的成因。因此，对人友好，你的人生不会太差，故选A。